HomeMy WebLinkAboutSurvival Biscuits from Brazos County to Bangladesh 1962-74V•
JAI= PRESSWOOD
j. LOUTS ODIS
September 0 11
I!-r, Clarence Born
p
,j
of Defense & Disaster I jef
5805 N. LaMar Blvd.
Box 4037, North Austin Sta
t-ust Te-xas' 78751 L.
Dear Born:
telephone conversation of Sep 4, 19
l')r, C0'-'ntY Civil De2"u-nse Council decided to snot check
cracker /biscuit shelter OUPPlies to deterimine what action
to be taken 1n regards - to donations of these SUPPI
the T7i.ternational Development Agency.
A major of the conf opened and insPected were
found to be ewtremaly rancid and undesirabl'e'. It Wao
decided by the Council to donate these suppll - - rD
4 ' -- :�, � '1' _%.
We have over 160 thousaTld POUT-IdS of these e
L sUPpj_-j*eS 11-ocated
in shelter atoracr in raz
B
os Count available for tra-nafe
Yours trulyv/ I
se
J, C 0
G' Director
Brazos CO' Civil D e I Y I S
.. i
� T S..:� . r rr f."s
e �
NO. PIECES D F S C R I P T 1 O N
.CODE NO.
UN IFORM STRAIGHT BILL OF LADING
^?fla
CONSIGN /', '.L 3:x1to na ti na 00�
co
ET ADCREySS
a7 Eoit 3ton 3u 1J o� Farm
TRAILER NO.,
$
STRIPPER
44
S ,
LOADERh.�31-
S
DESCRIPTION OF ARTICLES, SPECIAL
WIVE[ 0 E TEXAS INSTITUTION
PIS MEMORANDUM Is an ast.narlec)Imenf that a kilt
sV of lading has bun Issued end u
n "the Original Bill of Lading nor a copy or duplicate covering the
property named herein, and Is Intended solely for fi ling or record,
MATE I q
F R 4 1 ' ''' Z �` w Q a.�'u` �+ � � � t trR �
� T S..:� . r rr f."s
CITY Psl t-„ 'T E .. t31C�. i
NO. PIECES D F S C R I P T 1 O N
WEIGHT
RATE
^?fla
CONSIGN /', '.L 3:x1to na ti na 00�
co
ET ADCREySS
a7 Eoit 3ton 3u 1J o� Farm
"Y ;.-? �•k' Ne' 6�
• s {
DESTINliTlO t_t�w rrA
O 4
STATE
ROUTE
No.
DESCRIPTION OF ARTICLES, SPECIAL
*WEIGHT
Class
Freight
Subject to Section 7 of conditions,
If this shipment Is to be delivered to
Pkgs.
MARKS AND EXCEPTIONS
(Sub. to Cor.)
or Rate
the consignee without recourse on the
consignor, the consignor sholl s!gn the
i
. o i n?^. o —j er
following statements
T�e arrier shall not make delivery
aQhtSt�Lhfl@4ent without payment of
"ail
*
1� Z
char
- es to
ireig t o__ndd other lawful charges.
(Signature of Consignor)
San t.
If charges are to be prepaid, write
or stamp Prepaid."
TOTAL
Received -
to apply in prepayment of the charges
on the property described hereon.
This Shipment will be forwarded open unless
C. Q. D.
C. O. D. Apount Is filled in here $
Agent or Cashier.
NOTE —W ere . e rate' "is depe ent on value, shippers are required to state specifically in writing the agreed or declared
value,of +tl�e operty agr ed or declared value of the property Is hereby specifically stated by the shipper to be
_The
not a ce�dh / / H
�- ``
Per
per / '� +"��+*��+ CENTRAL FREIGHT L1NES,�INC.
(The signature here acknowledges
only the amount prepa
Charges Advanced:
Shipper / rb / n -�-^�
��
Pei Address By (i� C/`
$
"THIS SHIPMENT IS TENDERED AND RECEIVED SUBJECT TO THE TERPf AND CONDITIONS OF THE CARRIERS' BILL OF LADING
AS FILED WITH THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION" NOT NEGOTIABLE
❑" SHIP CENTRAL — IT'S CONVENIENT & SAFE
CENTRAL. FREIGHT LINES INC.
