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ARYAN,, ZEXAS
HURRICANE CARLA
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
OFFICE OF CIVIL DEFENSE
REGION 5, DENTON, TEXAS
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national situation, or in local situations where population and geography permit
quick movement from contaminated or threatened areas.
Because natural disaster operations are the responsibility of the Office of Emer-
gency Planning, and not of the Department of Defense, no attempt was made to de-
tail the administration of Public Law 875, or to study phases of the Carla experience
which have no application to civil defense operations and organization in an enemy-
attack situation. The Office of Civil Defense is grateful to the many regional and
national officials of the Office of Emergency Planning who contributed information, Chaf
especially Walter C. Ilgenfritz, regional natural disaster coordinator.
Especial thanks are due to the regional staff of the Office of Civil Defense.
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Jack Harwell, Public Information Officer, collected all of the Louisiana material, Pro
news media accounts and photographs, and edited draft copy. Gene Latimer, Tests Fed
Mil
Officer, collected all material from Orange, Hardin, Chambers, Nueces, Aransas, Stai
Refugio, Victoria, and Jackson Counties. Bill Cox, Continuity of Government Stai
Officer, obtained military and Federal agency material. Leslie T. Holland, Acting Am
Loc
Regional Director, provided constant support and enthusiasm. In the national Chal
office, Joseph Romm, Director of Plans and Programs, and his assistant, Bernard
Lot
Rubenstein, conceived, authorized, and spearheaded the project. Review and Scat
clearance were ably coordinated by William P. Durkee, Director of Federal Assist-
ance, John McConnell, Regional Coordinator, and their staff, under the direction
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of the Honorable Steuart L. Pittman, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Civil Defense. L
MATTIE E. TREADWELL,
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State Director of Field Operations. n
DECEMBER 22, I961.
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Chapter IV. Hurricane Operations— Continued Chapter VI. Rehabilitation— Continued
Page Page
The Hurricane 44 Grants and care for individuals. 71
Eighty hours of duty 47 Military assistance 72
Destruction of property 47 Problem of channels to the military 73
Animals 49 Extent of civilian dependence upon military aid in enemy
Debris and garbage 49 attack 74
Deaths and injuries 49
Chapter VII. Disaster Organization and Equipment
Chapter V. Reentry Supplies and equipment 76 Di
Desire for premature return 51 Use of surplus property 79
Erroneous radio announcements 51 Continuity of Government 80 on S vac al
Return traffic 52 Emergency operations centers 80
Legality of roadblocks 53 Government relocation sites 8 1 Caril
Political pressure on roadblocks 53 Lines of succession 81 squa
Breakdown of roadblocks 55 Communications 81 by V
Sightseers 56 Employment of communications by different levels of hurr
Looting 56 government .. 83 Bure
Recommendations for improved reentry procedures 57 Lack of communications with military forces 84
Comparison to reentry of fallout areas 58 Recommendations for improved communications 84 CI
Reentry accident record 58 Medical care 85 Bure
Hospital evacuation and supply 85 to F1
Chapter VI. Rehabilitation Medical communications 85
NI
Surveys of need 60 Authority to move CD emergency hospitals 85
Coordination of Federal aid 62 Shelter for hospital personnel 85 inlay
Elimination of health hazards 62 Nursing and rest homes 86 of A
Food and drug inspection 64 Public information 86 of C.
Vector control 64 Police services 8 7 All
Repair of water and sewage systems 64 Fire services 88
Vaccines and laboratory services 64 Manpower 88 inve;
Success of public health program 64 Price control 88 Thei
Debris clearance 64 Effect on mortgaged property 88 men]
Disposal of dead cattle 66 Industry 88 Carl;
Streets, roads, and bridges 66 Chapter VIII. Recuperative Ability
Repair of public buildings 66 91
Public reaction
Aid to agriculture 68 Return to same location
Loans to property owners 68 Reasons for success 93 B}
Survey of waterways r 70 hurr
Postal Service 70 Appendix risin
Utilities 70 State and local officials contributing information 95 at G
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Weather Bureau Operations Problems of Accurate Public Information
Resolved to make another Audrey impossible, the The problem of consistent advice to the public, which
Weather Bureau since that storm had strengthened its would be crucial in wartime, arose when private fore- /
operations in many ways. New powerful radar equip- casting concerns, normally serving oil companies, went
ment had been installed, capable of maintaining a three- on TV with differing predictions. One parish CD head-
way fix on a storm when it came within ego miles of the quarters noted, "With three different forecasts —one pre -
coast. One automatic weather station in the gulf trans- dicting that the hurricane would come straight over the
mitted until thrown out of commission by Carla. Being parish — officials were greatly distressed ".
sought, but not yet on hand, was facsimile equipment to Another problem was that of converting generalized
transmit complete weather pictures (or, in wartime, radi- Weather Bureau reports, designed for broad areas, into
ological fallout patterns). In 196o, the Weather Bureau terms of significance in each community. The Weather
had sponsored a series of meetings along the Texas coast Bureau might broadcast that "low coastal areas" would be
to explain to government officials its model hurricane flooded, or that residents should move to "higher ground"
plan for a coastal community. In several key cities, TWX at some time "before escape routes are closed ". To the
circuits had been developed to feed forecasts direct to news inhabitant, a height of 6 feet might be "high ground ". A
media, CD, and other subscribers. Corps of Engineers employee noted: "You need a tangible
With the onset of Carla, the Weather Bureau rushed way of telling people. I told my wife there might be a
specialists to coastal stations from inland points. The io -foot tide, and she should pack and go inland. She
meteorological satellite Tiros III photographed Carla sev- objected, saying, `Is that very high ?' I said yes. She
eral times. Navy reconnaissance planes probed the in- said, `How high would it be with reference to the floor of
terior of the storm. Carla was, Weather Bureau officials this house ?' I said, `It would be a foot over the ceiling.'
felt, "the most meticulously tracked hurricane in history ". She said, `I think I'll go to Jasper.' "
To solve this human problem, it was recommended that,
News Media Cooperation before the next hurricane, Geological Survey maps be
placed in the hands of local CD and TV offices, and plans
A battery of telephones was placed in each coastal office be made for giving specific advice to every community.
of the Weather Bureau for use by press, radio, and TV In the event of radiological fallout, a comparable need
representatives for mass dissemination of advisories. In
would exist for conversion of broad patterns into local
Galveston, KHOU –TV set -up its cameras in the Weather references and terms understandable to the people.
Bureau office, photographing the radar screen. In Hous-
ton, KPRC –TV had its own radar, and KPRC –radio Weather Bureau -CD Meetings
operated from the Weather Bureau office, charSteling in-
formation to a network of coastal stations. News media On Friday, Weather Bureau offices along the coast called
coverage was highly praised as "second to none in Weather meetings of local officials, CD, Red Cross, news media,
Bureau history." and other community organizations. The possibilities
Many newspapers merged their entire staff into hurri- were fully and frankly explained. A participant had
cane teams; left out advertisements to make room for hur- praise: "I would like to put in a plug for the Weather
ricane news; kept staffs on 24 -hour duty, or sent them into Bureau. They call you in when they think it is bad, and
tell the responsible agencies. When a man with the Bu-
the danger area. Radio and TV stations stayed on the
air continuously, abandoned commercials in favor of offi- reau for 3o years says this is the worst he ever saw, that's
good enough for me".
cial bulletins, and provided minute -by- minute reports of From along the entire sweep of the coast, there came
the hurricane's progress. nothing but praise for the part which the U.S. Weather
Local observers noted that newscasters were scrupulous Bureau had played in preparing local officials for the de-
in reading the advisories verbatim, except in a few sta- cisions which faced them. From both Texas and Louisi-
tions. Bureau officials noted, "If there is one thing we ana, CD directors said: "had all the information neces-
worry about more than anything else, it's the wording sary for action.... really on the ball.... magnificent
of the forecasts.... I look at them and two or three job."
other people do, too, before they are released ". Every Weather Bureau officials likewise praised CD help. One
word was weighed for its probable impact on the average, said, "This area is blessed with a strong and efficient civil
or even the uneducated, listener. defense which permits the Weather Bureau to concen-
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State Mobilization: Texas By Saturday, September 9, both State and district offices car-
were fully staffed, and arrangements were made with otha
In Texas, State operations also began on Friday, al- coastal counties for shelters to be opened in schools and stor
though the State was not as yet so clearly involved. Here other public buildings. rad
the Governor directly controlled disaster actions through plie
a part of the executive office staff, the division of defense Local Preparations fror
and disaster relief. The division, composed of some 16
can .
people, began on Friday to alert the State agencies which In spite of all the backup that might be given by Fed-
sup
formed the State defense council. Although the coordi- eral, State, and ARC resources, the final, frightening re- ban
nating agency was small, it was felt that the State's great- sponsibility for decisions affecting citizens' lives fell upon bets
est strength lay in the large State agencies, which for io local officials. By law the mayor of a city held this author -
years had been accustomed to function through repre- ity and could not lose it, although a CD director might
sentatives at the State control center, under the coordina- serve as chief of staff. In unincorporated areas, legal re-
tion of the Governor's office. On Saturday the control sponsibility fell upon the county judge in Texas and upon
center, of protected 3o psi construction, was placed on 24- the president of the police jury for the parish (equivalent
hour duty. of county) in Louisiana.
The Texas National Guard called commanders into a A surprising amount of CD organization was shortly
conference, allocated areas, and set up task forces with demonstrated in many counties and parishes along the
gasoline tankers, water purification units, field kitchens, coast. CD directors, both paid and volunteer, activated
and radio, ready to move as soon as damaged areas were practiced plans, opened control centers and communi-
evident. The department of public safety canceled leaves cations, and took action to make sure that public and pri-
and summoned outside units. Incoming personnel were vate agencies knew their roles.
instructed to bring raingear, water, food, and bedding One of the most useful and universal devices, up and
for possible protracted emergency duty. down the coast, was an assembly of local officials and
The Texas State Health Department's force of food civic groups, usually presided over by the mayor or county
and drug inspectors was formed into teams with Fed- judge. Those present, in most places, included city de-
eral inspectors. Its sanitary engineers were alerted to partment heads, county commissioners or police jury, the
assist local water and sewerage plants, and staff was as- Red Cross, the Weather Bureau, local military or guard
signed to coastal areas to prescribe insect - vector - control commanders, and heads of local industries, news media,
measures. The health department's laboratory began to and hospitals. Assignments were rehearsed and channels
package 200,000 doses of typhoid vaccine for shipment and for aid requests were agreed upon. The lesson that CD
to manufacture more. was local government had been well - learned in past dis-
Other Texas agencies at the State controlcenter in- asters, and those assuming key roles included city en-
cluded the highway department, with its own radio net gineers, parish public works directors, county health
purchased with CD matching funds; the employment com- officers, and others.
mission, to provide manpower; welfare department, to aid Much of the available equipment had come from CD
the Red Cross in food and shelter management; and the surplus property or matching funds — trucks, "ducks ", am-
aeronautics commission for air transport. bulances, road machinery, and particularly radio, fixed
and mobile —plus city or volunteered property.
American Red Cross In a few not -so -well- organized areas, no meetings were
held or other means employed to review city- county rela-
The American Red Cross put into effect its "Hurricane
Watch" plan, just approved, which called for setting up lions and organizational roles. In some, city CD directors
augmented State offices 5o hours before expected hurricane or private agencies laid independent plans as best they
time, plus six field districts in Texas and four in Louisi- could. In several, local elected officials operated in ap
ana. Behind these were staging points to channel in Parent unawareness of their own responsibility for mak-
workers and supplies. The purpose was to achieve flexi- ing the decision on evacuation, now rapidly bearing down
bility, so that there would be an office wherever the dis- on them.
aster struck. In Texas, space for the ARC State Head PUb11C Preparedness
quarters was obtained adjoining the State control center,
an arrangement credited by ARC with greatly expediting For 500 miles along the coast, residents and store own -
later work: ers taped or boarded windows, until tape and plywood be-
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Lafourche every 4 years, and when he forces someone to evacuate he
is not making friends. Personnel doing the evacuating
With a population of 55,000, parish evacuation required job should be either State or Federal forces brought in at
about i % hours to start and was over in 8 or to hours. the request of local government officials."
Said the CD director resignedly, "This was our fourth
time." A need was felt for emergency authority to force Cameron
people out: "children are entitled to protection; adults can A carefully planned evacuation was carried out by
drown if they want to. Saving lives is more important Cameron Parish, with a population of only 6,000, which
than violating a father's civil rights." after its near - obliteration in Audrey had written a parish
Terrebonne evacuation plan broken down by communities. After con-
sultation
with its reception area, Lake Charles, the evacua-
Next in order down the coast, Terrebonne Parish evacu-
tion order was drafted and signed by the CD director and
ation was called "very orderly ", and it was noted that sheriff, acting for the police jury. While the public in-
boats presented an ideal means. While one member drove
formation officer phoned it to news media, previously
out the family auto, the remainder piled on fishing boats mimeographed handouts were distributed from door to
and went upstream: "Would be four or five boats to- door. These contained evacuation instructions and a list
gether in places, with people having a big time. Most of of shelters in Lake Charles.
those on boats needed nothing whatsoever." Evacuation began so fast that conferees were caught in
St. Mary it. A State trooper commented, "The only time I've seen s
an evacuation like that was in Seoul, Korea. They had
Among the first to make a decision, St. Mary Parish at
household furniture, clothes, and everything with
7 a.m. Friday ordered evacuation of coastal portions, using i
them. I think the Cameron area alone must have evacu-
two radio stations and a Civil Air Patrol plane equipped
ated more than 25,000 head of cattle; so far as I know
with loudspeaker. At 3 p.m. an aerial inspection found there were only one or two lost. The sheriff ran the show
the evacuation 95 percent complete. On the next day ,
and we helped him." Schoolbuses were used for those
additional areas were evacuated, using school and CAP few families with no transportation; ambulances were
buses and local and State police. Refusal was encountered
available but unneeded. The main evacuation was com-
in one area: "About go percent wouldn't leave. Wanted
pleted by nightfall, except for a few people boarding up
to wait until last minute. Wanted us to move their furni- business houses or driving cattle northward. Some com-
ture. Decided not to force them to move but police jury munities had too percent evacuation; the remainder 99
was standing by to declare an emergency if we had to. percent. The parish government relocated to the court-
Made us mad to think we might have to go and house in Lake Charles.
try again." A handful of Cameron residents refused to go. An
Iberia old settler 86 years old owned a big two -story house built
The public received radio warning to "evacuate low- off the ground with boards bolted together; it had ridden
lands" and the sheriff checked on compliance. Many did out every storm, and rode out this one. Said he: "If we
left, somebody might come in and take all we've got. I'm ;
not go far, taking refuge in the north part of the county,
where there might have been many casualties if Carla had not going; you may as well forget it." A surgeon came
g y back to see about his cows and was trapped; an elderly
gone ashore there. The CD director was not consulted
about the movement, but reported that "no illnesses, no lady was escorted out but "first thing we looked around
and she had gone back home. We let her go because
injuries, no deaths" occurred.
we knew where she was and could go get her again in a
Vermilion hurry if we had to."
