HomeMy WebLinkAbout1982-83 Texas A&M At A Glance q� Te Univers' y .
Texas A at- a- glance
BtM ing the administration of Louis L.
Enrollment: For fall 1982, 36,108
students, including more than 13,000 McInnis (president from 18d o degree of
women. Texas A&M University is the psychological maturity during the
second largest university in the state. years of Lawrence Sullivan Ross.
During the 1970s it was the fastest - , .. - •- These are the years which reaffirmed
krowing school in the country. A &M ; 1.' , . 0,t and reconstituted the strong military
has the largest engineering, architec- , ' ri ...7 0 orientation of the college, and these are
ture and environmental design and the years which gave conception to the
veterinary medicine enrollments in the , `Aggie Spirit' and `Aggie traditions,'
nation. l t Fsr , for which the college gained repute in
Governing body: The Texas A&M a later years."
system — of which Texas A&M \'4 'r During Ross' tenure the first issue of
University is the largest branch — is 6. , the student newspaper the Battalion
governed by a nine- member Board of r appeared, and organ zed sports made
Regents. Regents are appointed by the t OIW 1 considerable advances.
governor to six -year terms. r l r 3K -? By 1900 enrollment had climbed to
:Operating budget: 5330 million for 382, and steady progress had been
1982 -83, up from 5294.8 million in ' made in agricultural studies, although
1981 -82. The A &M system budget for ,., =` engineering remained preeminent.
1982 -83 totals 5566 million. In 1908 the college was rocked by an
Faculty: Numbers some 2,100, with �y c episode later known as the "great trou-
more than 75 percent holding doc- �(L ~ a r yQl ble."
rotates. The size of the faculty has 0 2. a 0 For a variety of reasons the student
snore than doubled in the past 10 years., - + body found itself at loggerheads with
the school's president, Henry Hill Har-
History rington, who had assumed the post in
Texas A&M University is now the se= `: _` _ 1905.
cond largest university in the state, the ` z ' • ^ ---. • On Feb. 6 the senior class petitioned
fastest- growing in the country during s" ` K....,-.- " the college's Board of Directors to
the 1970s, an institution that can boast +'� remove Harrington. Board members
a national reputation in many fields of s passed a resolution supporting the
study. . _, _,., ._ _ _ _ .. I 8u P beleagured resident, and on Feb. 8 the
But its beginnings over 100 years student body went on strike.
ago, were humble indeed. -; 3.. While perfect discipline prevailed on
The first land -grant college in Texas campus, no student attended class.
was authorized by the Legislature in
1871. The Texas Agricultural and
Mechanical College, as it was named, great extent was shaped by the ac-
' formally dedicated Oct. 4, 1876, tivities and values of the Corps of
® by Gov. Richard Coke. The campus Cadets. While other colleges were
consisted of two buildings set on roll- developing social clubs and frater -'
ing prairie a few miles from the raw nities, A&M discouraged such
frontier town of Bryan. organ and none developed. In-
Conditions at the young college were stead, the Corps became a single frater-
primitive. One student supposedly was nity encompassing all students.
attacked by wolves' within sight of the While many of the traditions
main building. Bathing facilities were associated with A&M had not yet
an unobtainable luxury. evolved, by the 1880s freshmen were
Three months after opening, only 48 known as "fish," a term denoting a
students had enrolled, although 106 status distinctly inferior to that en-
students were on campus by the close joyed by upperclassmen.
of the school year. In 1890 Lawrence Sullivan Ross was
The school was founded to teach the named president of the college. Ross
agricultural and mechanical arts. But was a former Indian fighter, Con -
knowledge in these areas was limited -at federate brigadier general, state
best, and in the early years the cur- senator and governor, and his corning
riculum tended toward the standard to A&M signaled that the small college
classical education taught at other col- had achieved a measure of respectabili-
leges. ty and importance.
But that began to change with the During the seven years he headed the
appointment in 1879 of the school's se- : school, new dorms, classrooms and
cond president John Oarfaid James. laboratories were constructed, ., the
James made a concerted effort to school acquired its first adequate
transform the college into a" training bathing facility, and electrical lighting
school for farmers and mechanics and was introduced.
to de-emphasize the military aspects of Ross emphasized military training
the school. (Compulsory military train - and the Corps of Cadets.
ing had been required at the school As Professor Henry Dethloff writes
since its inception.) in his history of A&M, "While to a
The latter effort failed. From considerable extent Texas A&M reach -
•. 4M's beginnings, student life to a ed a degree of academic maturity dur-
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Texas A&M University111■11111111■1111 1 /
,..„...fr. But the board remained; firm, and graduated its first „ class of four
-*:.,,,,, e strike gradually petered out. • students. • , " .