FILLING
CTATION COPY
Ni 623
STREET ADDRESS
I
Se+;PPF_R & B/L NO. W 'N`rr f`e. . :_. . ,. �.f P�f 14 'e .•
STRr �A�1
/,- n r m rcuUy r r r 'F4 P V i C
DESTIIVATIGN
1`R, t
ORIGIN.
PAID Olil'
ISSUED 3y
NET
NO. PIECES D F S C R I P T 1 O N
WEIGHT
RATE
TOTAL
v ... ..+ o. g:.` E.� wss .: .,. tiC.i eL. eeJ �«.a $x N' 4? € - = y
"Y ;.-? �•k' Ne' 6�
• s {
L.
a'
EC
RECD fN GOCD ORDER_.___. - ___
L:
CENTRAL FREIGHT LINES INC.
MILLING
STATION COPY
Nn 62348088
STREET ADDRESS -
-F--r74 D
DIES INATION
DATE
NO. PlfiC;ES D
D IE S C R I PT 1 0 N
N W
WEIGHT R
RATE T
TOTAL
tO C1 M
MCIAU OR I
IY61% 72200 h
hk4-"C 4
4 6940 4
41 E(1 f
fuLLOW
c
APPOLS WN NEW U
U,;-460,90 G
G/ i
i/j4
RECD IN GOOD ORDE
CENTRAL FREIGIAT LANES INIC.
Li
TE
BILLING
STATION COPY
I
S TREET TD DRESS A
I-N.F TRE No,b 2 3 4,�§ W)
L
t5A Cl COWL INTERNATIONAL GNU. �6 42
&
lw rl IN
s7i1PEIl R . NO. 1 Fl.E F- ss 10
, 5 4 74
ORIGIN ISSU By
PAID OUT NET
NO. PIECES
0 E S C R I P T 1 0 N WEIGHT --RATE
T OTAL
ow
Eb I MtilizOol hokc 38t: bo lcw 10, f
QC.LECT
APPLIES Q'14 hcv i C 1 1
REC'D IN GCCD ORDER
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REC'D IN GCCD ORDER
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r eiimAzuk._ f, - . , • ,., 191,3f imu41441124
Tr-
Survival Ration Crackers/Biscuits
net gross
89 biscuits per 1b. 1.4 cu.ft. 2.18= 36 45
62 crackers per 1b. 2.4 cu.ft. 6x6 3/4= 402 544
62 crackers per 1b. 2.27 cu.ft. 6x7 = 42 55
89 -95 crackers per lb. 1.7 cu.ft. 2x124 = 242 33
2x122 = 25 34
1.4 cu.ft. 2x20 = 40 48
89 crackers per pound
Removed Oct. 1974
B.C. Wormeli
Brazos Co. Civil Defense
4 1.5 E 04e,
BR.AZOS N ik 0 COUNTY
a •
JAKE CANGELOSE JAMES PRESSWOOD
County Director and Chairman Civil Defense & Emergency Planning Texas A &M University Director
J. LOUIS ODLE County Courthouse GEORGE L. HUEBNER
Bryan Director Bryan, Texas 77801 College Station Director
September 13, 1974
Dear
The State and Federal Civil Defense office in cooperation
with the International Development Agency has asked us to
donate the IDA any shelter cracker /biscuits that are no
longer suitable for use due to shelf life.
After a spot inspection of the stored crackers we found
that these items are no longer useable due to rancidity
spoilage.
We will be removing these supplies within the next two
to four weeks.
Mr. Ben Wormeli of the County Civil Defense office will
be in charge of the removal of these supplies.
At the present time there is no provision for replacing
the cracker/biscuits and shelter use policy will be
based on individual food supplies if shelters are
activated.
Your cooperation will be sincerely appreciated.
