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HomeMy WebLinkAboutE.O. SieckeTexas Forest News Vol.30 July-August 1951 No.4 Page 2 TEXAS FOREST NEWS Vol. 30 July - August, 1951 No. 4 Published bi- monthl' by the Texas Forest Service, a part of the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College System; College Station, Texas, U. S. Forest Service cooperat'ng. Gibb Gilchrist, Chancellor, the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College System. Entered as second -class matter, Dec. 9, 1949, at the Post Office at College Station, Texas, under the Act of A"- 1912. E. R. Wae- Editor ‘C ‘ 'rsonnel vice ....Director `ive atrtment .:est Fire .at —Head, Forest Department oung —Head, Forest Management Department Newspapers and other publications are invited to publish, either with or without credit, any article appearing in this publi- cation. Johnny Helps Smokey Bear FIRE "BREAK YOUR MATCH IN TWO!" "BE SURE YOUR CIGARETTE IS OUT!" Smokey, the forest fire prevention bear, recruits the aid of Johnny in his educational program. The Phillip Morris Company has distributed the above poster in color throughout the country as a public service to remind smokers to use precautions. TEXAS FOREST NEWS Workshops Hear Weaver Talk Teachers in 1:i resource -use educa- tion workshops have heard Texas Forest Service consultants during the 1951 summer to ems. Howard Weaver, assistant forestry educator, of the Texas Forest Service is shown conducting a resource -use education worksnop for vocational agriculture teachers at Sam Houston State College it; .4untsville. i t Forestry instruction for teachers emphasizes the integration of forestry in the regular school curriculum. Teachers are shown how to use for- estry topics and materials in social studies, languago arts, science, math- ematics and other subjects. Begun in four colleges in 1946, the program of participation in teachers' workshops has adily increased. This is but one phase of the Texas Forest Service school program; it also in- cludes ye a r - r o u n d assistance to schools in curri,:..urn planning, teach- er- training in resource -use education and organization of instructional ma- terial. The Texas colleges and universities hearing Texas F0 - est Service consult- ants during the 1951 summer terms include Texas Smuthern University, Houston; University of Houston; Sam Houston State College, Huntsville; East Texas State College, Commerce; Texas College, T. , ler; Texas A. & M., College Station, Sul Ross Camp (Camp Lobo) Davis; Sul Ross College, Alpine; haul Quinn College, Waco; Prairie Virw A. & M., Hemp- stead; Wiley College, Marshall; Til- lotson College, .ustin; and Butler College, Tyler. NEWS About Foresters COVER Paul W. Schoen, who for the past six years has served as executive sec- retary of the Forest Farmers Asso- ciation, announced his resignation to become Washington representative of the American Pulp and Paper Asso- ciation and the American Pulpwood Association effective September 1. Schoen was formerly employed by the Texas Forest Service. Robert Strauss accepted an ap- pointment with - the Texas Forest Service as assistant district forester at Lufkin effective June 11. Strauss is a Navy veteran, having served two years in the Pacific theater. He is married and has one child. Strauss replaces Charles T. Stealey Jr., who was transferred to Conroe as district (Continued on Page 6) Governor Allan Shivers and Mr. nd Mrs. E. O. Siecke view the laque presented to the Texas Forest orvic" by the Texas Ynrestry Asso- 'ation at the dedication of the E. O. iecke State Forest near Kirbyville my 18. The plaque was unveiled y Mrs. Siecke. Governor Shivers as one of the principal speakers at the dedication ceremony. The dedication was scheduled to coincide with the annual summer for- estry camp for 4 -H club and FFA boys sponsored jointly by the Texas Forest Service and the Texas For- estry Association. These young tree farmers attended the dedication cere- mony. The E. O. Siecke State Forest sign can he seen at the extreme right. f TEAS FOREST NEWS Page 3 Governor Shivers Speaks at C. L. Rich Resigns Dedication of Siecke Forest E. O. Siecke of College Station, who served as head of the Texas Forest Service for 25 of its 36 years, was honored July 18 when a :state forest near Kirbyville was dedicated in his name. Dedication ceremonies .vere held on the state forest site about five miles southeast of Kirbyville in Newton County. Governor Allan Shivers, a native of the pineywoods region, spoke at the dedication ceremonies. Governor Shivers was