, fi
::-.,:. Under pressure primarily from The creation of the School of Arts
: ' Houston alumni, the board did agree and Sciences in 1924 marked the begin-
to investigate the causes of the con- ning of a broadening of A&M's tradi-
0 troversy. In June it issued a, report tional academic orientation, with its
stating it had found "no just cause of emphasis on agriculture and engineer-
complaint against the President.". ing.
Nevertheless Harrington resigned in During the 1920s football fever
, August. , , . , „, ,. became intense, and several notable
The World War., I -.era; marked a Aggie traditions surrounding the sport
1 watershed in Adr.M' . s : history. The came into bein g, g
includin Bonfire.
i Reserve Officer Training Program, in In a 1921 gam e against Centre Col-
.
• stituted by virtue of the National lege of Kentucky, a reserve player nam-
Defense Act of 1916, helped regularize ed E. King Gill was called from the
and professionalize military training at stands to suit up because coach Dana
the college. As Dethloff writes, "Texas Bible's bench was rapidly being
•., A&M emerged from World War I depleted by lajuries. Thus was born the
• much more of a professional military A&M tradition of the Twelfth Man.
institution than when it entered the A&M students even today remain stan-
War." ding during football games to sym-
1 Wartime demand for engineers, plus . bolically show their willingness to take
the need to increase agricultural pro- the field if needed.
dnction, also resulted in significant ad- In 1925 an A&M junior named Mar-
vances in these areas traditionall/ vin II Mimms wrote The Spirit of Ag-
associated with the college. gieland, the official school song.
By 1920 some 2,000 students were On a less happy note, the 1926
enrolled during the regular session. A&M -Baylor game erupted into a riot
The School of Agriculture offered involving the two student bodies, and a •
ap—ourses in 10 areas ranging from , cadet named Charles M. Sessums was
Iv_ mimal husbandry to entomology, killed.
while the School of Engineering had During the Depression the college
eight areas of specialization. In addl- grew in size but had academic pro-
tion the School of Veterinary blems. The chemical engineeing pro-
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• Medicine, established in 1916, • gram was refused accreditation in
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-- -- n v�na., Almanac S unday
III Texas A &M Universit . \
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1937, and other academic areas came admitting all qualified men and If
under criticism • from professional women..."
evaluators. Today, women make up over one -
However, in 1936 the Board of third of the total enrollment at A &M.
Directors did authorize the granting of Interestingly, women had been ad- n
the Ph.D. degree, and in 1940 Dorris mitted to A &M in small numbers in the It
David Giles received the first doctorate early part of the century. A total of 30
at A&M. were enrolled by 1925. Most were I t
With the Japanese bombing of Pearl relatives of faculty members. Mary If
Harbor and America's entry into Evelyn Moore received a diploma in )t
World War II, A&M's Academic 1925 - the first female graduate of the
Council passed a resolution extending school. But with the resignation of u
all facilities of the college to the na- A &M President W.B. Bizzell in that c
tional government for the war effort. - year, the first era of women at A &M i
B
By October 1942 some 6,500 Aggies ended.
were in service, most as officers. Dur- In a second break with the past, •
ing the war the college furnished more compulsory enrollment of all new –
officers than West Point. freshmen in the Corps of Cadets and I
By the end of the war, over 950 Ag- ROTC was abolished in 1965.
gies had died in service. In 1951 the Since the late 1960s enrollment has
'Memorial Student Center was skyrocketed, from 11,728 students in
dedicated "to those men of A &M who 1967 to 35,146 in 1981. Last year, the
gave their lives in the defense of our university's Board of Regents took the ti
country." first steps to limit the spiraling in- 11
The post -war decade was a time of creases in enrollments by raising ad-
relative tranquillity at A&M, but a time mission standards.