5 incerely ours,
3�C; CanT ee l `"
Bounty Director
Brazos County Civil Defense
C.J. Allard Keith A. Rowe
Jack Gardner Dr. Wayne Dunlap
Luke Ruffino William B. Shanks
E.P. McSwain Dennis R. Hejtmancik
Martin Munoz James F. Aldredge
W.B. Davis Ed E. Powell
John Godfrey Dr. Robert E. Meyer
Jim Schreff Billy J. Adams
Bill G. Caesar Raymond L. Zimmermann
E.C. Lanehart Dr. Melvin C. Schroeder
Z.R. McDonald William D. Harris
Ira Lewis Alvin Houston
Bobby H. Sherwood Sanders D. Letbetter
Charles J. Sodolak Ernest Campbell
Donald S. Foster Frank Nicolas
Walter M. Davis Jesse M. Southerland
Nolan Hamlin Garland Bayliss
Tony Lapalia John D. Randall
Jerry Bishop Donald E. Feltz
J.L. Locke Leonard Bisho
H.W. Cook Robert L. Whiting
Travis Lipscomb Sol Klein
Travis Bryan Donald G. Naugle
Henry Buchanan Dr. Robert S. Halliwell
Floyd E. Swanzy Robert R. Rhodes
Olen S. Cole Richard Puckett
John C. Jawues Gideon Hensley
Searcy L. Wilborn John W. Norcross
Jossie V. Chearis i Alvin L. Withcer
Leon S. Rodgers William C. Lever
W.E. Hodge Darrel A. Davis
Hubert Lewis Clinton L. Matcek
John taholek Joe Gomez
A.R. Denney
Luther C. Little
Charles E. Iverson r�e6 /1 Tip r '�
Calvin E. Greinert i21 1 . ; PANG I kc_ok -AS
Derrel R. Brown A NVC
sie. S c � JO U eLA N D
Robert J. Cope
David B. Gregory f/
Haile D. Perry C ,,}} C �AIEN
Q�`�
James S. Jernigan 1��. KAYa1oNn
g ALL i M1 L( I M DA 1 LLS
Zerle L. Carpenter
Gary C. Smith <a , i A I Mary Lee Sevison C, i C °1 MA� c- - -c, SE)tbei
Guy Franceschini -, ' D JC' r
- Peter Groot I \ACLE -3 AQ . Lati t aybss
William L. Caughlin 1 `1
W.P. Worley 1 1 TOTC1_01+APLcs'�L C NZ
o`Cn JWA
()LEN C oL�
ern r
Ll_ND�2 M 5e <- AL u s - rd
a2 rJ�s -t ,� m P 6 at_
F'oo-tQ LL AN 6 1 E,
Prediction True
R rli
i
or Bangladesh
....,
DACCA, Bangladesh (AP) — Death, persons who rely on government ration shops
disease and starvation in Bangladesh have will receive only five pounds of food grains a
‘ created a 20th century nightmare that shows week per adult, or 11.4 ounces a day. Pre -
no signs of going away. viously the ration was six ounds
p per week.
(l\ "It's here. It's happening, just as Malthus "And we can't reduce the food grain rations
ptedicted 150 years ago," said a foreign any more, unless you have some substitute or
economist. additional foods such as meat," said A. M.
,lie was speaking of Thomas Robert Khan, the Bangladesh food secretary.
Malthus, the 19th century British economist For large sections of the population the only
who theorized that population would increase substantial food comes from the government -
up to the limits of subsistence — and would supplied food grains. These people have no
then be kept in check by famine, pestilence money to buy meat or fish or even rice that
and general human misery. might be available on the open market.
That, according to a consensus among Rice now costs the equivalent of $1 for a
diplomats, international relief workers and kilogram, or 2.2 pounds, four times the price
even some Bangladesh officials is exactly six months ago. In a country where the
what is happening in this Florida -size country average per capita annual income is only $67,
of 77 million that was the province of East the current price of rice is what many
Pakistan until the 1971 India- Pakistan War. Bangladeshis earn in a week. The per capita
'It is the world's eighth most populous annual income in the United States is about
country and, except for some small islands, $4,400.
the most densely populated. The population is What alarms many foreign observers is
growing, after subtracting deaths —which that this year's famine does not appear to be a
normally total 1.3 million a year, by 2.2 temporary natural calamity that will
million people a year, a staggering 3 per cent disappear if there is a good food crop next
annual increase. The current annual pop- year.
ulation growth in the United States, is less "We have what seems to be a permanent
than 1 per cent. problem in Bangladesh, and that is what
Bangladesh has an average of 1,400 persons gives the Malthusian theory relevance here,"
crowded into each of its 55,126 square miles, said another foreign economist. "The
nearly double the density of Japan. The Problem is " ^tertwined with high prices, low
United States has only 58 people for each purchasing power and population growth.
square mile. And then everything is aggravated further by
There is a severe famine throughout the smuggling."
country. The most conservative diplomatic Authoritative sources say that the
estimates say 750,000 persons will likely die of widespread smuggling of food grains into
i • ' 1 • or diseases related to malnutrition neighboring India in the past year has cost
from August through November this year. Bangladesh at least one million tons of rice —
Some foreign economists anticipate a famine- more than enough to prevent mass starvation
related death toll of one million. in the next six weeks.
