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2002 Intended for all 125 Years of A&M
C, � �2!•,.?i� 6� / �Q.M GEC 2 ✓� (�C-� 0 V f 0. + . An Introduction by Barbara Finlay and Pamela R. Matthews Shortly before the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas opened in 1876, a Texas legislative delegation sent to inspect the new college reported that the school was "intended for all." Making visible the hidden stories of women and their contributions to A &M —and, equally importantly, creating a fuller and more accurate history of our institution —are the goals of this exhibit. Recent scholarship in women's history has shown that although women everywhere have contributed much more than we have known, the stories of women's accomplishments need to be told more adequately. Delving into the history of women at Texas A &M University has brought us to the same conclusion: women have been here from the beginning, but their contributions to the history of the University have not been sufficiently recognized or preserved. Women's contributions to campus life began soon after the College's opening. The activities of daughters, wives, and female relatives of male faculty and staff members were documented as early as 1877, just one year after the official opening of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas in 1876. In the 1880s, the teenaged daughter of the University's third president became what might be the institution's first historian by writing firsthand accounts of campus life in her diary. At least a few women attended classes from the outset; by 1893, the first female student whose name is recorded was attending classes. Two sisters completed degree requirements by 1903. Many women worked on the early yearbooks. The first woman officially recorded as a staff member —a nurse — arrived on campus in 1902; a woman librarian joined the staff in 1907. An exhibit produced by the Cus Memo rial Libr an d Archives,Texas A &M University, 2002 Yet these women were not on campus on the same basis as that of men. The earliest women active on campus hosted dinners for stranded male students or acted as surrogate mothers to homesick cadets. When attending classes, women students (called "campus girls ") were accorded "special" status as "lecture students" or "honorary' class members. Those who completed degree requirements were nonetheless denied official degrees. Women were active as agents in the Department of Extension, which became the Texas Agricultural Extension Service (TAEX) in 1912, but an endowment offered for establishing a Department of Domestic Science in 1915 was rejected by the Board of Regents because it feared the new department would force coeducation on the University. During World War I, in order to replace men who left for service, women for the first time filled regular teaching positions at A &M. Their appointments, however, were quickly terminated when the war ended. Most dramatically, when the first woman was awarded an official degree in 1925, the Board's response to her graduation was to resolve never to admit women to Texas A &M again. Although the resolution was amended in order to allow women to continue attending summer school, women no longer could attend classes during the regular sessions and would not be allowed to do so for some time. Nationally, by 1 930, women were receiving college degrees in record numbers: according to census figures, 40 percent of all B.A. degrees and 40 percent of all M.A. degrees in 1930 were awarded to women. (Those numbers would begin to decline later in the decade.) It is no wonder, then, at a time when large numbers of women elsewhere were attending institutions of higher education, that the 1930s saw the first lawsuit against A &M's policies of excluding women: local women sued — unsuccessfully —for admission. During World War II, the summer school sessions that had been women's main access to education at A &M were suspended, not to resume until 1946. As is true of the women's movement generally, every step forward toward the inclusion of women as students and in other roles at Texas A &M was the result of a struggle by determined women and their supporters in the face of strong opposition, often by the Board of Directors and former students. In addition to the women who attended classes, worked on the staff, and lived with their families on and around campus, officials of the College often were progressive in their attitudes toward women on campus. Two of the institution's important early presidents, L. S. Ross and William Bizzell, favored coeducation and actively sought means to advance it. As early as the late 1890s, campus administrators joined with local business interests to lobby the Texas legislature (unsuccessfully) for the creation of a "Girl's Industrial School" at A &M, and beginning in 1914, President Bizzell argued for the inclusion of women as regular students. In the early 1950s, a Texas senator introduced legislation to force A &M to admit women, and more university presidents pressed for the inclusion of women. But the legislation failed to pass, and the presidents subsequently resigned, unsuccessful in their attempts to persuade the Board that women belonged as students. In the late 1950s, three women whose applications to A &M were rejected brought suit against the university; the court found in the women's favor, but the circuit court's reversal was upheld in subsequent appeals. A similar lawsuit by three more women a year later resulted again in maintaining the status quo. With racial integration approved in 1963 and attrition rates at Texas A &M measured against astonishing growth at other Texas universities (increases of 29 percent for A &M, 70 percent at The University of Texas, and 117 percent at Texas Tech for the same 10 -year period), campus officials, including President Earl Rudder and Sterling C. Evans as chairman of the Board of Regents, again pushed for integrating women. This time the result was more successful. Effective June 1963, women were to be admitted into graduate programs and veterinary medicine, while female staff members [_1 and daughters and wives of faculty, staff, and students could enroll in undergraduate programs. Despite vociferous continuing efforts by some alumni, legislators, Mothers' Club members, and students, women from this time on would be a visible presence on campus. By the late 1960s, women would begin to take their places on the Texas A &M faculty. The struggle for women's full equality at Texas A &M University has taken a long time and is not over. Although the undergraduate student body is now almost half female, there are enduring signs of a tradition of excluding women. Especially in campus units traditionally identified with men, including some colleges and departments as well as student organizations, women are scarce or even absent. In spite of the large numbers of women earning doctorates nationally —by 1990, 36 percent of all Ph.D. degrees in the United States were awarded to women —at Texas A &M, over 93 percent of full professors are men, and women are underrepresented at every level compared to peer institutions. As we begin a new millennium,Texas A &M University can be proud of many positive signs of change: more women administrators; a new Women's Center; and an increase in courses and programs dedicated to promoting awareness of gender issues and women's achievements. Yet, there are still barriers to break and trails to blaze before Texas A &M fully realizes its early planners' vision of a fully integrated university truly � y etz 1 1876-1892 1 The Early Years 1197&0 4 E ven though the Texas Senate committee that inspected the College shortly before it opened in 1876 reported that its "endowment was intended for all" and therefore "should be open to both sexes," women were not admitted as official, degree- seeking students until the 1960s. Nevertheless, women played vital roles in the establishment of A &M. The first women on the campus were the wives, daughters, and relatives of male faculty and staff members. In January of 1877, the Galveston Daily News published an article about a Christmas dinner for cadets who were unable to return home for the holidays.A few of the individuals who helped host the dinner were Anita Bee, Lula Hogg, "Miss Nannies' and "Mrs. Clements." This is the earliest record in the University's archives that lists specific names of women involved in campus activities. Johanna Sbisa arrived with her husband Bernard Sbisa, manager of subsistence, in 1879. She was a forceful and beloved personality.At the time of her death in 1919,T. D. Rowell, a former student, wrote: "I loved Mrs. Sbisa almost like a mother.... When I was young, inexperienced, away from home, and needed the consoling influence of considerate friends ... [she] treated me like a son." Johanna and Bernard's daughter, Rita, was active in many campus activities, serving, for example, as the sponsor for a cadet company and for the band. She married Eugene W. Kerr, graduate of the class of 1896. He later became a distinguished professor, first at A &M and subsequently at other universities in this country and abroad. Rita and Eugene sent their sons to A &M. ® The diary of May W. Cole (shown here in later life— seated front row, first on the left), the 13 year -old daughter of the school's third president, James Reid Cole, provides a firsthand account of early events at the College and the symbiotic relationship between it and the surrounding community. On 10 October 1884, she wrote: "There is sorrow in the College Campus tonight. Death has again entered there and little Willie Bringhurst [grandson of Sam Houston] is an Angel. He was taken sick a week ago ... and this morning at 10 minutes of 4 o'clock he died ...There was no school at the College today, nor at our little school in the evening." a Life on the early campus was not appealing for everyone, whether male or female. Elizabeth Ross, wife of President Lawrence Sullivan Ross, found conditions so decrepit that she took her family back to Austin shortly after her husband assumed the presidency in 1890. She eventually returned, however, and lived happily with her family on the campus until her husband's death ended his term as president. a © Women were also present as students from the very earliest days of the College. In 1899, L. L. foster stated that "when the College was first organized a few girls who resided on campus and were related to professors" were admitted to classes.The first woman known to attend classes was Ethel Hutson in 1893. .21 i� ��l 1t9,�,t�� dz�t � ntlJ F ��l 1t9,�,t�� dz�t � ntlJ a Nettie Bringhurst O ne of the most prominent personalities on the early campus was Antoinette ( "Nettie ") Power H Bringhurst, seventh child of Sam Houston. Nettie Bringhurst was Historian and Poet Laureate of t She was popular among the students and always eager to share information on the subjects that deeply interested her. Many, if not all, of the cadets would have been keen to learn about her father and family and their role in Texas history. 4A of the Republic of Texas. popular among the studer eager to share information subjects that deeply intere if not all, of the cadets wo keen to learn about her fa and their role in Texas his Jacinto Day celebration, in which she undoubtedly played an enthusiastic role, was an important e early campus and may have influenced the evolution of the Muster tradition. Her husband, W. L. on the faculty from 1880 to 1893, teaching physics and English, and serving as vice president and president of the College. From "San Jacinto Corn," by Nettie Bringhurst. April Blossoms offer incense, April breezes round us play, Just as, long ago they greeted That first San Jacinto Day. Who of us may paint the picture Of that wondrous battle scene — When an Army, built like magic, Met the foe on prairie green? Theirs the planting, ours the reaping, Theirs the struggle, ours the gain — For the heritage o f Texas Dates from San Jacinto plain. ms W L C to O v N >^ co E CO O v v Cl b C) u c C O p C N N C O Z C O Uavo�LVo L M 0-, 7 v � b v O -0 p d O ,y rs 3 T� ti C N L c - L 0 U N N C b V 1. 