when a number of fundamental issues Controversy erupted in July 1980
that would change the face of the col- with the abrupt firing of A &M Presi-
jlege — coeducation, elective military dent Jarvis Miller. In relieving Miller,
training, racial integration — began to then regents' chairman Clyde Wells
'ferment. cited "problems" between Miller and /
In 1958 James Earl Rudder was A &M system Chancellor Frank W.R. 1
'named to head A &M. Under his tenure Hubert as one of the reasons for the ac-
,the all -male, military- oriented college lion. Miller reportedly was unhappy
became a coeducational university with with Hubert's plan to reorganize the
a broadened curriculum and a vastly A &M system. !C
expanded research program. Hubert had recommended that the
' In 1963 two A&M faculty wives were directors of the system's service agen- i
admitted as regular students but it was cies — including the Texas Agricultural Ir i;
not until 1971 that the university's Extension Service and the Texas
catalogue included the statement that Engineering Extension Service — A
A &M "is a coeducational university answer to him rather than the A &M cit
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'i Page 18 Brazos ValleyAltnanac' Sunday, January 30, 1983
• Mil Texas A&M University •
president. ,e- But a spate of injuries during the game
The Board of Regents had adopted put an A &M victory in peril.
that plan in January 1980. Coach Dana X. Bible watched as his
After Miller's departure, Dr. starting lineup, and then his
Charles Samson, head of the civil substitutes, had to be helped off the
CY M 7r engineering department, was named playing field. The coach began to fear
acting president. he wouldn't have 11 healthy players to
r i He served until August 1981, when finish the game.
Dr. Frank Vandiver, then president of He turned to the stands and sum -
/ North Texas State University, was ap- moned a sophomore reserve fullback
pointed the 19th president of Texas named E. King Gill, who had been ser-
A&M. ving as a spotter for a Waco sports
In January, Hubert announced his ' .writer. Gill suited up in an injured
retirement as chancellor and a search player's uniform and waited for the
began immediately for his replace - call to enter the game. He was the only
ment. ' man left on the bench when the contest
Two months later the board of ended in an eight -point A &M victory. _
regents named former Purdue Univer- Thus was born the A &M tradition of
sity President Arthur Hansen to the The Twelfth Man. The A &M student
• post. body remains standing today during
Hansen's appointment came as no football games to commemorate Gill's
surprise. He had long been considered willingness to support the football .
the leading candidate for the team even to the extent of entering the
chancellorship. He had also been ap- game.
proached about assuming the A &M Bonfire, a second tradition
presidency before Vandiver was named associated with football, also had its
to that position. beginnings in the 1920s, if not earlier.
The 57- year -old engineer took office Every year before the annual
July 1. November grudge match with the
Much of the material for this article University of Texas, Aggie students
1 ; niq comes from Dr. Henry Dethloff's spend weeks building what is reputed
Centennial History of Texas A &M to be the world's largest bonfire, a
University, 1876 -1976. Dethloff is pro- huge pyre which can tower over 100
fessor and head of the Department of feet.
History at Texas A &M. Bonfire is usually held the night
.before the contest if the game is here; a
day earlier if the game is in Austin. A
• School Traditions yell practice always accompanies the
Texas A&M University is probably event, which is held at the Duncan Drill
unique in the country in the richness of Field.
its traditions and the concern with Traditions at A &M extend beyond
which those traditions are upheld and the football field, and one of the most
passed down from class to class. solemn rituals still observed is Silver
' Aggie students, for example, do not Taps.
sit at football games. The ceremony is held within a few
That tradition dates back to New weeks after the death of any A &M stu-
Year's Day, 1922, when Texas A &M dent. It had its beginnings in 1890,
found itself outplaying and outpoin- when the ceremony was held for
Ling a favored Centre College team. Lawrence Sullivan Ross.
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y, January 30, 1983
/l ard life." x =
A &M's traditions are clearly a basic ,
element in that way of life. c
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'�" ' Y x . Yi' +w' . , `, {.$ .eca 117, " "� L ."1,. r-
%4 "� 'c?i1
Corps . ,,. L r ' _
For much of its 105 -year history, " ' `' > , r� ,�} ,
Texas A &M University was : �°� ��' � , - - -,:- .,,.. � , r .