The order to evacuate was given by the CD director act-
ing for the police jury, and it was noted: "People loaded Success of Evacuation
on food, bedding, and clothing, and put everything else A State trooper said, "We patrolled up and down the
high up in their houses. It was calm, orderly, and with evacuation routes. People were calm and orderly. Just
no great problem." Nobody refused to move, but there a steady procession of cars, no panic. You'd almost have
were a few described as "lingering souls." An observer to see it to know how it was."
noted, "Politics is one of the biggest problems involved The Louisiana State Welfare Department reported,
in evacuation. Remember that a sheriff has to be elected "Evacuation was calm and orderly because people had
Io
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plenty of time and were not pushed, plus the fact that noting the sulphurous clouds lit by reddish flares, it
auxiliary police were all along the roads." seemed to have a somewhat lower elevation.
Several people were given repeated appeals to leave Under Federal grants, operational plans had been writ -
before ferries to their areas closed, but refused. They sur- ten for a few of these areas and for the State as a whole,
vived, but would have been victims if Carla had come in as the latter calling for evacuation of cities such as Beaumont-
expected. Port Arthur, Galveston, Houston, and Corpus Christi.
Although the Louisiana National Guard had been Under the direction of the Texas Department of Public
authorized to use force, this authority was never used, and Safety, traffic routes had been setup, and under the de-
in one parish officials noted instead that "the guard asked partment of public welfare, reception counties for each
us to vest them with authority." had been named.
Estimate of Total Effect Decision by Local Officials
In all, the Louisiana CD Agency estimated that at At no time during the disaster operations in Texas did
least 50,000 persons had been evacuated, while the Red the State call for evacuation. It was felt that local offi-
Cross, based on numbers in shelters, felt that 75,000 or cials and the Weather Bureau best knew the situation, and
8o,000 persons were involved. This was the biggest that a widespread call might set off panic or unnecessary
evacuation in Louisiana history, but only a prelude to movements. All decisions to evacuate or remain were
the massive Texas evacuation yet to come. made locally.
There was, then or later, no evidence that the Louisiana After a discussion with the Governor, it was decided
evacuation had been over -hasty or over -done. Although that state martial law would not be declared, but that
spared the brunt of the storm, coastal areas quickly flooded; National Guard units would work under local CD di-
a parish sheriff felt that, "If Audrey hadn't happened, rectors, sheriffs, and police departments. Units were not
Carla would have drowned thousands." If the eye of to use force, except as authorized by local officials.
Carla with its 18 -foot tides had entered the Louisiana coast,
whole parishes would have been submerged, and without Jefferson County Evacuation
evacuation the loss could have exceeded 100,000 people. The classic evacuation exercise of the disaster, the one
The evacuation had scarcely been a real test of the most studied by experts for its size and success, occurred
Louisiana Survival Plan, written in 1957 with a Federal in Jefferson County, which included Beaumont, Port Ar-
grant, and providing for evacuation of cities and use of a thur, and six smaller cities, merging almost indistinguish-
coastal areas for reception. Rather, it had resembled ably into one metropolitan complex of some 300,000
plans for the evacuation of rural areas from fallo*. How- people. Here a veteran county judge had fought for civil
ever, the principles tested — physical and psychological— defense through the years of its unpopularity or neglect.
appeared quite similar to those simultaneously being dem- Through his efforts, the county had one of the few full -
onstrated in the evacuation of Texas cities. time CD directors in Texas coastal counties —also an
assistant director, and a secretary.
TEXAS
Survival Plan
The Texas coastline, for some 400 miles from Sabine In 1958, Jefferson County had obtained a Federal grant
Pass to Brownsville, seldom exceeded its Louisiana neigh- to write its operational survival plan. This was signed
bor in elevation and, like Louisiana, was tightly packed by the judge and the county's eight mayors —no mean
with industry in many sections. Much of the Nation's feat in territory where a Beaumont -Port Arthur feud had
supply of petroleum and chemical products came from once raged. The plan's annexes were likewise approved
the great plants of Texaco, Gulf, Humble, Dow Chemical, by the various police, fire, and other government offices
Alcoa, and others too numerous to cite. The Jefferson involved, and were extremely specific. The sheriff and
County Survival Plan alone listed 65 industries to be co- each of the city police chiefs knew exactly which cross -
ordinated. Value of coastal industry was guessed at bil- roads each would be responsible for in the event of evacu-
lions. At night, the crescent coastline glittered in an ation, where wreckers would be spatted, what command
almost unbroken stretch for hundreds of miles with the and communications channels would be used, and other
lights of oil rigs, refineries, plants, fisheries, and defense details. All of these plans were executed during the
installations; to some it resembled a paradise; to others, evacuation.
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JEFFERSON COUNTY, TEXAS T
to s
OPERATIONAL SURVIVAL PLAN blan
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Apr
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APPROVED BY: whi
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BEAUMONT, TEXAS Gua
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, MAYOR –DATE: /c –/ 3 The
PRO TEM / utes
GRIFFING PARK, TEXAS
tai.4.4e 04 4-2.-„<",.A MAYOR– DATE;/p –/Q _ V A
------- -- - - -- - - - - - -- — clost
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NEDERLAND TEXAS hear
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PEAR RIDGE, TEXAS ning
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PORT ARTHUR, TEXAS Bun
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POR NECHES, TEXAS trify
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MAYOR –DATE: �--- S the
JEFFERSON COUNTY, TEXAS Dec
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_— — — — MAYOR – DATE: gyp – /j_ S bu t
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Signatures of officials approving Jefferson County Survival Plan in 1958. Advance approval of emergency roles of county and city was help
credited with a large part of the successful evacuation operation.
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September bag
Port Arthur, Tex., residents moved out Saturday, p 9, ahead of Carla. Enemy attack plans were used virtually without modification, hos]
except that outgoing lanes were used for evacuating traffic and inbound lanes for emergency traffic only. There was not a single death
or major accident in over roo,000 persons who evacuated from this area. in a
save
rep(
Success of Movement only one personal injury accident late Saturday night
after the movement had passed, and one fatal accident still bag;
Within some 6 hours, io8,600 people had moved out of into
later, with no bearing on the evacuation. "It was amazing
the southern county, and an estimated 200,000 from the can
general area including neighboring counties such as that we didn't have even the normal number of deaths in Eve
Orange. Estimated percentage of evacuation ranged from the number of people moved," said a county official. pro]
The district commander added, "I don't even know of
85 to loo percent in different communities. A
Even officials already confident of success were amazed. an instance when anyone ran out of gas." Either drivers was
"I couldn't believe it," said a Corps of Engineers officer. had filled gas tanks before starting, or they had sufficient it e:
"Within just a few hours Port Arthur was a ghglt town." supply to clear the danger area, or found filling stations the
"I was surprised how it went off," reported the Port Arthur open along the way. dire
CD director. "We could have done it twice as fast if Breakdowns were likewise scarce. The district com- peo
necessary. It was the most successful evacuation I ever mander reported that a few cars overheated and stalled L
heard of as far as evacuating a complete city." "The suc because of the slow pace and traffic lights going through of 1
cess surprised even us," said the judge. "People's re- cities, but cars behind pushed them until they started. cou:
sponse was willing, cooperative. It was gratifying to learn There were also a few broken fan belts caused by the
how people do cooperate." slow movement, but nothing of major concern. pier
The city of Groves reported, "Everything went just as There was no sign of panic or recklessness. "There was parr
we had set it up in evacuation plans —like clockwork." careful driving, with people in a good mood," reported the judl
The Beaumont CD director called it "the most successful county CD director. "As it was Saturday they'd had no soot
exercise I ever heard of in the United States." problem getting the children home from school, but did had
have to get some fathers from golf courses and mothers of :
Traffic Safety from stores." ma.
In the entire movement there were only two minor of 1
traffic accidents, no injuries, no death. "We didn't have a Refusals uat(
bent fender," said the Beaumont police chief. "People A few refusals were encountered. "When I went by
accepted control well," said the district commander of home to hang the canary in the attic, I found that my Mc
the State department of public safety. "No griping or Yankee neighbors hadn't gone," said one emergency S
hard feelings; they went willingly even if they couldn't worker, "They'd never seen a hurricane." The judge stop
take the road they wanted." In the district, he reported noted, "Some waited until the levee broke. Then they cou
16
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County. The county's population of 10,379 was chiefly storms and will fight it out." A decision to leave would
que
grouped in small communities, the largest, Anahuac, with clearly have been unpopular. Also, it was felt that the of v
about 2,000. Warnings were heard on the radio from island was fairly safe. Since 1900, when the city was I
Beaumont and Houston, but these big -city stations made destroyed, a i6-foot seawall had been built, behind which
stye
no mention of the need for evacuating Chambers County. the people felt secure, as the Weather Bureau's highest
3 0,c
Therefore, personal warning was necessary. The de- prediction was for 15 -foot tides. People seemed more why
cision to evacuate was made by the county judge, sheriff, disposed to stand on the seawall and watch the spray than
eve
and a city councilman. to leave town. "They remembered the seawall but forgot
owl
The county's plan consisted of a large -scale map on that the tide would come from behind," said a veteran free
which the territory had been divided into 4 -mile squares. newsman.
Each square had been assigned to one of 5o special depu- La:
ties, appointed and trained by the sheriff. Each deputy Survival Plan Not Used
V
had a copy of the map, a badge, sidearms (which some In addition, there was no existing organization which to 5
wore), a boat, and lifesaving equipment; some had two- could have made a decision for the whole area. Galves- squ;
way radios. The sheriff had earlier shown them the ton County had received a Federal grant in 1958 and had Bur
designated evacuation routes and checkpoints for han- produced an operational survival plan of the size and tow
dling traffic expected to come through the county in the nature of Jefferson County's, with the county assigned the tion
event of a nuclear attack. coordinating role. However, the plan had been written plat
This preplanning paid off when four communities and by an outside engineering firm and signed only by CD the
affected rural areas were evacuated on Saturday, con- directors. At the time of the hurricane no elected official Ii
current with the Jefferson County move. Evacuation was could be found who had seen or agreed to it. The county the
uneventful, and about 98 percent of the threatened area judge had assumed office only a few weeks before, and join
was emptied. Two persons twice refused to leave at Wal- operated throughout the storm from the county court- off
lisville and were drowned; one boy walked or fell into a house on Galveston Island, which was without communi- stre
bayou and was lost. The behavior of the people was cations for much of the time. The county CD director <<
reported as good: "No arrests, no traffic accidents, no panic operated from county CD headquarters on the mainland, and
or hysteria." where he had what he felt to be a good organization and it ca
had done much preplanning. The mayor of Galveston dre!