00 S O N V 0 L O LO m N ``J a Campus Girls T he years immediately before and after the turn of the century saw the first female students for which we have records of any kind. Their numbers were few, and they were not allowed to take degrees, but there was a tolerance and even acceptance of their presence that stands in stark contrast to later years. Also in contrast to later years, campus officials were remarkably open to the idea of coeducation, even going so far as to lobby for the location of a girls' school at A &M in the late 1890s. This period also saw the first known women staff members. Their numbers were also few, and they occupied jobs that have long been considered traditional for women (librarians and nurses). Nevertheless, they were trailblazers for the thousands of women that followed them as members of the A &M workforce. Mary Hutson shown at her drafting table at the A.M. Lockett Co. in New Orleans circa 1912 -13. Mary and her twin sister, Sophie, completed a course of study in engineering at A &M in 1903. As women, however, they were not awarded degrees. Mary later worked as an engineer in New Orleans. Emma W. Fountain, the daughter of a professor of English, was an early "campus girl" (shown here in 1903). After studying at A &M for two years, she transferred to The University of Texas to complete her degree. She remained devoted to the College, however. While a student in Austin, she would dress in school colors on the day of the annual A &M /UT football game and lead the Aggies from the train station to the field. ® In the fall of 1902, Mrs. Carey Carr Neibert, a graduate of The University of Texas, was hired as a "trained nurse." Records indicate that there were nurses on staff or at least women serving in that capacity before her, but she is the first female staff member whose full name is known. W. H. "Willie" Thomas was hired as librarian in 1907 and stayed on the staff, with one interruption, until her retirement in 1952. Her tenure included two stints as acting head of the library. She also played an important role in founding two early campus literary societies, the junto and the Fortnightly Club. ® In the late 1890s, campus officials joined with local business groups to lobby for the location of a "Girls Industrial School" at A &M. Among those supporting this action was L. S. Ross, president of A &M (pictured). He felt that "the cadets would be improved by the elevating influence of the good girls, whose training would go on under their eye. Both sexes are benefited." Ross and others argued that A &M had the facilities in place for such a school, and thus building the institution elsewhere would be much more costly than integrating women into the A &M student body. L. L. Foster, another early A &M president, argued that there was "nothing in the organic law of the A &M College to prevent the admission of girls on equal terms with the boys" Despite their efforts, in 1901 the "Texas Industrial Institute and College" for women, later Texas Woman's University, was established at Denton. - r.N- n low a rA 1' ® From the earliest days a primary and secondary school was located on the campus to provide for the education of the children of faculty and staff and eventually for children from surrounding communities. Instruction was always coeducational, and funding was at times provided wholly or partially by A &M. The school was also allowed to use many of the College's facilities. 1893 -1908 Ethel Hutson E thel Hutson, daughter of a professor of history and English, was the first "campus girl," early A &M lingo for females who were active in campus life. She began attending classes in 1893 as professor of history and Erb was the first "campus girl. " A &M lingo for femal active in cam -1111F a "lecture student" and was an honorary member of the class of 1895. Although early sources indicate that "when the College was first organized a few girls who resided on campus and were related to the professors" were admitted to classes, Ethel is the first female student whose name is known. While at A &M, she served on the editorial staff of the Olio (1895), the first yearbook. During these years she also participated in the activities of the Anti- Crinoline League, an organization of women based in Brenham, Texas, who protested against "hoopskirt fashions" and other impractical women's dress. In March of 1893, Ethel wrote from Brenham to her father: T hhy were trailblazers fo the owe t�nds a wome s �e o the A &� woro `Papa Darling, [ ..J The talk was on the horror of hoops now threatening the land, and each one had some dismal story of accidents caused by those absurd garments .... Each one vowed that she could not bear the idea of wearing a hoop�skirtJ, but that it would never do to be the only woman in town without one. So I said- `Why should we wear them, here in Brenham; why not have our own fashions? What difference does it make to us what New York wears ?'And Cousin Alice said- Let's organize an Anti - Crinoline League.' The idea was accepted with great enthusiasm ... If a respectable majority of sensible women in each town banded together and pledged themselves to uphold each other in defying such senseless styles, one might dress reasonably. Certainly, there is no need for following idiotic fashions.... " Written from Brenham, Texas, 2 March 1893. Later in life she became a noted artist, worked in New Orleans as a journalist, and was active in the women's suffrage movement in Louisiana. She also took a strong interest in a number of civic causes in New Orleans, among them education, public utilities, child welfare, the preservation of the St. Louis Hotel, and public transportation. E3 6 IiL A'.. A uu� u. IIV 1893 -1908 Ethel Hutson E thel Hutson, daughter of a professor of history and English, was the first "campus girl," early A &M lingo for females who were active in campus life. She began attending classes in 1893 as professor of history and E the first "campus girl," A &M lingo for females, active in c a "lecture student" and was an honorary member of the class of 1895. Although early sources indicate that "when the College was first organized a few girls who resided on campus and were related to the professors" were admitted to classes, Ethel is the first female student whose name is known. While at A &M, she served on the editorial staff of the Olio (1895), the first yearbook. During these years she also participated in the activities of the Anti - Crinoline League, an organization of women based in Brenham, Texas, who protested against "hoopskirt fashions" and other impractical women's dress. In March of 1893, Ethel wrote from Brenham to her father: T y were trailblazers fo the o s nds o wom n t a followed A &� wrcers o� t ] o `Papa Darling, [...J The talk was on the horror of hoops now threatening the land, and each one had some dismal story of accidents caused by those absurd garments .... Each one vowed that she could not bear the idea of wearing a hoop[skirt], but that it would never do to be the only woman in town without one. So I said. `Why should we wear them, here in Brenham; why not have our own fashions? What difference does it make to us what New York wears ?'And Cousin Alice said. `Lets organize an Anti - Crinoline League.' The idea was accepted with great enthusiasm ... If a respectable majority of sensible women in each town banded together and pledged themselves to uphold each other in defying such senseless styles, one might dress reasonably. Certainly, there is no need for following idiotic fashions.... " Written from Brenham, Texas, 2 March 1893. Later in life she became a noted artist, worked in New Orleans as a journalist, and was active in the women's suffrage movement in Louisiana. She also took a strong interest in a number of civic causes in New Orleans, among them education, public utilities, child welfare, the preservation of the St. Louis Hotel, and public transportation. Ethel Hutson's younger, twin sisters, Mary and Sophie, began taking classes in civil engineering in 1899.They completed their courses of study in 1903 but as unofficial students were not given degrees.The class of 1900 presented them with cadet jackets, for which they later made matching skirts.After finishing her studies, Sophie married and started a family. Mary later gained employment as a civil engineer at the A. M. Lockett Co. in New Orleans. Both remained active in campus life, returning for events and serving as sponsors for student organizations. A &M Extended: Summer School, `Lady Agents,' Influenza, and the War 7 e 'teens saw an unprecedented growth in the number of women as students, but they were still prohibited from earning degrees. As the programs associated with the school in its land grant capacity grew and developed, more women were recruited to the staff. The war and its associated challenges also brought more women to the A &M work force and created the first opportunities for a few of them to serve in regular classroom teaching positions. These years also saw a hardening of the policy against coeducation in the very highest levels of the administration, despite the fact that this period also coincided with the hiring of one of the school's most influential presidents, and one that favored coeducation. ■ In 1909, the state legislature granted A &M permission to conduct regular summer sessions with the stipulation that women were allowed to attend.The school previously conducted summer classes in 1899 and 1900 that were open to women, but had not done so in the following years.The summer sessions were so well attended by women that in 1919 a building was set aside as a dormitory for female summer school students. By 1930, nearly 2,000 women had attended summer school.Women also continued to attend school during the regular sessions, though most of these were relatives of faculty and staff. Perhaps reflecting a more conscious stance against coeducation on the part of the Board and other campus officials, Estelle Tatum and Bernice Carter were listed in the 1916 yearbook as "Special Students." The term had earlier been applied to males who were graduate students or in other programs, but previously had not been used in reference to women. ■ Virginia Spence, daughter of D.W. Spence, dean of Engineering and director of the Engineering Experiment Station, was campus editor for the 1918 Battalion. She followed in what was already a tradition of female involvement in student and campus publications. Ethel Hutson and Mrs. J. H. Connell were involved in the publication of the first yearbook in 1895. Hutson was an editor and illustrator, and Connell provided photographs. Through the years, women continued to be involved in student publications, especially during the summer school sessions. ■ One of the most prominent women Extension employees was Minnie Fisher Cunningham. A longtime editor for TAEX, she was also an active member of the Texas Equal Suffrage Association and a lifelong worker for progressive causes. In 1928, she unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate. President Roosevelt later gave her the popular nickname "Minnie Fish." ■ The Agricultural Experiment Station, established in 1888, also provided an employment path for women. In 1917, Edith Phillip became the first woman "appointed to a scientific position" on the station staff. V ® Many women were hired to teach during the summer. Wesa Weddington (pictured), principal of Bryan High School from 1920 to 1946, was "Preceptress of Women" and an instructor during the summer of 1919. The first women in regular teaching positions were hired during World War I to replace male instructors called up for service. Wanda Farr, wife of an A &M biology professor, was appointed acting instructor in biology in 1917 when her husband was drafted.Yolande Renshaw was the second woman appointed. She taught in modern languages. Over the next year or so five other women were hired. All of their appointments were terminated and filled by men "as soon as possible" after the war ended. The school had at least one opportunity to extend its programs for women even further during this decade. In 1915, Clara B. Dismukes Vander Las, an Austin philanthropist, left a substantial gift to A &M for the establishment of a "Department of Domestic Science." The Board refused the gift, stating that it ■ In 1912, the Department of Extension was organized and two years later became the Texas Agricultural Extension Service (TAEX).The establishment of TAEX led to the largest influx of women into the A &M workforce prior to World War II and offered the first opportunity for significant numbers of women to gain permanent, professional employment. Ir Edna W.Trigg, hired as a home demonstration specialist in 1912, was the first "lady agent." By the end of the year, 16 more women were hired. In 1918, Laura Neale, as head of the TAEX women's programs, ranked as one of the top TAEX administrators. I j T L t J 1909 -1919 Irene "Mom" Claghorn t.-A 1918, the influenza epidemic brought many women to campus as nurses. Irene "Mom" Claghorn, one of the most "beloved employees" in the history of A &M, came as an army nurse. The following year she was hired as superintendent of the campus hospital, a job she would hold for nearly four decades. In 1956, she was injured in a serious car accident. Her treatment and convalescence drained her savings, and thus she found herself on the verge of retirement with no resources. A group of former students, led by Jack Blankfield, '42, raised money to build her a home, the first she had ever owned. During her years on the staff she always lived in the hospital. «We didn't know much about the flu in those days. A number of Aggies died from it. Right after I got here, I was asked to stay with some patients who were dying. In one of the rooms, a man was standing by a boy's bed. We were real busy, so I asked him to leave after learning that he was not a relative. Later, I was introduced to the man. He was Dr. William B. Bizzell, president of the College. He asked me to run the hospital for at least a year. After a year, they couldn't run me off.... The Aggies helped me night and day during the flu epidemic. Some of them dropped out of school to help. We had about 300 patients in a hospital intended for eight beds in two wards. We even had planks across the basement to accommodate more boys.... Years ago, they used to `air out the freshmen. They put them out of the dorm on Saturdays and told 'em not to come back until Sunday night. I'd hide some of the asthmatics and boys who had been sick." "Mom" Claghorn on her early days on the campus, from a 1966 Battalion interview. P R O F I L E 1 In 19 Che epi emic rou� t man women o cam us as nurses In 1914,William Bennett Bizzell became president of Texas A &M. During his tenure, he publicly expressed support for coeducation, arguing that the College should be open to all women "who seek admission ... because of specific advantages offered in the institution that are not available in other state supported institutions." 