introduced by .Senator Ottis E. Lock. Paul F. Hursey, Jasper, president of the Texas Forestry Association, presided. The Reverend J. T. Moore, pastor of the First Methodist Church at Jasper, gave the invocation opening the ceremonies. Other talks were given by H. M. Seaman, Houston, vice president of the Kirby Lumber Corporation; A. E. Cudlipp, Lufkin, a member of the Board of Directors of the Texas Governor Allan Shivers speaking at the dedication ceremony of the E. O. Siecke State Forest, July 18. A. & M. College System; and A. D. Folweiler, director of the Texas For- est Service. Mr. Siecke served as state forester from 1917 to 1942. Prior to 1917 he was deputy state forester of Oregon and served on the faculties of the Oregon Agricultural College and the State College of Washington. He was also employed by the U. S. Forest Service for four years. Mr. Siecke retired in 1942. A bronze plaque, presented by the Texas Forestry Association in honor of Mr. Siecke, was unveiled by Mrs. Siecke. The inscription on the plaque read as follows: "This forest, de- voted to research and demonstration of commercial timber growing, is named in honor of E. O. Siecke, a pioneer forester and for twenty -five years director of the Texas Forest Service, Texas A. & M. College Sys- tem. In recognition of Siecke's contribu- tion to the advan;ement of forest conservation and wise use, the Texas Forestry Association places this plaque and hereby restates its dedi- cation to an economy of timber abun- dance for present aid future Texans. 1951." Mrs. Siecke read the inscription on the plaque to approximately 250 friends of Mr. Sieck who had weath- ered the blistering heat. The dedication wArss scheduled to coincide with the ]' .restry camp for 4 -H club and FFr.t 'joys, sponsored jointly by the Texas Forestry Asso- ciation and the Texas Forest Service. This is one of tlyive state forests operated by the Te :.as Forest Service (Continued on Page 5) C. L. Rich, visual aids specialist with the Texas Forest Service, has submitted his resignation effective September 1, s o that he can contin- ue in the teaching profession. Rich has accepted a position as high school science teacher at Love - lady in Houston County. He will also serve as visual aids coor- dinator for t h e Lovelady schools. leaves after completing four years with the Texas Forest Service. In this period as assistant forestry educator, he completed numerous mo- tion pictures, slides, still photographs, exhibits and other visual aids. The most recent motion pictures completed by Rich include "Texas Tree Farmer," "Texas Wooden Riches" and "Burning Texas Dollars." Before coming to the Texas ;?rest ervice, Rich taught school at Conroe n Montgomery County. While at ovelady, he plans to complete his raduate work during the summer onths at Sam Houston State College in Huntsville. Rich C. L. Rich E. O. Siecke making his response at the dedication of the state fore; is honor. vest cutting, wood preservation, for- est protection, tree planting and for- est management. Instructors included graduate for- esters from the Texas Forest Service and private industries. They were E. D. Marshall, M. V. Dunmire, Rob- ert Rhodes, Howard Weaver, Mason Cloud and Don Austin of the Texas Forest Service; Bruce Stewart, Inde- pendent Pulpwood Producers, Inc.; Bill Kellogg, Foster Estates; John W. Read and J. R. Misch, Southwestern Settlement and Development Corpora- tion; Ralph Davis, Southern Pulpwood Conservation Association; and Emil Mueller, International Paper Com- pany. E. R. Wagoner, Texas Forest Service, served as camp director for both camps. The instructors were assisted by 15 adult leaders from the Agricultural Extension Service and the Vocational Agriculture Department. These lead- ers and counties they represent were J. D. Handley Jr., Liberty; T. G. Hem - by, Trinity; Otho Harcrow, Trinity; Bernard Crawford, Jasper; John Moos - berg, Shelby; Robert Ross, Mont- gomery; Lynn Griffin, Anderson; W. S. Dalby, Bowie; Metz Heald, Cherokee; J. A. Steele, Smith; Richard Dennis, Nacogdoches; Glenn Speer, Bowie; John O'Keefe, Anderson; and Al Evans, Cherokee. Floyd Lynch, state 4 -H club leader; A. H. Karcher, assistant state 4 -H club leader; Wal- ter S. Scott, district extension agent; and J. H. Surovik, assistant district extension agent, assisted at the camps to supervise group leadership instruc- Vocational agriculture teachers and Extension Service personnel serving as adult leaders assisted the instructors and the camp staff with administrative details. The Camp Tyler adult leaders are shown