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a Antiquities Permit No. 518 0
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Archeological Research Laboratory 0
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0 Texas A &M University, 1987 0
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THE RICHARD CARTER SITE (41BZ74),
BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS:
RESULTS OF THE 1985 FIELD SEASON
Antiquities Permit #518
by
Shawn Bonath Carlson
Archeological Research Laboratory
Reports of Investigations No. 4
Texas A & M University, 1987
r Air
ABSTRACT
Archaeological investigations were conducted at the Richard Carter
homesite by the Archeological Research Laboratory at Texas A & M University
(ARL -TAMU) in December of 1985. Ninety -eight 50 cm square shovel tests
were excavated on a 50 m square grid using volunteer labor from ARL -TAMU,
TAMU Anthropological Society, and local residents. The results of those
excavations have verified the presence of a mid - nineteenth century dwelling
at this location. Diagnostic ceramics and glassware, primarily dating from
the mid - nineteenth century, were present. These were typical of a domestic
log dwelling like that of Richard and Elizabeth Carter's. The
archaeological data, combined with the archival data, suggest that this
site was, in fact, the homesite of the Carter family.
1 4
iii
PIN
i
C MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
llm.ww---- Archaeological mitigation excavations were conducted by the
Archeological Research Laboratory at Texas A & M University (ARL -TAMU)
under Antiquities Permit 518 in December of 1985 for the College Station
Parks and Recreation Department at the Richard Carter site (41BZ74). The
Carter site was slated for development as an historical park, now the
Richard Carter Park, and mitigative action was required for the proposed
park developments. A total of 98 50 cm square shovel tests were excavated
by volunteer labor from ARL -TAMU, the TAMU Anthropology Society, and local
residents. All but three of the shovel tests failed to yield artifacts,
while the remainder were filled with typical nineteenth century cultural
materials. These artifacts, with corroboration from archival records, were
believed to be the remains of the Carter family homesite. This homesite
; C represents the earliest settlement within the area and has contributed
significantly to the history of College Station.
v
w
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT iii
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii
INTRODUCTION 1
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 5
HISTORICAL SETTING 9
PREVIOUS RESEARCH 13
RESEARCH DESIGN 15
METHODS 19
RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS 23
Introduction 23
Artifact Discussion 23
Descriptive Summary 30
Functional Summary 34
CONCLUSIONS 47
REFERENCES CITED 53
APPENDICES 57
Appendix I. Inventory of Historic Artifacts (S. Carlson) 57
Appendix II. Prehistoric Lithic Material (H.B. Ensor) 75
Appendix III. Faunal Remains (C. Hunter) 85
vii
Immo
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Location of Richard Carter site (41BZ74) in Brazos County,
Texas 2
Figure 2. Excavation plan 20
Figure 3. Feature plan 35
Figure 4. Density of ceramics 36
Figure 5. Density of glassware 37
Figure 6. Density of metal 38
Figure 7. Density of window glass 41
Figure 8. Density of cut nails 42
Figure 9. Density of wire nails 43
Figure 10. Density of total artifacts recovered 44
rt ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summary of ceramic paste types 31
Table 2. Summary of ceramic body decorations 33
Table 3. Summary of glass color 33
Table 4. Summary of window glass color 31
Table 5. Summary of nail data 35
Table 6. Summary of metal artifacts 39
Table 7. Lithic debitage 81
Table 8. Breakdown of debitage by chert type 82
Table 9. Carter site faunal remains by taxon 88
rift
xi
7 ', 1 ' '�
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1 1,
The archaeological investigations at the Richard Carter site could not
have been completed without the cooperation of the College Station Parks
and Recreation Department. I would especially like to thank Director
Stephan Beachy and Assistant Director Andrew Czimskey for their continued
interest and assistance in our work. Mark Denton of the Texas Antiquities
Committee offered helpful suggestions and comments regarding the excavation
plan. Linda Huff of the City of College Station interpreted the core
samples from the well fill. Most important, however, was the volunteer
labor provided by employees from the Archeological Research Laboratory at
TAMU, students from the Anthropology Department at TAMU, and local citizens
of College Station. Those people included the following: Jennifer
Ashlock, Bradley and Debra Bowman, Doug Boyd, David L. Carlson, Gary
DeMarcay, Ellie Dlugos, Harold Drollinger, Blaine and LaVina Ensor, Tammy
McClean, Chris Nugent, Roni Polk, Vicki Reid, Paul, Jamie, and David Scott,
Joe Shafer, Linda Storms, Sherry Strelow, and Amzi Vavra. In the final
report preparation, Cristi Hunter conducted the computer analyses and Kathy
Reese drafted the maps.
xiii
INTRODUCTION
The site of Richard Carter's homestead in College Station, Texas has
long been recognized by local citizens who have frequented the homesite and
the family cemetery through the years (Figure 1). Residents of Dominik
Drive, which abuts the Carter tract, have been especially helpful with
their memories of the site - -some recalling details from the 1940s. One
local resident even recalls playing at the site in 1919, just after World
War II, as a seven year old boy. All of these people reported several
similar things: (1) the absence of activity at the site throughout the
years, i.e., it has always been in pasture and perhaps cropland in the
earlier part of the century, (2) the presence of a massive hand -dug stone -
lined well which had been filled in recent years, and (3) the location of
the Carter family cemetery, which currently lies west of Brazoswood Drive,
and was marked in earlier years by a wrought iron fence enclosing four
headstones - -those of Richard and Elizabeth Carter and two unidentified
people. Stories of slave graves around this enclosure were abundant.
Because the remains at the Carter site were so distinctive and
undisturbed, they drew curiosity seekers throughout the community who
examined them during daily walks to the nearby woods, while jogging, or
even while dirt -bike riding. As local interest in the homesite expanded,
the ARL -TAMU was eventually contacted. In the summer of 1982 minimal
matching funds were provided by TAMU and the City of College Station to
conduct exploratory testing at both the Carter homesite and the family
cemetery. Magnetometer testing was conducted in both areas in an effort to
locate subsurface disturbances. Exploratory trenches, in combination with
1
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Figure 1. Location of Richard Carter site (41BZ74) in Brazos County,
Texas.
2
50 cm square shovel tests, were excavated in the homesite area. Details of
those investigations have been reported on by Carlson (1983).
Continued interest in the Carter site culminated in its selection as a
city park location with an historic theme. Development of the proposed
Richard Carter Park by the College Station Parks and Recreation Department
required mitigation excavations in areas that had not previously been
tested. In the late fall of 1985, ARL -TAMU was again contacted to carry
out the archaeological mitigation excavations at the six acre site which
overlooks the Highway 6 East Bypass in College Station. Approximately 20
volunteer laborers excavated the site over a three day period. This report
summarizes the results of those excavations which were conducted in the
area of the Carter homesite.
3
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
The natural resources taken into consideration by Richard Carter in
his choice of a homesite were many. The open stands of oaks in Brazos
County, interspersed with prairie grasses, were conducive to both farming
and grazing. The knoll -top homesite was well- drained, yet near a permanent
water source. The site's proximity to the Old San Antonio Road and its
location between the Navasota and Brazos rivers was important as well. All
of these considerations were consistently heeded by many of the pioneers
contemporary with Carter.
Geology
Brazos County is located in the western margin of the forested Gulf
Coastal Plain and within a region of Red - Yellow Podzolic soils (United
States Department of Agriculture [USDA] 1958:31). The geological
formations include the Crockett member of the Cook Mountain formation and
the Yegua, Jackson, and Catahoula formations. Deposition began with the
Cretaceous and continued intermittently through the Tertiary. Younger
Pleistocene deposits of Quaternary age are found on terraces while the
youngest materials include recent alluvium found on the flood plains of
streams.
Soils
The soils of Brazos County support three major landscapes:
floodplains, prairies, and post oak savannahs (USDA 1958:23 -47). The soil
association of the Richard Carter site (41BZ74) in College Station is the
Lakeland -Derby soil association (deep sands) of the post oak savannah,
which comprises 61% of the county. These soils are poor for both crops and
pasture and generally occur on large holdings. Though they have good
5
drainage and are not susceptible to erosion, they have low fertility. Many
cultivated fields have been abandoned in recent years and improvement for
pastures is not recommended. However, certain crops, such as cotton, can
be successfully grown in these soils and livestock production is
widespread.
The Carter homesite is located on a knoll west of Carter Creek and is
characterized by Tabor series soils (USDA 1958:13). These soils are
moderate to low in productivity and are usually found on gently sloping
uplands in combination with scrubby hardwood forest and an understory of
shrubs, vines, and bunchgrass. The thin surface soils are a friable, pale -
brown, fine sandy loam underlain by dense clay subsoils. The Tabor series
soils are only classified as "fair" for crops and pasture, and a
combination of farming and stockraising is recommended.
To the north of the Carter homestead site is a deeply entrenched gully
which has no economic value. Its only value, according to the USDA
(1958:6), would be water impoundment for livestock.
Sloping southward from the homesite area are Lufkin series soils which
are common throughout the county and mainly support a post oak savannah
woodland with a thin undergrowth of bunchgrass (USDA 1958:8). The fine
sandy loam soils south of the homesite are suitable for crops such as
cotton, sorghum, and oats, but cultivation is difficult due to the thin
surface soils and dense clay subsoils (USDA 1958:20).
Flora
The post oak savannah of Brazos County is characterized by a distinct
plant community of open stands of post oaks (Quercus stellate) and
Blackjack oaks (Quercus marilandica) with a ground cover of tall grasses
6
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(USDA 1958:27). Most of the native and improved pastures have been seeded
with Bermuda grass, Dallis grass, Vasey grass, carpet grass, and clovers
(Correll and Johnston 1970:6). The climax grasses include little bluestem
(Schizachyrium var. frequens), Indian grass, switchgrass (Panicum
virgatum), purpletop (Tridens flavus), silver bluestem (Bothriochloa
saccharoides), Texas wintergrass (Stipa leucotricha), and Chasmanthium
sessiliflorum (Correll and Johnston 1970 :6). Invading plants in this area
include red lovegrass (Eragrostis oxylepis), broomsedge, splitbeard
bluestem (Andropogon ternarius), yankee weed, bull nettle (Cnidoscolus
texanus), green briar, yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), smutgrass, and western
ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya).
Fauna
Selected species of mammals included within the ecotone which
encompasses the Richard Carter site include: Virginia opossum (Didelphis
virginiana), Eastern mole
(Scalopus aquaticus), Fox squirrel (Sciurus
niger), Plains pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius), Fulvous harvest mouse
(Reithrodonotomys fulvescens), White- footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus),
Hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus
floridanus), and Swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus) in the woodlands, and
Thirteen -lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus), Hispid
pocket mouse (Perognathus hispidus), Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus),
and Black- tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) in the grasslands.