1920 -1929 No Girls Allowed sort o �n the 1920s women gained new levels of influence and prominence on the campus. One woman officially graduated, the only one prior to the 1960s. Another would occupy the highest office of campus governance. Perhaps because of this increase in status, this was also the decade in which the school made its first official statement against coeducation. ■ In 1921, Mrs. J. C. George was appointed to the A &M Board of Directors. She was the first woman on the Board and would serve until 1927. ® In August 1925, Mary Evelyn Crawford, sister of the head of the Engineering Department, was awarded an official degree in liberal arts (English). (Crawford is shown on the far right). She attended TWU and UT in addition to A &M.The degree was not awarded at the regular commencement, however. Crawford later recalled that she got an unexpected "call from the registrar's secretary. She told me to come over to her apartment to get my diploma. I was so glad to hear that I did get a diploma I would have crawled over to that apartment:' Perhaps only coincidentally, President Bizzell resigned in July 1925. In his last meeting with the Board, he advocated opening the school to women who were not relatives. ■ The 1923 yearbook lists 14 women as "special unofficial students." . In reaction to Crawford's graduation, the Board of Directors resolved that "no girls should ever be admitted to the College." This action ended the practice of allowing female relatives of A &M staff to attend. It also, inadvertently, prohibited the attendance of women during the summer. At the Board's meeting in February 1926, Mrs. J. C. George offered a motion to rescind the prohibition on summer school, bringing A &M back into compliance with the 1909 legislative ruling that granted A &M permission to hold summer sessions on the condition that the sessions were open to women. Women who attended in the summer were still not eligible for degrees, however. ® The number of women on the campus continued to grow during the 1920s. As the number of male staff and faculty increased, there were more daughters, wives, and other female relatives at A &M. Many women from other schools attended social events on the campus. Women were here as students in the summer and occasionally, at least before 1925, in the regular sessions. From the beginning of the College in 1876 to the end of the 1920s, nearly 2,000 women furthered their educations atA &M. El sr CXARLES E C�t 0 la- F W.S.ROWLMD -11r of cl�vxm, ��tr�rultur�ll �utD �ilrfh�lnirrl �`vlirgr C [I all In uJhom thewlnrsrnts mile romp.6remingl T!ir it Iial Taro �bgl�tt �rxbfora laming rnulpinrh tllr slndir:; ;md salisOri the rnplirrmntls far the [lntrrr of ` +! ��Irhrinr uf�rt�Z ha:: arrxrdinulg hrrn a0mittrd tm that ?lrgrrr mitll all the hmamrs, rights end primitrgrm helmnntnp thrrela. � � i:: + is +nrr ilir ,r, I of Ihr LL nllrmr ul LLollryp YlNinn. V:rx.11. nn Ihr tlryr+416 nnu nr JAyul, A.O. minMrn+ t1iwxreh live1mn11tlt. liner: :l• JCIbtrNlAelr %�7> LQ� lk 5PR <'IAL CS1W'FII'IAL 9v I I I A Ulu UnN, xNNY. U1» la:.r xr.» 1\Yu Ulu II+uN, \'. Ih+wl.lnr NI!! I''ANnIN U.,N 9.lxNNN, Uiu F1.IN Uale.,N UNe. 1. C. SeimNn )f:u <iNL4.wNN (iNw'Y \Il,! PNpCNl., 5n1! Um VA'-- nn..,NU \itu R— WeYNn! UI.,, AYNLN J—AA Uu. A. H. WNAYNN Girls M�a�y Go tot= AN cot M.��p�#ti1161' Sch Till- 11umra rut virect- of the A. mild M. Culit,(q nd)!±urnod this `t t e•T lCimuesdag, All the memben of 'the board were pri"AW ant tnoxf of them have U;mM41at it return to their home The pTfat action .eel fy • the boanl Va ry lrrpoeynttiln' ii1r{r to •adegd Ahi Kummer fkhoo) at A. •ww.jd. , Col le,to.. Thin it u ingo In+patrt far r*mvMhg 1TA ;AnMk* a A reef h6aring, on future politfelt, 4 Girls Ma y Go to A & Sc ol rI`lli mt'oGtom of the A, a nd M. Colleg' ttc�joutq� t�15 h...r ��wri r•`N r. r °.... �r ers ��1Jtl 'lie b oard . Nor • • r r �- 1,-y is 1920 -1929 E] Jessie Whitacre 7h , number of women employees also rose during this time. Jessie Whitacre, a pioneer in the study of human nutrition, was one of these new employees. Her research was influential in the adoption of the "Four Food Groups" by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1956. She was head of the Department of Rural Home Research, TAEX, from 1926 to 1954. Before coming to A &M, she earned a B.S. degree from Ohio State University and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. Her publications include over 20 research bulletins and numerous articles and papers in scientific journals. e number o women emp OYee She was chairman of the State Nutrition Council, a also rose during this time. Jessie member of the American Association for the Whitacre, a pioneer in the study Advancement of Science, a fellow of the Texas human nutrition, was one of thes Academy of Science, and was active in many other new employees. professional and scholarly organizations. In 1948, she was one of 11 delegates chosen to represent A &M at the annual meeting of the Association of Land Grant Colleges and Universities in Washington, D.C. She was named "Woman of the Year" by Progressive Farmer magazine in 1956 and "Home Economist" of the year in 1957 by the Texas Home Economics Association. In her publication, "The Diet of Texas School Children" (TA-EX Bulletin 489, March 1934), Dr. Whitacre wrote: "Despite the large number ofstudies in human nutrition that have been made in the last half century in the United States, relatively little attention has been given to the diets of individual children of school age. The influence of race, of seasons, and of regional differences in climate and industry have been even less considered. The important problems of the relation of human diet to various aspects of health deserve extensive investigation. A vast amount of data is yet needed to fill in the gaps in our information concerning human nutrition. These considerations suggested that a study of the diet of Texas school children be undertaken. " t f 1920 -1929 ` J, F114 Ada Brooks Allen (Mrs. H. L.) Peoples 1922, Ada Brooks Allen (Mrs. H. L.) Peoples founded the first A &M Mothers' Club in Dallas. Clubs in Fort Worth, Brown County, San Antonio, and elsewhere soon followed, and in 1928, the statewide Federation of A &M Mothers' Clubs was established. From their « [I was] concerned with the poor quality of 11 beginning the Mothers on the campus —no entertainment, no cultur. took an active role in and a complete lack of women's influence. the welfare of the students and in IT WA5 NOT PLANWED - THIS MOTHERS CLUB TILE FMST TWING WE KNEW, AND QUITE $Y ACCIDENT, THIS CLUB TOOK ROOT qND CREW. IN 1922 -ONLY YESTERDAY, IT SEEIAS - MY FRESHMAN SON, SO YOUNG AND GAY, WAS THE INSPIRATION FOR T415 CWB, AND A GALLANT SENIOR PAVED T11E WAY. THIS SENIOR CHALLENGED OUR 09LIGATION 114 A VOICE SERIOUS AND STRONG, HE SAID, YOUR SON NEEDS YOU, THE COLLEGE `(EARS ARE LO "G. TWnl EVERY DAD ANO MOTHER SHOULO HAVE SeME KNOWLEDGt, OF THE NAVY UPS AND DOW4S THEIR SON WAS WHILE IW COLLEGE: A t M AS YOU KWOW IS A MILITARY INSTITUTk0%. NONE SUT MEN ENTER THERE, WE PONDERED OUR 14TRUS10N. THE MOTHERS MET THE CHALL"rv SY AN ANCIt4T METHOD TRUE AND TR1 WE SENT OUR SONS n, SQMPTUOUS W41C" THEY SHARED WIT" Sm%A P% IT IS WITH PRIDE WE VIEW SUCCESS, EI'L'CAUSt WE ARE AGGtt MOTHERS, WE CAUG"I THE SPIRIT OF A # M TO 1St LOYAL AND TRUE TO E4QA OTHER. 14 19'22 l WEAAO THE AGGIES $1NG "IT'S TILE SPIRIT OF AGGIELAND "AS OKLY AGGIES CAN SING. A GALLANT SEIIIOR CINLIEHGED A FRESHMAN MOTHER DREAMED. improving campus facilities. In founding the Mothers' Club, Mrs. Peoples stated: [I was] concerned with the poor quality of life on the campus —no entertainment, no culture, and a complete lack of women's influence. "She also stated that her goal in establishing the Clubs was to `contribute in every way to the comfort and welfare of the students, and to cooperate with the faculty of the University in maintaining a high standard of moral conduct and intellectual attainment. " A " L 1 l ip 1930 -1939 he First Wave Assault i t � 7 e 1930s saw the first legal challenge to the school's policy against coeducation. The decade also saw increasing numbers of women on campus, though still not as degree- seeking students. President Roosevelt, visiting A &M in 1937, remarked: "My only surprise today came because President Walton had told me that this was not a coeducational college. Now I am wondering where all the ladies came from." The growth of the College created more opportunities for women in the workforce. The tremendous economic challenges of this era also forced the school to confront the issue of coeducation more directly than before. ® The Cushing Library opened its doors in September 1930, and for many years served as the general library for the campus.The growth in library services provided many women with jobs atA &M. Prior to World War 11, the library was second only to TAEX in providing full -time, professional employment for women. ® In 1933, several staff and faculty members asked President T. O.Walton if their daughters could attend A &M. The financial setbacks of the Depression, including a 25 percent pay cut for A &M employees, had rendered college elsewhere beyond their means. Walton proposed a temporary, emergency reprieve of the Board's prohibition on coeducation. He assured the Board that this measure would result in the attendance of no more than 20 women, all of whom would live at home.The Board approved the proposal. ■ Hearing of the Board's decision to allow the daughters of staff and faculty members to attend A &M, a group of local women —Mrs. 0. A. Fox, Mrs. Louise B. Jones, Mrs.W. E. Neely, Maurine Neely, Alia Stanford, Francis Locke, Jane Singletary, and Lucille Vick — applied.They were rejected and so they were forced to file suit for admission. Ironically, they were required to file in the names of their husbands or male guardians since at the time Texas law prohibited women and minors from bringing suit in their own name. C. C.Todd, a graduate of the class of 1897 and a former commandant of the Corps of Cadets, represented them. ® In 1939, the Battalion was published for the first time in the summer. Sara Allen Cofer, Margaret Hollingshead, and Peggy Campbell all wrote for the Battalion and served on the editorial staff. Through the years several coeducational activities and traditions were established during the summer. In June of 1939, for example, Josephine Perkins was voted the best all- around girl athlete for the first summer session. ■ The "unanimous opinion" of the Board, meeting in emergency session, was "that this suit should be defended by the best legal talent that can be secured and if necessary ... take the case through the Supreme Court of Texas." Among the evidence entered on behalf of the Board were petitions and letters against coeducation from the A &M Mothers' Clubs of Dallas, Fort Worth, San Antonio,Waco, and San Angelo. ® In January 1934, Judge W. C. Davis found in favor of the Board, stating that the "unbroken policy and custom" of Texas A &M in admitting only men had "crystallized into the force and effect of law." Reaction to the threat of coeducation was expressed in many student publications. The cartoons shown here are from the 1934 yearbook. THU UNUTALLICS CEARREALD Aryan and Hearne ( w nPVOAE nm"TON N Five Hundred Are MAN TRANfE UR UIBItl A'f A AND 3L iEmploycd Through) Pwtponement dented \ew Associsfioni . u u. nlame.m. lix wn-. R . c. i. , I— R. ,,. .,n.. Pexea8lnE. In enln. onml.m N,ne.nl EmExr•' I,xlNet enn,l. e, nwl• a c.lxer. I .nu.e.a rcreal R 'm. ema..w .1 rn. A. a el. fe lla. w r ..., l'nl.l.h:l: Y, N'YATUN. TEA:1R. RBITB8IHEH R:. 1891. WILL LEAD S ;A- ?F, fi T f � m a b,"" ::p kh ( d. 4d 71. —I roar. erd u. —.1 —himp w 4b, A.&.f 1-11• It I, ,—I by ih" Ga j 1 Bryan and Hearne Girls • y . Sce E In IFMI tee ilk "t. l - Im is . 11 1 u 11 1 COULD IT COME TO THIS! PAGE 4 (1 BATTALION'. pl, S-M— -4MZ -0-PWI PMiOb" PY *.d-ft al 4.-4 A. th N. cd1wo. AWWWqk— #tt- a t th. P,,, off at lbihl Xftj a. T= 4 Lb- *4 of C-1— 1670, Of*. BWWim, Tdo4ttb CW$ alt bc. Mt KEL XvIt"T DON sumal—.— M.