, synonymous with the Corps of Cadets . , 1.s ' r'` 5
That has changed in recent decades,
� , `'. ,
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as the relatively small, all-male, _ `2:• 4. '� ,,, T ,., . y, - N r 4 s L ..,�,� , ;
military-oriented agricultural and - +�+ 'i ., -
, mechanical college has become a large ,� ` "�} ,-, ., 4 * w+ 4......z...--
coeducational university. , , i •
��.. ' ( x� )rx �'3 T ; � .4 ag . z S ' `".. s
■ Nevertheless, the corps and its tradi -. , � > y d
tions continue to be a basic part of the ," W ` - w Zti ` -,'`aa ': y c'�`.
1 • university's identity. 44; 4..4-, " '' r s �" ` 77 * ; �
.- Last fall the corps numbered 2,327, ,� . � a n -; i - .
li down slightly from the 1981 enrollment ... . >, .,,,
I of 2,374. Women were first admitted ; :
to the corps in 1974 and currently ti _ � : � tip. ; " `
number about 85.' l $
I ; Mandatory membership in the corps , . R ..* f, r »° :' �e ..� ' ' —
ended in 1965. % ,4 . yG,' 1.":4:1,:,....___ s _ . _ +�
"„ ,.+ .. .. " '
1 - The Corps of Cadets and the univer- ;
a . � . ui + r , a <.., -,
i
l sity s ROTC program are not the same, . , , >° . .. KYLE E L D F
although all freshman and sophomore .'„ et, , = . e ' . '" ,,,,, ; ; * . � : 11
4 f f L., . ° � 7 .i.. ° ,.
I i ROTC students must be members of ■ s the corps. {� ,, ,, ., .. { , - -. °.- --•'
- -C orps members incur a m r-' l� 6 - � - ..IS m � C � °� r: «. r
i gation only if they accept an ROTC I� � _ �... - ; + ntffi�Q+ 1 @� - Vic
=lam ar
scholarship or continue military ,� " ' �- � _,� "°"' �- �- „,,,.� �� �`'�"" :�. `,., ”'
science courses into their junior and ,..1, i �� -�`
1 senior years. ��x� _ 2.� �, , x
r Generally, between 55 and 60 per - '" '". � . 4.,„ �
cent of junior and senior corps ' lg. ..
Kyle Field through the years: 1929 and today.
ill
.., --........„.....
- ____ )
i Texas A&M.Utu'vers' ity•■11111111=
-.members were also in the ROTC pro- a 1956 graduate of A&M and a 26-year
gram pursuing commissions after army veteran. Before assuming his pre-
graduation. • '
...
sent position, Burton was director of
Nearly 200 seniors were commission- course development and training at Ft.
ed as officers in one of the four bran- Sill, Okla.
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ches of the service last spring.
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University officials boast that over Student Services
ener
m 0
ROTC T program the arm ed willY e graduates
have e become
or admirals and that A&M's
am ann c om missions p c f ations n 0
re officers for th l n the eou tha und may be fo rces th
a ny other ROTC ro gram
try
Center, loca ted o n th mi
The corps
I is divided into 44
u normally r con-
OrMitiO : i
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a f campus, visitors
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ra d the Information
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cadets each. Current- - med Rudder pr esentation on each college
Tower
y two of those companies are female s ide show ex lal
units. .,
.,-. .
.., or viewing
Cadets live and eat in separate dor-
a t the Center. The Center's staff can
mitories on campus, s, wear a prescribed Texas
sa , and
admission. s
a r P
(845-5851). A multi-
c m
o pany-sized
s i sti ng of 50 to 60 within the university, plus a 12-minute
rs
1 explaining the spirit of Ag-
gieland, are alsc available t
u
arrange for prospective students to
uniform at all times on campus, and • meet with academic counselors and
observe other military practices. - representatives from the university's
Several special organizations are financial aid office.
open exclusively to corps members, the
best-known being the Aggie Band. res Housing: The university operates 37
idence halls. They range in cost
Others are parsons' Mounted from 5284 to 5707 a semester, with
• Cavalry, Rudders Rangers, the Wings board additional and optional. Almost
and Sabres Society and the Ross 10,000 students, or one-third of the
Volunteer Company. The last is the university's enrollment, live in
Aroldest student organization on campus. residence halls. For information on
-Wit serves as honor guard for the state A&M dorms, persons should contact
.. i g1 A&M
governor in inaugural ceremonies.