Galveston County: Choice of Shelter or had been seriously ill, and his civil defense director ran for
Evacuation most of the city's disaster operation, winning high praise C
from local, State, and military participants. In Texas i wot
Galveston County, next down the coast from Clambers, City, the CD director had been in office only 3 days, but the
was a large industrial and resort area, site of the Texas was supported by the mayor and three commissioners who 13,9
City disaster 10 years before, with nearly 70,000 residents remained throughout the storm. In all, at least two head- The
on the island and as many more on the mainland. On quarters operated on the island, five in Texas City, and II
late Saturday, as Carla shifted course directly for Galves- many others throughout the county. All but Texas City the
ton, concern was felt statewide for its safety. Since Friday, recognized the county's coordinating role, but not all used a.m
the Galveston weather bureau and city CD director had it as a channel. Citl
been urging citizens to fill gas tanks, move livestock to peoi
high ground, and take all other precautions. Radio, tele- Evacuation of Lowlands
rep(
vision, and newspapers were used to great advantage. The main concern of all these officials throughout Sat- Ho,
However, all messages left the decision up to the citizen: urday was to get people out of low -lying areas. On the ach
"evacuate or take shelter." Those in low areas and sub- mainland, LaMarque police went from door to door in I beli
standard housing were urged to seek high ground and these sections, appealing for people to leave. In Galves-
take shelter in stronger buildings, but were not told to
ton, the city CD director and his staff, all volunteers, had Esc
before them a map g showin cit y elevation, block by block; 'I
leave the island or the county. y
There appeared to be at least three reasons why the citizens calling in were advised exactly what a 15 -foot roue
tide would do to a particular house. The city CD office mot
evacuation order was not given. First, the island's tradi- had all city trucks moved to high ground; communica- befc
tion had always been to ride out hurricanes. The county tions were assembled; a National Guard unit was re- haz;
judge noted, "People are reluctant to leave their birthplace.
use
It is a tradit that Galveston has been through many 2 Highest tide, at Port Lavaca, was actually 18.5 feet. hill -
18
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7
miracle to see people streaming down the highway, no on one door, he found a known "wetback" who immedi- have 1
racing or speeding." ately leaped through a rear window and was last seen ernme
The CD director reported, "We didn't have one case of leaving town at top speed. goveri
hysteria, shock, panic. Everyone was as orderly as could The little Neuces County town of Port Aransas, reached Ha
be." However, people did seem to feel a need to "chew by ferry from the mainland, evacuated all but a few which
the fat" with someone who would help them make up persons without injury or hysteria. Coast Guardsmen unava
their minds. Some women called three or four times remained; at the height of the storm they were called the cc
while their husbands were still at work. Four girls "with out to rescue an invalid lady who refused to go earlier. woulc
reassuring voices" were put on telephones; the judge noted could
that a hint of nervousness or tension could have set off Decision for Inland Cities key t
panic. count
The county hospital was emptied; critical cases went out A number of cities r5 to 3o miles inland decided not orate(
to call for evacuation. All were safe from tides, and most lights
by ambulance at county expense, while routine ones were g
returned to their families. "The hospital is no place for were being used as reception centers. Officials generally w ill 1
anyone in a hurricane" noted the CD director. "Both they agreed that their movement would have complicated the In
evacuation problem unnecessarily. A large number of CD c
and their families are worried." Doctors, nurses, staff, their residents left voluntarily; for example, in Edna it was whey
and equipment remained in the emtpy hospital, ready
for business. estimated that 90 percent of the middle -class population succe
had gone in their own cars. the N
Aransas County A city manager noted, "The last thing we wanted was troub
With several small communities, none over 3,000, the panic; we didn't want to take everyone out of town un- pletel
decision to evacuate was made by the mayor of Rockport
necessarily." However, panic was almost created in two
and one county commissioner, acting for the county judge. towns, as the storm neared its height, when a Red Cross Unp
At 5 p.m. Saturday, the volunteer fire department and official called subordinates there and ordered them out Sti
the emergency corps spread the warning; 90 percent evac- because "a Zoo- mile -an -hour wind is expected." One CD ties o
uation was completed by Sunday. A few people from director reported, "Before he left, the man here wanted direc
smaller communities, later completely leveled, stopped and to evacuate the town, and gave the news to the radio in a
took shelter in Rockport, which itself suffered heavy station, but luckily I held it up until I could check with whit
the Weather Bureau." In another town, both a national
damage. The next time, the mayor believed, "people will wind
and a local ARC worker departed on receipt of the news,
leave earlier and go farther. "Tit( leaving 800 people in a school shelter which they had and
been running. The CD director noted that, "The school
Nueces County at was superintendent called to know if he should evacuate the call l
Last of the coastal counties to be severely affected, 800 people after them; in a weak moment I said yes, and
expel
Nueces County included the largest city on the Texas by the time I could check with the Weather Bureau, 700
perie
coast, Corpus Christi. With part of the city located on of them had gone before I could stop them." they
a towering bluff, Corpus was perhaps the safest place in mad
the vicinity, and served as the reception area for smaller Should City- County Officials Go? is no
towns. However, a high percentage of people left town, An unanswered question raged up and down the coast A
and areas below the bluff were almost completely evac- as to whether city- county officials and volunteer CD or cour
uated. In the North Beach section of Corpus, the State ARC workers should evacuate. Newspapers severely at- evac
Guard and National Guard used sound trucks and also tacked several elected officials who left. In a few areas ask
went on foot from house to house. The local transporta- where complete evacuation had been ordered, local offi- their
tion company furnished buses and drivers for those who cials and volunteer workers went with the people, leaving assis
lacked automobiles. The National Guard commander a police officer or constable in charge of the few who their
felt that some evacuations were rather forcible, but all refused evacuation. In most cases this action had the L
were done under local authority, with no martial law hearty endorsement of the police. "We didn't have any stati
declared. ribbons to cut," said one. In a city where the mayor, seve
One unexpectedly quick evacuation was achieved when city manager, and CD director were attacked for leaving, buil
a uniformed Department of Immigration officer was the police chief stoutly defended them: "If the eye had ity.
called on td assist in the door -to -door drive. Knocking come in, it would have wiped us out. Then we would 3 da
22 YS 6
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11
OPINION OF OFFICIALS been sent out, this fact seemed to help them decide m;
better than any other reason. so
In both States, questions were asked as to reasons for 4• EFFECT of A UNIFORM. —When those going from door m
the success of the operation. Some said "no idea ", but to door wore a uniform (it seemed to matter very little 2. D
others had opinions: what kind) improved results were noted in several
so
Louisiana communities. The Louisiana State CD di- all
Why People Went rector added, "With those who are reluctant, a person a
P
in uniform is helpful. A uniform is authority, and le;
I. AUDREY. —When asked, "Why did people leave when
asked to ?" most Louisianans and east Texans replied most people accept it without question. When people 3• Pi
unhesitatingly "Audrey." are undecided about moving out, sending in some uni- Pe
2. NEWS MEDIA. —Many credited successful results to radio formed officials helps them to decide to go." fle
5. WOMEN INFLUENCE. —The Galveston County judge he
and television. In the Jefferson County critique, news
media were complimented for "the outstanding con- added another opinion: "Most men were working and ur
didn't know much about storm bulletins; it was the or
tribution made in preparation of public sentiment for women who had been watching TV all day who got bi
the evacuation." The newest medium, television, had them to leave. My wife knew Saturday before the
an unexpected impact. "People always were eye- 4
minded," reported a district commander of the Depart- storm what the predicted tides were, and it was the re
ment of Public Safety. "When TV cameras in Galves- same all up and down the county— housewives knew sa
ton focused on the Weather Bureau radar, everyone the tide danger. In the event of oncoming atomic dis- 5• L
could see just as plain as the Weather Bureau where it aster women would know it long before men, and if is
they were sold on evacuation, the city would evacuate."
was. In between shots of that, they'd show spray going ft
over the seawall, and as fast as anything was knocked 6 UNANIMOUS REQUESTS BY OFFICIALS
— None of the other g(
factors, however, appeared to rank with a final one:
out, they showed it. Everybody saw the wreck of the to
positive action by local officials, with a firm, uncom-
Balinese Room (on a Galveston pier)." Some TV sta- 6. Jt
tions, before actual damage became heavy, ran shots of promising and unanimous official position. All reports w
past hurricanes, which reportedly had a powerful
agreed, "People were sitting there waiting to be told "; ,,
impact. "they were all packed and waiting." A county CD tr
director added, "They really seemed to want someone
Newspapers likewise carried stories and pictures in ni
each edition. The Weather Bureau's 15 "Hurricane to order them out." Although authority to order evac in
Precautions" were widely disseminated by all news
uation was lacking, those local governments forcefully Fc
media. A Texas CD leaflet, "Hurricane Precautions ", requesting it achieved, everywhere without exception, a "d
from 9o- to loo- percent success. Where people were
was handed out by the thousands by local CD di- were
rectors, and a summary had, by good fortune, appeared given a choice, as in the city of Galveston, less than equi
on the back of that State's latest "Defense Digest" 50- percent success was achieved in spite of unexcelled to le
magazine. Many citizens had their own hurricane
radio -TV coverage and the example of previous dis-
tracking charts. The Brazoria County CD had earlier asters. Suu
reprinted these and distributed hundreds, and believed Why People Refused to Leave Re
that the charts, like TV, aided in giving the eye- minded
was
public a picture of the threat. For the small but important i to Io percent who refused
Most observers were uncertain: "Could the Govern- to leave, reasons were not always clearcut. In general, Tex:
ment, in time of threatened enemy attack, make a de- they were: not
teriorating international situation as pictorially vivid to I. AFRAID of LOOTING. —A Louisiana National Guard eflec
the public as a hurricane ?" If so, a powerful incentive commander stated, "You have to understand how these T1
to citizen compliance would apparently be added. people feel. It's not easy to leave your home and all with
3. EXAMPLE OF OFFICIALS FAMILIES. —In the city of La- your belongings. The washing machine is probably and
Marque, police officers sent their families 15o miles in- one you have worked and saved to buy and you know Stau
land early Saturday. This fact soon became known all it may be the only one you will ever have. Sometimes ists s
over town and, in the police chief's opinion, served to there's just one hog in the pen, or a few chickens, and been
spur more departures than any amount of exhortation. it's hard to leave all this behind." The only reassur- who
The Calhoun County CD director similarly noted that, ance for this category of people seemed to be to enforce It w
when he advised uncertain people that his family had total evacuation. Said a Louisiana weather bureau of o
24
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P P Q� Z l.L i '.i3 i 3 I I� g 3 ui,L
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`iEtaua
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s ui jtrjnjiltud `.Ialjags paDinj pjnoM ajdoad 1E111 ,(ioagl atu,„ `plus Jo u1p.'ooD Qo suxa,j
'iagl ;I `srazE lnojjrj jo uouunoEna jropoul (q) `.uournlls agZ •Salrls grog ui 11Cdu11o.77v E 1421u t(upuns Aq SEM pasn ;a.
Iuuoprula1Ui guPE .'oualap ;o aau uI uotlEnoEna oT2a1 uoprnouna lEa .'g ay `SUOSraI zano angap ;o ssajptrgag
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•anraj of
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3t3M a
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assa.idxa S an3 u lE s luo 3Sa t o E .'0 (Iln ;ao.
kulau u1 uoljl;nDEn o [(1l T zsua P i i Hu rp i I o `sauoga 11 3 IF 3
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AES
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lti
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wtq panatjaq anu11 1,upjnoM j `oiurd ou t3n311 pug o1M `s,o6 puE s,og .'Tip ut Amu' `ajdoad -Tun au
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-aq pa3EnoEna anrq pjnoo am lull 3a pjos pug auoawos TIE sgutgl nay IpiM ajdoad punoj am poor ay 2uo1E -Tp Cr
;j„ 'p! i(la3ES o ?jgnd ;O luauul.udaQ suxaJ, ay jo 10Poa1 Iid„ `Plus z311z0M 0111 EtIETStno E `.paddcn atoll awos IEt3A3S
-1C1 a1E1s ag •uopwado ay paz3autgua pug ogM shad `lfo auto lsui ay aq 01 gui,C11 uj— •a.tvg 001 trauma(' •z aj11g ,(:
-xa ogJE11 35041 Uana pap.Els ssaoons 3111 JO 11131x3 aq j , Dprq lag X3111 ua1M uajols aq Ara loop u
In ;ssaoons asnoq a111 UT 2u1111/(tana 'kris awos puE 3nu31 awos
3.0w Uana It aDrew pjnoo aouauadxa .'no uo pasEq swain ;T lnq `001 II ?M A341 S A j asp ,(p0Cj J na ;j„ `tow apnap
President, who would best know when a deteriorating of the state, and even this chiefly in narrow bands of 20
international situation would call for the exercise. It was to 4o miles in width. With 94 percent of its existing
felt that such an exercise might serve as a safeguard shelter in only 14 of its 254 counties, Texas officials were
against failure of negotiations, as a means of strengthening inclined to look on evacuation as a possible stop -gap in
the President's hand by demonstrating the nation's firm- the other 24o counties until funds for shelters could be
ness of purpose, and even as a last- minute deterrent to appropriated. Feasibility of the tactic would depend on
war by convincing an aggressor that the bulk of the popu- adequate radiological monitoring and communications,
lation had suddenly moved beyond his reach. which would enable the well- motorized Texas population
The amount of time under which local officials would to escape smaller cities and rural areas in the hour or more
undertake an evacuation on strategic warning varied from between explosion and arrival of fallout. The
"a lot of time" in New Orleans, and 2 days in Houston, Officials continued to emphasize that strategic or tacti- tance wI
to 2 hours or less in Jefferson County and other cities not cal evacuation, rather than remedial, was the best answer noted, "
exceeding a few hundred thousand population —where it to a disaster: "During Audrey we found it's practically in 39 0
was felt that a large percentage of the people would reach impossible to evacuate an area after the disaster. Took us before
safety from blast in 2 hours even if roo percent did not. 48 hours to get the last person out then." 5o or 6c
The Governor of Texas was also inclined to favor tacti- Possibly the greatest advantage of the evacuation was 15o; soc
cal evacuation on r or 2 hours notice in the path of that, in proportion to the extent of its success, other dis- more th
advancing fallout in areas where shelters were insufficient aster - operating problems were reduced. The Cameron Louisiai
to house everyone, particularly smaller cities and rural Parish sheriff, veteran of Audrey, said, "It was a great Oklahot
areas. It was noted that in recent test exercises Texas— feeling to know that 99 percent of our people had evacu- hours of
unlike the Eastern States —had sustained maximum attack ated and we wouldn't have to start saving human lives No p
patterns without encountering lethal fallout over much again." families
Others
which c
A num
of pack
distance
the Soul
A Re
the Te .
under t
control
moving
needed
or lack
quarter:
accomrr
ever, ir.
destinat
It wa:
found
noted, '
ARC a:
them.
during
sianians
r. Com
as Sh
repot
26
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•S II1t 01 luam lsanbaz lug ay Sup alits a'1 up •s2u1 SLTOmpOLLiLLIOJJFj a 1EATId
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Again, ARC was the only organization authorized to The chief requirement was for toilet and kitchen facilities
make such calls on the Army, with guaranteed payment plus some private space for administration or isolation of
for lost or damaged property, until after declaration of a the sick. Some differences of opinion were recorded con -
"major disaster" under Public Law 875, when the Office cerning the suitability of very large buildings. In some
of Emergency Planning could also reimburse the Army. places a noise problem and lack of privacy were cited, but
Establishment of Shelters
elsewhere, as in Austin, one large auditorium was believed
easier to staff and supply: "If services have to be spread out
In the middle of the night Saturday, as it became evi- over town, they're harder to handle." In Austin, when
dent that speeding evacuees had bypassed coastal counties, offered space in private homes, people frequently preferred
hasty calls were made to ARC chapters as far north as to stay with some 3,000 others in the auditorium and
Dallas and Fort Worth, getting chairmen out of bed to coliseum, where they felt in the center of things.
open shelters. Many persons slept in cars along the road National Guard and Reserve armories were frequently
Saturday night, and on Sunday the crash openings of used in Texas with reported success. However, the
hundreds of shelters continued. The better - organized Louisiana National Guard did not authorize such use, re-
ARC chapters already had lists of approved shelters pre- porting, "Won't work. We don't have that much room
positioned with radio stations; others supplied them, and and you have to get the evacuees the hell away from the
throughout the night radio stations repeated them to operations center. Such people are not used to a military -
guide incoming motorists. type operation. They stop up the commodes, wreck furni-
Shortly, for the first time in ARC remembrance, 4th ture, steal things, and in general disrupt operations."