&W, IT - VrAFF F.d. M.N. fYts All.. 04., C..pb.H Pad 1. Stash mws..t 9o9 at9Wad Publicadons Pmarsm .b. To Co R R N I. SILK JIOSIK. ON THE IAMPUS7 TM)SI, S]nS11.]S 1940 -1949 War, Wives, Veterans, and Anxiety -..0011 D uring World War II, summer sessions were disbanded as the College went on an accelerated, trimester schedule to graduate more men, more quickly. Thousands of U.S. service personnel, some of them women, were trained in various federally run programs on the campus. Women were still present as staff members and relatives, and a few, interestingly, were allowed to take classes during the regular sessions. But perhaps not since the earliest days of the College was there a lower ratio of women to men on the campus. The end of the war quickly changed this situation and led to what one historian has termed A &M's `Age of Anxiety." More married men than ever before enrolled as students. Women who had broken out of traditional roles elsewhere during the war were also on campus in greater numbers. The College struggled to deal with new demands in the post -war era, demands that in some ways solidified its restrictive policies toward women, but in other ways contributed to the eventual demise of those policies. ■ In 1942, the regular summer sessions were disbanded due to the war, and thus for the first time since 1909, women were not in attendance as A &M students during the summer.There were, however, some women taking classes at A &M during the regular sessions, and there were also women on the campus in various defense - related training programs. ■ Women from off campus also continued to play a role in A &M activities. In October 1942, a visiting "delegation" of female journalism majors from Baylor, TWU, Texas, and TCU edited an "all- girl" issue of the Battalion. . In 1946, regular summer school reopened, and women returned as summer students for the first time in four years. Ruby Bauer, a former private first class in the Women's Army Corps (WAC) and wife of a veterinary medicine student, was the first female veteran to enroll on the GI Bill. ■ Kathy Wilson joined the Battalion staff as a reporter for the summer of 1946, re- establishing a tradition of female participation on the summer newspaper that began before the war. In 1949, Nancy Lytle joined the Battalion as editor of the Women's Page. ■ The Veterans' Wives' Club, which appealed to the administration for the admission of wives to the regular school sessions, was organized at this time. . The English Department hired six women faculty members, the first ever in that department. One of these was Grace Fitzwilliam, a graduate of The University of Texas. ■ In October 1946 —in an effort to deal with the growing number of married students, most of them WWII veterans —three dorms were designated for married couples. A few months later, three more dorms were designated for couples. ■ The large number of men coming to college with wives and families increased the pressure to develop and open academic programs for them. Many wives attended summer school. For a short time in the late 1940s, wives were also allowed to take classes for credit during the fall and spring semesters, though they were still prohibited from graduating. Sometimes these classes were open only to women and at other times were open to both male and female students. is a A 1 ,'` Tee -mot» Sumnwr -seers The Battalion n! si.a�., .r, r r a1a.Irr r flrarelrl o .; .t�rer.:�:• -ri r � .�rr�r ir.rrr ' . :L: ° th� ..r�r.rhra .�.,i•,c «' r'a'cer n I�a "ror rasa P.. r ✓� rrey r r � r ewwl. rr.rrd..r e+wrrnrrfrwra.. :a'i:� tyr r r..rl r a .r qtr. rrrrr r.� r ... a.rw + r.. ..: •• I 76e A�sarrd � r.. r The Battalion All IrP.rT «ILt11.T .t....... ... N..w .. Aa.•.r M... hwlrr.a. T.Ma.r .Nrl. R.w .e . (it'.tIN.. eut ». D..r. ..rr4Yl ww...r r rV Nrbab.rel W Il..r.iwl 11 �+M. Ma =-u. Y.a r �i n..i r.IMn wr4� r r.�ua.a arw t� wAN W rwe. �h•. n Y .ahrlral ...ab�Ma •rtiz41 T�.a.P. ^�^-. Q48 ^t" T. jammill no P�.eaa r ra.a -rrr �zzw �.t1 Mz OMr. nt f�iw lrz1�. Ts� �/. Ar r f.ap+ M f1.rA i 1pr Yrnlrllr rW Ra r rr.ar � �� �r�a nerloA ht Mr1.il� fbhrr 4 r ie 7raY K IS. Arrrr W /r Re11w� I.I�MLT A GTIN f6i0A. �[ra rn 7 �. P. 1.. P,"bT 1T• Dhyna-1 ederalrvn d.raT1 Inc r— 1. hi- —Id— rrrtr M-A d.— fa - M- aanizalinn of limit and Ph�ntr.l Fd...lure". m the .had, rrf K.Ir Fired ntadier Visiting Beauties Show Batt Staff How By Writing and Editing This Mornings Issue r wrrti sr Y�i+ M1wr�i.. a4r+r .... -'tY Y1r�Y Y4� i rr. s K Ird `r4 wrrf r i rn.l. mr�w �� Y.rY � +�rrs�m r� �fer. � � e.�ir � �� r lzOr I: 0 i�_�a a� .O ^ - � �• err �•••� fr errs b alrr L 1Irr.frNeta..11itO hd 17akr1i1 MerY. r1.a end is1 r .1 H i.le C.>'er..viuoiF IV4- 1 " dare rrrir; • sR Irs t.r hra{ by r r trrl 1 aiaeae.lrr 1�.r1 � � r e.ra`Tl�rr Y IM = 1r w� rrrr ea drb- r helirar< rr rr.rr t1r .r.iei •'® .care al Ye/ - . = r .( eY. fPr• dT . .7 .1111 k ..WNW -- .— ;y Co His Aggie Campus iLe�.r 'ith Former GI Hubby; College To Arrang Cou rses Of •.r TI.034 RA=ZA ME w r. � _1W ..Phu &W a.. -- tL t.. • — f;A7 - -- - Y..1.... Teav 1 f r.nar.r .tea.[ r.ltll r art..r r _ ar+ a .rf y .,,ah .aryr = MUM al dt/t a T acre Y rrrrb�l Or�.ra a . s. y.rr el �nln�►. er .�IMr . - _,1 i'; Al 1950-1959 The Battle -A- 'The battle for coeducation widened during this decade, and, in response to increasing pressure, the movement against it also became better organized and more intense. The second and third rounds of legal assaults were launched, and the prohibition on women was also challenged for the first time in the halls of the Texas Capitol. In addition to the courts and the legislature, the fight also went on within the highest,offices of the administration. Women continued to play prominent roles as summer students and in student organizations. Individual women also made progress in the ranks of the staff and faculty. ■ On 3 March 1953, state Senator William T. Moore, class of 1940, introduced a resolution to force the A &M Board of Directors to admit women.The measure was first approved in the senate by a voice vote without debate or objection. But on March 5, the measure was voted down 27 to 1. Ironically, Mrs. Neveille H. Colson, who attended A &M as an unofficial student and was the only female in the senate at the time, was one of the senators voting against the resolution. Soon after this challenge, O. S. Gray, graduate of the class of 1917, wrote to state Senator Searcy Bracewell: "The time will surely come —this question [of coeducation] is neither dead nor buried. It is alive and stirring. It cannot be drowned ... a new generation will rise above tradition and prejudice and in the dawn of a new day bring to pass those necessary things to insure the future greatness of our loved A &M:' ® David H. Morgan became president of A &M in 1953. In response to declining enrollment rates, he asked the Academic Council of the A &M faculty to evaluate the College.The council recommended the admission of women and the end of compulsory military training. In response to these and other matters, the Board made military training optional in September 1954, but the ban on women as degree- seeking students stood. Morgan pressed for coeducation throughout his administration. He resigned in 1956, and David W.Williams was appointed acting president. Williams continued to raise the question of coeducation. In August 1957, when Williams' term as acting president ended, the offices of president and chancellor were combined under Chancellor Marion Thomas Harrington. Shortly thereafter, the Board reinstated compulsory military training. ■ In 1957, Alice Stubbs was hired as an assistant professor in the Department of Home Economics, TAEX. She became head of the department in 1961 and in 1974 achieved the rank of full professor. ® In January 1958,William Boyd Metts established the Aggie Association for the Advancement of Coeducation (AAAC), though he withdrew the AAAC charter after a homemade ammonia bomb was thrown into his dorm room. ■ In January of 1958, Myrna Gray, a local nurse, applied for admission and was rejected. Shortly thereafter, two other women, Lena Ann Bristol and Barbara Gilkey Tittle, were also rejected and joined Gray in a lawsuit charging discrimination. John Barron, class of 1935, represented them.The Bryan Daily Eagle set up a charitable fund for their legal expenses. Judge William T. McDonald, class of 1933, found on behalf of Gray, Bristol, and Tittle and ordered A &M opened to women. In the wake of his ruling he was twice hanged in effigy on the A &M campus . ■ Both effigies carried a sign that read: "Judge McDonald —A TrueAggie ?" McDonald's ruling was the first of its kind. Never before had a publicly funded, single - gender school been ordered by a court to open its doors to all students. Judge McDonald's ruling did not stand, however. In September it was reversed in the I Oth Circuit Court of Appeals on the grounds that the Board of Directors was vested by the state with complete sovereignty in admission matters. The Texas Supreme Court upheld the reversal. The case was appealed to the U. S. Supreme Court but was not heard. I JI ■ In July of 1959, three more women applied for admission —Mary Ann Parker, Sara Creed Hutto, and Margaret Allred —and were denied. Parker and Hutto, unlike the earlier litigants, applied to pursue majors that were not offered elsewhere in the state. In February, the case went to Judge McDonald's court. Citing the earlier case, he stated he had no choice but to rule against the women.The case was appealed up through the Texas Supreme Court and was not overturned. Again, the U. S. Supreme Court declined to hear the case. l Coed"e"tion l +� S , `P onb j Kept A stepped -up " patgn against Tex man student Metts, 18, of Br: morning put. !ale the college hosp from effects of f ammonia bomb the room to Bizze I Veeded :r. occupies with thr J� OPEN Upl ian students. Metts was rele hospital this mo ' final examination 1' ? at noon. Ris roo woozy from lac i nut Burt by the "•Sabo" bombs. /1,S M (OLtEGE sticking firecrac into ; of cleaning powder, were. toss= foul, occasions a :vie RE P111Y)SOPHICAL mounted the fa ion of San. �IIER group called the ggie Also- of umc wCV¢ A, ciation for the Advancement IN •� s d �1 of Co- Education P�.47 - . _ , --a..a.,tana Who Said It Was a Man's World? ' F 1950 - 1959 1 I Vivian Castleberry o ne of the most potent forces for change in the post World War II years were the wives of students at A &M. One of these women was Vivian Castleberry, the first "Women's Editor" for the Battalion. Previous to her tenure, women had edited a "Women's Page" and also written and worked on the Battalion in other capacities. Castleberry, however, was the first person One of the most potent 0 change in the post World Wa years were the wives of stude at A &M. One of these women Vivian Castleberry given responsibility for the newspaper's expanded efforts to appeal to and address the concerns of a growing female audience. During her time as editor she also wrote a popular column entitled "The Last Word." A graduate and later a "Distinguished Alumna' of Southern Methodist University (SMU), Castleberry was a lifelong journalist. She edited her high school newspaper and the SMU student newspaper. After leaving College Station, she went to work for the Dallas Times Herald, eventually becoming the first woman named to the paper's editorial board. She won numerous journalistic honors, among them two United Press International awards. In 1959, she was a participant in the first conference held for women editors by the American Press Institute at Columbia University, a benchmark gathering of American women journalists. She was also a founder of many women's organizations, including the Women's Center of Dallas, the Women's Issues Network (WIN), and the Dallas Women's Foundation. She served on the advisory panel for the founding of the Family Place, Dallas' haven for battered women and their children, and was an adviser for SMU's Symposium on the Education of Women for Social and Political Leadership since its beginning in 1966. In 1984, she was inducted into the Texas Women's Hall of Fame. `Tor years upon end man has complained that women always have the last word. In most places, where women exist in equal quantities to the stronger sex, this is probably not so difficult. But in this man's world [A&M], where there are approximately three males to every female, we have to keep plugging away to get in the last word. " M1 Vivian Castleberry introducing her column, "The Last Word," in the 5 April 1951 Battalion. "Our hat is off to the student wives who take any job that comes along in order to help their husbands through school. Over at the MSC coffee shop, among the girls who bring that cup of coffee and doughnuts are student wives Frances Rodgers, Juanita Willis, Erma Mayben, and Virginia Hendricks. If they are a bit tardy sometimes ... [remember that their] husbands have the same chemistry quizzes and same grade pointproblems thatyou, your husband, oryour students struggle over. " Also from Castleberry's first "The Last Word" column in the Battalion. Women continued, t play rominent roles as s�i�zner st�dents an in. stu, ent organizations F ,.. g Qo { Fly - - PRICE PER COPY - - - ' gSTR1.UTIGN -- EAGLE . to T� BRYAN _ coo the Brazos Va1ygY f Eighty -Two Years Serving x lag y tT7 �• �j lE Pga•s --Pew H P•gaa .M . - C•utWr wan Saewlm d Aarertaaad Praea DRYAR. TSZAS• SUNDAY, JANUARYS ]93D — - _ _ . Coedaeaiion N — . gmay,ody byaRtkg hldie- �" �11�a ►L • . .oval cymWlep to xarttUd Ymr --�-� ~ `. Texas 1Vo�y _ - A . _ A. TY 6e. aain- big Wblfd � S na d 'i A" th [act teat AN EDITORIAL , p anh dept Y'Afoe1'• n -< We're,vti W'ey _ gagNe d these alec• f The crises gt Texas A &al Gillege Invut•: va fee tfpr woert+ae - -- more than the hinnq d a heap Cewtball avavh Behind ' _ w �. vm , p ,p tine uba ivui nPtit m Drrlfcv amnna the bwrd of dNCClon jtjt; t m T[Ia.Y. k list contusion over the future of the s<A^°I ,tsell_ Dallas Exec i ' Falls At - Epi f lye Wuntr'a tiro ha• - 1 ww The Bryan 1)ai'v..FaRle has L,r.R Mbered the D it ev hn t ,99a brou9hA form a an .r . 1 for Al e M.ard to Insist nn A&11 Arco nine Muleshoe n R•w ym. s bw• - wMch sucn a A/IC Donald E Eberler 1 an all srtma >I Ion4 alkr the aqd to -wwr 2nh l E. bi . end s.w.