, -
the Housing Office, 101 YMCA
The Fish Drill team and the Texas Building (845.4744). The university
A&M Women's' Drill Team are special also has 709 one- and two-bedroom
organizations for freshmen and apartments for married students atten-
women. ... : ' - • ding A&M full-time. Prices range fr6m
Spring commencement is marked by 5140 to 5250 a month. For more in-
two cadet parades, one by the corps as formation, contact the Student Apart-'
a whole and the other by thC•corps tnents Office (845-2261), The Off-
minus the graduating seniors, who Campus Center, . located in Puryear
stand aside and watch the next year's Hall, provides ' information about
corps march without them. _ A. . rooms, apartments, mobile hi:ma and
Most A&M traditions began with the houses for rent in Bryan and College
corps, and one milversity publicadon Station. -A roommate service is also
says, "members regard themselves, as available.
the keeper of the spirit of Texas Shuttle bus: Since last fall, Texas
A&M." . • - A&M has operated its own bus service
The corps this year received a new for students, faculty and staff. Of f-
command Cl Donald L' Bt - ve imar
ant, o. ona.Uron, campus routes se prily
major
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_Texas A &M Universi
y
TI t
the country except the . employs a staff of approximately 1,210 • academies. and operates 15 major research centers The Engineering Extension Service,
College Medicine: Four -year pro- across the state. /47w-„---,,,,-,01,..;',,,,„." - was created as a separate entity in the
1 gram of study leading to the M.D. - Areas of research include developing provide system in t de occupationa ono Its l and purpose is to
degree. Establishment of A&M's crop breeds that require less water, fin - t '6 j r a „ -~ Pr technical
medical school was authorized by the ding ways to increase energy efficiency ` # gt s -' 4 - . t training on an extension basis to adults
Legislature in 1971, with the first class on farms and ranches and improving �""' w+ ,,q in the state.
admitted in 1977. livestock production. �� Y yy { With a 1982 -83 budget of $15.9
Co tt e i ..•`tg, i µ y million and 350 employees, the exten-
e8 eterinary Medfeine: F T h e experiment station sister agen- r
year program of stud leading to the c the i ' � areas service offers training programs in
D.V.M. degree. With 1,515 students, was established in 1915, following `s' `-`, f areas ranging from law enforcement
A &M'sCollege of Veterinary Medicine passage a year earlier of the federal •f a ,3 .' , , , . he y refighter training to o of
is the largest in the country. Smith -Lever Act. l heavy construction equipment and
The extension service was founded i 4 ,s waste water management. • Texas AdcMSystem to disseminate the research findings of 4.4;4 r ,, "' 4s "' . The service has regional training
For many, "Texas AdrM' means the agricultural experiment station and P m 4 %.-,-:"1,,,:,;,„3.` a , - , centers in San Antonio, Arlington and
Texas A&M University, a t.-'. - to serve as a means for farmers and ph; `--` r- - go o into o erati another s in d C od us to
But the Texas A&M system risk. includes ranchers in the state to communicate , tt cf i` Bo nto operation this (all n Corpus
three other universities and six major their needs to agricultural researchers. t Christi.
service agencies. - - For the 1982 -83 fiscal year, the ex- ., a t ". `� s The Texas F e l ast Service was
Pfairte View A&M University was tension service has a budget of 344 i �" F • . " i ' * established by state law in 1915 as part
established by the Legislature in 1876 million and a s taff of approximately r- of th established
an "agricultural and mechanical col - 1,100. Of those 1,100, 775 are co pp co county l, tely �l 1 5+7 Its t 1
e responsibility A &M system. is to maintain the
lege for the benefit of colored youths." extension agents based in virtually ! S ., supply o of timbe mber lit the state v fighting
r
Until 1947, the Waller County every county in the state. , , I' / A M forest fires, ad private Ian-
school was the only state- supported " ques, an oe gagin n re e arth t pro -
The
black institution of higher learning in in 1 9 1 3e a s a ol o Station „ teCt and sage's in t serch to pro - •
Texas. About 85 began f 1913 A &M as en a voluntary Its organize- ( sect the state's forests from such
engineers. 5 �
body is black. B' purpose II r pre dators • as the pi
percent of the student lion of pine beetle. The forest
In 1982, enrollment at the school was "to supply important information / t , service also maintains two tree
totaled 4,160. - to the general public thr printed =; nurseries, selling seedings primarily to
Prairie View has 250 full -time . bulletins and to make important in- { Jk ; small landowners.