Army's supply of excess cots and blankets was exhausted.
The ARC then turned to the civil defense warehouse at Unauthorized Buildings
Bastrop, Tex., operated by General Services Administra- In the unevacuated disaster areas, people also flocked
tion, with stocks recently transferred to the Department to buildings neither approved by the Red Cross nor set up
of Health, Education, and Welfare. for operations. Favorites were courthouses: in one county
Within 2 days, the Red Cross had set up some 54o shel- it was noted, "The poorer classes gravitated in that direc-
ters in Texas and 1i6 in Louisiana —the largest operation tion since they were in the habit of doing so for relief
of its kind in ARC history. Many others were known to checks, welfare stores, and other forms of aid." Court -
have been opened briefly and never reported. A Louisi- houses generally made poor shelters because of lack of
ana official noted, "So far as we know not one person went sanitary and kitchen facilities. Also, many were multi -
without shelter if he sought it." At no time was there a story and it was found necessary to set up separate man -
strain on the total capacity. Many shelters were unfilled agement on each floor to prevent people trooping up and
or only partly filled, and serious overcrowding was re- down stairs. Also favored by last- minute shelter seekers
ported chiefly in the actual disaster area. were post offices, hotels, and other strongly constructed
The ARC feat in authorizing and opening so many shel- buildings. In a few cases near chaos resulted; in some, =:
ters in so little time was highly praised by State and local like Brazoria County, an experienced county organization
officials. The organization itself felt that an even better took over and reported an orderly operation.
job might be done under more rigidly - controlled enemy at- ARC Model Shelter Management Plan
tack situations, when persons could be directed to stop at
well- staffed shelters rather than appearing suddenly in The Red Cross's model shelter management plan called
places unprepared for them. for each shelter to have a manager from the community,
who operated under the mass -care director for the area.
Types of Buildings Employed The manager's staff was to include a nurse, a doctor on
Schools were the most - favored type of shelter, since they call, law officers, and specialists in feeding, registration,
came complete with superintendent, cafeteria and cooks, communications, and transportation.
nurses, janitors, and administrative help. The only dis- Many chapters, like one in Galveston, had made exten-
advantage was that communities ordinarily desired to re- sive advance preparation along these lines. Here, i6 build -
open schools as soon as possible, resulting in premature ings were designated in advance, and a shelter kit, on the
closing of some shelters. order of a footlocker, was prepared for each, with supplies
Many other types of buildings were also employed suc- for 30o people. Inside the top of the kit was tacked a
cessfully: auditoriums, churches, coliseums, theaters, simple list of things the shelter manager should do. The
YMCA residences, labor halls, American Legion posts. kit contained paper spoons and cups, toilet tissue, soap,
28
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pencils, paper, lanterns, signs, armbands, whistles, sanitary a direct line of authority. Either Red Cross has to assume • • •
napkins, baby bottles, etc. A nurses' kit was also pro- command or DPW must assume it. We can't have two was (
vided, with instructions, bandages, insulin syringe, ther- commanders." viduw
mometers, aspirin, ointment, and similar supplies. Regis- In Louisiana, at least two parishes took this more direct smoo
tration forms and team assignment blanks were included. approach. Where ARC had only one or two untrained In
These aids proved valuable in Galveston, as so many people available, the parish did not attempt to give them visioJ
trained volunteers left town that it was necessary to re- nominal charge of operations, but instead used its enemy- We 1
cruit "juniors ", medical students, and refugees to perform attack plan in which the State welfare department con- doctc
listed duties. trolled shelter operations. Vermilion Parish reported, dairil
"The parish welfare plan was implemented completely kitch
Shelter Management Authority Employed Dur- to provide feeding, housing, clothing, registration, infor- In
ing Carla mation, rehabilitation, financial assistance, and chaplain but c
In actual operation during Carla, the local authority in services. Parish was able to furnish electricity; has 200 the c
charge of shelters varied, depending upon the number and cots of its own." In several other parishes a similar ar- some
training of local ARC personnel. In many places the ARC rangement was used, with ARC later praising the opera- didn
staff was sufficient with some small amplifications. In tion and footing the bill for $2,254. The Louisiana DPW to fe(
others, so few ARC people were available that the actual noted, "We are now trying to work out coordinated Or
operations were conducted by schools. One school system plans in each community so that whatever happens we abou
will both be working with the same people who have had
reported: g p p
training but may be wearing different hats." cutul
It was agreed and understood that our official orders would
come from Red Cross Headquarters . . . that all broadcast Other shelters were operated by the Salvation Army, coral
news for schools would come out through Red Cross channels. the Seventh -Day Adventist churches, and State parks. and
All school principals were directed to report to their respective In Texas, the State parks board estimated that at least had ;
buildings after directing that all janitors and servicemen also 25 evacuees were harbored without cost in 12 State We
report. . . . Principals were directed to organize their help came
from their own staff. Cafeteria managers were directed to parks. Some families remained up to 6 days, at an esti-
set up for operations. . The Red Cross directed that schools mated savings of a quarter of a million dollars. A few A
buy any supplies and food needed, for which we would be re- months earlier the Texas House of Representatives had didn
imbursed. All school nurses were directed to report to their passed a resolution designating state parks as reception adde
stations and build up medical supplies. areas for evacuees during nuclear attack. Although Lou- food
Most of these school operations were successful in feed- isiana parks were not reported used by Carla evacuees, the in ar
ing and housing, but sometimes lacked registration, State parks commission was also engaged in a study of 'Ft
organization and other functions requiring som%training wartime capacity and mass feeding. men(
in mass care. fore
In other cases, local governments and CD organizations Excellent Shelter Behavior and Operation Twe:
ran the shelters. Generally this was with advance ARC Regardless of the type of management employed, some kitch
approval and obligation to pay bills; sometimes no ARC 99 out of too shelters enjoyed a considerable degree of consi
contact could be made until after the storm. success in operations. In Hardin County, the judge re- In
Still other shelters were operated by the State depart- ported, "Approximately 12,000 people took shelter in this pant:
ment of welfare under enemy- attack plans. In Texas, the county. At 2 a.m. on Saturday, the Red Cross assumed venti
welfare department provided the ARC with 112 workers the responsibility for feeding these people. Registered flask
during the emergency phase. These were directed to nurses were on duty at shelters in schools, churches, and
operate under the local ARC chairman, although in some at the county courthouse. No hysteria or panic were Scar
cases supervision was remote. Some DPW workers felt observed and those in shelters maintained a most coopera- In
five attitude." o]
that, where the ARC could not staff all buildings, it would repo]
In Lufkin, a State employee reported: "At the county offici;
be better to concentrate all ARC volunteers in some shel- courthouse, work being done by the ARC with the help
ters and give DPW charge of others, rather than spread there
of department of public welfare seemed well in hand.
ARC personnel so thinly that only one untrained volun- The workers had set up a file of private homes. The you
teer was available. One DPW report stated, "Worker phones were constantly ringing with calls of people offer- lems
felt reluctant to take leadership and hence had to work ing their homes ... there were more homes than ref- parer
under a terrific strain for fear she would damage relation- ugees. As people came in they were registered and as- ning
ship with sponsoring agency." Another added: "We need signed to a home that would adequately house them. whit
30 660
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on, emotional problems became more predominant; ning fell Saturday, we stayed near the radio and TV.
nurses were kept busy administering sedatives, and sev- ... Adults became frayed with the waiting ..
eral people became violent and had to be removed to Soon after noon Sunday, the news was all bad. It was
the hospital. announced that an urgent call had come to Houston from
Welfare department workers reporting to another Freeport for help in saving the levees .... Next we
building in the same area found a similar but less seri- were told that the levee had broken, the equipment had
ous situation: 282 families were in the building, some turned back, and the last man had left Freeport.
overnight, without supervision; registration had broken
"One radio announcer phrased the story in this ominous
down, and there was "complete disorder ", with children
manner: `Freeport is left to the wind and the water.'
running through the building all night. The workers "After that we knew nothing about our town. It was as
called a meeting of the men, organized registration and
if Freeport had never been. Thousands of words came
a cleanup committee, appealed to fathers to corral their
children, set a time for lights and radios to be turned over the air, but nothing for us. It began to seem as if
off, and shortly had restored order.
Brazosport really were a vast, deep lake of water with the
State Guardsmen were shortly assigned to each
wind howling over it. A reporter on TV had this brief
shelter in this city, and the highway patrol placed sev- answer when queried about Freeport: `Freeport has had it.'
"I got through to Houston and learned that Freeport
eral units on "prowl" to check each in turn. The earne
county judge personally toured each, and the remainder had many dry areas .... Hundreds were frantically
trying n to communicate with the storm - struck coast ...
of the 3 -day occupancy proceeded without disorder.
However, supervisors were totally exhausted, having wherever telephone lines were standing, they were
been on continuous duty some 70 to 8o hours for lack jammed. Everyone was dull, weary, and heartsick by
of any trained replacements, and afraid to leave for fear Monday."
the situation would again get out of control. False News Reports
4. IRRESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOR. — Elsewhere, observers re-
ported a tendency of shelter occupants in nonevacuated News media, which had performed magnificently dur-
ing the warning period, now, as a parish director noted,
areas to "enter a state of profound dependency" and
"vegetate ". In one city, 3,50o people who had rushed "really came up with some dillies."
uninvited into a hospital left it, after the storm, in such The mayor of Freeport stated, "Erroneous news got out
condition that it was necessary to call on the Navy to that Freeport and Brazosport were totally gone. A Fort
clean excreta and refuse from rooms, corridors, and even Worth paper took up a quarter section of the front page
with a picture called `All that's left of Freeport.' It
the tops of desks. It was noted that the 3,500 people
•
could have performed the cleanup just as well if any showed one house above water. I went all over town and
sense of responsibility or initiative had been present. can't figure where that photographer found an angle that
One city in the disaster area noted, "One of the things would show only one roof. There were hundreds of
we learned —you would think they would be so grate- houses showing, and all our industry, even if standing in
water. The picture caused great anguish to our citizens
ful, but you forget the emotional strain. They became in reception areas. You can quote me."
argumentative ....Same didn't bring any food or A shelter manager in Beaumont reported, "About 4
bedding, but expected private rooms and steak. Not all a.m. Tuesday morning, one of the evacuees came rushing
were like that —many policed shelters, scrubbed floors, in ... he had just heard over the radio that a tornado
left them in good shape." t
had hit Galveston and had buried over I,200 people in the Fret
Again, it should be emphasized that all unfavorable wreckage of a courthouse there.' This man also informed
reports came from less than a dozen of the 65o shelters, me that he had heard a call for volunteers to come help
and therefore seemed an indication of the possible rather dig these people out of the wreckage .... When I
than the probable or typical in shelter behavior. did not get excited, the man became greatly agitated,
Information Problem in Reception Areas stating he was going out and wake up all of the me mei
and head for Galveston to help dig these bodies out of air.
Desire for News the debris. I asked this man to sit down for just a mo- out
Possibly the greatest nonmaterial need of evacuees, in ment and I explained to him that throughout this entire �,
and out of shelters, appeared to be news. Cameron Parish operation we had found that commercial radio and tele- wh
reported, after a shelter inspection, "Their main gripe vision reports had been completely unreliable." ope
seemed to be a lack of information as to what happened 4 wet
Actual deaths in the Galveston tornado were set at five, and plenty
to the specific homes of families." of rescue workers were on hand. The courthouse lost windows on to
A Brazosport reporter, in a Bryan motel, wrote, "As eve- one side (see ch. IV). kee
34
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The Alvin CD director said, "The report got out some- ARC announcement had been given to radio stations,
how —I wouldn't say the news was intentionally exag- this urged evacuees to bring necessities, as it was well -
gerated —but worried people called in long distance say- known that, on the first night in any shelter, these
ing they had just heard on radio and TV that Alvin was might not have arrived. A Jefferson County critique
evacuated. My son is a reporter for UPI, and he didn't suggested educational programs on the need to take
know how that report got out. He called Houston [o try extra clothing, towels, toilet articles, medicines, baby
to correct it." food, bedding, and flashlights or candles.