- - I pdkv was adr�s•n The trend m the na!wn Is toward In P r °test i dal n• and nl. woe hec.ht• . crreduca•.Inn. seen on the Ivwco,eled wmpusra of the o Over Co-E& sr nrz assacTAnD Paces the rows Panda of + 9 - - 1 Fy;Aern Seaiaard. as wnreased by Alit ac :ivn of Yale ben d - to' ksep o aae9hlar, _ snow p11 ye w.eakm Ur aersi:r m ordering [he trt'c;uu, of iwu o rrt tee _POd. _ 1 L i 1 F.iBnwaYS Pe $ ,h is Aona -The Ws - -+at ` DaL J ; f e m°- o a lw grY•. f to J Air Fom lnr anmen. - L. L 4- tew� u-1 cold front m •+ne t troth Alta 44— HwPd•I P•eu aa _ . yyop amxla • k.n paw. m SIJ°+ '<I•1 WW� L am- wen 1 n«U Ixouibt aww,Ylnt, -nit>- - and So— rba eoueM two range planning a prolD am et cu- e•dxa :n•n r n e Du, In a t lie - -- into full e[te<t the next !tae �e'an T4,- the e: - T �� � _ { Nchm deep ro.ered M W ttru n by tt As• I m area Mtween Muleshoe and , Texa A &11 has been assi4n T a er 1O tnr - teat- Iat ne :oa{ the R° L 3 So - 12 � ""' ae n he educal al Wttem of the state. It do n P e .3,- k farad three I - g' Edm M X Ilary )o. Plea 1 I d m.al in The Bn'- " d Pe d pau th e Nee - Ne >unior d' f the '$gt WIND RACE TO SOUTH POLE <had believe that the coZ. tan full Diet r . pat h -le D ,. b[Ir Sunday urR <°61 h Muleahce nW Par SAOk 9Mw. Feb- td�srytal�- Pa ,� ° pdy, seer tn� Anmeti< be the otit4�oatti Philutnphica of 1g R. tl e d �o oMn A8M f° nine mchn ov the erow+d Sal- lo, 8vunon - o . rl nd ra ha�et �apped were :he da,s . rn. fy th• !meth ➢ k v' +^ °r floss Nlane • Vpn ago. «wl REDEL CASTAO'D CHOICE ` 1E.' daY mbhA t Tyr show, Mld in Ins soothe a cram. the New CeWnd nsw on ale ntranCea tut men e1Med o a t'n Jr. , OAllaf � FOR CVEAN PRESIDENT — I Eppw Dbwa were also p ..sod p t en °war« d Nt. Eearn cl me i� m�T reuie �l tr .hen Texas ! thatches had separ urr 0 Dr. Maraud urrvtiauw. rot• am•Ire arwnd govw and largest city b otferine appresx .all rY• w e aides of the stale. Tha! rhspler. sad. "1 don't Co oleo{ i mm C yn lodge sale M and ,ash eepr 'other New 7sdendera o+<r m - R'hO"ar pn'pP� ten o p u` a h the Wear >mat M i'giltt'a•BmeR: a .Tore a heavy (°° ^t iype aptcial awards to <x. BrDai° i GV htrd m ezDlo g r rff�ouP 19!1.12 oelu trIP. Tne XH- wM �! ar yl bb temHT Ded Cuba Irca°r 1 ndiculolu in a dhurch today: dues h make m tau Saturday nnlaunN. Air 71a*yM a .svp 6 wtdblanced coo Bntish Nrr/ would seem 1 rls .ode dmtroy maU- r tnrraL an !h. f in. GuCaa i nigh[ y,biun rd Inch 'u WahbW owmd hr eta from tbm wa aka ease Praaf ptada cost 90 P!T ant th• pen SWw, mixed • rain and -gdNlm ed Ater barW will a D Vhian Fucns I' u F tdaot wlth r l ,_ Texas A &11 s the land -aunt c'llece u( the Stale �. e.aata. house Orr ntlmaLed 10.000 Head Iltw ppmil• ad• of rho Anurctk•. IAP WirePhotu eel CeT ,!rtes In g a•D PRe- atdl:rm aP D,ck -en. s['<'ond' of • oat a �m'plMr. (AP sleet, le0 tnrouahout the Aey sarlru: sheep. nestles _ 111 of Texas. the -I'- one Inther !tan the Sc.rn bran M me Dana n most of Wnt Texa.. the caning h pmt y. n PUS HES ns,bbt• wr pre..d�m •Thn n Inr prat wvybeiel ° ` sepm Plams me A b e P.- � el n!be mat;FlJ( IS Prairie V ea• so desicolege What are espn Mpur. and. e Iwe)ye buds F nn'e heard of any talk to mak eN wtwuY havo Heal emered. - . wvw - vw ^ 'ties of a land - Rrant college'. Nuw' do thry' function to oe- adruaNOwal u� Macmillan Da„ d y obt Orfleial uvitia wul he{in vl - il _.des ti rag tM other AB states and lye terntorres peiffi Won sod wet of A i., m the testes day Salt Gtam (,g�d.grgnt colleges are expected to like the lead 'ot world war It a 1•nr R a� rapoeina r.iv, �r1R Ried - - - tultute and sn8inee[inq without whlWlhu d I ° prrso t nallY would al'et w �dtam, Tex n pa. Tebwrr Ig in the tnchin� rat .qri •O - Asks Pact Tempenwra ai-ud n<ac DEeR man 1.,x00 ° nelieck rte- Pole 41` Prohlbinoh agafllri the teacMnq of other aubJeds. not M .n tarot u( rnanems n° ar iust snore elteteaeimfma*iw sea and 00 chuck w ,B bays A t �O� t>�• and witfi the sttPelation that military science tlassn X, tyn added B 1M edY Al mmY W!n<s tM s^°w m�tt- d up or the 90 mile n t EdiAnnal Columnv a 10 �n roetMB With Reds Iti as a reR. !See CO•EDCCATT01. Pa4e t.. was s Pus blank- _ -- fig '"'- v.+.. v.lt *a� �_ __ . _ __ _ _ ... Pwh :. wu• mMrred 2g0 cotter pkyn ne .0 t« th• Ptayau .. -. _. - . _ -d M• 1vte�Yttn- �tifi 1, Rs KM TAYLOR N yrrtrrdq• td u tkaa bad u W u to - rduw• ttpo na wuthem anefhn eels .. �. 8. gpL•TN POLE STA Iron etw W testae boo4 .0 vo fe DoT Ry NA'[fON EMS ime f0 11 M a� Group - br Snotty 6miih — from Tom' , HON. Ja -n�18 r Hno+ N • °•t`M to am by TuebaY' 7 /�OUS be. T x aed Ihrra. LOtiDON. Jan. 'tA — lit g cony b ft .q x To, FAw WNY N m° 7 °a 11 L X. Redou • membtr rc er Alacmillln DroWSed ta. �.� coo lira was tmmrd (Misty I bran the So h A Jr. alt° Wml not��{- sbouLPt NI �, ap d ers roWxM arch Ame -�n sede o r he A 1n; t H 1 -.g_ .. _ `•J wools of rBlnY n � o h5 t an Cal nd rn a a M W rt T.— tooth n 1 o�. .� .Pau ra. -- �renf'.i�d- lad )' afters ratio. -trOm JAB O d. �' �^`•'c ' of d ( ha. Hn an n 'spgpa pxc eon Wet r fsrme - B8 gpCf wh ra f k A. the la+;. , �n osed• V iews a7 ' - Hi ran strop rat. brae fn a 1."'. 1 h s,ret ama _ hJ - R °C�giaen I $puiA PoN. redrm nr - hM - _ .ate:" r M 1 ano•l+a" R e s!' a �� �� Nidla� hod Ag N Ile tea P.„x. _ • • - - -� -- I SO M escmwLlW declared in a na- i>k al with .1 atib fall!-! as •dlst_fnlnMtn fCaldwn Phm,l, m enaw. lrh'Attn } -.O Edilc ation �,�d on- ,1 k ; e Yl .Ike Sends " wd A- re a.t Snot Hnt- (� SNOW. p U - W B Ads C she hnf m l' ant M redo to nrg t here ether 1 O O U C' W t th [ rm P• W m that Owta. 1. tw Ana. t n , n p Bvn C I . tnarcat AI .M aer �.... 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Printers n ro wan done be era R .w Rack Cub �altt e ° a Reds Land Tn A nos oil d �ma a o n e e°uf t° spur N gab or mnitWwnf all cord ''^ d o �a a It pd9h de id eery Id Mm k me >.o Wm 'alto b> P Amer'rna. a ° °- 5 eb rcI.. a utM M Cro But a Dreddritmly Pro1nA- leis sucn Dro1d ion[ a : <e GLTt15Bl't •"{ Madieonyitle HI{h School w I cndM•< bosom of t t e wurld.l m orRanira �m re [- program coo twt n old b�• - .Pen :eenl Etun owet sent me °° x ad m,d that rn ,tetras of haw S. Florida to si' ea ns s pwrWse bresun t I a met -. tranm nod r: Ao be prmun' we wnt goes .both tnakin{ .N D dHO �aNall rok<n sutra M B ritish Xnlars IookM bne(h a and agslnn m redenl 8 t t +chedulsl n.w approae u Russia. "me net liken from the orllcq On i Ir bW A.d of trP :^ tondo {om{ Ana aMa01a of ' ry 1• an D°° m "sUpO n m PA. w ! : ew Emlaneen I these p AyrcA The amtrmMpt was r_ ulen d edonvonal Am1aj and art • r'gh 1 1 dent.. ' In January 1958, the Eagle endorsed the admission of women to A &M. The Battalion also went on record about this time in support of coeducation and voluntary military training. In response, the Student Senate called for the resignation of the editor. 1 960 -1970 1 I The Wall (Slowly) Comes Down _ P , --// C Ielsewhere in the country, the 1960s were years of tremendous change at A &M. One of these changes was the admission of women as official, degree- seeking students. Two other important developments were the change in the school's name (from AMC to TAMU) and the admission of African- Americans. Many factors combined finally to bring about coeducation. All the previous efforts and sacrifices by and on behalf of women were crucial. The desires of many faculty, staff, and former students for the school to achieve a more prominent place in higher education played an important part. Changes in leadership at the highest levels made the administration more sympathetic to the issue. The admission of women as official students also opened employment doors as the University began for the first time to recruit women to the faculty and staff: Sterling C. Evans, class of 1921, joined the Board of Directors in 1959. His influence would be crucial in finally establishing coeducation. Earl Rudder was appointed president of the College during the same year. As graduates and loyal supporters of the school, Rudder and Sterling C. Evans seemed unlikely agents for change.Their leadership, however, would prove crucial to settling the question of coeducation at last. In 1963, Evans became president of the Board, and in February of that year, the Board announced that beginning in the fall, the A &M College of Texas would be known as Texas A &M University. In May of that year, the Board approved racial integration. F3—] In 1960, the Eagle reported an attrition rate among freshman of 56 percent, with many of the dropouts citing A &M's all -male character as their reason for leaving. Between 1952 and 1962, A &M's enrollment increased by only 29 percent. Over the same period,The University of Texas grew by 70 percent and Texas Tech by 117 percent. In 1962, A &M was only the fifth largest college in the state. In April 1961, the Board ordered a long -range planning study, which addressed the issues of coeducation and compulsory military training.The Battalion announced in March 1963 that the Board had been confidentially considering the admission of women. On 27 April 1963, the Board ruled that effective I June 1963 eligible women would be admitted into graduate programs and veterinary medicine as day students. Wives and daughters of faculty and staff, wives of students in residence, and women staff members would also be admitted to undergraduate programs. ® The announcement of the admission of women drew stiff resistance. In a meeting called by the Corps of Cadets, President Rudder was booed by 4,000 students when he stated that with coeducation the future of the school and the Corps was "bright." There was also resistance off campus. In May 1963, state Representative and A &M graduate Will Smith introduced an anti - coeducation resolution in the House of Representatives. Five hundred gathered in the rotunda of the State Capitol in support of the resolution, including 300 cadets in full uniform and several representatives of the A &M Mothers' Club. There were also many voices of support, however. Letters by former students from around the country poured into the offices of both Rudder and Evans. Hollis Bible, class of '30, wrote: "I believe this is one of the greatest steps taken in many years toward achieving the status of greatness for our fine university." A group of alumni, led by Geneos Cokinos, class of '38, wrote: "We applaud the decision." Several cadets also contacted Evans and Rudder privately to express their support. In 1966, the Board further opened the door, stating that any woman "associated with the faculty and staff" or any woman pursuing a program only offered (or even a "goal" best pursued) at A &M was eligible for admittance. President Rudder was also given authority to admit any woman who did not qualify under the stated policy. Women attending during the summer sessions were also deemed eligible for degrees.These changes had the overall effect of completely ending the prohibition on coeducation. By the end of spring in 1964, 183 women were enrolled.The use of the term "Maggies" to refer to female students became common at this time. By 1965, 321 women enrolled for the spring semester. In August 1963, Robert Rowland,'57, and Derrell Chandler, '62, founded the Committee for an All -Male Military Texas A &M. A student chapter was established two months later. Another group, the Senior Committee for the Preservation of Texas A &M, initiated a letter- writing campaign. In January 1964, the Association of Former Students (AFS) passed a resolution stating that it did not endorse the activities of these groups.The next year, the Executive Council of the AFS recommended unlimited coeducation and non - compulsory military training. The student body narrowly endorsed this recommendation in a Student Senate poll. Stella Haupt, a sixth grade teacher in Bryan, was the first woman to enroll under the new policy. In 1964, she earned an M.A. in education. (2 In that same year, Darleen Morris earned her undergraduate degree in education. 3 Maureen Turk and Nancy Nielson were the first women to study nuclear engineering at A &M. When Nielson graduated in 1970, she was the first woman since the Hutson twins to complete a course of study in engineering and the first ever to receive a degree in the field. Turk graduated in 1972. TEXAS Ab Ub IV11 M 9letanent of In11ry for An.ietion of Memvn to tn. unannnau.t• beAmn yroerAnu T• ABM University v11 remit qualified women to All Pee - E.mme as aemne ee,:maetee on . Jey-rtuaent b.t., A. fellrnl the wires .b aAUiMen of Abff vemben. the wivaA of ."ent. !n wie.ne., AM ❑ Veer a tff veebn. e e 8 Ce ffl ewtl n wnd A. eev nt n! A -liewa f Aae1 t Ind dun Oa P Mar in full: (Prix) P" ... t eeilin rear..., I eerttty that: (Check "Pliubl..bteamt) _ Its the wlfa of ..tW.nt Sn rrieenee At the Tmo. Ndl Uar.nity. Mnba,M�. tLe.: _ I rm the wife of . bone ne..tAff msbr wno 1. -N.Y. bT the Tm AM Ua -mity en • ceafairy _ I ee the aruthbr of t WnA fla, ebff somber who tt .splayed by the Teat AY ua—mity on a eentlnelry b.1.. In February 1970, the admissions policy in the General Catalogue was finally changed to state what had already been the policy for over five years: "Texas A &M University is a co- educational university admitting men and women to all academic studies on the same basis." This was the first official and unqualified articulation of the coeducation policy. ® The pictures of the first women to enroll under the new policy were arranged in the form of a question mark in the 1963 yearbook. 