The period ranges from early August when According to the Bangladesh government's
floods destroyed about 300,000 tons of the own estimates it also has lost at least 400,000
summer crop, to early December when the bales of jute — out of a total production of six
winter crop will be harvested. million bales this year — across the border.
For all practical purposes, Bangladesh has The loss of jute means the loss of millions of
run out of food. There are no more reserves to dollars of desperately needed foreign ex-
give the population a minimum subsistence change. Jute last year earned the country
diet. The government also is short of money to $330 million of its total exports of $397 million.
import food. This year jute is expected to account for $440
Diplomatic sources say that Bangladesh million of export earnings that the govern -
had arranged last summer to import about ment hopes will reach $500 million.
400,000 tons of food. But it could take delivery But Bangladesh requires $1.5 billion to pay
at the time of only 50, -000 tons because it had its import bill. That leaves a gap of $1 billion
insufficient funds to honor letters of credit for that Dacca hopes the international com-
the rest. , munity will fill through foreign aid.
The result is death for many and misery Since Bangladesh became independent 34
and physical and mental retardation for those months ago, it has received $2 billion in inter -
who survive, especially babies whose brains national assistance, including $500 million
have been permanently damaged by severe from the United States, either through grants
malnutrition. or long -term loans.
Bangladesh requires 12.5 million tons of What has especially disappointed — and
food grains this year. The government esti- angered — international representatives has
mates a crop no larger than 10 million tons. been the officially acknowledged corruption
To help fill the gap, the government has that has permeated Bangladesh along with
arranged for imports of 600,000 tons for the black marketeering of scarce commodites
last quarter of 1974 — either through foreign and hoarding of food grains.
gifts or commercial purchases. But the bulk The prime minister, Sheik Mujibur Rah -
of the food is not expected to arrive until after man, continually acknowledges these evils by
Nov. 15, too late to save hundreds of thou- declaring his intention to crack down on
sands. corrupt officials. But there is no sign that the
Starting Nov. 1 the more than five million sheik's pronouncements have had any effect.
29 / foresight / November - December 1974
Emergency Foot! for Bangladesh
As in 1970, when a cyclone left many homeless and Administration. During the month of September, 7,000
hungry in Bangladesh, (formerly East Pakistan), the Defense tons —a total of 14 million pounds, or 400 truckloads —were
Civil Preparedness Agency was able to respond to an urgent on the way to Bangladesh from Seattle, Houston, San
requirement this year for civil defense survival biscuits by Francisco, and other ports. An additional 1,500 tons—
the Agency for International Development (AID), Depart- principally from California, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico —were
ment of State. to feed the victims of devastating floods in donated to CARE because AID was unable to transport
that country. The government of Bangladesh asked for the them in the time allotted.
survival biscuits by name.
In meeting this emergency, DCPA canvassed civil defense Inland and ocean freight charges for the shipment to
and emergency preparedness officials throughout the United Bangladesh were paid by the Disaster Relief Office, AID.
4. States to determine what quantities of •survival biscuits The civil defense survival biscuit was especially developed
stored in public fallout shelters could be made available for for long storage without appreciable depreciation in nutri-
immediate shipment to Bangladesh. tional value. Although some have been stored for over 10
Responding to an urgent call from DCPA Director years, because of their packaging in airtight tins, periodic
John E. Davis, the eight DCPA regional directors personally inspections have found them to be in good to excellent
supervised collection of offers for this humanitarian cause. condition.
State directors called on local directors. Their pooled efforts Research into emergency feeding of large numbers of
soon resulted in the availability of some 17 million pounds people in shelters has reduced reliance by the United States
of the survival biscuits, or 5 percent of the total stored in on the survival biscuit formerly considered a necessity as a
I shelters throughout the country. The quantity shipped to shelter supply item. Greater reliance is now placed on food
5. Bangladesh will feed one million persons for 30 days. which can be taken into shelters if a crisis develops and on
Transport of the biscuits to ports of debarkation was food resources already available in buildings designated as
handled by Defense Supply Agency and the General Services public shelters. —Mary U. Harris.