From Matagorda County it was reported, "Reporters 2. REGISTRATION. —In post- disaster operations such as
called to ask about winds and the sheriff said the strongest Audrey, where people arrived exhausted and in shock,
was 90 miles per hour so far. They put it on the air that it had been found necessary to give food and dry
the sheriff said 115." clothing before registering them. During Carla,
Many officials worried about the applicability of this where predisaster reception was the rule, confusion 5.
problem to enemy attack. The mayor of Freeport said, or disorder occurred in most cases where evacuees
"If our own reporters can put out such mistaken stories, were permitted to get into a building without reg-
that cause so much public grief or panic, what would be istration. In Louisiana, registration was sometimes
the result of an enemy fifth column giving out on the done on the standard form provided by the State de-
radio or to newspapers ?" partment of welfare for enemy attack use. Local
An exactly opposite situation prevailed where the radio complaints were received that this was too long: "takes
or TV station was located in the actual disaster area it 11 minutes per person to register." One parish di-
was serving. A Galveston observer said, "As long as there rector discarded it and mimeographed a short form,
was electric power in Galveston, people with TV sets feeling that the long one could be completed after the
knew exactly what was going on. In the past, violent people were settled and under control. In Texas
rumors used to spread in storm situations, but not in this these forms were not available; cards or rosters simply 6.
one. People found they should have battery sets, for recorded "Mr. and Mrs. John Doe and five children."
when they finally lost lights and communications they It also was found helpful to make some brief note
were unnerved." as to skills, so that people with training could be lo-
cated at once. Wherever more than one building in
Principles of Successful Shelter Management a town was used, it was found that copies of regis-
Had it not been for the few problem cases cited, there tration forms should be kept in a central office, to
would have been few management principles to record, prevent those seeking relatives from calling or visiting
I I as almost all of the recommendations for improvement shelters all over town.
came out of a few disaster areas. In the great majority of 3. TRAINED SUPERVISORS. —A welfare department worker,
inland shelters, no problems were believed worthy of after a 72 -hour ordeal, suggested that all employees
report or recommendations made. From Louisiana, where receive training: "We knew nothing about evacuation -
most people stayed in shelters a relatively short time, center work when we went in and it doesn't seem we
there were no complaints except the lack of information, know too much about it now." Another, who actu-
1 teenage behavior, and the prevalence of peanut butter. ally performed in a superior manner, said, "I am not
However, the few available comments almost all rein- trained to handle a situation of this kind. I never had
forced standard ARC principles of shelter management, any instructions ... however, every time I had a
and apparently would relate closely to the occupancy of complaint about the services that were being offered
fallout shelters. at the shelter, I would suggest that in the future the
I. PREPARATION OF SHELTEREES. —A military observer in people making the complaint take an active interest
the Galveston area reported that lack of preparation in either ARC or CD."
of persons taking shelter was "pathetic "; few brought 4. POLICE PROTECTION. —No single instance of success -
clothing, bedding, food, water, diapers, or medicine: ful shelter operation was reported (although there
"diabetics rushed from homes taking their parakeets may have been some) where a police officer or similar
but leaving their insulin in the refrigerators." One authority was not assigned or quickly available on call.
family left a 2- year -old child. These comments ap- In a Louisiana parish, "We had to put two or three
peared to apply chiefly to latecomers who rushed into young punks out because they refused to help keep
shelters at the last minute. Elsewhere, cars depart- the place clean," after which no further trouble was
ing were seen to be fully loaded; some pulled trailers reported. Drinking, emotional displays, fights, or
or had suitcases tied on top. Wherever the standard thefts seldom occurred when an officer was present.
36
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ington. Others were opened by local authorities Local officials felt that the solution was a better
without authorization. ARC experts did not en- definition of the respective responsibilities of the city
courage such releases, since in the past it had cost and the Red Cross. City sanitary departments had
more to repackage the hospitals than to buy cots sometimes assumed that ARC medical officers were
and blankets from local stores. present to handle the problem, or had hesitated to go 1 5.
b. Cots in CD Warehouse. —A similar solution was in and issue orders when not officially in charge.
proposed by cities near the CD warehouse at I2. MEDICAL CARE IN SHELTERS. Medical observers like -
Bastrop, Tex., which had zg,000 cots in storage. wise noted that "shelter problems almost overwhelmed
Again, HEW regarded these as a reserve for enemy the medical staff," and that there was "little evidence
attack, and released them only after Army supplies that the medical support of shelters was coordinated
were exhausted. Bastrop citizens were particu- with the hospitals." While nearby hospital staffs
larly incredulous on hearing that their requested waited for business, one ARC nurse in a shelter might 16.
30o cots were being shipped from Fort Polk, La. be on duty 72 hours without rest, and the ARC doctor
c. Surplus Property Cots. —One offered solution came "on call" continuously. In Galveston, teams from
from a Louisiana parish, where the CD director had the University of Texas medical school were obtained
earlier obtained some 200 cots from Federal surplus for most shelters. In Louisiana, public health nurses
property and stored them under his own control. were sometimes reported as assigned. Observers felt
However, he noted that the high handling charges that "medical planning should be intimately coordin-
of the State surplus property agency might put this ated" in a community.
solution out of the reach of many small towns unless In Galveston, ambulance cases being evacuated were
the Government were willing to donate cots free. taken to a hospital, which directed that they be sent
9. DIAPERS. —A bachelor ARC official who conducted an on to a shelter. All stretcher cases were sent to the
otherwise blameless operation noted that he was high school shelter, although it was decided too late
caught short by the unexpected demand for diapers. that they should have been put in a school nearer the
"Operation Diaper" soon rivaled "Operation Bull- hospital. "When you wade in water to your armpits
dozer." The best solution appeared to be local pur- carrying a stretcher case to a hospital, and have them
chase, although one report was received that local turn it away, you don't feel so good," said a volunteer 1 7.
supplies were insufficient for the town's augmented rescue worker later.
population. One distraught official suggested stock- Patients from nursing and rest homes also proved
piling, along with other critical defense items. an unusual problem. Hospitals would seldom accept
IO. LIGHTS.— Adequate lighting was pronounced almost them, since they were not ill, and few shelters had
more important than food —the same conclusion that . facilities to care for the senile or convalescent. Care
had been reached in Federal shelter- occupancy tests. by VA hospitals and by the Seventh -Day Adventist
Foresighted CD directors in several towns, including churches were the only reported solutions.
Houston, had prepositioned emergency generators at 13. COMMUNICATIONS To SHELTERS.—Telephone commu-
every shelter; others had enough for only three or four; nications to shelters were reported as inadequate, since + 18.
still others had to resort to candles, kerosene lanterns, all lines might be jammed by occupants making calls.
and Coleman lamps. Some felt' that in the future it Managers usually tried to reserve a private phone in
should be mandatory to provide a generator for every an office to receive incoming calls, although through
community building, but not all small communities poor advance understanding with building owners
felt able to afford the surplus - property acquisition cost private offices had sometimes been left locked. In
and maintenance. Beaumont and several other cities, radio communica-
II. SANITATION AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE. —A medical tion to each shelter was provided by the CD office,
observer reported that shelter managers were not
familiar with emergency water treatment, emergency and proved invaluable in obtaining supplies, medical
human -waste disposal, and other preventive measures. aid, police, or other needs. Reports recommended
There were noted few provisions for control of com- better advance understanding with building owners
municable diseases, especially diarrhea and dysentery, about communications (as well as about humbler needs
although attempts were made at isolation. Even in such as the location of mops, brooms, and toilet
a city such as Houston, dysentery occurred in some paper).
shelters. , Observers felt it fortunate that most shelters I4. RELIGIOUS SUPPORT. —The mayor of Houston and
closed after 3 days before an epidemic could occur. numerous others noted a need for religious services
38
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Questions re Degree of Local Government Application to Enemy Attack Situations count
they
Control of Shelters There was evidence that the capacity of most reception numl
From possibly half of the cities and counties reporting, areas had not been severely tested. Even in some coastal Ex
questions were received which indicated need for better areas, shelters stood empty or were not even opened. The page
understanding of respective responsibilities in shelter op- Jefferson County judge received calls from "all over east «
eration. A mayor stated, "City officials operate a city and Texas" offering more space. In no reported case was the oven
do not feel the operation should be turned over to any supply of freely volunteered private homes exhausted. nary
service organization. We need to clarify the basic re- Opinions varied as to whether the load of enemy- attack So
sponsibility of a city for shelters." evacuation could be supported with equal success. A recef
I. OPENING OF SHELTERS. — In a Louisiana parish, the Red State ARC official said, "In an enemy- attack situation we
Cross was trying to keep the number of shelters limited would not have been able to use Houston for reception. I
to those it could handle efficiently, but the school board doubt if smaller cities could accommodate the load —some
opened more schools. people might have to camp out." On the other hand,
2. CLOsINC. —In several cities, ARC shelters were re- other observers felt that Texas could accommodate its
portedly closed out before local governments were ready entire big -city population by forced billeting in private
for the people to return home. Some had to be re- homes alone, without the need of any public shelters.
opened. A county official recommended, "It should be possible
3. CONSOLIDATION. — "Movement from one shelter to an- to make a State survey of how many people would satu-
other is the critical phase of shelter operation," said a rate each town. Then the State ought to have central
city official. "We almost had a riot when this shelter control and routing points and cut them off when capacity
man tried it because he didn't want to be bothered with is reached."
small shelters." A representative of small towns in Matagorda County
4. SANITATION.— " Our city health department found un- stated, "I feel sure small places could care for evacuees in
sanitary conditions and dysentery. It would have been enemy attack. You would need food located throughout
better if ARC had controlled food and clothing and let the areas —the type of ration that will last for years."
the city handle medical care and sanitation." El Campo authorities agreed, saying, "In storing USDA
5. ARC IDENTIFICATION. — "School and CD people were food, couldn't we have it in each town under the town's
running the shelter but the local ARC man tried to put emergency authority? We could offer adequate storage."
his armbands on them. They were wearing CD hel- An ARC State official noted, "If this had been enemy
mets and ARC armbands. He felt he was entitled to attack with strategic (advance) evacuation, reception
because ARC later paid for food we bought, ltut gov- would have been the same —but if we had had a large
ernment costs for generators, lumber, trucks, and sur- number of casualties (remedial evacuation after an attack)
plus property used by shelters were bigger than the it would have made a huge load."
food bill."
6. EVACUATION. — A CD director decided on evacuation of
Success of Reception
eception Operation
a town and sent trucks to the shelter, but the shelter
manager refused to let the people leave. In spite of problems encountered in a few nonevacuated
7. AUTHORITY To DISPENSE FEDERAL SURPLUS FOODS.— areas, the reception operation was generally rated an un- '
"We didn't pick up any food direct from ARC; it was qualified success. Although less dramatic than the
all Federal surplus, but it took us 24 hours to get it evacuation, it was felt by observers to be equally amazing
through ARC. Why can't the Government allot that and equally significant for the nation's planning.
to a city when the city is running the shelter? In time On less than a day's notice, reception areas had absorbed
of emergency, cities or counties must act." over half a million people and successfully cared for them.
Most spokesmen said, "I agree we can solve the probe
lem," but existing city -ARC memoranda of understand -
The resiliency and resourcefulness of American commu-
ing did not settle most of these issues. Cities had the nities came in for praise from thousands.
authority to run their own shelters, using their own build- In the entire operation, no one had lacked food or
ings and employees, but few had funds to pay for food. In shelter for long. There had been no major injuries or
enemy attack, the question of divided authority, or of serious epidemics even with inexpert management, and
ability to pay, evidently would not exist to a comparable no deaths directly attributable to the huge operation.
degree. Although deaths in shelters from natural causes were
40
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Chapter IV. Hurricane Operations ope
or
RESCUE and the National Guard. "They risked their lives to ind
save people," said the city CD director. "Many were in hul
Under the heading of "Rescue," a Louisianan reported water for 6o hours, often up to the armpits." Grateful of
succinctly: "Nobody got trapped and had to be rescued." letters -to- the - editor later praised teams who waded in ves
The same could not be said for Galveston, Texas City, water full of debris, snakes, and live wires, to bring food phi
and a few other incompletely evacuated towns along the or medicine or carry out people. Bn
coast. With Carla still a full day from entry, calls for In Texas City, the mayor reported, "They were all wet of
rescue began as rain, wind, and darkness closed in, and wading in chest -deep water for hours — policemen, fire- 2
escape routes were blocked by tides. men, rescue workers. We called on the Army for dry to
In the city of Galveston, 2,500 authenticated rescue clothes but never got any." car
slips were on file at the CD office, with an estimated r,000 Eighteen newsmen, holed up in the Galveston customs i fiv(
more never recorded. Galveston County estimated about building, called on the Salvation Army for food and dri
roo; Texas City, uncounted numbers. drink. When the captain -in- charge —clad in bathing scr
trunks — brought it in through neck -deep water, he was ma
Calls for Aid joshed about being out of uniform, but replied that he
still had his Salvation Army cap on, which he did. DI
Some of the calls were amusing in retrospect but not an
when received. In Galveston, rescuers reported: "A man we
would call and say there were two of them, but when the pei
rescue truck of in, there'd be r o waiting. Or, people { "' ".
g � ' 5 g• �P P ��'�� to
would call and then leave without telling us; there'd be rai
nobody." ) ` co{
The services expected by nonevacuated citizens were Lo
considerable: "Families with invalids waited until nothing t o sca
but a high - wheeled truck could get in. When the truck '
came, they'd refuse to go unless we sent an am'
A lady came out dressed like for a party and said, `Do '
you expect me to ride in that truck ?' Three coffins floated , n 1
out of the ground and they called us to come get them." 2 ' ho
' t
From a small coastal city: "The phone drove me nuts. 4 WI
In the worst of the storm a lady called and said her air -
sic
ur
conditioner was making a funny noise. A duplex owner .f
called and asked if we'd drive over and close a banging -- p
door in the other half of her house; we asked why she, .� t ly,: ful
couldn't and she said, `I'd get all wet.' " -P bl<
From Texas City: "People would call us to come get �, r °" -a', - `'
them, and when they saw the truck could still get in, � ` f \ CO
they'd change their minds and refuse to go. We made I,:
two or three trips for some." ` * f ,f a ' � °'' on
A few coastal residents waited to call for rescue until only high- by
Rescue Crews wheel trucks could get in. In paying tribute to the National to
Guard, a CD director said: "When you see a boy tying himself . .