Also found are two species of Terrapene, Western Box turtle (T.
ornata), and Eastern box turtle (T. carolina). Common species of lizards
found in the forests include Green anole (Anolis carolinensis), Eastern
fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus), Ground skink (Scincella lateralis),
7
Five -lined skink ( Eumeces fasciatus), Broad - headed skink (Eumeces
,
laticeps), and Slender glass lizard (Ophisaurus attenuatus), while those
common to the grasslands include Collard lizard (Crotaphytus collaris),
Texas spiny lizard (Sceloporus olivaceus), Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma
cornutum), and Great Plains skink (Eumeces obsoletus).
Frequently occurring snakes include racer (Coluber constrictor),
Coachwhip (Masticophis flagellum), Common King snake (Lampropeltis
getulus), Diamondback water snake (Natrix rhombifera), Eastern ribbon snake
(Thamnophis sauritus), Copperhead (Agkistrodon contorix), Cottonmouth
(Agkistrodon piscivorus), and Timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus).
Urodeles include Small- mouthed salamander (Ambystoma texanum), Tiger
salamander ( Ambystoma tigrinum), and Lesser siren (Siren intermedia). The
most common anuran fauna include Couch's spadefoot (Scaphiopus couchi),
Spotted chorus frog (Pseudacris clarki), Strecker's chorus frog (Pseudacris
streckeri), and Narrow - mouthed frog (Microhyla olivacea) (Blair 1950:101-
102).
8
HISTORICAL SETTING
Richard Carter and his family initially departed from Virginia and
migrated to Tennessee and Alabama before settling in present day Brazos
County, Texas. Their long- distance movement required courage and stamina
and they adapted to new environs by maintaining their previous style of
life which has been typically associated with the Upper Southerners.
!, Richard Carter's family is identified with the Upper South though Lower
Southerner's were primarily responsible for settling Brazos County. These
people were subsistence farmers and stockraisers who generally did not
depend on slave labor but found it necessary for clearing the frontier
(Miller et al. 1986: 9 -10). Cash crops were diversified and consisted
primarily of cotton and corn with some sales made from cattle. Following
i
the Civil War the proportion of Upper South agriculturists increased in
Texas as farm size declined and slave labor was abolished. The war left
many farms headed by females, as was the case with Elizabeth Carter, but
population migrations into Texas soon remedied that situation. The
original settlers of Brazos County were self- sufficient with a strong sense
of family which "established the social and cultural patterns for the
county" (Miller 1986: 10).
Though Richard Carter received one of the earliest land grants in
Brazos County, all of the river tracts along the Brazos and Navasota Rivers
had been taken by 1831 when he arrived in Texas. Consequently his tract
lay on the drainage divide between the two rivers. The closest settlement
was that of Millican about ten miles southeast which had been settled in
1824. It was not until 1842 that the community of Boonville, adjacent to
the Carter league, was established as the county seat. In 1845, the German
9
•
Ferdinand Roemer described Boonville as a small "village of about a dozen
houses in a small oak grove" with no stores (Walker 1986: 23). By 1856, it
was one of only two post offices in the county and ten years later, in
1866, it was bypassed as county seat in favor of the city of Bryan where
the new terminus of the Houston and Texas Central Railroad was located
(Walker 1986: 25).
During the nineteenth century, Brazos County was strictly
agricultural. The original settlers, including Richard Carter, acquired
large land grants as incentives for settlement from the Spanish and Mexican
governments. Most of these settlers were yeoman farmers who, without
mechanization, were able to cultivate approximately 30 -40 acres each and
grazed cattle or other livestock on their remaining land. Since the
original land grants were measured by leagues (4428.1 acres), the
proportion of cultivated land to pastureland was quite small. Farmers like
Richard Carter primarily grew cotton as a cash crop and corn for feed.
Vegetable gardens for family use were a necessity. Carter grazed about
1000 head of cattle which were probably sold for profit with a few
slaughtered for home use. Though Carter had two sons and a son -in -law
living on adjacent tracts of land, he probably depended to a large extent
on his 22 slaves for the maintenance and management of his expansive
property holdings.
The yearly tax rolls provide a detailed economic profile of Richard
Carter's farming and ranching activities (Carlson 1983). Throughout these
records his name consistently appears within the upper economic brackets of
Brazos County. However, the results of the 1982 archaeological
investigations, combined with the documentary data, suggest that economic
10
status is relative within a given region. Carter's wealth was primarily in
6, k property ownership, i.e., land, slaves, and livestock
What little income
he received from the sale of crops, cattle, or dairy products probably went
first to the replenishment of seed and livestock before any luxuries could
be considered. The cultural remains recovered from the Carter homesite in
1982 suggest that luxuries were, indeed, of little importance on the
frontier.
10P 11
7
PREVIOUS RESEARCH
i0
Previous historic sites studies in Brazos County are limited. Seven
sites have been recorded (41BZ15, 41BZ46, 41BZ66, 41BZ71, 41BZ72, 41BZ75,
41BZ77) and include four dwelling sites, probably dating to the 1920s and
1930s; one well site; one cemetery; and one dump. Most of these sites have
been recorded as surface sites, with some shovel testing, but none have
been as extensively examined as the Carter site (41BZ74) (Carlson 1983).
The results of the previous investigations at the Carter site, which
focused on archival research, suggested that economic status is relative
within a given region. Carter, who was consistently within the upper
economic brackets of Brazos County throughout the nineteenth century, began
his economic ventures in Texas with the expenditure of only $117.00 for a
league of land. Presumably, he brought some slaves and cattle with him
from Alabama in 1831. He quickly became dependent upon slave labor for the
production of cotton and corn and, likewise, his investments in livestock
were dependent upon a large slave force to herd cattle. It is evident from
tax assessment records that Carter's wealth was primarily in property
ownership, i.e., land, slaves, and livestock. Income received from the
sale of crops, cattle, or dairy products probably went first to
replenishment of seed and livestock before any luxuries could be
considered. The cultural remains recovered from the Carter homesite
suggested that luxuries were of little importance.
13
RESEARCH DESIGN
The initial investigations at the Richard Carter site were exploratory
and designed to determine to what extent the site remained intact. Impacts
from vandalism, dirt bike trails, and plowing were evident, but there
appeared to be no modern disturbances post- dating 1920. The initial
excavations established the general location of the Carter dwelling and
cemetery and, combined with historical research, were able to illuminate
facts regarding Carter's economic status within Brazos County during the
nineteenth century.
Because of the nature of the archaeological deposits at the Carter
site, i.e., a sheet refuse midden, a decision was made to excavate the site
using 50 cm square shovel tests across a 50 m grid at five meter intervals
over the portion of the site that would receive the most impacts. An
intensive pedestrian survey of the site disclosed no artifact
concentrations other than the dwelling site which was also to be the
location of an interpretive center. Excavations of this nature have
previously been proven to be cost - efficient and provide excellent
information on such things as intra -site density and variability (Moir
1982; Carlson 1983). The proposed excavations would encompass the already
established dwelling location and provide supportive evidence for the
following research objectives.
(1) According to Harvey Mitchell (n.d.), the Carter home was a one
room log structure. It is expected that:
a. There should be evidence of stone or brick footings.
b. There should be limited hardware (nails, etc.).
15
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c. There should be limited window glass.
!) 1
d. The size of the structure should be detectable.
(2) The Carter home was primarily occupied by two people, Richard t
and Elizabeth Carter, whose children were already grown upon their arrival
in Texas. It is expected that:
a. The number of ceramic vessels present should be
limited.
b. The number of bottle glass vessels present should be
limited.
c. There should be an absence of children's toys.
d. Personal items should reflect adult male or female
possessions such as pipes, jewelry, etc.
(3) The density of artifacts deposited by the Carters around their
home would be non - random and patterned. It is expected that:
a. The area beneath the structure should be primarily free of
artifacts.
b. The main entrance to the dwelling should be free of artifacts
but with artifacts strewn to either side and intruding under
the house.
c. The rear of the dwelling should have significant deposits.
d. Windows should have deposits immediately beneath them and
outside the structure.
e. Concentrations within the house yard should be present and
reflect domestically related activities.
16
■
These hypotheses may be answered with computer assisted programs.
Density maps showing the relationship of different artifact classes across
the site will be generated using a program called MAPIT. SAS programs will
be used to examine frequency relationships and chronological relationships
within the site.
17
METHODS
Investigations at the Richard Carter site were limited to a 50 m by
50 m square area which (1) was believed to encompass the former Carter
dwelling, (2) was the only area of the park identified by an artifact
concentration, and (3) was to receive major impacts from construction of an
interpretive center. A datum was established five meters south of the well
at 500N -500E and a baseline staked every five meters to 550N -500E (Figure
2). Another parallel baseline was established beginning at 500N -550E with
stakes set every five meters to 550N -550E. A tape measure was pulled
between the two baseline stakes and survey pins set at five meter intervals
until a 50 m square grid was established. Each survey pin represented the
southwest corner of the 110 50 cm square units to be excavated on this
grid. A 50 cm square piece of plywood was then used to define the limits
of each excavation unit which was dug to sterile soil and screened through
one - quarter inch hardware cloth.
The grid was tied into two lightpoles on the north side of Brazoswood
Drive. From 500N -500E, the first lightpole was 102 meters distant at an
angle 7 degrees 24 minutes west of north and the second lightpole was 138
meters distant at an angle of 94 degrees 8 minutes west of north.
Investigations were also conducted at the Carter well in August of
1985. A truck - mounted rig was used to core the well fill to determine if
cultural materials were deposited in the bottom of the well. The first
10.1 m of fill were brown /dark brown (10YR 4/3) sand which changed to light
brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) sand from 10.1 to 11.0 m below the well's surface.
At the bottom of the well natural gray clay /sand with pebbles in it was
19
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20
struck and coring was discontinued. No cultural materials were found in
the well fill.
21
RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS
INTRODUCTION
The artifacts recovered from the Carter site are typical of a mid -
nineteenth century occupation in rural Texas. Because of the tremendous
local interest in this site, a descriptive discussion of typical mid -
nineteenth century artifacts that occur or could occur at the Carter site
follows.
ARTIFACT DISCUSSION
Ceramics
(1) Coarse earthenwares: these low -fired soft -paste ceramics are
usually red paste utilitarian wares such as crocks, jugs, jars, platters
and mugs prior to 1850 (Ketchum 1983:10). After 1850, these redwares are
usually confined to flowerpots and drain tiles. Yellow earthenwares are
common, primarily in the form of mixing bowls, with the characteristic
blue, pink and white slip banding below the rim. These vessels were made
during the nineteenth century and are still made today.