G ,-,
I 41e°
4 1
I / A �..- 4 soosallialfpri/a, i
_ �i ,�, iii f } jt x
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L r .a Y' c °.y,; # r ice.. -ti >t7
t SURVIVAL BISCUITS being loaded aboard a ship bound for Bangladesh.
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY
WILSON E. SPEIR DIVISION OF DISASTER EMERGENCY SERVICES CD-12
Director
M. P. BOWDEN
State Coordinator
Date: February 3, 1975
TO: Mr. Jake Canglose, Director, Brazos County Civil Defense
FROM: M. P. Bowden, State Coordinato7/`L�
SUBJECT: Fallout Shelter Food Stocks
There is considerable interest in the possibility of using all, or most, of
the remaining food (survival biscuits) that is presently stocked in fallout
shelters to augment efforts to feed hungry people throughout the world.
Before DCPA can consider such a comprehensive program, it is necessary that
we determine the present quantities of existing shelter food stocks, as well
as local points of contact and the probable impact and problems that could
occur should such a program be undertaken.
Procedures would be developed to pick up supplies at no cost to local govern-
ments in the event a decision is made to use the supplies in this manner. This
inquiry relates to food stocks only, and it is assumed that sanitation, medical,
and RADEF kits would remain in place, even though some of the items in the
medical kits are no longer safe to use.
The shelter food supplies are the property of your government and use or
disposal is a decision for local officials.
Will you please advise this office no later than February 17, 1975:
1. The current amount of survival biscuits on hand (five pounds per
shelter space).
2. Would supplies be donated for other use if DCPA can remove them with-
out cost to you?
3. The name, address, and telephone number for contact.
4+. Attitudes, problems, or difficulties you foresee if you release the
food stocks.
Your assistance in providing this information is appreciated.
,..
_
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, _
BRAZOS COUNTY
CIVIL DEFENSE
FILE CY'
February 10, 1975
TO: Mr. Marion P. Bowden, State Coordinator
FROM: Brazos County Civil Defense Director
SUBJECT: Fallout Shelter Supplies
Reference your letter dated February 3, 1975 the following
information is submitted as approved by the local governments
of Brazos County, Bryan and College Station.
1. Approximately 54,000 lbs. (gross) survival
biscuits on hand in Brazos County.
2. Approve donating supplies to DCPA at no coat
to our political sub - division..
3. For coordination contact:
Jake Canglose- office- 845 -6013
area code 713- home - 823 -0524
alternate: Ben Wormeli- office 822 -7373 ext.219
home 846 -4182
4. Problems forseen:
These supplies are located in 23 buildings located
in Bryan, College Station and Texas A&M Campus in
quantities of 20 to 160 boxes. Removal of supplies
would take extra time.
Sinperely urs,
/ 6 .,
ke ang s Director
Brazos County Civil Defense
County
JC:dl
12 / foresight /March-April 1975
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13 / foresight / March -April 1975
'` By RUSSELL B. CLANAHAN
Hunger knows no boundaries. A simple fact in a world would have to be discarded. Reliance is now placed on
bedeviled by food shortages, capricious weather, and food supplies in normal distribution channels rather than
exploding populations in many countries.
Nuclear war is a fearful evil. Another fact in an uneasy pre- stored foods in the event of a nuclear attack,
world ear wa hard for peace, y On the other hand, a combination of exploding popu-
P yet conscious of the lation and disastrous changes in climate were threatening
possibility that such efforts may still fail. the food supplies of more and more of the world's "have
Ironic, then, that efforts by the United States civil not" nations.
defense program of a decade ago to help prepare people The two lines first converged in November 1970 when
to survive the modern day nuclear evil are now helping a cyclone in the Bay of Bengal pushed a tidal surge over
people to survive their ancient enemy famine in Bangla- heavil
desh, and Honduras, and parts of West Africa. y populated coastal areas of East Pakistan (now
Bangladesh). An estimated 200,000 persons were killed in
Shelter Program Spinoff the most lethal natural disaster of this century. .