In Galveston a call was put out for drivers and other to the radiator of a truck, sounding with a pole to lead it in, or
crew members, and the response was immediate. Volun- with signboards and powerlines falling all around, you wonder,
teers were augmented by Coast Guardsmen, Reservists, 'Was this trip necessary ?' " " 1
` I
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coordinating with the others. Texas City didn't recog- Daylight Monday brought some hope. Many build- that'
nize the county channel." ings were still undamaged, and tides until noon had not said
A Texas City authority later said, "We didn't know reached above 12 feet. Television cars and emergency
much about channels. The CD director had been in office crews braved the screeching winds along the waterfront.
only 3 days, his assistant left town, and some of the rest Ships tugged at moorings but still held. Waterfront build - Tl
of us were new. The city government had been forced ings were flooded and rocking under the impart of the wavy
out of two buildings by rising waters; had only a small wind, but still intact. watt
generator borrowed from a motorcycle shop; and did the By noon, hopes faded. Carla veered northward, then over
best we could for the people." The mayor lost ro pounds westward, then leveled in upon Calhoun County, the city the
during the ordeal, the CD director 12. of Port Lavaca, and the small coastal towns of Port L
O'Connor, Olivia, and Seadrift. Palacios, in Matagorda awa'
Tribute to National Guard County, lay in the most dangerous quadrant. foun
or r
The Dickinson CD director paid tribute to the work of Strength of the Storm per
the 36th Division of the National Guard in this operation: befo
"They haven't been praised enough. They were the peo- "It was like all the battles of the war fought simul- .
ple who did it all —cold, wet, shivering, still making rescue taneously," wrote the publisher of the Port Lavaca news -
pent
attempts. When you see a boy tying himself to the radia- paper. "Too much happened too powerfully and too
in o:
tor of a truck, sounding with a pole to lead it to get 33 quick." at u
people out —with signboards and powerlines falling all The winds took on an ominously higher pitch. Where fight
around —you kind of wonder, Was this trip neces- there had been gusts, now there was no relief. Rain higl,
sary? ... That was the kind of service we got from which had been blowing fitfully now became horizontal. Cou
the National Guard. When it was over they came back Sheets of water swept parallel to the ground. "This In
and gave their own clothing to disaster victims. They got isn't rain," said an observer. "It's water that fell in the 97 F
little publicity." next county." hurl,
If killed or injured on this type of State duty, guards- In Palacios, the sheriff reported, "There was a terrific muc
men were entitled to no compensation, and one who was roar and sound all around. Treetops touched the ground. of tl
disabled could only be discharged, with loss of eventual At the height, there was no letting up. We were scared— mail
retirement prospects. Some Houston employers even tried afraid for the people who had stayed —but couldn't show In
to fire those who were called to duty for Carla, until it." was
stopped by a wave of public indignation. Observers described "blinding rain, striking like a sledge and
hammer ... huge rolling waves that towered 4o feet In
Possible Results of Nonevacuation above the shore ... waves hurtling debris 11 stories deeF
Had Carla gone ashore in this densely populated, high." fron
poorly evacuated area, casualties would, most believed, The barometer, which had been falling steadily, took a "the
have been staggering. Mercifully, by Monday, even as
howling winds and rain lashed the flooded cities, fore-
casts shifted the entry point over 10o miles down the
sharp downward turn at noon, and recorded a low of
27.62 before the needle dropped below the scale. Recon
naissance aircraft just off the coast recorded 27.50. Glass
coast, to a less populous and better - evacuated area in the in parked cars shattered when inside pressure exceeded A
left
vicinity of Port Lavaca and Matagorda Bay. outside. hou
The wind gauge blew away at 153 miles per hour I'll k
THE HURRICANE shortly after 2:5o p.m. Not a gauge in Port Lavaca was
Bible
At Port Lavaca, rain and squall showers began Sun- left functioning. Nearby, top gusts were estimated at 175 dren
day at daybreak and continued all day. The leading edge miles per hour —loo miles per hour in excess of "hurricane phoi
of the hurricane was felt about ro:oo p.m. Sunday night. winds ". flow
Winds took on a frightening high - pitched whistle. Roofs flew through the air; windows shattered; and whe
Tides rose slowly, inundating lowlands and the sewage debris picked up from the beach was launched against an is
plant. In the darkness, pieces of roof and debris flapped buildings. Marble slabs were loosened from the Calhoun and
and thudded against buildings. Trees split or lost County courthouse and crashed to the ground. A house said
branches. By morning, gusts up to fro miles per hour in Palacios sailed over a fence into a pasture, leaving the I've
were being registered. fence intact. "I've done a little drinking in my day, but N
44
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citizens emerging from shelters. Port O'Connor was flat- some of the largest in the United States —were a total loss him I
tened, 95 percent destroyed, and "virtually a snakepit" as for miles. why 1
reptiles crawled through the debris. Palacios had, in the "Big fine homes were gone and shacks left," said ob- touch(
opinion of many observers, the worst damage anywhere servers. Damage seemed senseless, haphazard, causing away.
on the coast, with remaining houses scarcely distinguish- many to feel that tornadic winds rather than water must shingl
able from the solid mass of debris which covered homes, have been involved. Close beside almost- untouched
yards, and streets. houses, others lay in rubble. An $8o,000 home, designed
Freeport was, a reporter wrote, "a battered wasteland by a Florida architect to withstand 200 mile - per -hour
of crushed and muddy buildings, downed powerlines, and winds, was entirely gone except for piling, but across the ,,W
dead animals. The air reeked with the smell of dead street an old frame house stood. A concrete and steel the sl
fish." On Bolivar Peninsula, 15o miles from the point of pavilion was crushed and twisted, but a few blocks away were
entry, houses were pounded to splinters and the debris a TV antenna was unharmed. Some $4o,000 beach homes dead
embedded in sand. A deep blanket of sand and silt lay on i8 -inch concrete pilings were demolished, while beside little i
over the roads. them frame cottages on spindly wood pilings were "TI
Up and down the coast for hundreds of miles, houses undamaged. Rearii
lay in the middle of roads, loaded barges in cotton fields. The "better built" buildings seemed worst hit, to many sanctt
Boats sat astride bridges, across roads, on the shoulders of observers. Modern brick homes seemed more vulnerable
highways; some had disappeared entirely or were sunk at than frame, as water undermined bottom bricks and top
their moorings. A 65 –foot, 8o -ton ferry sat on dry land. ones fell. An evacuee said, "My uncle said he knew how
Coastal business, shipyards, seafood- processing plants— his old house was built, and that's why he stayed. I told
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At Port Lavaca, Tex., where Carla's eye went inland, hundreds of ships were destroyed or tossed inland. an e
48
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ganw pp os :sa)JEUS 41!m paimuia punol2 Jag2tq au, STELLI!UV pau2Ts
•31 1ou Inc! `aJtlPitm 1ag1O pagan
puE `SU0oo `sa1.)Isnw `)lutes `gsTJ `EU1nu pEap 3o ss1w E •aAT1EU E plus „`wags SET! Tips 1! puE `s.eaA 05 .03 Sai.2AUT4s 1Snw
alam s(Emg2tg Eu1TSInO'I •ma3 u <flu0 1sol puE /Claps o1 aUJES ay peg sEq uolsaAIEO ut asnoq pp w„ fEmu 2utsn1
aJ11E3 oo0`o51 palEwElsa UE uaAUp pug `sassoi alqulal paddp1s sum 2ut3ooi uoUusodwoa uJapow aitgm patlanol -qo p1 s AaJpny <(q 2uTlgold `sueu1TStno- I,iuuEJ •puno12 Jag2t4 -tin <(IluanbaJ3 alam sal2utgs uapoom PIO << •13a1 I ( qm
3133S alma papuElgun ial puE saaua3 Ina o1 ao1E1ani3J s < 1ug1 puE `001 `1ltnq sum asnoq mau I(w m011 m3U3I 1 wtg ssol IE:
went to Galveston just to see the storm. Sometime Mon- An editor of a Houston paper stated, "Without the
day we decided to walk out .. . my friend didn't make magnificent job which CD people did in evacuation, we
it." In Matagorda County: "he left a shelter to get ciga- would have had loss of life into the thousands. As it was,
rettes and was found dead the next day holding a live there were practically no fatalities from the hurricane ex-
wire." cept people who didn't take advantage of the warning."
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FCC man to call on the station and warn them; after that Return traffic was again described as "bumper to She ju
they read every word to us before they put it on the bumper." A highway patrol commander noted, "We damn
air. had better driving leaving than we did coming back." my car
"One station at Lufkin was broadcasting the opposite The Beaumont police chief added, "The re -entry traffic
of what the Department of Public Safety was saying. We was about as heavy as the evacuation flow. We didn't
stopped them, then got a highway patrolman to take them figure we'd have the trouble on re -entry that we did going
the correct version." out, but we had more. Elec
The LaMarque police chief commented, "We were not author
From Houston bothered by accidents on the return —just tempers. Peo- convir
"People in shelters got false information. Those radio ple trying to get to Texas City or Galveston wound up The J
stations not on our simulcast (official loop) would come in LaMarque. So did CD and military equipment to help would
out with bulletins that it was OK to o to Texas City, etc. munic
g Y� those cities."
No power can hold people who have their own cars. We Authorities' problems were increased by the necessity health
tried to get radio stations to appeal to the public to stay to sort out the columns according to destination. In ties ar
out, and had cooperation from most. The Texas City Beaumont, residents could be let through to the town of reque
CD director called nine times appealing for them not to Nederland, which was safe, but not to neighboring Port on leg
return." Arthur, still threatened by levee collapse, or to Groves lives.
From LaMarque and Port Acres. Evacuees were actually returning to these 72 hot
two cities when, on Tuesday, levees broke, flooding both The
"We had no control of radio and TV stations outside cities and knocking out the sewage plants. In flooded for ret
the county. They didn't check with anyone in the area. Galveston County, a few rural areas such as Dickinson The
Dallas and Houston stations advised people to return home were dry and indignant, "Why should our people have mayor
when we still had a convoy getting people out. One of the to sit on the road 2 days when their homes were OK Matag
biggest things CD could do would be to organize stations except for looters ?" Such areas actually needed their cit- ing tl
so they would check before they reported. We could get izens to see to cleanup and repair. from c
the broadcast associations to devise a check." An intolerable traffic situation soon existed. For some In I
The source of the erroneous reports was difficult to 15 miles from Angleton to Freeport, cars were lined up let a r
trace Many stations, beset by callers wanting to know if solidly. Freeport could not admit them because of ex- with c
roads were open, received from the Texas Highway De- treme health hazards, debris - choked streets, lack of drink- the e
partment a list of roads still closed by floodwaters, and - _.
P
Y ing water and sewage facilities, power, and lights. Else- or not
read this over the air, also a list of roads just reopened. where the situation was similar wherever roadblocks ex- welfar
Although "open" in one sense, many were firmly closed isted. On the freeway from Houston to Galveston County,
by police road blocks around danger areas. "M'ybe the the line extended ro or 20 miles.
highway department bulletin could say `open for emer- Citizens trapped in the motionless columns were furious.
gency traffic.' " suggested a State trooper. "They would go to swinging at you," said a sheriff. An- In
Some stations had evidently also received reports from other official noted, "The only criticism we received in the thoriz
ham operators, local telephone calls, incomplete bulle- entire disaster was this. Only one thing displeased the or cit'
tins, etc. One county official commented, "They didn't people and it was that we didn't let the bar down and let . sure,
mean to create a hazard; they were just eager to get a story them in."
and rushed in with incomplete details." In part, the l report
P P � In Houston, citizens wired the President (mistakenly let on
broadcasts seemed to stem from well- meaning attempts blaming Houston authorities for the roadblock), demand -
began
to reassure people that their cities were still there. ing that CD "assist rather than harass victims trying to Mayor
return to their homes and property." first o
Return Traffic A department of public safety official cited "the most
unreasonable instance I heard of. A lady in a little com- wand, Nowhere, apparently, did people pause to check on sherifl
pact car came up to a roadblock and demanded to be let go
radio -TV reports; officials noted that, "people think every- home. The two patrolmen manning the block told her a met
thing they hear on the radio is gospel." By Tuesday the water was too deep for anything but trucks. She dissen
morning, at approximately the same time that dazed insisted, made a scene, said she knew her rights. The In 1
coastal officials emerged from shelters, the stampede was truck driver behind her agreed to push her car if it increa
on. Hundreds of thousands of persons took to the road, drowned out, so they let her through. When she got to local ,
many in drizzling rain. the other side she found two more patrolmen on duty. all kii
52
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Tuesday evening the water department tried to get the Galveston residents who had fled beaches for the safety u:
water cycle going. On Wednesday we helped people with of hotels, carrying valuables in cars and trailers, re- tc
temporary passes to look around town but if caught here ported that vehicles were knocked open by the tornado tl
after dark they were arrested. But people began leaking and property looted before morning. it
in —I don't know how they got in. People backed up on In Texas City, looters actually stole a kitchen sink —
the highway —it was a serious situation, out of hand; the also bathtub, water heater, carpeting, rods and reels, RE
police said they couldn't control it. We had to make a de- shotguns, radios, and other property from homes and
cision; we still had deep water in town, only a little drink-
2. RELATIVE SAFETY OF EVACUATED AREAS. — Elsewhere, L(
yards.