(2) Whitewares: Creamware (1760- 1820), a refined whitepaste
earthenware with a yellowish- tinged clear lead glaze and pearlware (1780-
1830), a refined whitepaste earthenware with a bluish- tinged clear lead
glaze, were the precursors of the nineteenth century whitewares produced
from about 1830 on into the early- twentieth century (Collard 1967;
Fairbanks 1974; Godden 1963; Greaser and Greaser 1973; Hughes and Hughes
1968; Keyes 1930; Lofstrom 1976; Mankowitz and Haggar 1975; Noel -Hume
1970:125 -126; Price 1979; South 1972; Towner 1957; Wetherbee 1980, 1985).
From 1830 -1860, whitewares are nearly indistinguishable from the pearlwares
because many of the decorations were the same. The primary difference is
23
that the glaze is clear so they appear whiter plus the paste has been I
improved upon and is harder. The term ironstone is sometimes used to refer waxes
to these wares but is generally not used. The decorations that occur most engr:
frequently are: annular (or banded), edge- decorated, sponged, cut sponged, laves
stamped, stenciled, and transferprinted.
trans
Annular ware is easily recognized by the multiple bands that occur 1890:
below the rim of each vessel, usually a bowl or mug form. Below the bands,
on the body of the vessel, other decorations may occur. These are
until
char
generally one of the following: (a) mocha - a dendritic brown design on
deco/
rust and less frequently on blue or green, (b) marbled - a cloudy mixture
of colors swirled together, (c) swirled - a mixture of colors trailed
but
across the vessel in a manner resembling fingerpainting, (d) cat's eye - a
polyc
mixture of colors applied by finger resembling a cat's eye, and (e) engine -
turned - an impressed geometric design.
the c
which
Edge- decorated wares are mostly limited to "shell- edge" which is a
feather -like impressed decoration along the rim of plates and is generally
been
painted blue over the impressions. Tableware that has a single band along
19).
the rim is also referred to as edge- decorated for this period.
Sponged wares (sometimes called spatterware) have had the decoration fired
finge
applied by a sponge, usually in bright red, green, blue, or lavender that
may cover the entire vessel.
the t
Cut sponged wares are the same except that a design has been cut from
paste
the sponge and stamped on the vessel - usually a crude flower form. range
True stamped wares have a much finer and more delicate design than the butte
cut sponged wares and generally occur as a border design.
salt
vesse
24
And finally, transferprinted decorations were applied with an inked
waxed paper onto which the design was transferred from a copper plate
engraving. Blue is the most common color, but black, brown, green,
lavender, red, etc. also occur. "Flown" blue, which is a variation of
transferprinting, also occurs during this period and reappears in the
1890s.
By 1855, a trend towards undecorated whitewares began and continued up
until about 1930 (Wetherbee 1980, 1985). Prior to 1900, these wares are
characterized by a molded rim design but later are completely devoid of
decoration.
Around 1900, decal decorated wares were available in the United States
but did not become popular until the 1930s. The decals are generally
polychrome floral designs that can be scratched off with use. The edge of
the decal can be felt and should not be confused with transferprinted wares
which are always monochrome and rarely have more than one color applied.
(3) Stoneware: this ware is a non - porous hard -paste ware that has
been fired at a higher temperature than the whitewares (Ketchum 1983:18-
19). The early whitepaste earthenwares, creamware, and pearlware, are
fired at a temperature so low that the paste can be scratched with a
fingernail. The later whitewares have been improved and are harder, hence
the term "ironstone ". Stoneware, however, actually has ground flint in the
paste, causing it to be harder. The paste colors usually fall within the
ranges of gray and tan, and vessel form is utilitarian, i.e., crocks, jugs,
butter churns and milk pans. Stonewares pre- dating 1900 generally have a
salt glaze which is clear with an "orange peel" finish. The interiors of
vessels are often slipped with a matte brown Albany slip, a clay source
25
from New York (Greer 1981:194 -198). After 1900, a Bristol glaze is more
common (Greer 1981:210 -213). This glaze is a thick creamy white glaze that
sometimes appears to be pitted. It is used for the interior and exterior
of vessels, however, all combinations of the Albany slip and Bristol glaze
occur. The most common is a Bristol glazed exterior and an Albany slipped
interior. Blue Bristol glazes also occur frequently on chamber pots with
molded decoration.
(4) Semi - porcelain: this ware is a fine thin tableware with a high
fired white paste and a clear alkaline glaze ( Kethcum 1983:21). The paste
has somewhat of a grainy texture and decal decorations are common. It
occurs infrequently during the late- nineteenth and early- twentieth
century.
(5) Porcelain: this is the highest fired ware and is very thin with
a smooth glass -like texture (Ketchum 1983:21). Decal decorations are,
again, popular on this ware. Porcelain has generally been an expensive
ware and was not common during the late - nineteenth and early- twentieth t
centuries.
Glassware C
(1) Fire polished ( ?- 1855), flanged or folded finishes (? - 1870):
these are the earliest types of glass bottle finishes (Davis 1949:154 -155; s
McKearin 1978:423; Munsey 1970:32). Fire polished finishes result from
breaking the bottle neck from a blow -pipe and then smoothing the roughened
edges in a fire. Flanged and folded finishes are done similarly except s
that while the glass is still warm the lip is flared (flanged) outwards for 1 '
easier pouring, or completely folded over. All are irregular in shape.
26 '
(2) Applied string finishes ( ?- 1845): these bottle finishes are made
the same way as a fire polished finish except that an extra band of glass
has been applied around the lip and exhibits the impression from a string
used in holding the bottle cork in place (McKearin 1978:217).
(3) Applied tooled finishes (1825- 1875): these bottle finishes can
be identified by the obvious piece of glass that has been applied to the
bottle neck (Ketchum 1975 :150; Lief 1965:14,17; McKearin 1978:216,220 -221;
Munsey 19 70:116,118). It has been tooled with a lipping shears so that its
shape is regular. Lipping usually occurs on the exterior below the tooled
portion of the lip where it attaches to the bottle. A ridge can also be
felt inside the bottle neck as further evidence that the finish has been
applied.
(4) Improved tooled finishes (1870- 1915): these bottle finishes are
characterized by their regular shaping (Davis 19 49:154 -155; Lief 1965:16;
Munsey 1970:116; Paul and Parmalee 1973:75). The lipping shears have been
used directly on the unfinished bottle neck without the application of more
glass as in the applied tooled finish. The easiest identifying
characteristic is the absence of mold lines on either side of the bottle
immediately below the tooled finish. The mold lines may stop on the
shoulder of the bottle but usually extend up the lip almost to the finish.
(5) Three -piece dip bottom mold (1830- 1905): bottles exhibiting this
type of mold method have seams encircling the shoulder and one on either
side extending upwards from the shoulder (Davis 1949:82; Kendrick 1968:126-
127; McKearin 1978:219).
27
ipmmilmmm
(6) Snap case (1860- 1915): this type of mold method leaves no seams
but indentations on the body of the bottle may be apparent where the snap
case grips it (Davis 1949:82).
(7) Three -piece post bottom mold (1858 +): a circular seam appears on
the base of bottles made by this method with a seam extending out and up
either side of the bottle all the way to the finish (Bond 1970; Davis
1949:82; Toulouse 1971:9).
(8) Three -piece cup bottom mold (date unknown but seems to coincide
with the three -piece post bottom): a seam encircles the sides of the
bottle just above the base and has a seam extending up either side of the
bottle to the finish.
(9) Lavender glass (1880 -circa 1918): this glass resulted from
attempts to decolorize glass because of the many impurities that can cause
it to be various colors (greens, browns, yellows, etc.). Manganese dioxide 1
was added as a decolorant, however, exposure to the sun caused it to turn
lavender or purple (Munsey 1970:55). This is an important chronological m
marker for late- nineteenth century sites. d
(10) Carnival glass (1905- 1935): an irridescent pressed tableware
given away at carnivals during the early part of the century.
(11) Depression glass (1930- 1940): a pressed glass tableware usually S]
occurring in pale pink and pale green colors and to a lesser extent in pale ti
blue and amber (Florence 1983,1984). fo
Building Materials co
Few building materials can be precisely dated. However, some items ma .
can provide limited information. gel
28 /1
(1) Nails: the preponderance for cut nails over wire nails, or vice
versa, can be of significance in dating the occupation of a site (Baackes
1888,1896; Fontana and Greenleaf 1962; Nelson 1968). The pennyweight of
whole nails can also aid in structural identification.
(2) Window glass: measurements on window glass thickness have been
used for dating historic sites although there are many limitations with
this method (Moir 1983; Roenke 1978; Walker 1971).
(3) Bricks: some bricks have been stamped by their manufacturer
(Garlick n.d.). Also, crudely made bricks may be evidence of either early
manufacture or local manufacture.
(4) Barbed wire: barbed wire types can be identified, but their use
as a chronological indicator is limited since most were patented during a
small period of time and were used over a long period of time (Glover
1980).
(5) Log notching: while log structural remains are not common, the
method of notching in structures that are found may be useful in
determining a date of construction (Jordan 1978).
Trademarks
Trademarks are the most accurate method of dating historic artifacts
since their use has usually been documented (Toulouse 1971). Ceramic
trademarks are usually stamped in ink on the base of vessels but may be
found on other parts of the vessel as well. Glass trademarks usually
consist of an emblem on the base of bottles. In their absence,
manufacturer's names or product names are also helpful. Glass tableware
generally does not have trademarks present although some does. Metal is
29
Glasswares recovered from the Carter site were difficult to date due
to the absence of bottle finishes. Color was the onl y variable that could
be used to date the 322 fragments recovered (Table 3). A total of 252
(78.3%) fragments could not be dated, except generally, to the nineteenth
century and included aqua (8.4%), brown (20.2%), clear (10.9 %), clear with
a green cast (10.9%), cobalt blue (0.3%), light olive (23.0%), and dark
olive (4.7%). Lavender glass, which is highly diagnostic and dates between
1880 and circa 1918 comprised 14% of the collection. Depression glassware,
dating between 1930 and 1940 comprised 7.8% of the collection.
Thirty -three fragments of window glass were recovered and included
clear fragments (9.1%), aqua fragments (57.6%), and light green fragments
(33.3%) (Table 4). The mean range of thickness was 1.97 mm; the mode was
1.9 mm; and the range was 1.1 mm to 2.7 mm. According to Roenke (1978) ,
the mean range of window glass thickness at the Carter site represents
glassware manufactured between 1850 and 1865 while the range of glassware
was manufactured from about 1835 to the early- twentieth century. Though
these dates are valid only in the Pacific Northwest, they are presently our
best estimate of window glass dates.
Cut nails recovered from the Carter site were abundant, totaling 327
(92.9%) of the 352 nails recovered (Table 5). These nails were identified
as common cut nails (57.7%), finishing cut nails (0.9%), and flooring nails
(0.3%). A total of 120 (34.1%) were partial nails and identified only as
cut nails. The remaining nails were wire nails and included common wire
nails (4.0%) and partial wire nails (3.1%). The abundance of cut nails
represent a primarily nineteenth century occupation of the site.