1 . of employee Arent or h"b Ira bee five staff member employes by the Tea. Affil fti .rtity on . eontSnufK bole. Mree of U.prtmuRl I further a6rea tbt I uill v 1l 1rily withdraw trop the Ual —ity At the any • r in M1cn A cnr,4• of rt.tut oc<u,e thtt wale rke r 1na11Albla a ®enroll. r. f i1 flit *, * � � 1 �, 7 UNDERGP,ADLM COEDS 87T" YEAR VOL 67 — N. 256 Serving Bryan - College Station and the Brazos Valley Since 1876 BRYAN•COLLZGZ STATION. TEX" SU11DAY *PAIL 28.1993 ,_&11� Admits.. maim" Cadets Boo Rudder Over Coed Admissions COLLEGE STATION. Texas t inerian medicine e T— �(Ap) — More I han x 000 T T,1 C,11,w Aim students booed President lf - had o " "' to ""d E.rI Rudder Mo nday -he- of—rinar would Inn medic ne, mam am ,old hem h., h— —,Id be r. 1. T. Torh Rudder id. possibility of m—r,hng an order Rudder was booed a nd hared .hi,h . . 1 d d - . ..— 10 t h e n -11— times by the ndeta. ,irg xanen —Y —Ify Ong of the Cadn Corps. In pu. the 1... —1 of the —deol. haw 11.100. ...doot.. was t.iW by b ,= C. , 11o, R— le Offi— nde. to he Corps of C.&..1 -it. .1 he col The students almost Idled the roJ0 Wftln ash what affect caedo _ ro, ,h.".g W —fld have nn he Cadet Corps, Rudder Tlv ,kr to ro,k, the s,hol m 11 the Corps nl Cadets dun ' , j- L .. , o f Dj,,,_ h"IbIN." .. —1. — .— with — � V VL Ref-s- L t �Z I New Brigad, wing Woman Gains Admission For Graduate Studies e of THE BRYAN DAILY EA tL*E Tex om A& I M ollege in The" $"tic . A COMM[ I u FOR AN ALL-MALE MILITARY TEXAS A&M THE SAM 1 —.— .. - ... -''n, ., X&M Is Run raa m. use According To New"Blueprint' To Prove Women No Help to A&M MAN r. f i1 flit *, * � � 1 �, 7 UNDERGP,ADLM COEDS 87T" YEAR VOL 67 — N. 256 Serving Bryan - College Station and the Brazos Valley Since 1876 BRYAN•COLLZGZ STATION. TEX" SU11DAY *PAIL 28.1993 ,_&11� Admits.. maim" Cadets Boo Rudder Over Coed Admissions COLLEGE STATION. Texas t inerian medicine e T— �(Ap) — More I han x 000 T T,1 C,11,w Aim students booed President lf - had o " "' to ""d E.rI Rudder Mo nday -he- of—rinar would Inn medic ne, mam am ,old hem h., h— —,Id be r. 1. T. Torh Rudder id. possibility of m—r,hng an order Rudder was booed a nd hared .hi,h . . 1 d d - . ..— 10 t h e n -11— times by the ndeta. ,irg xanen —Y —Ify Ong of the Cadn Corps. In pu. the 1... —1 of the —deol. haw 11.100. ...doot.. was t.iW by b ,= C. , 11o, R— le Offi— nde. to he Corps of C.&..1 -it. .1 he col The students almost Idled the roJ0 Wftln ash what affect caedo _ ro, ,h.".g W —fld have nn he Cadet Corps, Rudder Tlv ,kr to ro,k, the s,hol m 11 the Corps nl Cadets dun ' , j- L .. , o f Dj,,,_ h"IbIN." .. —1. — .— with — � V VL Ref-s- L t �Z I New Brigad, wing Woman Gains Admission For Graduate Studies e of THE BRYAN DAILY EA tL*E Tex om A& I M ollege in The" $"tic . A COMM[ I u FOR AN ALL-MALE MILITARY TEXAS A&M raa m. use Jum Former Student Cites Enrollment To Prove Women No Help to A&M MAN H%epn ME "T 1 1960-1970 1 Betty Miller Unterberger specialist in U.S. foreign relations, Betty Miller Unterberger is an internationally recognized scholar. Her study of the development of U.S. policy toward Czechoslovakia, quoted below, is now considered a classic. Dr. Unterberger joined the History Department in 1968 at the rank of professor and was the first woman at A &M to hold that rank. She was later Dr. Unterberger joined the History Department in 1968 at the rank of professor and was the first woman at Texas A &M to hold that rank. named the Patricia and Bookman Peters Professor of History. Before coming to A &M, she earned an M.A. from Harvard and a Ph.D. from Duke University. She is the author of numerous books and articles in scholarly journals. In 1975, she won the Association of Former Students' Distinguished Achievement Award for Teaching, and in 1986 -87, she gave the Texas A &M University Faculty Lecture. She was one of nine American experts selected to visit the U.S.S.R. in 1983 in the first meeting of its kind to discuss history and economics. In that year she was also included in "Who's Who in America" and selected as a "Notable Woman of Texas." In 1990, she was appointed to the Advisory Committee on Naval History. In reflecting on life at A &M as one of the only female faculty members, Unterberger stated: "When I would walk into the classroom on the first day ... students used to think I was the secretary.... When 1 received a fellowship to study at Duke, the head of the department spent two -and -a -half hours telling me why 1 had no right to be there, that I was taking bread out of the mouths of deserving male students who were going to get married and have families to support. I wonder where they thought my bread was coming from. " From 1984 and 1993 interviews with the Battalion. In her classic study, The United States, Revolutionary Russia, and the Rise of Czechoslovakia (UNC, Chapel Hill, 1989; rpt. 2000, Texas A &M University Press), Unterberger wrote: "When Soviet troops moved into Czechoslovakia in August 1968 to end the `liberalization' policies of the incumbent Czech government, few persons in either Czechoslovakia or the United States expected the American government to do more than exercise moral pressure to aid the Czechs. Fifty years earlier, however, in the midst of the First World War, when Czech and Slovak peoples opposed the autocracy of the Austro- Hungarian regime at home and the Czecho- Slovak Legion in Russia became involved in a struggle against the Bolsheviks and Austro- German prisoners of war, the American government responded quite differently. " P R O F I L E A &M E $RYAN VAILY UTAI .� 1W.. v.3k, Sh- 1976 Violence ,Purl$ z to A On 27 April 1963, the Board ruled that effective I June 1963 eligible women would be admitted into graduate programs and veterinary medicine as day students.Wives and daughters of faculty and staff, wives of students in residence, and Ara 1971 1980 The Struggle Continues ,,-Jn the 1970s, the University began the slow process of integrating women more fully into the traditions and activities of the campus. The school also struggled to adjust to its new image as a coeducational institution. Women had been attending as official, degree- seeking candidates for almost a decade, but many parts of the school remained closed to them. The first women joined the Corps of Cadets during this period. They also began to agitate for full participation in all of the Corps' activities and units. Women's sports began during this decade. Women also began to play a more prominent part in the governance of the University, both as students and employees. The growth sparked by coeducation during the 1960s skyrocketed in the 1970s. ■ In the early 1970s, as more and more women joined the student ranks at A &M, the University struggled to integrate them into the school's traditions and to adjust its self- image. ■ The first women to join the Corps drilled for a semester in civilian clothes. The uniform for female seniors did not include boots until 1980. ■ Krueger Hall opened as the women's dormitory in 1972. For the first time in the history of the University, single women students had year -round on- campus housing. In 1971, 1,767 women were enrolled. Four years later the number had climbed to 7,182 and by 1980 nearly doubled to 12,207. ® Champion golfer Brenda Goldsmith signed with A &M in 1973 and was thus the first female athlete recruited by the school.There was not an official women's golf team, however, because the Southwest Conference prohibited competition among women. Goldsmith instead "represented" A &M at tournaments and other competitions. Through the late '60s and early 70s women's athletics were limited to "club sports" status and could not begin in earnest until the rules of the SWC were changed. ® Linda (Cornelius) Waltman was the first woman on full athletic scholarship in 1976. In 1980, she was a member of the Olympic Team and later the first woman inducted into theA &M Sports Hall of Fame. Kay Don joined the Athletic Department as the Assistant Athletic Director for Women in 1975. ® During this period many academic, social, and support services and organizations for women were founded. In 1971,Toby Rives (pictured) was appointed Dean of Women, and Patricia Self was appointed Counselor of Women.Two years later the Texas A &M chapter of the Society of Women Engineers was established.The first sorority was organized in 1975. ® Susan Gurley McBee, graduate of the class of 1969, was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1974. In 1980, she was the first woman named "Man of the Year in Texas Agriculture." More women than ever before reached positions of influence and power. In 1971, Ruth Schaffer of the Sociology Department became the second woman to achieve the rank of full professor. Lola Wheeler Smith (pictured), a graduate of Texas Tech University, was appointed to the Board of Regents in 1973, thus becoming the second woman on the Board and the first since coeducation. ■ In that same year, Anne Marie Elmquist was named head of the Department of Modern Languages. She was the first female department head outside of the Extension Service. . In November 1974, Irene Hoadley was named director of libraries. She was the first woman to head the library on a permanent basis and, at the time of her appointment, the highest placed female administrator in the institution. . The first pathways for women to participate in many of the school's traditions and activities were blazed at this time. A few women ran for student office in 1971 but were not elected. During their campaign, some of their political posters were burned. In 1972, Mary Hanak was elected student body vice president. ■ Participation in the Corps of Cadets was opened to women in 1974. About 50 women were organized into an all- female unit,W -I.The members of this unit were called "Waggies." ■ Roxie Pranglin, shown here leading W- I in the 1977 Kansas march -in, was the first female cadet to lead a unit who had also served all four years in the Corps. ® Squadron 14, the second all female cadet unit, was formed in 1978. I cuss '72 lorry M'G.-I Presideer W., H-1k Vi,,. N—d—I Car 01— S:i.1 Rick Till.- A 5 S flA W-1 gets ui Ims = %=� il lxmmu, loans 10 AI . Ff - JM 97 I —1980 Melanie Zentgraf omen were first admitted into the Corps in 1974. For several years thereafter, however, they were not allowed to participate in the Ross Volunteers, the Aggie Band, Parson's Mounted Calvary, Rudder's Rangers, and almost all the other elite CC This past Tuesday, Jan. 16, A &M was represented at the governor's inauguration. The Ross Volunteers, the Aggie Band, and the Parson's Mounted Cavalry were all present and representing A &M. These organizations took prid in the fact that not only did they symbolize TAMU, but they represented a special fraction of the university, the Corps of Cadets. The only problem I can see with this type of representation is the fact that no women were present among the ranks of any of these organizations.... The onlooker at the inauguration would not be aware, without prior knowledge of A &M, that women attend this university.... ARE WOMEN AT TAMU GOING TC CONTINUE TO TAKE A BACK SEAT ?! " Melanie Zentgraf, letter to the editor of the Battalion, 23 Januar grades, rank, and high rankings on her tryout, she was rejected. cadet organizations. Melanie Zentgraf entered Texas A &M in 1976 and later competed for and earned an Air Force ROTC scholarship. By her junior year she had won the rank of first sergeant. She tried out for the color guard, but despite her In 1978, as a junior, she wore senior boots to Elephant Walk, the event where seniors celebrate their impending "death" as students, in protest of the exclusion of women from elite corps units and the fact that the uniform for senior women did not include the coveted riding boots. At that time, wearing boots was a privilege given only to male seniors. A common prank among the cadets at Elephant Walk was for junior male cadets to wear boots as a sign of their rise in the ranks due to the "demise" of the upperclassmen. This "offense" was usually punishable by good- natured harassment. Zentgraf was surrounded by 20 outraged male cadets and forced to remove her boots. In 1979, frustrated by the lack of progress in opening the Corps fully to women, Zentgraf filed a class action lawsuit against Texas A &M claiming discrimination. The lawsuit drew national attention when it and Zentgraf's plight were written about in the Washington Post (21 March 1979) by nationally syndicated columnist, Jack Anderson. In 1980, President Jarvis Miller refused to shake her hand as she crossed the stage at commencement, an act which also drew national media attention. Zentgraf's lawsuit eventually led to the complete integration of women into the Corps. After graduation, she was commissioned as a 2nd Lt. in the U. S. Air Force and served for eight years, achieving the rank of captain. She is now a li I A I A slight of hand A&M grad shocked by college president's refusal to shakC Mm l =Mm Morte.M n �AWb tO.0 NM UMwv.pY P rR pMY IIOwMP Aw Jwm. MJM• iW la .�e ,wr Nlli.R Ap �uae W.e�s!. O.o]s +Ib On elwM SntlwliM - Ixw ...._ m[Ale' konb�I. Z w ^rMU,r r pwlleo �y be .r Y .Im..b A ¢� - YW'k Cmp Hf�alw '. �{; - IMriue.4ww YwuY.' .