above. Left to right, front row, they are A. H. Steele, Smith; W. S. Dalby, Bowie; John O'Keefe, Anderson; Richard Dennis, Nacogdoches; Herman Walters, Morris; back row, Lynn Griffin, Anderson; Glenn Speer, Bowie; Al Evans, Cherokee; Metz Heald, Cherokee; A. H. Karcher, College Station. TEXAS FOREST NEWS E. D. Marshall, head of the Forest Products Department of the Texas Forest Service, conducting a class on wood preservation at Kirbyville. A similar class was conducted at Camp Tyler. tion. Dr. George Donaldson, director of Camp Tyler for the Tyler Public School System, also assisted with the administration of Camp Tyler. Joseph Berger, a ;' - year -old native of Switzerland, was' a guest at Camp Tyler. Berger is k an international farm youth exchange delegate. He arrived in New York June 4 and will return to Switzerland after spending most of his six m< nths tour at Na- cogdoches. Berger is residing with Steve Lilly, a Nacogdoches dairy farmer. Berger entertained the camp- ers at Tyler with a slide lecture. He used colored slides of Swiss farming practices and S w i s s scenes to illustrate his talk. Ed':uational forestry films were used on oth- er evening programs. In one evening at each camp monetary prizes were awarded to indi- vidu: is and groups dis- playing the most inter - esting skits. Ca.upers were organ- ized into four groups; namely, foresters, rangers, stumpers a buskers. These gro competed with e h other in various athletic evens including swim- ming, baseball, volley- ball, horseshoes a n d washers. The recent session of the :fate Leg- islature appropriated $1,145,126 for the Texas Forest Service for the 1951 -53 biennium, commencing Sep- tember 1. This is in contrast to an appropriation of $750,000 which was received for the previous two -year period. This represents an increase of 52 per cent. The new appropriation will be di- vided as follows: for the fiscal year 1952, $586,313 and for 1953, $558,813. Approximately 80 per cent of the in- creased appropriation will be spent to add 800,000 acres to the area under protection against fires and increase the effectiveness of forest fire control activities in the 7 million acres already under some protection. Ex- pansion of nursery facilities to meet increasing need for forest tree seed - li : s and research work in a coopera- ve southwide plan for forest tree improvement i. ,. alanned. 1951 -53 Appropriations Are Announced for Texas Forest Servke Page 5 Ica ion — (Continued from Page 3) and used primarily for research and demonstration purposes. The cere- mony was held in a pine plantation established in 1926 on the 1722 -acre state forest. ON THIS PAGE AND TIE ONE FOLLOWING ARE FOUR EDITORIALS F O 1 THE FOUR LEADING NEWSPAPERS OF TEXAS. They ARE IX RE TREASURED THAN THE REST OF THE l'ATEriLAL IN THIS VOLU:wE. DALLIL i:- 10 -16- E.O.S. Farewell to E. 0. Siecke In the retirement of E. 0. Siecke, director of the Texas Forest Service, the state suffers a se- vere loss in a field in which Texas has steadily made notable progress ever since forestry work was launched along modern lines back in 1918. At that time young Siecke, fresh from the forests of the Pacific Coast and full of enthusiasm for putting into practice in Texas fire prevention and reforestation methods found successful elsewhere, succeeded in setting up slowly but steadily one of the nation's finest and most efficient forest serv- ices any state can point to. With timely aid from a legislature which he succeeded in convincing that forestry was just as essential to certain areas as agriculture, Siecke brought into a powerful working organization some of the state's most forward-looking landowners, industrialists, back- woods farmers and educators, whose loyal co -op- eration made possible the results obtained in the twenty -five years of his administration. The fact that Texas forests today are able to supply the war effort with some two billion board -feet of lumber annually, without suffering irreparable loss, is a tribute to Siecke's admirable program and his organizational ability. He will be missed. In W. E. White, who for fifteen years served under Siecke as fire prevention chief and vice - director, the work of the Texas Forest Service will go on efficiently when he assumes the duties of director. The war brings many new problems and complications which will require special attention. Forests are one of Texas' greatest natural assets, as chemical and other uses of wood are opening a new era challenging iron, steel and other metals, and presaging a development unlike any- thing that