32
TABLE 3
SUMMARY OF GLASS COLOR
COLOR No. Pct.
Amber, Depression 24 7.5
Aqua 27 8.4
Brown 65 20.2
Clear 35 10.9
Clear w /green cast 35 10.9
Cobalt blue 1 0.3
Green, Depression 1 0.3
Lavender 45 14.0
Olive, light 74 23.0
Olive, dark 15 4.7
TOTAL 322 100.0
TABLE 4
SUMMARY OF WINDOW GLASS COLOR
WINDOW GLASS COLOR No. Pct.
clear window glass 3 9.1
aqua window glass 19 57.6
light green window glass 11 33.3
TOTAL 33 100.0
1
33
The recovered metal artifacts totaled 184 fragments and were primarily
unidentified tin cans (67.4 %) (Table 6). Unidentified metal (10.9 %), strap
iron (9.8 %) and sheet metal (8.7 %) occurred most frequently. A single
occurrence of all other metal artifacts included a button, cap, car part,
cast iron stove part, fruit jar lid, and talcum powder can.
Feature 1
One feature was recorded in shovel test N510 -E535 (Figure 3). Several
limestone blocks in a matrix of mottled clay soils were found approximately
30 cm below the ground's surface. Similar blocks were found across the
site during the 1982 excavations and are the same as those used in the
limestone -lined well. Because the stones in N510 -E535 rest on top of
sterile clay soil, they may represent an in situ foundation that has had
the upper layers of stone removed or disturbed. These foundation stones
could represent a corner pier for the Carter home or stones from a ' 32
fireplace. /
FUNCTIONAL SUMMARY
The artifacts recovered from the Carter site were coded for analysis �
using a MAPIT program (Kalush 1984). This program recognizes the number of
artifacts recovered from each 50 cm square excavation unit and then
averages the number of artifacts with each surrounding unit to produce a
contour map reflecting the density of artifacts across the site. Each /
symbol on the map represents the number of artifacts that could be expected /
if a 50 cm square shovel test were excavated there. For the Carter site,
maps were produced showing the density of all ceramics recovered (Figure ///
S ze c,
4), all glassware (Figure 5), all metals (Figure 6), all window glass N5 /0,
Figure
34
TABLE 5
SUMMARY OF NAIL DATA
NAILS No. Pct.
cut nail 120 34.1
common cut nail 203 57.7
finishing cut nail 3 0.9
flooring nail 1 0.3
wire nail 11 3.1
common wire nail 14 4.0
"ll9llI/PlI"l/P'— TOTAL 352 100.0
.,/'2111. •1
30 cm.
LIMESTONE N
i 0 MOTTLED
/ CLAY
28 cm. 29 em. 0 JO cm. 20 cm.
•
N5/0/E555
Figure 3. Feature 1, in situ limestone blocks, in N510 -E535.
35
N55O N55O
E55O N55O
E5OO + + E5OO
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N5OO + N 500 N5OO +
E500 RICHARD CARTER SITE 416274 E550 E5OO
CERAMIC ARTIFACTS
LEGEND ==
I + I
0 5M 1OM
17 0 THROUGH 2 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
I.7 3 THROUGH 4 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
N (:7 5 THROUGH 6 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
[ +7 7 THROUGH 8 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
[*7 9 THROUGH 10 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
Figure 4. Density of ceramics. Figure
36
11550 N550
E500 + + E550
•a•••••••••••••••••• ••••••
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N500 RICHARD CARTER SITE 41BZ74 N500
E500 GLASS ARTIFACTS E550
/ \ ====LEGEND==========
+
0 5 M 10 M
[ ] 0 THROUGH 4 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
(.] 5 THROUGH 8 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
N ( :] 9 THROUGH 12 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
( +] 13 THROUGH 16 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
[] 17 THROUGH 20 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
Figure 5. Density of glassware.
37
N550 N550
E500 E550
•
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•
+ + + +++ + + + : ++ •
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• + + + ++++ •
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ME
N500 RICHARD CARTER SITE 41BZ74 N500
E500 METAL ARTIFACTS E550
LEGEND= ____
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+
0 5 M 10 M
I ] 0 THROUGH 2 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
I.] 3 THROUGH 4 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
N I:] 5 THROUGH 8 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
( +] 9 THROUGH 16 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
[1] 17 THROUGH 32 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
Figure 6. Density of metal.
38
r TABLE 6
SUMMARY OF METAL ARTIFACTS
METAL ARTIFACTS No. Pct.
indeterminate 20 10.9
button 1 0.5
cap 1 0.5
car parts 1 0.5
cast iron stove parts 1 0.5
fruit jar lid 1 0.5
sheet metal 16 8.7
strap iron 18 9.8
UID tin cans 124 67.4
talcum powder can 1 0.5
TOTAL 184 100.0
) 39
(Figure 7) , all cut nails (Figure 8) , all wire nails (Figure 9) , and the N550
E500
total number of artifacts recovered (Figure 10). The purpose of these maps +
was to identify activity areas across the site.
The 50 m square area which was gridded off for the excavations was
chosen as the most likely location of the Carter home (Figure 2). Previous
excavations (Carlson 1983) recovered quantities of domestic artifacts from
this knoll top site which was identified as the highest elevation within
the probable site area. The proximity of the limestone lined well and the
testimonies of various informants also supported this location as the
homesite. The 1985 excavations identified various artifact concentrations
across the project area that may represent the Carter homestead.
The most diagnostic and revealing density maps were those for cut
nails (Figure 8) and window glass (Figure 7). These artifacts represent
structural remains that have been dropped in place through aging and decay
rather than tossed aside or transported to a dumping area. The nature of
their deposition suggested that the Carter homestead was primarily within
the eastern half of the 50 m square excavation area. The window glass
deposits, in particular, may even define the location of a window - -the
glass normally falling to the outside. Nails, on the other hand, would be
expected throughout the structure and their distribution could represent N500 +
E500
the actual house location. The small deposit of wire nails versus the
larger cut nail deposit is significant in that it verifies the nineteenth
century chronology of the site.
According to the density maps, metal artifacts were deposited in a
dumping pattern with four distinct areas defined. Two of these were
adjacent to the postulated north side of the structure, one was adjacent to F
40
E 550
E500 N550
+ + E550
uu u u_aMMuMumMwuMMEuEuMMINIM8uMOMERu
+ + ++
+ + + + + + + + + + +
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++
▪ • •+ ++ • • ,iihdd, ++
+++++++++:
+ +++
mossommumma um
N500 RICHARD CARTER SITE 41BZ74 +
E500 N500
WINDOW GLASS E550
/ \
= == LEGEND
+
0 5 M 10 M
[ ] 0 THROUGH 1 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
[.] 2 THROUGH 2 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
N [:1 3 THROUGH 3 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
[ +] 4 THROUGH 4 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
(#] 5 THROUGH 9 ARTIFACTS PER UNIT
Figure 7. Density of window glass.
41
ti
S17
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oo!
'agTs age
go nolouoago JCanquao muaagautu am patgtaan anuq (£) pus 'pasICAosq am
4uasaadaa /Cum gum asnoq am go saapts aaam. punoau suoTquaquaouoo Tugam
puu 'ssuT2 'otmsaao 1CgTquapt (Z) 'saau pappta2 am go gIsg -auo o.sua am. ut
sum amoq s,aagaup paugotg go uozquooi am. Tsm quasaad siTuu go aouupunqu
aq. Xq gsa22ns (T) 'qum suoTlyaquaouoo gosgtlau patgTquapt mua2oad
IIdVW 941 g2noaq. pazkluus aaam Tem Slosgtlas age 'uotsniouoo ui
'sl.tsodap palualuaouoo lounsip ou mtm pauX
am rnog2noaq. pagngtaqstp sswr2 puu gsam am. oa sdmnp otmsaao aouto.stp
omq gum 'qt putgaq puu 'asnoq aapun paltsodap aaam sad/Co lougtgau
moil 'antlumaogut o.suai aaam SaTVTSUap 1.osgtgas SsuT2 pus otmsaao aq
• (ssudAg
gsug 9 Xumg2TH am. mou) puoa aTTtnuoog aq. spaumoo. paoug kkkqugoad asnoq
aq. Tum puu asua am. sum pauX quoag am. gum iCIdmi /Cum aanlona3s am go
sapts 'Tv uo 2utdmnp aqy •puagsamoq aaaasj am go spauXapts puu pauXAouq
am. luasaadaa pinoo s3tsodap asam 'asnoq age oqut pa3daoou aau saogtstn
aaagm pasX quoag s ut an000 oq ATaxti ssal st 2utdmnp aouTS aan3onaqs aqq
go asam aq. oq auo pus (so.tsodap ssul2 moputm am go mnos) apes mnos aqq. OSSN
CONCLUSIONS
Analyses of the Carter site remains were generally positive, providing
answers to locational questions about the site. The primary methods of
analysis were dependent on previous archival research (Carlson 1983) and
computer based artifact studies. These two methods provided chronological
as well as functional data that allowed a semi - reconstruction of site
activities and structural placement. The computer studies were based upon
a 50 m square grid established on the highest point of the site. This grid
encompassed the proposed location of an interpretive center which would
impact the site more extensively than other planned developments. The grid
also encompassed the former Carter house site. Because no other artifact
concentrations were found after an intensive pedestrian survey of the park,
excavations were limited to the gridded area. Within the grid, one 50 cm
Pli square test unit was dug for every five meter unit. These tests were dug
to sterile soil and the soil dry screened through 1/4 inch hardware cloth.
The units ranged in depth from circa 10 cm to 30 cm with evidence of a plow
zone, underlain by alluvial soil, containing a dense concentration of water
worn pebbles, and sterile red clay. A total of 92 test units were
excavated and a field count of artifacts from each unit was noted. An
analysis of this data with a MAPIT program was expected to provide more
detailed information on the house location and activity areas. One feature
was recorded in unit N510 -E535 and appeared to be an in situ stone footing.
All but two units yielded artifacts. Most artifacts were damaged from
plowing and were non - diagnostic. A handful of diagnostic artifacts were
found and included a hand - formed bottle finish, improved - tooled bottle
47
rpm.
finishes, and a ceramic maker's mark. Many units had cut nails and few
4 10
wire nails were noted.