�p1.IMleM�, bo....bM .bm, we mew .ee,: � ` 1Yab.. Rrrun am.r Mlatt 7eNanf N.tMnmpl ��w�dbeeMMe Wlfwo to Iv bwrlw Jwsl pea nm Iw�.�wgw.w� .mow r+ww iwmw ,.w u u a 1.> w I�wMn� i wm in y CN;x:un,Y le . �uY �� r• •••� •• ••�•� ••.•w•••••. 4e:iw; •_ ' _ ._ .__ MMwMn. nM °w wmm.m wMl b.wl.w� wna.,gl n:nti «`.. M.a.A v .a.n a.a.wna wn nw M R rn�i.,l�. w M wl . amw. r R maw "rM :}�.. •pr,'.m wmww: M neu. eli tbw p �mMb. .ne . R �rIpp R Nbm ` pr p a elw� 1 . ' In pnaM.Oypnrlu' vebp 'v 01 rrn.a..,b mwwb,.�.wpa MIU�MxpaM1 npl wAn i w +e,a'.pe laY wuw � w a �awwl.wumsw.a. s:w nm'.' Women were first admitted into the Corps in 1974. For several years thereafter, however, they were not allowed to participate in the Ross Volunteers, the Aggie Band, Parson's Mounted Calvary, Rudder's Rangers, and almost all the other elite cadet organizations. One exception was the Women's Drill Team, which was created in the fall of 1975 as an alternative to women participating on the Fish Drill Team. Ruth Anne Schumacher was the first commander. Other early members and leaders included Roxie Pranglin, Leslie Lillibridge, Charla Gwin, Darlene Snyder, Paula Oetken,Ann Stone Sheridan, Melanie Zentgraf, Juanita Wendland, Gail Sedberry,Thelma Roman, and Sue Graesser. Some of the early male advisors included Mark Banneyer and Robert T. McEachern. The Women's Drill team won the Texas State Champion title in the unarmed division almost every year from its inception in 1975 to its disbanding in the mid- 1980s.They drilled with mock weapons so as not to be in competition with Sunny Nash Ju nny Nash graduated from Texas A &M in 1977. She was the first African- American woman to earn a journalism degree from the University. Her weekly column for the Bryan - College Station Eagle formed the basis for her book, Big Mama Didn't Shop at Woolworth's 0996). In Big Mama she wrote: .amp: « I sat down on the floor in the middle of the mess I'd made and dropped my face into my hands. `Why even bother going to school! I'll never get to be anything I want to be anyway!' `They're out there,' my grandmother said, `praying you'll fail, so when things in the country do change, you still won't get to be what you want to be because you won't know how' `Could she be right? ... My grandmother cleared a space on the kitchen table and told me to do my homework.' 55 From Big Mama Didn't Shop at Woolworth's, Texas A &M University Press (1996). In reflecting on her experience as one of the only African- American women students on campus in the 1970s, she said: 7 would sometimes go for weeks without seeing other African Americans. I could also go for several days without seeing another woman. I didn't experience overt racialprejudice at A&M ... I wasn't looking for that kind of treatment —I was too busy. But I experienced isolation because I was a woman. " t o,,- Battalion, 1996. r I 1909 -1919 1 I Irene "Mom" Claghorn J n 1918, the influenza epidemic brought many women to campus as nurses. Irene "Mom" Claghorn, one of the most "beloved employees" in the history of A &M, came as an army nurse. The following year she was hired as superintendent of the campus hospital, a job she would hold for nearly four decades. In 1956, she was injured in a serious car accident. Her treatment and convalescence drained her savings, and thus she found herself on the verge of retirement with no resources. A group of former students, led by Jack Blankfield, '42, raised money to build her a home, the first she had ever owned. During her years on the staff she always lived in the hospital. "We didn't know much about the flu in those days. A riumber of Aggies die from it. Right after I got here, I was asked to stay with Some patients who were dying. In one of the rooms, a man was standing by a boy's bed. We were real busy, so I asked him to leave after learning that he was not a relative. Later, I was introduced to the man. He was Dr. William B. Bizzell, president of the College. He asked me to run the hospital for at least a year. After a year, they couldn't run me off.... The Aggies helped me night and day during the flu epidemic. Some of them dropped out of school to help. We had about 300 patients in a hospital intended for eight beds in two wards. We even had planks across the basement to accommodate more boys.... Years ago, they used to `air out' the freshmen. They put them out of the dorm on Saturdays and told 'em not to come back until Sunday night. I'd de. some of h� asth traatics, and bo; s who had been sick." "Mom" Claghorn on I 11, t6l 1981 -1992 Gains and Growing Pains /ne struggle to integrate women more fully into the traditions of the University continued in the 1980s. Great gains were made during this period, but the debate over the place of women at A &M continued. In many instances women were welcomed into activities, groups, and traditions that had previously been closed to them. In other cases, however, great resistance was encountered. This struggle also involved legal action and in some ways was every bit as fierce as the battles of the previous three decades. ■ In 1981, the Women in Science Club and the Women's Student Organization held their first meetings. Many other organizations for women have followed. The serious academic study of women's issues and history began in earnest on the campus. A minor in women studies was offered for the first time in 1989, with Harriette Andreadis as the program coordinator. The first courses on women were developed in the late 1970s in the College of Liberal Arts. Harriette Andreadis (English) (pictured) taught women writers, Sara Alpern (history) taught the History of American Women, and Elizabeth Maret (sociology) developed a course on "Women and Work." Within a few years, there were courses in most liberal arts departments. ■ In 1987, Sallie Sheppard became the first female associate provost. ■ In 1988, Grace Butler Chisolm became the first African - American woman to achieve the rank of full professor. ■ Jane Stallings was named dean of Education in 1990, becoming the first woman to serve as the dean of a college. ■ The next year Karan L.Watson was named assistant dean in the College of Engineering. ■ Female cadets were first allowed to participate in the Bonfire cut in 1978, though they were not allowed to cut any tree bigger than 12 inches in diameter, and they were required to work in a segregated area. Prior to this date, women were only allowed to participate in Bonfire on the "Cookie Crew" or as "Water Wenches." In 1981, non -Corps women were allowed to participate in the Bonfire cut.They were also allowed within the stack perimeter without a male escort for the first time. In October 1987, two women were verbally and physically harassed at the Bonfire site as they attempted to take yearbook pictures.A few days later, female members of the faculty and local NOW officers helped move logs at the site in a show of support for women.Twelve years later, two female students would be among the 12 killed in the Bonfire tragedy. At the time of the collapse, about 30 women were working on the stack. ® The Corps experienced severe growing pains in the early 1990s as women joined and began to take more prominent roles in all its activities and groups. On 17 September 1991, a female cadet reported being physically harassed over her bid to join Parson's Mounted Cavalry. She would later report that her story was a fabrication. In the meantime, however, other current and former female members of the Corps came forward with charges of discrimination. In response to these and other events, President Mobley established a panel to investigate the charges and recommend actions.The Corps commandant also began a series of administrative hearings that resulted in disciplinary action against six male members of the cavalry. In October, a Battalion reporter and a columnist charged that they had been prevented from writing stories about an alleged attempt to smear the Corps.They linked the conspiracy to several faculty members and reporters with affiliations to the "gay community." The Association of Former Students held a news conference at which the two Battalion writers told their stories.They also issued a statement in the Texas Aggie stating that the Corps had been unfairly attacked by "special interest groups;' commending those who had come forward to "bring out the facts," and declaring confidence in the university administration. This statement was later distributed as a special insert in the December 1991 Texas Aggie, the cover of which is shown here. ■ Strong reactions on both sides of the harassment charges against the Corps were voiced all during the semester. Before the Texas Tech football game, a group of off - campus students hung a sign outside their house that read: "Beat the Hell Outta Tech and Waggies." In April of 1992, the committee appointed by President Mobley reported that "despite directives" from the Corps commander and the commandant of Cadets, harassment was "pervasive enough to be of concern." Although the committee noted that most cadets did not participate in harassment, it also concluded that females were ostracized, verbally and physically abused, excluded from certain groups, and denied respect.The committee recommended, among other things, that incoming cadets be required to sign a statement against harassment and discrimination, violation of which would result in dismissal. ■ The Corps instituted a written statement against harassment and discrimination ahead of the report, in February of 1992. The current statement is shown here. ■ In 1983, Bonnie Krumpotic was the first female appointed to a brigade -level post in the Corps. ■ In 1985, the first women joined the band, and the following year, two women joined the Ross Volunteers. In 1987, Mandy Schubert (pictured far right, top photo) was named Deputy Corps Commander —the second highest student leadership position.W -I and Squadron 14 were disbanded, and the first two gender- integrated Corps units, G- I and Squadron 9, were formed in 1990, the latter commanded by Trisha Sexton (pictured front center, bottom photo). Despite these gains there were still inequities. In 1991, 18 female professors collected over $100,000 in back pay as the result of a pay inequity investigation by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. to adeu .tm6N her Corps peg Female responds " cadet to lies Outrages Pierce Corps A &M to its Corps CoaFSU �nrKFlltF should clean ranks SAS AW - Tesas A &M TAtu4lSiMD CO$15 A&M cadet retracts allegation of assaults � � cases F Yryan.rAMISq. Fem kn sn.sL+. ws.,r ✓x..e. i ceder al: t aom: in cops a.�tal rcpons n'econdatt�k C ofnnlitt e A &M cadet tea�t'ts c narges select e s>, Cor for e iotli0s P c ndetc o dition p a&�m ray estion its Commander says Corps investigated allegatiom Cadet's stories fabricated, leaders told COMMANDANT'S STATEMENT TO THE CORPS ON GENDER INTEGRATION progresses in pursuit of the American dre�U� these attributes runs contrary to America's rya( sort of discrimination as criminal. The mission of our Corps is to train leaders c All cadets are here to learn, grow, and develol opportunity to do so, we do them a disservice, acts of commission or omission, illegally discrimma I want o make dear my position on gender integration within Texas A &M's Cotes of Cadet. In short, I support it Here's why: Equal opportunity is the law of our nation and state. Texas A &M is fully committed to equal opportunity and diversity. Lille race, creed, and ethnicity, gender should not determine how far one progresses in pursuit of the American dream. Denying someone the opportunity to succeed on the basis of these attributes runs contrary to Amesica's traditional sense of fair play. The law of the land classifies this sort of discrimination as criminal The mission of our Corps is to train leaders of character and competence for service to the state and onion. All cadets arc here to learn, grow, and develop skills to become better leaders. If they do not have an equal opportunity to do so, we do them a disservice, weakening our accomplishment of this worthy mission. When we limit the number of units to which women can belong, we limit their opportunity to lead and to learn. We have had women in our Corps since 1974, two years prior to gender integration of the U.S. service academics. This is longer than most current cadets have lived. It is high time we finish the job of integrating oar void with good Aggies of bath genders. Sadly, there are still cadets who oppose this change. This change is inevitable. It will not be held back. Therefore let me state formally that I am totally committed to integrating mate and femak cadets into all units of Texas A &M's Corps of Cadets. Corps units will recruit, retain and graduate with equal commitment young men and women who wish to join the Corps of Cadets. 1 expect all cadets to support this policy. For those cadets who cannot, the only honorable course is to resign from our Corps. 