ever went before. It is hoped that Di- rector White will receive the same wholehearted support for the cause of forestry that his prede- cessor received. HOUSTON CHRONICLE 7 -21 -51 Green Monument A 1722-ACRE forest near Kirbyville has been dedicated as a perpetual live monument to E. 0. Siecke, head of the Texas Forest Service from 1918 to 1942 and now retired. Practically all the first steps in the reclaim- ing of Texas forests were taken under Siecke's leader- ship. His biggest task was to overcome the indifference of property owners. He ac- complished it by patience and good - natured persistence. Now, a generation after Siecke began his forestry work in the state, Texas has more acreage in scientifically planned and managed tree farms than any other state. Land otherwise useless has been turned into profitable use. Besides having the E. 0. Siecke State Forest named for\him, the ex- forester has been named president emeritus of the Texas Forestry Association. At the new forest dedication were two for- mer presidents of the association from Houston, H. M. Seaman and N. D:Canterbury. The prin- cipal address was made by Gov- ernor Shivers. The many hon- ors awarded to Forester Siecke were earned by work that will continue to benefit Texas and the nation. SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS 7 -14 -51 Dedication of Siecke State Forest A milestone in the history of the organ- ized forestry movement in Texas will be marked at Kirbyville, (Newton County) on July 18. Then Governor Shivers and a citizen group, including outstanding foresters, will dedicate E. 0. Siecke State Forest. That 1,722 -acre tract, the first of five woodland areas that Texas Forest Service has acquired for demonstration purposes —that is, for teaching Texas land - owners how to grow tree crops, by object-lesson— has been renamed for its founder. Mr. Siecke was director of Texas For- est Service through 25 of its 36 years thus far (1917 -42). He saw that agency grow from modest beginnings into a strong organization that has spread the principles and practices of sound for- estry throughout the Pine Belt and beyond. Under his direction, the Service arranged to maintain watch over 9 mil- lion acres of pinelands, so as to detect and promptly extinguish fires. With 75 lookout towers, some 1 800 miles of tele- phone line and 2,800 miles of automo- bile roads —with sturdy assistance from volunteer watchers and fighters, includ- ing Texas Air Patrol —that Service ma- terially has reduced the ravages of fire in the pinelands. The Tree Farms movement also found an enthusiastic supporter in Mr. Siecke. Today some 21/2 million acres of pine- lands are included in 150 "farms" which grow trees as a crop, regularly harvested and replanted. The coming of the woodpulp indus- tries— notably Southland Mills, that make newsprint paper —has given Texas pines new importance as a money crop. For such uses, the slash pine, introduced from the Southeast, has proved well - adapted. DALLAS NEWS 7 - 22 - 51 HOUSTON POST 7 - -51 Siecke Forest Dedication of the- E. 0. Siecke State Forest in the piney woods of East Texas is a graceful recognition of the fruitful labors of Mr Siecke in the cause of Texas forestry. Mr Siecke was the directing head of the Texas Forest Service for a quarter of a century—from 1917 to 1942. He was no ordinary administrator. He preached the gospel of good forestry practices and the conservation of the state's woodland re- sources with fervor and conviction. In- spired by his zeal, and impressed by the common sense of his arguments, Texans have made great strides in the systematic cultivation of trees, in the protection of forests and in scientific lumbering. The 1700 -acre forest near Kirbyville will perpetuate the memory of his good works. This was one of those all- too -rare instances of "flowers for the living." Mr Siecke was present at the ceremony to see Mrs Siecke unveil the forest marker, and to hear the well- deserved tributes paid to his achievements by Gov Allan Shivers, H. M. Seaman of Houston, past president of Texas Forest Association, and others. Siecke Forest Twenty or thirty years ago there were rash statements, almost hysterical, about Texas' forests playing out. Nature has its own scheme of survival. But it is true in a day of intenseacutting and in- tense manufacturing that supplementary seeding is necessary. The generally good condition of Texas' most important commercial timber belt —covering thirty-six counties in East Texas —is due in no small measure to E. 0. Siecke. He was head of the Texas Forest Service twenty-five years and is now retired. His efforts at reseeding and conservation complemented the new che- murgic development of wood cellulose as a basis for a score of industries. 