Three research questions were presented in the section entitled
Research Design and are discussed in detail below:
(1) According to Harvey Mitchell (n.d.), the Carter home was a one
room log structure. Feature 1, located in situ in unit N510 -E535 at circa
30 cm below ground surface, was identified as a possible limestone footing
(Figure 1). Due to the absence of other stone or brick, the structure at
this location was either log or wood frame. Presumably, it was the Carter
household. The abundance of domestic artifacts present coincided with the
1831 -1863 occupation of the site. Because the Carter children were all of
marriageable age when the family arrived in Texas, it is assumed that the
Carters resided in the log home described by Harvey Mitchell (n.d.) in 1841
throughout their occupation of the site. However, in contradiction to this
statement, 352 cut nails representing 28.4% of the total artifact
collection were recovered and suggest that the structure may have been
frame (Figures 8 and 9; Table 5). In addition, 33 (2.7 %) window glass
fragments were found in an isolated area which could be the location of a
former window. A log structure would be expected to have wooden shutters
rather than glass windows. Taking into consideration the densities of
artifacts deposited, Feature 1, and the probable orientation of the Carter
house, its location is believed to be that shown in Figure 10. If the
house was of log construction, its size was estimated to be approximately
18 feet by 30 feet (Jordan 1978:105 -148) with the long side facing
Boonville road. A frame construction would have been of a similar size.
48
(2) The Carter home was primarily occupied by two people, Richard and
Elizabeth Carter, whose children were already grown upon their arrival in
Texas. Because of the limited number of occupants in the household, it was
expected that the quantity of domestic ceramics and glassware would also be
minimal. A total of 175 (14.2 %) ceramic sherds and 322 (26.1 %) glass
fragments were recovered. These represented an average breakage over the
32 year occupation of the site of 5.5 ceramic sherds per year and 10.1
glass fragments per year. Because minimum number of vessels were not
calculated, it was not possible to compare this data with other sites to
determine its relevance. However, the frequency of breakage did appear to
be limited for the length of time that the site was occupied.
Additionally, no children's toys were recovered from the site and the
remainder of a nineteenth century ceramic pipe bowl was found.
(3) The density of artifacts deposited by the Carters around their
home was expected to be non - random and patterned. The area beneath the
house and all around it had limited artifacts, numbering from 11 to 20
artifacts per unit of excavation (Figure 10). These were primarily
ceramics (Figure 4) with an isolated concentration of metal directly
beneath the proposed house location (Figure 6). What appeared to be metal
trash dumps occurred to the north, northwest and south of the house. No
artifacts were found, with the exception of a light scattering of ceramics
and cut nails, to the rear where the main entrance to the house was
expected to be. Cut nails were found beneath the structure and to the
front while glassware was primarily deposited east and northeast of the
front yard. The isolated deposit of window glass was not adjacent to the
house structure but was located approximately 10 m to the east. Specific
49
activities could not be associated with these deposits though they are
expected to represent domestic activities due to the absence of
agriculturally related materials.
The results of the Carter site excavations have been encouraging in
spite of the fact that the site was plowed in the early part of this
century. The 50 cm square excavation units provided an overall density of
the deposited artifacts which, in turn, suggested numerous things about the
site. From primary documentary data (Mitchell n.d.) it is known that the
Carter's were living in a log structure in 1841. Their children were grown
and presumably did not live with them. Though many people on the frontier
often constructed frame houses to replace their log homes, it is believed
that the Carter's continued to live in their log home and may have
eventually added clapboard siding to give the appearance of a frame house.
This would explain the abundance of cut nails present which would not have
occurred had the structure been simply log. Also, the limited number of
wire nails supports the nineteenth century chronology of the site The
estimated location of the structure was based primarily on the location of
Feature 1, the cut nail concentration and the numerous metal trash piles.
Though the window glass concentration did not seem to correspond with the
structure, its isolation among the cut nails strongly suggest the presence
of a structure with windows in the immediate vicinity.
In conclusion, the configuration of these artifacts strongly support
the presence of a nineteenth century homestead which has been identified
through documentary data as the Carter home. The 1985 excavations indicate
that additional remains lio to the east of the 50 m grid and may continue
for some distance to the east /northeast. Although additional excavations
50
in this direction would have been helpful, the integrity of the site
suggests that further investigations would not have been warranted. From
the 1982 excavations at the site, no evidence was found to indicate that
the site limits continued to the north, west, or south. In view of this
information, it is suggested that the site is not eligible for nomination
to the National Register of Historic Places. However, because of extensive
local interest in the site, the paucity of previous archeological and /or
historical investigations within Brazos County, and the temporal period of
the site, it is recommended as being eligible for nomination as a State
Archeological Landmark.
51
REFERENCES CITED
Baackes, Michael
1888 The Wire Nail Manufacturers of the United States. Iron
Age 41:21 -22.
1896 The History of the American Wire Nail Industry. Iron Age
57(1):105.
Blair, W. Frank
1950 The Biotic Provinces of Texas. Texas Journal of Science
2(1):93 -117.
Bond, Ralf
1970 Fruit Jar Patents: Unit I, 200 Patents. Ms. in the
possession of the author.
Carlson, Shawn Bonath
1983 Archeological and Historical Investigations at the Richard
Carter Site (41BZ74), Brazos County, Texas. Reports of
Investigations No. 2, Archeological Research Laboratory,
Texas A & M University, College Station.
Collard, Elizabeth
1967 Nineteenth Century Pottery and Porcelain in Canada.
' g . McGill University Press.
Correll, Donovan S., and Marshall C. Johnston
1970 Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas. Texas Research
Foundation, Renner, Texas.
Davis, Pierce
1949 The Development of the American Glass Industry. Harvard
University Press, Cambridge.
Fairbanks, Charles H.
1974 The Kingsley Slave Cabins in Duval County, Florida, 1968.
The Conference on Historic Site Archaeology Papers 1972(7):
62 -93.
Florence, Gene
1983 The Kitchen Glassware of the Depression Years. Collector's
Books, Paducah, Kentucky.
1984 The Collector's Encyclopedia of Depression Glass. Collector's
Books, Paducah, Kentudy.
Fontana, Bernard L., and J. Cameron Greenleaf
1962 Johnny Ward's Ranch: A Study in Historic Archaeology. The Kiva
28(1 -2):1 -115.
53
r T...
Garlick, Melvin
n.d. Brick Directory. Ms. in possession of the author.
Glover, Jack
1980 The "Bobbed Wire" VI Bible. Cow Puddle Press, Sunset, Texas.
Godden, Geoffrey A.
1963 British Pottery and Porcelain 1780 -1850. A.S. Barnes and Co.,
Inc.
Greaser, Arlene, and Paul Greaser
1973 Homespun Ceramics. Wallace- Homestead Book Co., Des Moines,
Iowa.
Greer, Georgeanna H.
1981 American Stonewares. Schiffer Publishing Limited, Exton,
Pennsylvania.
Hughes, Bernard, and Therle Hughes
1968 The Collector's Encyclopaedia of English Ceramics. Murray's
Sales and Service Co., London.
Jordan, Terry G.
1978 Texas Log Buildings: A Folk Architecture. University of Texas
Press, Austin.
Kalush, Raymond J., Jr.
1984 MAPIT. Questionnaire Service Company, East Lansing, Michigan.
Kendrick, Grace
1968 The Mouth Blown Bottle. Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
Ketchum, William C., Jr.
1975 A Treasury of American Bottles. Bobbs, Merrill, Indianapolis,
New York.
1983 Pottery and Porcelain. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
Keyes, Homer Eaton
1930 Spatter. Antiques 17:332 -337.
Lief, Alfred
1965 A Close -Up of Closures: History and Progress. Glass Containers
Institute, New York.
Lofstrom, Edward V.
1976 An Analysis of Temporal Change in a Nineteenth Century Ceramic
Assemblage from Fort Snelling, Minnesota. The Minnesota
Archaeologist 35(1):16 -47.
54
McKearin, Helen, and Kenneth Wilson
1978 American Bottles and Flasks and their Ancestry. Crown
Publishers, Inc., New York.
Mankowitz, Wolf, and R.G. Haggar
1975 The Concise Encyclopedia of English Pottery and Porcelain.
Hawthorn Books, Inc., New York.
Miller, Andrea, Dan Arreola, David Carlson, Barbara Finlay, and Peter
Hugill
1986 Migration and Settlement Patterns in Brazos County. In Brazos
County History: Rich Past - Bright Future, edited by Glenna
Fourman Brundidge, pp. 7 -20, Family History Foundation, Bryan,
Texas.
Mitchell, Harvey
n.d. "Col. Harvey Mitchell's First, Last and Only Bear Hunt."
(Written in 1890s). Harvey Mitchell Papers, Texas A & M
University Archives, College Station.
Moir, Randall
1982 Sheet Refuse: An Indicator of Past Lifeways. In Settlement
of the Prairie Margin: Archaeology of the Richland Creek
Reservoir, Navarro and Freestone Counties, Texas, 1980 -1981.
Archaeological Monographs No. 1, The Archaeology Program,
Southern Methodist University, Dallas.
1983 Windows to Our Past: A Chronological Scheme for the Thickness
of Pane Fragments. Paper presented at the 1983 Annual Meeting
of the Society for Historical Archaeology, January 6 -9, Denver.
Munsey, Decil
1970 The Illustrated Guide to Collecting Bottles. Hawthorn Books,
New York.
Nelson, Lee H.
1968 Nail Chronology as an Aid to Dating Old Buildings. History News
24(11), Technical Leaflet 48, American Association for State
and Local History.
Noel -Hume, Ivor
1970 A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Alfred A. Knopf,
New York.
Paul, John R., and Paul W. Parmalee
1973 Soft Drink Bottling - A History with Special Reference to
Illinois. Illinois State Museum Society, Springfield, Illinois.
Price, Cynthia R.
1979 19th Century Ceramics...in the Eastern Ozark Border Region.
Monograph Series No. 1, Center for Archaeological Research,
Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield.