ing water, none in overhead tanks for fire protection, no
food or lights. The decision was made at 2 p.m. to let with towns nearly empty and access routes under strict ing
guard, would -be looters were frequently put to flight. tere(
people in, telling them we wanted only men, to let the ,
In one county, "Some shrimpers tried to steal a boat, area
wives and kids see the situation and leave before an epi- I. A
demic started." and were promptly caught. The news got around and
With this the dikes crumbled. An outraged count we had very little further trouble." In another case, tt
official, queried about the percentage of residents
having looters with a truck pulled into a field to load property ft
returned, barked, "Every damn oneof them." g scattered by water. They were fired on and took off e!
so hastily that they left their own truck. ti
In Grand Isle, it was noted that "In Flossie, a pre- li
Sightseers vious hurricane, people stole boats, butane tanks, and S'
As soon as effective roadblocks went down, disaster anything not nailed down." This time, with near- f '
areas were jammed by sightseers. At Freeport, "Our big- complete eva'uation and the marshal on guard, the c'
gest problem was keeping sightseers out." At Galveston, island had no looting. No looting at all was reported
"The bridge at Galveston was jammed, four cars wide and by many Louisiana parishes. Profiting by past ex- o
io miles long, mostly sightseers, till you couldn't get emer- periences, officials maintained a tight blockade by land h
gency vehicles in." At Palacios, "On Sunday we let the and water: "Strangers just didn't get in." ti
blocks down and sightseers blocked every street in town; Some Louisiana officials believed that, "National
road equipment couldn't work on cleanup —they couldn't Guard is the only system that will work for guarding c
even swing a dragline." disaster areas that have been evacuated. Nobody else t
In the little town of Port Aransas, there was insufficient has enough manpower to do the job properly." How-
2. )
control to prevent immediate reentry, and on the day after ever, elsewhere in both States it was found that, where C
the hurricane "thousands of sightseers came in with resi- a city had been really emptied, city- county forces had r
dents." On Tuesday 3,50o typhoid shots had to be given, good success. 1
although the town's summer population was only 800. Admission of residents only was no guarantee of r
Sightseers hampered cleanup, restoration of utilities, and safety. In one county where property owners only t
reestablishment of schools and homes. were admitted, "there was some looting, occasionally 1
by property owners. One accused another of hooking
Looting up his butane tank." The sheriff checked serial num- 1
bers of tanks and boats and notified rightful owners. t
With the sightseers came organized looters. Some po- 3. CHECK OF OUTGOING CARS.—Where roadblocks could be 1
lice officers believed many were upstate or out -of -State made to stick, they performed another useful function 1
operators who moved in efficiently, equipped with trucks in preventing looters from leaving the area. In Beau- l
and labor, to pick up appliances, boats, motors, and other mont, the department of public safety reported, "When
valuable property scattered over fields and streets. they started to return, we would check every car that
I. PREVALENCE IN NONEVACUATED AREAS.— Nowhere, ap- came out —name, license number, property they were
parently, did looters meet with much success except in hauling out, serial number of motors they were taking i
Texas City, Galveston, and a few other places where out, etc." In another county, officials felt that "We 1
residents had refused evacuation or forced premature should have a law that we can search cars leaving, for
dropping of roadblocks. In Galveston, patrolling loot. We did it anyway. If there was any merchan- t
Coast Guardsmen frequently found persons removing dise, we made a list and got the license number. This 1
property from damaged homes, but when these claimed stopped a lot of looting." t
to be the owners, little could be done, especially in rain 4. USED - CLOTHING DEALERS. —One sheriff reported possi- 3. 1
or darkness and with electricity knocked out. Some bly the lowest form of life brought in by the storm:
56
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officials would almost certainly feel it necessary to re- ing for county action, State or Federal martial law would
main. A statewide priority for certain officials, binding be required in an enemy- attack situation.
on all politicial subdivisions, seemed indicated.
7. UNIFORM STAFFING OF ROADBLOCKS. — Cities reported Reentry Accident Record
one big lesson: "Next time staffing of roadblocks will
be uniform. This time we had several different law The confusion and ill- temper of the reentry period did
enforcement agencies; next time we will use the Na- not mar the traffic - safety record of the entire evacuation
tional Guard." Whatever the system used, it was operation, which officials still regarded as "miraculous."
agreed that uniformed police were needed —not city Accidents, if occurring, were so minor as seldom to come
employees, firemen, or volunteers. to the attention of law - enforcement officers. Altercations
One county CD director noted that, as roadblocks, at roadblocks seemed chiefly verbal; no injuries were re-
houses were better than people: "Where houses had ported. The entire Io -day period of evacuation and return
washed across roads, we left some there deliberately. was recorded in regional department of public safety offices 1-
They were easier to explain to people than roadblocks:' as one of the lowest Io -day periods on record for accidents
8. PREVENTIVE ACTION —The best measures to correct pre- and injuries.
mature reentry appeared to be preventive rather than The Governor of Texas described the completed Carla
remedial. Where full explanations were given to per operation as the "largest, safest, best - organized evacuation
sons in reception areas, the people generally showed of people anywhere in the world. There was not a single
themselves reasonable and cooperative: We had lots casualty in moving in and out The CD organization at
•
call to complain but they were all satisfied with the State and local levels performed a wonderful job in evacu-
explanation. " There appeared to be no legal authority ating and returning people home."
to compel people to remain in a shelter (although one
Louisiana city reported detaining them), but officials Willingness to Repeat Operation
felt that good results could be obtained by firm official
broadcasts, reports of hazards, and lists of blocked -off The majority of local officials were convinced that peo-
ple would go out again, either in natural disaster or enemy
areas. Unreasonable behavior chiefly occurred where
people were allowed to reach a roadblock before being
attack, if called upon with equal firmness. From Groves,
advised of it. in Jefferson County: "Everyone said they would go again
if asked to." From Brazoria County, "We would do it
again without hesitation." From LaMarque, If we put
Comparison to Reentry of Fallout Areas
out an evacuation order right now we'd have loo percent." "O'4.
ra
Some feared that those who had no property damage
A department of public safety official noted: " �'iomeone P Pe Y g`
with sufficient authority must block people out if we have might be harder to move on the next occasion. A Louisi-
ana parish, which had gone out on State recommendation
fallout. If people know their homes remain, whether
or OK, you have a fight on your hands to keep during four successive hurricanes, thought that if officials
them out." called for too many such exercises, whether in natural 4
disaster or time of deteriorating international situation,
A State Red Cross official cited the "need for public people might eventually cease to respond.
education on the hazards of reentry, especially in an enemy Hard -hit areas felt they would have less rather than
attack situation." Brazoria County officials said We more difficulty. From Palacios: "Never again in a life -
should study how to get correct news to people after time will we have trouble getting people to leave." From
evacuation —how to tell them when to come back." Port Aransas: "Should a disaster of this kind threaten
Most observers agreed that if a State could not find again, the constable believes that everyone will leave with-
sufficient legal authority to block returnees without wait- out urging, including himself."
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Chapter VI. Rehabilitation
Sights greeting returning evacuees presented a severe salary, the owner could not get bank help, but could obtain
shock. Officials felt that "the shock was actually less to a Small Business Administration disaster loan at 3 percent
find the home completely gone." A Texas City official interest. This added $5o a month to the $85 payment,
said, "There was a stench, everything slippery, gooey —it plus cost of new furniture. The official noted, "With that
was raw sewage, not mud. Carpets were ruins, tile must load, the family starves. If he walks away from his
all come up, front doors were blocked by warped floors." mortgage, his credit is ruined and he can't buy another
The mayor of Texas City noted, "We had a lot of sick home."
women, nervous and shook up, from the shock of seeing The situation was regarded as comparable to enemy
homes after they walked in." However, out of some attack, which would invalidate insurance but leave own -
ro,5oo flooded homes, only an estimated 5o women in the ers responsible for completing mortgage payments.
city had to be hospitalized or placed on tranquilizers. To add to the homeowner's plight, his 1961 taxes were
The description of a home, by an average Texas City computed on the January 1961 valuation, and had to be
family, was enough to sicken a housekeeper. Sewage and paid in full even though the property was totally
6 inches of silt coated the floor. One wall of the house was destroyed.
pushed outward and hung loose with a 6 -inch gap at the Condition of Communities
bottom. Upholstered furniture was past help. The deep-
freeze had turned over, and spoiled food lay in the water. Many political subdivisions were in scarcely better shape,
The garbage disposal was ruined, the oven full of salt with utilities knocked out, streets and bridges damaged,
water. In closets, hems of dresses were stained; hooks schools and public property destroyed, and buildings left
and zippers in clothing had rusted, and rust stains defied a fire hazard. In addition to the immediate loss, future
washing and bleaching. The children's new school shoes tax revenues were depleted by the loss of local industries,
ruined, also a prized cashmere coat. Toys in the resorts, and homes. A mayor noted, "It affected the
closet were awash, dolls floating in the living room. Bu- city budget tremendously." An early estimate by the
reau drawers were stuck. The TV had water in it. Weather Bureau set damage in Louisiana at $25 million,
In Freeport, floors buckled 3 feet high, and including
po 3 g , walls were g $6 million dama ge to crops, and $19 million to
pushed out. "My first impulse was to walk off and leave property. In Texas, damages were estimated by the
it completely —to have nothing else to do with it," said a Weather Bureau at around $300 million, with about $200
housewife. million damage to property and $roo million to crops.
In Port Aransas, returnees found that "furniture, clothes, Later reports presented by county judges to the Gover-
TV sets had been washed around, some from room to nor of Texas showed damages totaling possibly half a
room. Veneer furniture had peeled —there was little to billion dollars. Galveston County alone estimated $235,
million damage to private property and $25 million to
salvage." public property. Even semirural counties such as Cham-
bers
(pop. 10,379) estimated up to $15 million damage,
Financial Plight of Homeowners
and the city of Palacios (pop. 3,676) estimated over a a;
A State official visiting the area said, "The hardest -hit million dollars in public property damage alone, plus un
group in the whole thing is the middle -class homeowner. counted private losses and most of its industry gone. In l'
a few areas, the rehabilitation problem was comparable to
The Red Cross can help the really destitute, but the man i
that of recovery from enemy attack.
in an $8,000 home is the problem." In a typical case, a re- Counties which had little public property damage cited
finery worker made $300 a month and owned a GI home the plight of farmers: after several years of drought or
with payments of $85 a month. The home suffered $5,000 flood, bank credit was exhausted and .even the banks them -
damage from floodwater, and furniture was a total loss. selves had reached the limit of authorized loans. It was
Insurance companies refused payment, since "hurricane" not known how farmers and small businesses would
policies did not cover flood damage. At $300 a month recover from this latest blow.
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Surveys of Need for a disaster declaration went to the President on
September 13.
Governors of both States made personal surveys of Several other counties also sought early declarations
disaster areas as soon as the storm subsided. The Gov- in order to obtain heavy engineering equipment from the
ernor of Texas used the Houston Civil Defense office as Associated General Contractors under "Operation Bull-
a base of operations, and after conferring with county dozer ". This equipment began to be made available at
and city officials, returned there to formulate plans. once by AGC for rescue of stranded persons and for debris
Numerous other Federal and States agencies, using clearance, but a local contract guaranteeing reimbursement
planes and helicopters, also made sweeping flights over was required, and neither the State nor political subdi-
the coast to assess the extent of damage, even before land visions had funds for the purpose. Upon the State's as-
entry to all areas became possible. surance that Federal funds would be obtained, AGC began
s providing equipment as soon as storm conditions
Coordination of Federal Aid permitted.
During the course of the storm, the President tele- After a meeting in Bay City with the Governor, Vice
phoned the Governor of Texas to offer any Federal aid President, and a planeload of Washington dignitaries,
which might be needed. States were advised that, in other Texas counties applied for Federal aid, to an eventual
view of the obvious severity of the storm, the entire coast total of 14. The Governor of Louisiana applied on Sep -
could be blanketed under one immediate declaration of a tember 15 for a disaster declaration for six parishes.
"major disaster" under Public Law 875 if the Governors so Under Public Law 875, Office of Emergency Planning
desired. Although political subdivisions could not receive could allot Federal funds for repair of public property and
any funds until specific damage surveys were made, a for removal of health hazards and debris.
declaration would give the Office of Emergency Planning, Other counties felt they had no great damage to pub -
which administered the law, authority to reimburse Fourth lic property and could handle health measures and debris
Army expenditures and also to direct other Federal agen- clearance without the aid of Public Law 875. However,
cies to perform needed work. many of these needed aid to agriculture plus extension of
To prepare for coordination of Federal aid, an OEP bank credit.
Task Force office was sent out, and held meetings with Field offices were set up in Galveston and in Corpus
regional directors of Federal agencies, to line up their Christi to expedite Federal aid, each staffed by one man
assistance. from the OEP region and one from the Texas Division of
Both Governors decided against a blanket declaration Defense and Disaster Relief. Personnel from other Fed -
of a "major disaster" in favor of the somewhat slower eral agencies were attached as needed, to an eventual total
county -by- county designations, which required requests of as many as 20 people.
and justification from the cities or counties concerned.
The Governor of Texas stated, "Some counties have asked Elimination of Health Hazards
not to be declared disaster areas if they could help it.
Some have told me that because they were not hit as The most urgent need for action was in the field of
badly as others, they feel the help should go to others." health and sanitation. Local officials reported, "The dan-
The Governor noted the recent unfavorable reactions of ger of disease was terrific." Septic tanks were washed up,
Texas counties which had been declared by a Federal wells contaminated, sewer systems out. Others noted "a
agency to be "distressed areas" eligible for economic aid, terrific problem on inspecting grocery stores and restau-
without their request. rants that wanted to reopen."