'Whether the 11 million acres of pine in that region will yet prove to be its most valuable resource depends on chemical discovery and utilization. Chemistry could yet dictate that the 65 million acres of mesquite, cedar and post oak will be more valuable. But, ir- respective of what science holds, Mr. Siecke's tireless work in Texas can not be forgotten. The rededication of a 1,720- sore state forest near Kirbyville as the E. 0. Siecke State Forest is timely and merited. VOL. 9, NO. 3 U.S. Plywood- Champion Will Acquire W.T. Carter Holdings THOMAS L. CARTER TEXAS FORESTS and TEXANS KARL R. BENDETSEN 11 Firms Pick Up Big Land Tax Tab Current annual ad valorem taxes paid to various local gov- ernment agencies in East Texas by 11 forest industry members of the Texas Forestry Associ- The Voice of Forestry in Texas 1914 — Observing 54 Years of Continuous Service to Texas and Texans — 1968 TEXAS FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, LUFKIN, TEXAS dition to their payment of in- come taxes, sales taxes and franchise taxes. Approximately 140,000 other East Texas tim- berland owners nay additional U. S. Plywood- Champion Pa- pers, Inc. has reached an agree- ment to acquire approximately 180,000 acres of timberland and certain other assets from W. T. Carter and Brother in East Texas, it was announced March 28 by Karl R. Bendet- sen, chairman U. S. Plywood - Champion Papers and Thomas L. Carter, managing partner, W. T. Carter and Brother. Lands involved are located pri- marily in Polk, San Jacinto and Liberty counties. Terms of the transaction, which is subject to favorable tax rulings, were not disclosed. Other properties involved in- cluded a sawmill, lumber fin- ishing operation, and other fa- cilities. Gene C. Brewer, president, said that U.S. Plywood- Champ- ion Papers plans to expand tim- ber and lumber production at Camden and to continue W. T. Carter and Brother's plant modernization and program im- provement of product quality and customer service. The plant expansion could include the manufacture of other wood pro- ducts, Brewer said. Thomas L. Carter, managing partner of the W. T. Carter & Bro., said his firm will continue GEORGE WACHTER MAY -JUNE, 1968 George Wachter To ation totaled 454,60a,at{u in lad r. "East Texas tree farmers pay ad valorem taxes on each acre of timberland to several different taxing jurisdictions. School districts received the largest share of the timberland owners' tax payments," ac- cording to E. R. Wagoner, exe- cutive director, Texas Forestry Association, Lufldn. "State, counties, road dis- tricts, wat 'r districts, hospital districts, and other local taxing jurisdictions received their share of the timberland tax payments." The ad valorem taxes paid by these 11 Texas Forestry Asso- ciation industrial members, who own approximately 28 per- cent of the commercial timber- land of East Texas, was in ad- NEW MAYOR D. A. Anderson, head of the Information and Education Di- vision, Texas Forest Service, was re- elected Mayor of Col- lege Station on Tuesday, April 2 by a record 1,095 votes com- pared to 460 for his opponent. Twenty -nine East Texas FFA and 4 -H Club teams attended the 1968 State Woodland Clinic in Nacogdoches, April 6. The Clinic, held on the Ste- phen F. Austin State College experimental forest, is spon- sored by the Soil and Water Conservation Districts, Texas Forestry Association, U.S. Forest Service, and the School of Forestry at SFA. The FFA team from Union Grove High School won first place, Robert E. Lee High School, Tyler, second, and Hughes Springs High School, third. Trinity High School won first in the 4 -H division, followed by Camden Elementary School and Bleekwood Junior High. au vawleiu L a A C a. cuoV, uic 161,850 employees of timber based activities in Texas con- tribute large sums in their own tax payments. Wagoner said ad valorem tax- es on timberland, like other costs, must be paid out of the productivity of the property. "Taxes paid on young timber are an advance paid to the tax gatherer before there is any income to meet it. Tree farm- ers pay ad valorem taxes every year for 40 years while waiting for their trees to mature as sawlogs," he said. "Fair tax policies will en- courage Texas to move forward toward its full potential econo- mic development. Unwise tax policies might well be the ruin- ation of the tree farmer if all these many assessments be- come too high. Any tax policy that discourages reforestation and good forest management is not in the best public interest," Wagoner said. "We believe that forests are more important as a source of raw material and permanent payrolls." 