55
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APPENDIX I
INVENTORY OF HISTORIC ARTIFACTS
Shawn Bonath Carlson
57
INVENTORY OF HISTORIC ARTIFACTS
SURFACE 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
plate - rim with blue transferprinted decoration,
same as body
SURFACE 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
plate - rim with blue transferprinted decoration
with molded /transfer print rim
SURFACE 2 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
hollowware - shoulder with no decoration
SURFACE 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
flatware - flat base with no decoration
SURFACE 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
footed base with no decoration
SURFACE 2 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body with no
decoration
SURFACE 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - flat base with
no decoration
SURFACE 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - rim with yellow
painted decoration with same as body
SURFACE 1 Aqua glass canning jar flat base machine made
(1935 - -1955) Valve mark
SURFACE 1 Brown glass snuff bottle lip /neck /shoulder
SURFACE 2 Olive, light glass wine bottle neck
SURFACE 1 Clear glass body
SURFACE 1 Brick fragment
SURFACE 1 Cast iron stove parts
SURFACE 1 Brass indeterminate
500N -500E 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze plate - rim
500N -500E 1 Clear glass body
500N -500E 5 Iron common cut nail
500N -500E 1 Iron indeterminate
500N -505E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
teacup - rim
500N -505E 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze flatware - flat
base
500N -505E 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze flatware - rim
500N -505E 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle lip /neck applied tooled
(1825 - -1875)
500N -505E 2 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
500N -505E 3 Clear glass body
500N -505E 1 Glass aqua window glass (1.4 mm)
500N -505E 1 Iron common cut nail
500N -505E 3 Sandstone
500N -505E 3 Iron indeterminate
500N -510E 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze flatware - rim
with molded decoration
500N -510E 2 Brown glass bottle body
500N -510E 2 Olive, dark glass wine bottle body
500N -510E 3 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
500N -510E 3 Iron common cut nail
500N -510E 2 Strap iron
59
500N -510E 1 Iron button
500N -515E 2 White coarse earthenware with clear (alkaline) glaze - e' ill
body with no decoration
500N -515E 2 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body with no
decoration
500N -515E 1 Gray stoneware with salt glaze - body with no
decoration
500N -515E 6 Amber, Depression glass bottle body
500N -515E 5 Olive, dark glass wine bottle body
500N -515E 4 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
500N -515E 1 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
500N -515E 1 Clear glass lamp globe body
500N -515E 1 Brass common cut nail
500N -515E 3 Sandstone
500N -515E 1 Iron indeterminate
500N -515E 1 Ceramic tobacco pipe
500N -525E 1 Gray stoneware with salt glaze hollowware - body with
no decoration
500N -525E 3 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
500N -525E 1 Brown glass bottle body
500N -525E 4 Strap iron
500N -525E 1 Fauna indeterminate
500N -530E 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze bowl - rim with
brown banding
500N -530E 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
500N -530E 2 Aqua glass bottle body
500N -530E 1 Iron common cut nail AU
500N -530E 1 Iron UID tin cans
500N -535E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
500N -535E 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body
500N -535E 1 Olive, dark glass wine bottle lip /neck applied tooled
(1825- -1875)
500N -535E 1 Olive, dark glass wine bottle body
500N -535E 1 Iron common cut nail
500N -535E 1 Strap iron
500N -545E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
flatware - footed base with blue transferprinted
decoration
500N -545E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body with no decoration
500N -545E 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze plate - rim
500N -545E 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
500N -545E 1 Sandstone
500N -545E 1 Iron UID tin cans
505N -505E 3 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
505N -505E 1 Lavender glass bottle body (1880- -1918)
505N -505E 1 Clear glass bottle body
505N -510E 2 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body with no decoration
505N -510E 2 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
505N -510E 2 Iron common cut nail
OR
60
505N -515E 1 Gray stoneware with salt glaze hollowware - body with
no decoration
505N -515E 5 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
505N -515E 1 Brown glass bottle body
505N -515E 4 Iron common cut nail
505N -520E 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze flatware - rim
505N -520E 1 Brown glass bottle body
505N -520E 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
505N -520E 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
505N -520E 2 Iron common cut nail
505N -520E 2 Sandstone
505N -525E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
r hollowware - body with molded rim
505N -525E 2 Brown glass bottle body
505N -525E 1 Clear glass lamp globe body
505N -525E 1 Clear glass bottle body
505N -525E 3 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
505N -525E 1 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
505N -525E 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
505N -530E 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze flatware - rim
505N -530E 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - flat base with
no decoration
505N -530E 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - footed base
with no decoration
505N -530E 1 Gray stoneware with salt glaze ale bottle - shoulder
with no decoration
505N -530E 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
505N -530E 2 Sandstone
505N -530E 2 Iron UID tin cans
505N -535E 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
505N 535E 2 Brick fragment
505N -535E 1 Strap iron
505N -540E 1 Brown glass bottle body
505N -540E 2 Strap iron
505N -545E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
hollowware - molded rim
505N -545E 1 Brown glass bottle neck
505N -545E 1 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
505N -545E 2 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
505N -545E 4 Iron common cut nail
505N -545E 2 Iron cut nail
505N -545E 4 Sandstone
510N -505E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
510N -505E 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body
510N 505E 2 Clear glass bottle body
510N -505E 3 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
510N -505E 1 Iron common cut nail
510N -510E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- rim with brown banded decoration
510N -510E 1 Amber, Depression glass bottle body
510N -510E 1 Brown glass bottle flat base
61
1 1 Z9
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515N -545E . 1 Glass light green window glass (1.7 mm)
515N -545E . 1 Glass light green window glass (1.8 mm)
515N -545E . 3 Glass light green window glass (2.1 mm)
515N -545E . 1 Glass lavender glass (2.3 mm)
515N -545E . 1 Glass light green window glass (2.4 mm)
515N -545E . 1 Iron common wire nail
515N -545E . 6 Iron common cut nail
515N -545E . 3 Iron cut nail
515N -545E . 1 Iron UID tin cans
520E -505E . 1 Fauna indeterminate
520N -505E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
520N -505E . 1 Clear glass bottle body
520N -505E . 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
520N -505E . 1 Olive, light glass bottle body
520N -505E . 1 Iron common wire nail
520N -505E . 2 Iron common cut nail
520N -505E . 1 Iron cut nail
520N -505E . 3 Iron UID tin cans
520N -510E . 5 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
520N -510E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
plate - rim
520N -510E . 2 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze shallow bowl -
rim
520N -510E . 1 Iron cut nail
520N -515E . 1 Iron common cut nail
i 520N -515E . 1 Iron indeterminate
520N -520E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
flatware - rim
520N -520E . 2 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
520N -520E . 1 Aqua glass bottle machine made
520N -520E 1 Lavender glass bottle body
520N -520E . 1 Olive, light glass bottle body
520N -520E . 1 Brown glass bottle body
520N -520E . 3 Iron common cut nail
520N -520E . 4 Iron cut nail
520N -520E . 1 Sandstone
520N -525E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
teacup - rim
520N -525E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze flatware - footed
base
520N -525E . 1 Aqua glass bottle lip /rim applied tooled (1825- -1875)
520N -525E . 2 Brown glass bottle body
520N -525E . 3 Clear glass bottle body
520N -525E . 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
520N -525E . 2 Olive, dark glass bottle body
; 520N -525E . 1 Iron common cut nail
`a 520N -525E . 2 Iron cut nail
520N -525E . 1 Iron UID tin cans
520N -530E . 2 Gray stoneware with Bristol glaze - body
65
JP"
520N-530E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
520N -530E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body
520N -530E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze hollowware - rim
520N -530E . 1 White porcelain with clear (alkaline) glaze - rim
520N -530E . 1 Lavender glass bottle lip /neck (1880 - -1918)
520N -530E . 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
520N -530E . 4 Iron common cut nail
520N -530E . 2 Iron cut nail
520N -535E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
520N -535E . 1 White with clear (alkaline) glaze - body with blue
sponged decoration
520N -535E . 1 Tan stoneware with Albany slip glaze - body
520N -535E . 1 Aqua glass bottle flat base
520N -535E . 1 Iron common wire nail
520N -535E . 11 Iron common cut nail
520N -535E . 3 Iron cut nail
520N -535E . 1 Iron staple
520N -535E . 1 Iron washer
520N -535E . 1 Iron indeterminate
520N -535E . 1 Iron UID tin cans
520N -535E . 1 Fauna indeterminate
520N -535E . 1 Coal indeterminate
520N -540E . 1 White with clear (alkaline) glaze flatware - rim with
blue shell -edged decoration
520N -540E . 1 White hollowware - rim with blue decoration with banded
rim
520N -540E . 1 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
520N -540E . 1 Glass aqua window glass (1.8 mm)
520N -540E . 6 Iron common cut nail
520N -540E . 6 Iron cut nail
520N -540E . 1 Iron UID tin cans
520N -540E . 1 Charcoal indeterminate
520N -545E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
hollowware - rim
520N -545E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body with no decoration
520N -545E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body with no
decoration
520N -545E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body with
multi- colored painted decoration
520N -545E . 1 Clear glass lamp globe body
520N -545E . 3 Aqua glass bottle body
520N -545E . 2 Brown glass bottle body
520N -545E . 1 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
520N -545E . 4 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
520N -545E . 1 Glass aqua window glass (1.8 mm)
520N -545E . 1 Glass light green window glass (1.9 mm)
520N -545E . 1 Glass light green window glass (2.1 mm)
520N -545E . 1 Glass aqua window glass (2.2 mm)
520N -545E . 1 Glass light green window glass (2.7 mm)
66
520N -545E . 1 Iron common wire nail
III') 520N -545E 4 Iron common cut nail
520N -545E 5 Iron cut nail
520N -545E . 1 Iron wire
520N -545E . 1 Sandstone
520N -545E . 1 Fauna indeterminate
520N -550E . 2 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
hollowware - rim
520N -550E . 2 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
520N -550E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body
520N -550E . 1 Red coarse earthenware with clay slip glaze - body
520N -550E . 2 Iron common cut nail
520N -550E . 1 Iron finishing cut nail
520N -550E . 2 Iron cut nail
520N -550E . 1 Sandstone
525N -505E . 1 Tan stoneware with Bristol glaze - body
525N -505E . 1 Brown glass bottle body
525N -505E . 1 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
525N -505E . 1 Iron common wire nail
525N -505E . 2 Iron common cut nail
525N -505E . 1 Iron cut nail
525N -510E . 1 White with clear (alkaline) glaze hollowware - rim
525N -510E . 1 Amber, Depression glass bottle body
525N -510E . 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
525N -510E . 1 Iron screw
'VI 525N -510E . 1 Iron cut nail
525N -510E . 1 Iron staple
525N -510E . 3 Iron indeterminate
525N -515E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
saucer - rim
525N -515E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - flat base
525N -515E . 1 Aqua glass bottle body
525N -515E . 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
525N -515E . 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
525N -515E . 2 Iron common cut nail
525N -515E . 1 Iron cut nail
525N -515E . 1 Iron indeterminate
525N -520E . 1 Tan stoneware with Albany slip glaze - body
525N -520E . 1 Aqua glass bottle flat base
525N -520E . 1 Brown glass bottle body
525N -520E . 1 Lavender glass bottle flat base (1880 - -1918) "Knox
Glass Co." "Fitch's, Boone, IA"
525N -520E . 4 Iron common cut nail