Responding to calls for help from the stricken nation,
relayed through the U.S. Agency for International De-
It's all because of a spinoff from the National Fallout
ihelter Program, which was started in 1961 by the velopment (AID), DCPA, at the suggestion of an em-
)efense Department's Office of Civil Defense and con- ployee, promptly "English 500 tons of the crackers.
inues today under OCD's successor, the Defense Civil Instantly dubbed English tea biscuits" at their destina- _
'reparedness Agency, tion, the crackers proved highly acceptable and saved the
Officials reasoned that if people threatened b nuclear lives of uncounted refugees from the floods. Only 14
far might have to spend up to 14 days in a fallout one person for a mop h, plus water were needed to feed
helter while radiation levels outside were subsiding to
;latively "safe" levels, then they would need food, water, More Shipments Made
irritation and medical supplies stockpiled in public
ielters, plus radiation detection instruments. Through AID, the Catholic Relief Service, CARE, and
From 1962 to 1964, about 165,000 tons of "survival the generosity of local governments in America stock -
iscuits" were produced in the United States for stock- piing the food supplies, other food emergencies over the
ling in public fallout shelters. These are a wheat -based next four years were met by shi
acker, resembling a graham cracker, specially packaged Y Ap. t easily trans -
ported
vacuum- sealed cans for long storage life. g ported, hard -to -spoil survival biscuits. I n 1971, the Phili-
�
Eventually, enough shelter supplies were distributed to
ppines received 500 tons after severe flooding. Colombia
cal communities to stock some 105,000 shelter facilities and Chad got 500 tons in 1972, another 500 tons went
th a 14-day sustaining ration for more than 65,000,000 to Nicaragua after the disastrous Managua earthquake, and
rsons. The great majority of these supplies are still in 2,500 tons were sent by CARE to various destinations in
throughout the received some and South America. food o total s. 19 countries
ice today, owned by local governments throw
g received some of the emergency food rations.
cited States and managed by local civil preparedness By 1974 — a year rich in climatic freaks of drought,
vil defense) offices.
flooding or other acts of nature — the full value of these
+o Trends Converge famine - fighting food supplies was apparent to many hard -
hit countries.
Over the years, two seemin Bangladesh was again foremost among these. When
gly unrelated trends were monsoon floods wiped out much of the country's crops
wiring.
ur '- in late summer, officials of that nation, familiar with the
Dri the one hand, the survival biscuits were getting earlier life- saving success of the survival biscuits, asked
er — well beyond their originally estimated five -year AID for 7,000 tons. Through DCPA, the request went out
If life. Although periodic quality checks by the U.S. via State Governors to local communities to make avail-
ay Veterinary Corps showed — and still show — that able surplus food stocks.
A of the crackers were remaining edible long after Moving quickly, local authorities in 34 States told
r estimated expiration date, sooner or later they DCPA of crackers available for donation. The vital cargoes ,
14 / foresight / March -April 1975
were trucked under General Service Administration con- pounds, still remained in the public fallout shelters
tracts to meet ships in Seattle, San Francisco, Houston, storehouses of American cities and military bases. L
New Orleans, and Brooklyn, New York. Transportation officials estimate this would be enough to
costs were paid by AID. 10,000,000 people for 60 days.
Disaster Str les Again Fortunate Twist of Fate
As the first precious cargoes moved toward ports,
Hurricane Fifi struck Honduras, leaving tens of thousands Preparedness lAgenc only m d st claims for
homeless and many dead. Another 2,000 tons of the has so far been done, or even what can be done wher
crackers were needed there and in parts of drought- limited resources available are compared with the we
stricken West Africa. immense food needs. In effect, the donations mai
Meanwhile, nature underscored the need in Bangladesh virtue of necessity, since the crackers would inevit
when another cyclone struck coastal areas on November have become inedible within a few years anyway.
28, making more thousands homeless only a few days Yet, the fact remains that a supply program origir
after the first shiploads of biscuits arrived there to help conceived to lessen the impact of man's extreme it
alleviate the earlier flood- induced famine. manity to man has, through a fortunate twist of 1
Altogether, by the end of 1974, about 27,000,000 been made to serve humanity. It gives the hungry in si
pounds of survival biscuits had been shipped to needy of the world's poorest nations a reprieve to pick up t
nations. An estimated 150,000 tons, or 300 million lives and carry on.
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