1 shall remove or prohibit from positions of leadership those cadets who, through acts of commission a omission, illegally discriminate against fellow cadets and I shall further consider them for dismissal from the Corps. to our Corps, we have only Aggles. The only color we should see is maroon, the only gender we should see is Aggie, with the only creed required for membership a belief in the Spirit of Aggicland. The words of our alma mater state we are "true to each other as Aggies can be." We cannot be true to each other by discriminating against each other. It is high time we finish the job Ar my position on gender integration within Texas A &M's Corps of Cadets. In s integrating our' units wit "`good Aggies of both genders. A " Cid is fully committed to equal Thi' .n iversity, l not determine how far one Sallie Sheppard J ilie Sheppard was among the first women to enroll in and graduate from Texas A &M under the coeducation policy established in the early 1960s. She earned her B.S. in mathematics in 1965 and her M.A. in the same field in 1967. In 1977, she earned a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Pittsburgh and shortly thereafter returned to A &M as a member of the faculty. In 1985 she was awarded the Association of Former Students' award for excellence in teaching. Two years later she was appointed associate provost, thus becoming the first woman to serve at that level. She was also the first woman to serve at the provost level when she filled that office on an interim basis in 1995. In 1998, she was named emeritus professor of computer science. «I think the sensation I felt was of achieving a goal, a goal that I had for some time. My focus was not on breaking any new frontiers. That wasn't my goal at all. The biggest thing was I had always wanted to be an Aggie. Sheppard on being one of the first women admitted to A &M in the early 1960s. From a 1994 Battalion interview. « My advice to young women is to know what you want to do and to go for it. I think to me, the important thing is motivation. If you know what you want to do, if you identify the best way to get to that goal, don't be concerned about being unique. Go for it. Sheppard on how to achieve success. From a 1994 Battalion interview. My advice o youn w ouwant t t�p o a y go for it L1981-1992 Karan Watson A/ationally recognized mentor and advocate for women in engineering and science, Karan Watson was awarded the Mor 1, Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring by President Bill Clinton in Rain o o n t or c re e r 1997. She is the author and co- author of numerous publications in scientific journals and is the recipient of many V nce nt an are teaching awards. Before joining the faculty at Nationally recognized mentor and advocat ' ing t at gra uate A &M, she earned her B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. from for women in engineering and scien egrees are necessary Texas Tech University. She was awarded the Karan Watson was awarded the Pre _.— Student Engineering Council's Teacher of the Year Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentori President Bill Clinton in 1997. Award and named outstanding teacher by the Eta Kappa Nu Honorary Fraternity in 1987. In 1991, she was a recipient of the Association of Former Students' Distinguished Achievement Award. Also in that year, she was named assistant dean of the College of Engineering and, in 1996, was promoted to associate dean for graduate and undergraduate programs. She is the first woman in the history of the College of Engineering to hold a dean's position. In 1997, she was the first woman ever honored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers with its undergraduate teaching award. In 2002, she succeeded Janis Stout as dean of faculties, thus becoming only the second woman to hold this office. On the state of women in engineering, Watson has observed: "Women are not being attracted to the engineering profession in general and certainly not being attracted to graduate school in engineering in reasonable numbers. There is no skill or job in engineering inherently alien to women. Thus the lower numbers of women in engineering and as engineering educators, and the lack of a noticeably growing trend, indicates that there are still subtle biases in our social, educational, and cultural background which are discouraging women from entering this important field. " "Tenure and Promotion Issues for Women in Engineering Education: A United States Perspective," 1990 ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings. "There are starting to be more women in the field of engineering. More and more women are looking for career advancement and are finding that graduate degrees are necessary. Before, women and minorities weren't told or mentored by universities about graduate degrees. " From a 1996 Battalion interview. 199 - 200 2 { Turning the Corner D uring this period the number of men and women students has reached a virtual parity. Significant gains have also been made in the number of women on the faculty and in the number of women holding high -level administrative positions. The first female student body president was elected, and two more women have followed her in this office. The two largest alumni groups have each selected a woman to lead them. One woman has reached new heights in the University administration, and another was the first ever to receive the school's highest award for a former student. The last few years have also been noteworthy for what has not happened. There have been no incidents or debates relating to women that compare in either intensity or scale to the legal battles and other disputes of the previous decades. Though much more work remains, a new level of commitment seems evident in the University's efforts to turn this corner. The number of women students in the University continued to grow during this period. In 1994,43 2 The most powerful position in the University was assumed by Mary Nan West (seated) in 1994 when percent of the student body were female. Since 1996, the number of women admitted to each freshman she began her term as president of the Board of Regents. She was the first woman named to this class has exceeded the number of men. Also in 1996, A &M ranked second in the nation in the number position.Two other women also served on the Board with her. In 1991, Alison Leland (second from of women enrolled in engineering. In 1998, 46 percent of the overall student body were women and by left) became the first African - American woman on the Board and, at 32, the youngest regent ever. 2001, 48 percent. In recognition of the growing numbers of female students and faculty, and reflecting a Guadalupe L. Rangel (fifth from left) became the first Hispanic woman appointed to the Board in 1994. new commitment to them, the University celebrated Women's Week for the first time in 1994. Since then three more women have been appointed regents —Anne Armstrong in 1997, Susan Rudd 2 Women also reached the highest levels of student government during this time. In 1994, Brooke Leslie 3 Wynn in 2000, and Wendy Gramm in 2001. Also in 2001,Yvonna S. Lincoln became the first female was the first woman elected student body president. faculty member appointed distinguished professor at A &M. In 2002, Karan Watson became the second woman to serve as dean of faculties. She was followed in this office by Laurie Nickel (pictured center) in 1998. ® Schuyler Houser was student body president in 2001. Uj In 1998, Amy Magee was the first female elected speaker of the Student Senate. Female former students have also begun to play more prominent roles in alumni organizations. In 2001, MJ Glenda Mariott,'79 (left), became president -elect of the Association of Former Students, and Carri Wells,'84 (right), became president -elect of the 12th Man Foundation. In the same year, Josie Ruth Williams, M.D. '71, was the first woman to receive the University's highest recognition for a former student, the University Distinguished Alumnus Award. ® Reflecting their growing presence, women have also taken prominent places in many of the student organizations and activities that only a few years earlier were barred to them. Perhaps the most noteworthy gains have been made in the Corps of Cadets. In 1996, Cynthia Ericson was the first female to become a member of both the Ross Volunteers and the Parson's Mounted Cavalry. ® In 1999, Erica R. Smith reached one of the highest cadet leadership positions, that of Combined Band commander. The Citadel and the Virginia Military Institute initiated an exchange program with the Corps in 1997 to help assimilate women into their schools. Women also made significant gains in the faculty, administration, and other leadership areas. Janis Stout became the first woman to serve as dean of faculties and associate provost in 1998. The following year, Ellyn Perrone became the first woman to serve on a permanent basis at the vice - presidential level when she was appointed vice president for governmental affairs. In 1998, Nancy Dickey (not pictured), associate professor of family and community medicine and director of the Family Practice Residency of the Brazos Valley, was elected president of the American Medical Association. 1 993 -2002 Viola E. Florez Vi la E. Florez began her career at A &M in 1982 and quickly rose through the ranks to full professor in 1992. She was an assistant head of educational curriculum and instruction 1990 -92, executive assistant to the president 1993 -95, interim dean for the College of Education 1995 -96, and interim vice president Viola E. Florez began her career at A &M in 1982 and quickly rose through the ranks to full professor in 1992. and CEO for A &M Galveston 1996 -97. In 1997, she was appointed dean of the College of Education at the University of New Mexico. She earned her M.A. from the University of Colorado at Boulder and her Ph.D. from the Texas A &M University- Kingsville. She is a recipient of the American Council on Education's ACE Award and a Distinguished Teaching Award from the Association of Former Students. Her research has focused on the impact of language proficiency on writing behavior. Writing on this subject with Nancy L. Hadaway, she observed: "Does oral language proficiency impact on writing behavior? The research seems to point in that direction. When Vann (1981) discusses the acquisition of writing, she notes that oral competence affects writing. In fact, in the beginning stages of writing, compositions look like speech written down. Yet for this study, no real correlation between ... oral language proficiency test scores and the students' writing profile scores seemed to exist. However, oral language development activities prior to the last set of writing activities did have an impact. " Viola Florez with Nancy L. Hadaway, "Relationship of Oral Language Proficiency and Writing Behaviors of Secondary Second Language Learners," ERIC document 283359. On the subject of the mission of colleges of education, she has stated: "Recommendations nationwide call for schools of education to evaluate their professional preparation programs and no longer accept the `status quo' programs that have been used to train all school personnel. After all, if society relies on schools of education to help improve the schooling of children, of what value are these schools of education if the educators and leaders they train are unable to contribute significantly to enhancing the quality and social responsiveness of elementary and secondary education. " From Perspective, fall /winter 1995 -96. lirific n bee ma e i women on t ;a' ns have also t n ber f e a� _ m an or n Xsr!�*"�" V, Sl�san Rudd V 10 ti 4h1h A 04 � fO- Aso Oak lop- s Acknowledgements and Sponsors Curatorial Staff Steven Escar Smith, David Chapman, Bill Page, Robin B. Hutchison Administrative Support Kristy LaBorde, Sherry Orange, Charlene Clark, Adelle Hedleston, Dave Moore Research Assistance Amanda Peters, Charles Schultz, Joseph Dyal, Robin Hutchison, Valerie Coleman, Kristy LaBorde, Leslie Stevenson, Corbee Wunderlich, Lynn Zynda Introduction Barbara Finlay and Pamela R. Matthews Advisory Committee Janis P. Stout I Chair, Dean of Faculties and Associate Provost Norma Arizpe I Modern Languages Julia Kirk Blackwelder History Jackie Caruso f Human Resources Barbara Finlay ', Women's Studies and Sociology Catherine Hastedt University Art Exhibits Schuyler Houser Student Body President Penny King Athletics Patricia Larke r; Education Pamela R. Matthews English Norma Millsap Office of the Provost Jan Rinehart � Engineering Betty M. Unterberger ;. History Karan Watson � Engineering Funding has been generously provided by Texas A &M Development Foundation Office of the President Office of the Provost Office of the Vice President for Student Affairs Office of the Vice President for Administration 12th Man Foundation Women's Studies Program Women's Center Friends of the Sterling C. Evans Libraries Texas A &M University Libraries Cushing Memorial Library and Archives Dwight Look College of Engineering Design Stanton K. Ware I Information Technology & Exchange Center,TTI Special Thanks to Association of Former Students; Department of Special Collections and Archives, University of Houston Libraries; Newton Gresham Library, Sam Houston State University; Lieutenant Colonel Sharon Weber; Roxie Pranglin; Ann Stone Sheridan; Margery Stevenson; Carol Mahaney; Mark Beal; Darrin Hill; Jean Wulfson; Texas A &M Corps of Cadets; Melanie Zentgraf; Lynn Zynda; Angus Martin Extra Special Thanks to Heidi Knippa, whose thesis, The Salvation of a University: The Admission of Women to Texas A&M (1995), provided the starting point and much of the basis for this exhibit. C�e t6,�-4 Cushing Memorial Library and Archives Texas A &M University