29 FFA Teams Take Part In Annual Clinic Mike Culpepper of the Rob- ert E. Lee team took the high point place in the FFA division, and Leslie Clark of the Orange County 4 -H was high pointer in the 4 -H division. Texas Forestry Association Vice President J. R. Miesch presented the trophies and plaques. Each of the 23 FFA tea and six 4 -H teams represent- ing 23 public schools from the forest area of Texas were win- ners of the local contest. Albert Smith and Lar Brink, Soil Conservation Ser- vice, assisted in local contest and carrying out the clinic. Dr. Eugene F. Hastings, recreation specialist at SFA, coordinated the program. rights and certain timberlands not included in the transaction. The late W. T. Carter began business in 1876 and founded the firm in 1883. He also found- ed the town of Camden, about 90 miles northeast of Houston, in 1898. Thomas L. Carter is the third managing partner of W. T. Carter. The others were his father, A. L. Carter, and his grandfather who founded the firm. Brewer and Carter assured W. T. Carter and Brother's customer of a continued and expanded source of supply, with lumber sales being handled through Carter's sales office in Houston. E.O. Siecke Celebrates Anniversary E. O. Siecke, 85- year -old president- emeritus, Texas Forestry Association, Galves- ton, recently celebrated the 50th anniversary of his employment as State Forester of Texas. Mr. Siecke's half century of service to Texas and Texans was observed at a dinner in Gal- veston arranged by friends in his honor. Prior to his retirement in 1942, Mr. Siecke compiled an impressive record of forestry service. He served as State Forester of Texas for 25 years. He has been a member of the Texas Forestry Association since 1918, served as TFA sec- retary for 19 years, and has been president - ermitus since 1950. The 1722 -acre state for- est at Kirbyville was named for him and dedicated on July 18, 1951 by the Texas Forestry Association. Siecke was the first forester in Texas to become a Fellow in the Society of American For- esters. Keynote I r A meet George Wachter, vice presi- dent, U. S. Plywood- Champion Papers, Inc., Hamilton, Ohio, will be the key speaker at the Spring Meeting of the Texas Forestry Association, May 22, at S t an c i l Memorial Park, Cleveland, Texas. Wachter will discuss "New Developments in Harvesting and Utilization." An extensive forestry equip- ment demonstration featuring the latest log loaders, skidders, chain saws, and other woods equipment Will a star attrac- tion of the meeting, according to J. F. McAdams, Cleveland, TFA First Vice President and Chairman of the 1968 TFA Spring Meeting Committee. The Association will present two special awards at the meet- ing. In addition to McAdams, members of the Spring Meeting Committee are Spencer Knut- son, Diboll; Rip Byrd, Hunts- ville; E. A. Golden, Huntsville; Cary Williams, Cleveland; Carlton S. Yee, Nacogdoches; Henry Steitz, Conroe; H. P. Coleman, Splendora; George Roesner Houston; Willis Webb, MOM ■� E. O. SIECKE TFA President- Emeritus Steve Sadler, Pat Malone, Tom- my Boothe and R. B. Boyette, Cleveland. The meeting will convene at 10 a.m. James L. Love, Diboll, TFA president, will preside. The public is invited. TFA Gets Tree For First Lady The Texas Forestry Asso- ciation purchased a magnolia as a contribution to the State's First Lady, Nellie Connally's project to landscape the grounds of the Texas Executive Man- sion. Nearly 1,500 of the more than 4,000 contributors to the landscaping project toured the freshly refurbished mansion grounds on Sunday, March 17. Governor and Mrs. Connally greeted each guest and pre- sented each contributor with a pecan wood souvenir from a tree on the mansion grounds struck by lightning before the project began. Printed in "bluebonnet blue" ink, each block declared, "Thank you for your part in helping create Texas' most beautiful garden," and carried r Mrs. Connally's signature. TFA HAS ITEMS AT HEMISFAIR The Texas Forestry Asso- ciation has loaned several pieces of forestry equipment for display at the HemisFair in San Antonio. The items in- clude lumbering hand tools and skid hooks which are exhibited in the Institute of Texan Cul- tures Building. The items are from the museum collection housed in recent years by the Forestry School at Stephen F. Austin State College for TFA.