vestigations in the field of engineer- , With a staff of about 400 and
equivalent faculty members, who earn , fine .
an average of 923,000 a year, and a ,. 1982-83 budget of $10.7 million, the
budget for 1982 -83 of 938.8 million. Today the experiment station is in- ff�� ' service has area and district offices
volved in more than 400 projects. throughout East Texas and in Lub-
' budge as of special emphasis at Prairie
View A&M include agriculture, These range from designing and testing t '' bock. Nearly half of the agency's
engineering and nursing. integrated circuits to developing food budget goes to fire control.
products from low -cost protein sources •$'. , . - Under the system organizational
Tarleton State University in such as cottonseed. sw a structure in effect since 1980, , the
Stephenville was founded in 1899 as The station's 1982 -82 operating presidents of the four universities and • John Tarleton College. The school budget is $24.5 million. A
B 20 percent is a Approximately In recent the heads of the service agencies report
became part of the A &M system in P appropriated by the state years the institute has done to Chancellor Arthur G. Hansen.
1917, with the remainder coming mainly studies on how to use waste materials The directors of the engineering ex-
For the current fiscal year, TSU's from research contracts with federal such as coal ash to supplement or periment station and extension service
operating budget will be 515.7 million. and state agencies and private tom- replace traditional paving materials; and the transportation institute, report
Enrollment last semester was 4,324. Panics. how to reduce wet weather auto ac- through Deputy Chancellor for
cidents; and how to integrate
Tarleton State has 150 full -time Ordinarily, the station has between special Engineering John C. Calhoun Jr.
equivalent faculty members, whose ° and 7010 reseac iers and support lanes for buses and carpools i nto ex- The directors of the agricultural
"S sta About 80 percent of t he fisting freeway sys -
! average salary is 324,000 a year. Pe periment station and extcnston service,
ce,
The newest academic branch of the reseachers also hold appointments in For 1982 -83 the institute's budget is thdforest service, the Texas Veterinary
•
A &M system Is Texas A&M University variou departments at A &M. 38.7 million. About 65 percent of that Medical Diagnostic Lab, and the Ro-
The Texas T - Institute comes from contracts with state and dent and Predatory Animal Control
at Galveston. In 1971 the .Texas local governments and with r'
Maritime Academy in Galveston and engages in research in a variety of areas private in- Service report through Deputy
relating to transportation. dustry. Federal contracts account for Chancellor for Agriculture Perry L.
the Texas A&M Marine Laboratory another 25 percent, with the remainder Adkisson. The universit
were consolidated to form the Moody Y presidents
coming from state appropriation report directly to the chancellor.
College of Marine Sciences and appropriations. _
Maritime Resources, part of the A &M
system. In 1979 the school's name was
changed to Texas A &M University at Tuition
, ..
Galveston.
TAMU Galveston has degree pro-
grams in six areas of marine science. University officials estimate the total
The university also operates the train- cost fora Texas resident to attend Texas
fine ship Texas Clipper, a 15,000 -ton p &M [or two long semesters is between
converted cargo-passenger vessel. $3,000 and $3,500.
6 Enrollment last fall was 590. The Out -of -state students should expect to
pay an additional 51,100.
school has 47 full -time equivalent The figures include tuition, fees, books,
faculty members, who make an housing, meals, travel, entertainment,
average of 322,000 a year, and a and incidental expenses.
budget of $7.6 million. Tuition for in -state residents is 54 a
The oldest of the six major service semester hour. For out-of -state students,
agencies is the Agricultural Experiment tuition is 940 a semester. All students
Station, which came into being as the must also pay required fees averaging
result of the Hatch Act, passed by 5175 semester.
Congress in 1887. The a university operates 37 dormitories
which range in price from 5284 to 5707 a
_'..The purpose of the experiment eta- semester. Nearly a third of the student
-lion is to conduct research into pro- body lives in university housing.
blems of agriculture, with the aim of Students living off- campus can expect
improving the efficiency and produc - to pay between 5190 and 5300 a month for
tivity of American farms. rent, utilities and food. Those figures
-'The station has the.Iargest..udget.of...ta assume, s double< aavpat�gy, tP ,e%ch
any of the seven service agencies in the bedr -
A &Mnsystemtzsb11eS17ti7i,million- olt� i,�i +. c.-seiamea i� waa.a;.*a;i
u ,
•