525N -520E . 1 Iron cut nail
525N -525E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
525N -525E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze saucer - rim
525N -525E . 2 Lavender glass bottle body (1880- -1918)
525N -525E . 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
525N -525E . 10 Iron common cut nail
525N -525E . 4 Iron cut nail
67
525N -525E . 1 Iron staple -
525N -525E . 1 Iron strap iron
11 1 1
525N -530E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze rim
525N -530E . 1 Tan stoneware with salt glaze - rim
525N -530E . 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
525N -530E . 2 Brown glass bottle body
525N -530E . 2 Glass aqua window glass (1.9 mm)
525N -530E . 5 Iron common cut nail
525N -530E . 2 Iron cut nail
525N -530E . 1 Slate
525N -530E . 3 Sandstone
525N -530E . 6 Fauna indeterminate
525N -535E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- rim
525N -535E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
525N -535E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body
525N -535E . 1 Gray stoneware with salt glaze - body
525N -535E . 1 Clear glass bottle body
525N -535E . 2 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
525N -535E . 4 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
525N -535E . 1 Glass clear window glass (1.1 mm)
525N -535E . 7 Iron common cut nail
525N -535E . 2 Iron cut nail
525N -535E . 1 Brick fragment
525N -535E . 1 Fauna indeterminate
525N -535E . 1 Coal indeterminate
104
525N -540E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- rim
525N -540E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- flat base
525N -540E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze plate - rim with
blue shell -edged decoration
525N -540E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - flat base
525N -540E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body
525N -540E . 1 Aqua glass bottle lip /neck folded
525N -540E . 1 Aqua glass bottle body
525N -540E . 4 Amber, Depression glass bottle body
525N -540E . 3 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
525N -540E . 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
525N -540E . 3 Glass aqua window glass (1.9 mm)
525N -540E . 1 Glass aqua window glass (2.7)
525N -540E . 6 Iron common cut nail
525N -540E . 3 Iron cut nail
525N -540E . 1 Brass
525N -540E . 1 Sandstone
525N -540E . 4 Iron UID tin cans
525N -540E . 1 Fauna indeterminate
525N -540E . 1 Coal indeterminate
525N -545E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- rim
68
525N -545E 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze plate - rim with
(I) blue transferprinted decoration
525N -545E 1 Clear glass bottle flat base
525N -545E 1 Aqua glass bottle body
525N -545E 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
525N -545E 3 Brown glass bottle body
525N -545E 2 Olive, dark glass bottle body
525N -545E 1 Iron common wire nail
525N -545E 7 Iron common cut nail
525N -545E 5 Iron cut nail
525N -545E 3 Iron UID tin cans
525N -545E 7 Coal indeterminate
525N -550E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
saucer - rim
525N -550E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- flat base
525N -550E 1 White porcelain with clear (alkaline) glaze - body
525N -550E 1 Gray stoneware with salt glaze - body
525N -550E 1 Amber, Depression glass bottle body
525N -550E 10 Iron common cut nail
525N -550E 5 Iron cut nail
525N -550E 1 Iron indeterminate
525N -550E 1 Sandstone
525N -550E 7 Iron UID tin cans
525N -550E 1 Iron strap iron
530N -505E 2 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
hollowware - rim
530N -505E 4 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
530N -505E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- footed base
530N -505E 1 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
530N -505E 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
530N -505E 2 Iron common cut nail
530N -505E 1 Iron cut nail
530N -505E 1 Iron common wire nail
530N -505E 1 Iron bolt
530N -505E 3 Iron UID tin cans
530N -505E 1 Strap iron
530N -510E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
530N -510E 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze flatware - rim
530N -510E 1 Tan stoneware with Bristol glaze - body
530N -510E 2 Iron common cut nail
530N -510E 1 Sandstone
530N -510E 1 Strap iron
530N -515E 1 Clear glass bottle body
530N -515E 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
530N -515E 1 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
530N -515E 2 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
530N -515E 1 Iron common wire nail
530N -515E 1 Iron cut nail
69
530N -515E . 21 Iron UID tin cans
530N -520E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body
530N -520E . 2 Iron common cut nail
530N -520E . 1 Iron cut nail
530N -520E . 1 Iron talcum powder can
530N -520E . 2 Strap iron
530N -525E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
flatware - rim
530N -525E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body
530N -525E . 1 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
530N -525E . 1 Glass aqua window glass (2.0 mm)
530N -525E . 1 Glass light green window glass (2.1 mm)
530N -525E . 2 Iron cut nail
530N -525E . 1 Sandstone
530N -530E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
hollowware - body with multi- colored bands
530N -530E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body
530N -530E . 2 Aqua glass bottle body
530N -530E . 1 Clear glass bottle body
530N -530E . 3 Olive, light glass bottle body
530N -530E . 1 Olive, light glass bottle footed base
530N -530E . 3 Iron common cut nail
530N -530E . 1 Iron cut nail
530N -530E . 2 Iron indeterminate
530N -530E . 1 Fauna indeterminate
530N -535E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
rim r 530N -535E 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- flat base
530N -535E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body with blue
transferprinted decoration
530N -535E . 1 Amber, Depression glass bottle body
530N -535E . 1 Brown glass bottle body
530N -535E . 1 Clear glass lamp globe body
530N -535E . 2 Glass aqua window glass (1.5 mm)
530N -535E . 1 Glass clear window glass (1.8 mm)
530N -535E . 1 Glass light green window glass (1.9 mm)
530N -535E . 9 Iron common cut nail
530N -535E . 3 Iron cut nail
530N -535E . 6 Iron UID tin cans
530N -535E . 4 Fauna indeterminate
530N -540E . 1 Gray stoneware with clay slip glaze - body
530N -540E . 1 Amber, Depression glass bottle body
530N -540E . 1 Brown glass bottle body
530N -540E . 1 Clear glass bottle body
530N -540E . 1 Lavender glass bottle body (1880- -1918)
530N -540E 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
530N -540E . 1 Glass clear window glass (1.8 mm)
530N -540E . 1 Glass aqua window glass (2.1 mm)
530N -540E . 2 Iron common wire nail
530N -540E . 2 Iron common cut nail
530N -540E . 4 Iron cut nail
70 5 ' +
530N -540E 31 Iron UID tin cans
530N -540E 3 Fauna indeterminate
530N -540E . 1 Shell indeterminate
530N -545E . 2 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
p late - rim
530N -545E . 1 Aqua glass bottle body
530N -545E . 4 Brown glass bottle body
530N -545E . 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
530N -545E . 1 Lavender glass tumbler lip/rim P/ pressed (1880 - -1918)
530N -545E
1 Lavender g tumbler body (1880- -1918)
530N -545E . 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
530N -545E . 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
530N -545E . 6 Iron common cut nail
530N -545E . 1 Iron cut nail
530N -545E . 1 Iron staple
530N -545E . 5 Iron UID tin cans
535N -505E . 1 Tan stoneware with salt glaze - body
535N -505E . 1 Tan stoneware with transluscent yellow glaze - body
535N -505E . 2 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
535N -505E . 1 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
535N -505E . 1 Iron common cut nail
535N -505E . 1 Sandstone
535N -510E . 2 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
535N -510E . 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
535N -510E . 2 Glass aqua window glass (2.2 mm)
535N -510E . 1 Iron common cut nail
535N -510E 1 Iron cap
II 535N -515E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze plate - rim with
blue edge decoration
535N -515E . 2 Clear glass bottle body
535N -515E . 2 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
535N -520E . 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
535N -525E . 1 Brown glass bottle body
535N -525E . 1 Iron cut nail
535N -530E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
535N -530E . 1 Clear glass bottle body
535N -530E . 2 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
535N -530E . 1 Iron common wire nail
535N -530E . 1 Iron common cut nail
535N -530E . 1 Iron cut nail
535N -530E . 1 Iron wire
535N -530E . 1 Iron barbed wire
535N -530E . 1 Iron indeterminate
535N -530E . 2 Brass
535N -530E . 1 Charcoal indeterminate
535N -535E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- footed base
535N -535E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - flat base
535N -535E . 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
535N -535E . 1 Iron flooring nail
535N -535E . 1 Iron common wire nail
71
535N -535E . 1 Iron bolt
535N -535E . 1 Fauna indeterminate
535N -535E . 5 Charcoal indeterminate
535N -540E . 1 Glass aqua window glass (2.0 mm)
535N -545E . 1 Lavender glass tumbler flat base pressed ribbed pattern
(1880 - -1918)
535N -545E . 1 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
535N -545E . 1 Brown glass bottle body
535N -545E . 4 Iron common cut nail
535N -545E . 1 Iron cut nail
535N -545E . 2 Iron UID tin cans
540N -505E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
540N -505E 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
540N -505E . 1 Iron common cut nail
540N -505E . 1 Sandstone
540N -505E . 2 Charcoal indeterminate
540N -510E . 1 Lavender glass bottle body
540N -510E . 1 Iron common cut nail
540N -510E . 1 Iron barbed wire
540N -515E . 3 Iron common cut nail
540N -515E . 1 Iron barbed wire
540N -520E . 1 Amber, Depression glass bottle body
540N -525E . 1 Brown glass bottle body
540N -525E . 1 Sandstone
540N -530E . 1 Amber, Depression glass bottle body
540N -530E . 1 Brown glass bottle body
540N -530E . 1 Olive, light glass bottle body
540N -530E 3 Iron common cut nail
540N -530E . 2 Iron cut nail
540N -530E . 7 Iron UID tin cans
540N -530E . 1 Brass indeterminate
540N -530E . 6 Plastic indeterminate
540N -530E . 1 Fauna indeterminate
540N -530E . 5 Charcoal indeterminate
540N -535E . 1 Amber, Depression glass bottle body
540N -535E . 1 Brown glass bottle body
540N -535E . 2 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
540N -535E . 2 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
540N -535E . 1 Olive, light glass wine bottle body
540N -535E . 1 Iron common cut nail
540N -535E . 6 Iron cut nail
540N -535E . 10 Iron wire nail
540N -535E . 7 Iron indeterminate
540N -535E . 1 Iron wire
540N -535E . 13 Iron UID tin cans
540N -535E . 4 Brass indeterminate
540N -535E . 1 Brass indeterminate
540N -535E . 1 Fauna indeterminate
540N -540E . 1 Brown glass bottle body
540N -540E . 1 Iron UID tin cans
540N -540E . 1 Stainless steel car parts
72 011 111
540N -540E 4 Charcoal indeterminate
540N -540E 1 Plastic indeterminate
540N -545E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body
540N -545E . 21 Brown glass bottle body
540N -545E . 2 Aqua glass bottle flat base
540N -545E . 4 Aqua glass bottle body
540N -545E . 1 Iron bolt
545N -505E . 1 Iron cut nail
545N -505E . 1 Charcoal indeterminate
545N -505E . 1 Fauna indeterminate
545N -510E . 1 Clear glass bottle body
545N -510E . 1 Lavender glass bottle body (1880 - -1918)
545N -510E . 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
545N -510E . 1 Fauna indeterminate
545N -520E . 1 Red coarse earthenware - body
545N -525E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body with banded decoration
545N -530E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body
545N -530E . 1 Brown glass bottle body
545N -530E . 1 Clear glass bottle body machine made /threaded (1919 - -)
545N -530E . 1 Aqua glass bottle body
545N -530E . 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
545N -530E . 1 Green, Depression glass bottle body
545N -530E . 1 Lavender glass bottle body
545N -535E . 3 Brown glass bottle body
545N -535E . 2 Lavender glass bottle body
545N -535E . 2 Sandstone
545N -535E 1 Glass aqua window glass (2.5 mm)
545N -535E . 1 Iron wire nail
545N -535E . 2 Glass furniture caster
545N -540E . 1 White coarse earthenware with clear blue pooling glaze,
- body
545N -540E . 2 Iron UID tin cans
545N -540E . 2 Charcoal indeterminate
545N -545E . 1 Whiteware with clear (alkaline) glaze - body
545N -545E . 1 Brown glass bottle body
545N -545E . 1 Clear glass bottle body
545N -545E . 1 Clear w /green cast glass bottle body
545N -545E . 2 Iron common cut nail
545N -545E 1 Plastic indeterminate
73
APPENDIX II
PREHISTORIC LITHIC MATERIAL
H. Blaine Ensor
75
PREHISTORIC LITHIC MATERIAL
!( ) FROM THE RICHARD CARTER SITE
INTRODUCTION
A small sample of lithic debitage and a few manufacture modified
implements were recovered from excavations at the Carter site. These are
described and tabulated below. A summary discussion attempts to relate the
prehistoric occupation of this site from a synchronic perspective to others
in the vicinity.
LITHIC ARTIFACT DESCRIPTIONS
Uniface Scraper (N-1; length -61.5 mm; width -36.9 mm; thickness -14.0 mm;
weight-30.8 grams)
A single unifacial scraper was recovered from the Carter site
Tom excavations (N545- E540). The specimen is manufactured on an expanding
flaking. Both primary and secondary retouch occur along lateral edge
margins and the distal end. Bifacial retouch is present along a portion of
the proximal end, presumably to facilitate hafting. The artifact is made
from dark grayish -brown mottled chert which is fine - grained. It appears to
be rejuvenated.
Biface Fragment (N-1; unmeasureable; weight-2.0 grams)
A single fragmentary bifacial artifact was recovered from unit N545-
E525. It exhibits primary flaking and has suffered modern alteration as
exhibited by fresh impact scars. It probably represents an unfinished tool
form, however, this is not certain due to its fragmentary status. It is
made from dark gray chert.
77
Chert Fragment (N -7)
Several fragmentary pieces of chert were found which are fractured by '
natural forces.
Silicified Wood Fragment (N -1)
A single fragment of a silicified wood pebble was recovered (Table 7).
Utilized Flake (N -1)
A single secondary flake exhibited a lateral margin with contiguous
flake scar removals, presumably from use (N505- E505).
Debitage
Table 7 indicates the frequency of each flake type noted in the
analysis. Flakes were sorted into primary, secondary, and tertiary
categories then sub - divided into whole flakes with cortex on the striking
platform, simple platforms, complicated platforms, and flakes which are
broken (flake fragments). Additionally, each flake was examined for use
1/1P 4
and categorized by raw material. Tan, gray, and "other" chert categories
were recognized with the source in all instances alluvial chert gravels. A
breakdown of all flakes by raw material is presented in Table 8.
DISCUSSION
The location of 41BZ74, away from major streams in an upland setting,
indicates that the site was probably used infrequently. The presence of a
gravel deposit on the site may have been an attraction, however, the
quality of the siliceous material is low. Evidence for both primary
reduction and rejuvenation are present in the artifact sample, and both
secondary flakes and tertiary flakes are present, probably indicating a
multiple usage of the site through time, albeit on an ephemeral basis.
78 00 I
Kotter (1982: 134) characterizes similar sites in the Navasota river
basin to the east as "limited activity sites" where only lithic debitage, a
few tools, and no burned rock is found. Surveys of the Ferguson #3 tract
area, principally along the Wickson Creek Valley area by Kotter (1982)
indicated that sites were apparently concentrated along the major streams
and not as common in the upland vally margin areas (Kotter 1982: 217).
Howard (1982: 291) suggests that lithic procurement may have been an
important activity in the Wickson Creek area. These data suggest that
41BZ74 represents a location where, on occasion, raw material was procured,
perhaps coincident to the overall adaptive strategy. The presence of an
apparent campsite in the general vicinity of 41BZ74 in the Ferguson #3
transect (Kotter 1982) along with the concentration of sites along the
major streams in the area suggests that 41BZ74 is probably tethered to the
A overall adaptive strategy of prehistoric groups inhabiting the Navasota
river drainage. Activities probably involved short term foraging related
activities, possible manufacture of expedient flake tools, and /or raw
material procurement and some food processing; in other words, occasional
exploitation of widely scattered upland resources.
SUMMARY
Specific functional interpretations of the site are limited due to the
contextual nature of the site and limited artifact recovery. Future
research may indicate that the meager artifact inventory is typical of some
upland sites. It is problematical that this site could have been
discovered during the course of normal survey. The recovery of 33 flakes
(many very small), 2 cores, 1 scraper, and a biface fragment in 95 - 50 cm
(,
79
x 50 cm units indicates that surface indications would be minimal at best.
The potential for such sites to occur in this area, and their place in the
overall subsistence settlement patterns of various cultural groups should
be addressed in future work in the area.
80
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z 0 0 0 r-1 i--1 ,--1 CV cV N N CN N M M M M M E
z z z z z z z z z Z z z z z 'Z1 z 'Z. z z z z z z z Z )
O O N r-1 1\ r-1 M ■∎O r-1 l0 r-1 .O 00 Q∎ ,-1 M vO M Ul ■ \O r-1 N r-- 0 N
� � Z Q m W A A A w W k . w L x.. 4 + .7 C7 0 0= 1-+ H H .-, ►, ti h ti H a F 04
81
TABLE 8
lir
BREAKDOWN OF DEBITAGE BY CHERT TYPE AT THE CARTER SITE
LOT UNIT TAN GRAY OTHER
NO. CHERT CHERT CHERT
A2 N500E505 1 0 0
D1 N515E505 0 1 0
D6 N515E530 1 0 0
E6 N520E530 0 1 0
F1 N525E505 2 0 0
F6 N525E530 1 0 0
F9 N525E545 0 1 0
G1 N530E505 0 0 1
G3 N530E515 0 0 1
G4 N530E520 1 1 0
G5 N530E525 1 0 0
G6 N530E530 0 2 0
H3 N535E515 1 1 0
I5 N540E525 0 1 0
I6 N540E530 0 0 1
I9 N540E545 0 1 0
J1 N545E505 1 1 0
J2 N545E510 1 1 0
J4 N545E520 1 0 0
IP I
J7 N545E535 0 0 1
TOTAL 11 11 4
•
1
■
1
1
82
i
11 REFERENCES CITED
Howard, Margaret A.
1982 Artifact and Feature Descriptions. In A Preliminary Assessment
of the Cultural Resourcces within the Millican Project, Navasota
River Basin, Brazos, Grimes, Leon, Madison, and Robertson
Counties, Texas, by Steven M. Kotter, Reports of Investigations
No. 19, Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin.
Kotter, Steven M.
1982 A Preliminary Assessment of the Cultural Resources within the
Millican Project, Navasota River Basin, Brazos, Grimes, Leon,
Madison, and Robertson Counties, Texas. Reports of
Investigations No. 19, Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin.
,1
ell
83
MEM
1/
APPENDIX III
FAUNAL REMAINS
1 Cristi A. Hunter
ell
85
FAUNAL REMAINS
(.
Very few faunal remains were recovered during the 1985 excavations of
the Carter Site. Only 18% of the 98 shovel tests dug had faunal remains in
them. A total of eight taxa were identified from the recovered specimens,
however pig (Sus scrofa) was the only taxa that was identifiable to the
species level. The remaining taxa represent very generalized categories
including artiodactlya, large mammal, medium /large mammal, small mammal,
vertebrate and mollusca. The taxa, skeletal elements represented, and
provenience of the recovered faunal remains are provided in Table 9.
The majority of the 31 faunal specimens found are mammal bones, with
23 of these being either medium or large mammal in size. The recognizible
elements of the mammal bones are primarily appendage parts (i.e., longbone
shafts) with a few rib fragments and a few cranial elements (teeth
fragments) present.
The faunal remains recovered during the 1985 excavation are very
similar to those found during the 1982 excavations at the Carter site
(Assad 1983). The types of faunal remains found in 1982 suggest that
domesticates, including cattle, pigs, goats or sheep, chicken and possibly
domestic turkey, were most commonly consumed by the site's inhabitants. In
addition, there is evidence that some wild animals such as deer, opossum
and wild birds were an additional supplement to the early inhabitant's
diet.
II/ 87
1
TABLE 9
ON,
CARTER SITE FAUNAL REMAINS BY TAXON
1
TAXON QUANTITY /ELEMENT COMMENTS UNIT 1 A
Artiodactyla 1 Humerus, dist. frag. N510 -E535
Subtotal 1
Large Mammal* 1 tooth root fragment N515 -E510
Large Mammal 1 shaft fragment Bovid or Equid N540 -E535
Large Mammal 1 shaft fragment N545 -E505 k
Subtotal 3 i'
Medium Mammal ** 1 misc. fragment N520 -E505
Subtotal 1
Medium /Large Mammal 2 misc. fragments N510 -E530
Medium/Large Mammal 3 misc. fragments N510-E535
Medium/Large Mammal 1 shaft fragment saw mark present N510 -E545
Medium /Large Mammal 1 shaft fragment N520 -E535
Medium/Large Mammal 5 misc. fragments N525 -E530 ;i °
Medium/Large Mammal 1 shaft fragment N525 -E535
Medium/Large Mammal 1 rib fragment N530-E535
Medium/Large Mammal 2 misc. fragments N530 -E535
Medium /Large Mammal 2 misc. fragments N530 -E540 IP
Medium/Large Mammal 1 rib fragment N535 -E535
Subtotal 19
Mollusca 1 shell fragment prob. fossil shell N530 -E540 ti'. a
Subtotal 1
Small Mammal * ** 1 shaft fragment N520 -E545 I
Subtotal 1 I
1
1
as scmfa 1 Lower canine frag. N510 -E535 1
as sczafa 1 medial phalange N540 -E535
Subtotal 2
fl
Vertebrate 1 misc. fragment N500 -E515
Vertebrate 1 misc. fragment N530 -E530
Vertebrate 1 misc. fragment N545 -E510
Subtotal 3
TOTAL 31 f
* Large Mammals would be represented by animals such as deer, bovids and equids. ' ,
** Medium Mammals would be represented by animals such as carnivora, caprines, suids, etc.
* ** Small Mammals would be represented by animals such as rodents and rabbits. 1
88
f
111/1 REFERENCES CITED
Assad, Cristi
1983 Appendix V. Analysis of the Carter Site (41BZ74) Faunal
Remains. In Archeological and Historical Investigations at the
Richard Carter Site (41BZ74), Brazos County, Texas, by Shawn
Bonath Carlson. Archeological Research Laboratory Reports of
Investigations 2, Texas A&M University.
I II/ 1
•
•
4
° • 89