Many cities were able to handle the problem them-
Requests for Public Law 875 Declaration selves, reporting, "The city sanitary division checked
water, supplies, immunization.... The county medi-
Some counties requested a declaration immediately, in cal society gave fine cooperation." "The local health de-
order to receive continued Fourth Army aid such as a partment was instructed to order necessary insecticide;
Bailey span to restore service on the Corpus Christi high - we're not fooling with flies." "The city health officer gave
bridge. As neither the State nor the county had funds to free typhoid shots to everyone."
reimburse the Army, the Texas Governor's first request In the hardest -hit areas, outside aid was needed. Cal -
° Federal action under Public Law 875 has not been covered in Noun County reported, "The State health department flew
detail, at the request of the Office of Emergency Planning, which a man in. He never slept, was marvelous, a real genius."
plans a report on the subject. Coordinating procedures have been
indicated insofar as they offer precedent for enemy attack operations. Louisiana health authorities believed that, "The impetus
62
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should come from outside the disaster area rather than In Louisiana, no sewer systems were reported affected.
from inside. People with responsibility should be forcing The State Health Department took quick action to restore
their way in if necessary." a few contaminated water supplies.
Where Federal funds were required, Office of Emer- Typhoid Shots
gency Planning gave the mission assignment to Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare to act for it in The Texas State Health Department's Local Health
approving aid under Public Law 875. Services Division sent personnel to every county on the
Food and Drug Inspection coast, checking with local health officers. Nursing per-
sonnel and consultants for immunization clinics were
State - Federal food and drug teams were already as- provided.
sembled and, as soon as the hurricane hit, were dis- Everyone in Galveston County was offered typhoid
patched to affected areas. First attention went to removal shots. Jefferson County gave the first shot free, and
of contaminated foods from food service houses so that others if desired, although water proved not contaminated.
public service could resume. Inspectors next checked Shots were given almost everywhere else on the Texas
wholesale houses, drugstores, grain elevators, and coast.
breweries. An unanticipated need arose for disposable syringes
A staggering total of more than a million pounds of and needles, since the regular ones could not be sterilized
foods and $ioo,000 worth of drugs were found unfit for satisfactorily in areas where water was contaminated.
human consumption and disposed of. Agreements were These were provided by manufacturers and supply houses.
obtained from salvage operators as to acceptable use such Vaccines and Laboratory Services
as for cattle feed or fertilizer. Where condemned food
was placed in dumps, the National Guard was called upon The Texas Health Department's laboratories — capable
to prevent people from carrying it off. of supplying the western United States with vaccines, if
The Texas State Department of Health reported that, needed —had on hand over 200,000 doses of typhoid vac -
so effective was the work, "no food poisoning cases re- cine and began the short job of preparing more for second
sulting from hurricane damaged foods have come to our and third shots. Also shipped were diphtheria toxoid,
attention." tetanus toxoid, orthotolidene sets, and water collection
bottles. For several days laboratory tests of drinking
Vector Control water were done extensively in the State laboratory and
The U.S. Public Health Service assigned representatives its regions. Snakebite antivenom kits were shipped, on
to Texas to assist the staff of the State health department State request, from the CD warehouse at Bastrop, to a
in surveys of the insect vector control problem. A threat total of about 400, and others obtained from the military.
of encephalitis existed in some areas. Programs were set Success of Public Health Program
up in all counties covered by the Presidential declaration,
to cost about $500,000. The efforts of Federal- State -local health officers had
In Louisiana, the expected threat failed to materialize surprising success: no epidemics or illnesses traceable to
as a north wind kept insects from moving inland. the hurricane were reported, other than some type of
mild virus in one or two places. The head of Texas
Repair of Water and Sewage Systems State Department of Health noted, "Due to fast work,
The Texas State Health Department's Environmental there was not a single outbreak of communicable disease.
Sanitation Service began assistance to local water and sewer We are proud of how the disaster operation went —it
superintendents on the afternoon of the storm. Chlorina- should give the general public confidence in civil defense.
tors and hypochlorinators were obtained from suppliers, The different State agencies couldn't have functioned
without charge, or from neighboring communities. By without a close tie -in with each other."
the end of the week, safe water and sewage service was Debris Clearance
restored in almost all communities, although repair was
continuing. Interstate carriers and shellfish growing areas Debris clearance presented a tremendous problem up
were temporarily restricted pending surveys. and down the coast, almost comparable to blast damage
The Texas Department of Health highly commended after enemy attack. Lake Charles, La., noted a "terrific
operators of water and sewage plants. Most of these had cleanup" load from trash and broken tree limbs. A month
already taken courses in how to get plants back into opera- after the storm, Jefferson County was still cleaning up.
tion, and did so speedily. The city of Houston spent more than $5o,000 in overtime
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alone, working all available city personnel and equipment it. They are picked up on a winch, put in trucks, dumped
7 days a week to remove tree limbs and trash. in a pit —or else a machine just digs a hole where they
Although many cities did the job alone, the work was lie, pushes them in, and covers them."
beyond the resources of others. The Galveston CD di- Jefferson County authorities were not sure that local
rector got verbal assurance that the Governor would get resources had been used to the fullest before invoking
Federal funds, upon which the Associated General Con- Public Law 875 aid: "Five big counties volunteered free
tractors' "Operation Bulldozer" was invoked and started assistance and equipment for cleanup of dead cattle in
to clean up the city. the Galveston area, but were never used. Paid AGC
When local resources proved inadequate even with equipment and Corps of Engineer contracts were used
AGC equipment, a mission assignment was given by Of- instead." However, in the rush to get the problem under -
fice of Emergency Planning to the Corps of Engineers to ground, any solution at all was locally applauded.
let contracts to private contractors, with reimbursement by
OEP from Public Law 875 funds. The city of Palacios Streets, Roads, and Bridges
reported, "In the debris clearance after the storm every-
thing was confusion. We tried to requisition defense The Federal Bureau of Public Roads and the Texas
equipment plus the Associated General Contractors'— Highway Department made early aerial surveys to de-
finally realized we needed expert supervision and got the termine extent of the damage, and formed State - Federal
Corps of Engineers. Then things began to take shape." teams. As soon as Public Law 875 funds became avail -
The Corps of Engineers entered into contracts with 23 able, repair and restoration work was authorized, and the
civilian concerns for debris removal in LaMarque, Galves- Bureau of Public Roads was given the mission assignment
ton, Freeport, Texas City, and Palacios. Total cost to in this field by Office of Emergency Planning.
Public Law 875 funds was expected to come to some $2
Local officials felt that the Texas Highway Department
million. did a "magnificient job" in getting roads back in opera-
Where private property was concerned, Galveston re- tion on an interim basis. Complete repair and restoration
ported that "no one was allowed to touch it as insurance were estimated to require months.
companies had to see it." Homeowners were urged to get Although road damage in Louisiana was not as ex-
quick appraisal while free Federal service was still avail- tensive as in Texas, the State highway department put
able to remove the debris. its disaster plan into effect and surveyed damage on behalf
In Louisiana, the Forestry Commission employed some of the State.
of its io8 three -man bulldozer and construction crews to
clear debris from tornado areas. Other work was done Repair of Public Buildings
with local resources. u Two Federal agencies were given mission assignments
by Office of Emergency Planning in the repair of public
Disposal of Dead Cattle buildings. Housing and Home Finance Agency was
asked to determine the need for temporary housing, and
The "acres of dead cattle", which started out under the to estimate repairs needed by school buildings. General
debris clearance category, quickly also became a health Services Administration was assigned surveys of other
problem. No one seemed responsible for removal," said damaged public buildings, and restoration of damaged 4
an aggrieved CD director, who finally wound up with the public records.
job. Elsewhere the work was done by county commis-
sioners, county agents, the sheriff's office, and where local In the Houston area, Housing and Home Finance
Agency made 45o vacant multifamily FHA units available -j
resources failed, the Corps of Engineers with OEP funds. to the Red Cross at a token rent of $I per month per unit.
In Calhoun County, "Dead cattle were buried by bull- The availability of prefab housing units was checked on,
dozers. We tried to burn them with tires but they don't but these were found not needed. However, too win -
burn so good. We used quicklime. They had floated terized tents were furnished by General Service Adminis-
in across the bay —cows, deer, pets, sheep, hogs —all in tration for use in the Palacios area by families who wanted
fences, everywhere." to get back on their property at once.
Brazoria County authorities added, "For a while the Archivist assistance was also furnished by GSA in the
county did it with what machinery we had, but it wasn't Palacios and Galveston areas, to determine best means for
fast enough. Now the Government engineers are doing restoring damaged public records.
66
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Aid to Agriculture pairs of drainage systems, pasture renovation, and appli-
cation of gypsum on salt- damaged land. Total requests
The Louisiana Department of Agriculture reported, were estimated in excess of $1,200,000.
"The rest of the year will be a sad situation for cattle
people. There will not be any grass marsh area this year Food Assistance
to feed cattle ... the grass is all rotten and smells. In addition to its aid to agriculture, USDA's Agricul-
Pasture land is demolished. Owners are now selling all tural Marketing Service provided surplus foods to the
cattle fat enough for sale." It was hoped that the U.S. Red Cross, Salvation Army, and State welfare departments
Department of Agriculture's programs would carry cattle- in both States. Procedures were later simplified so that
men into the next year, by which time it was hoped the families without food could get USDA foods by applying
salt water would be washed away by rains. to county or parish authorities. Where families had no
In Texas, the U.S. Department of Agriculture felt that means of preparing foods, USDA provided canned
Carla had inflicted the greatest damage ever recorded to chopped meat, butter, and cheese, which could be eaten
farms and ranches along the Gulf Coast. The hurricane without cooking. Food stocks made available by USDA
and succeeding rains ruined cotton and seed, rice, pecan also included dry beans, cornmeal, flour, lard, nonfat dry
crops, much of the corn harvest, truck crops, and coastal milk, rice, and rolled oats.
pastures. Heavy livestock loss was also reported. Surplus foods from USDA in the amount of 1 , 8 34,997
Several U.S. Department of Agriculture programs were pounds were distributed through the Texas and Louisiana
put into effect imediately. USDA State and county dis- departments of public welfare. USDA foods were used
aster committees, already appointed by the Secretary of to serve 356,727 persons in Texas and 48,802 in Louisiana
Agriculture, made surveys within 2 or 3 days and reported at mass feeding stations. In addition, they were dis-
findings to the Secretary. tributed for family use of 12, 912 persons in Texas and
12,981 in Louisiana.
Livestock Feeding
The Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Serv- Loans to Property Owners
ice shipped 87 carloads of grain to Louisiana for emergency
cattle feeding, while Texas received 781/2 carloads from Two agencies, in addition to Farmers Home Adminis-
Commodity Credit Corporation stocks. Reduced freight tration, offered loans to property owners:
rates were provided. Local distribution was handled by Small Business Administration, empowered to make direct
the State governments and was completed about Octo loans rather than to guarantee them, set up 10 field
ber 20. offices with staff of 3o in Texas and Louisiana. Home
This Louisiana Agriculture Department noted, "This owners as well as small businesses were eligible for a
was the smoothest operation we ever had. 'We were 3 percent long -term loan. SBA was able to act immedi-
amazed at the speed with which feed got to affected areas." ,
ately under its own authority, and was not limited to
Emergency Loans to Farmers those counties included in the Public Law 875 declara-
The Farmers Home Administration offered emergency tion. As of November, 1,738 loans totaling $6,270,600
loans to farmers in 3o counties, and as of November had had been approved. A county CD director reported,
applications from 18 counties in Texas and 3 Louisiana "SBA should get a plug —they were outstanding —very
parishes, to a total of over $2,500,000. These loans were understanding."
processed through county offices of Farmers Home Admin- Federal Housing Administration also offered special terms
istration. to disaster areas; however, it was necessary for the ap-
plicant to find a bank which would make the insured
Farm Home Rehabilitation loans. To replace a home, no down payment was re-
, A county civil defense director noted, "Our county agent quired for loans up to $12,000, up to 3o years term.
had a tremendous job." Through the Extension Service, Loans for repair, up to $10,000 for 20 years, were also
aid was given on salvaging flooded homes, food, clothing, ,
insurable. The FHA administrator in Houston reported
and farm equipment. County agents also helped with that his office had received "an unprecedented demand" A
i
injured or scattered cattle. for FHA insured loans from area banks and mortgage
Agricultural Conservation Programs companies.
Six Texas counties were designated as eligible under The Federal Home Loan Bank Board authorized exten-
USDA's Agricultural Conservation Program, which pro- sion of credit to member savings and loan associations
vided up to 7o percent of costs of replacing fencing, re- up to 35 percent of capital. This would double the
68
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power of savings firms in the disaster area to obtain officials reported "surprise at the speed with which they To 1
funds for mortgage lending. got power on. They had troubleshooters spaced out dur- sand el
Internal Revenue Service sent agents to contact mayors and ing the storms —when a line was down and burning, they sas, 01
newspapers to explain to coastal residents how Carla would get to it in minutes." by air i
damages could be claimed as a tax deduction. Com- The Houston Lighting and Power Company reported anapol
munity meetings were set up where officials wished. that Carla caused "the worst damage of this type ever trucklc
The Veterans' Administration sent teams to inspect dam- sustained" in its service area. "At the time of the peak Wit]
aged homes on which it held mortgages, and to assist of the hurricane and for some time thereafter, the number been n
with repair. The regional manager estimated that 262 of customers without service was ... about 5o percent." 1 miles c
veterans would default on about $3 million in loans. Companies felt that the long duration of the storm and restore
"The damage is such that the veteran won't be able to its wide geographic spread contributed to the problems. ation j
put the house back in livable condition and also keep up "We were practically tied down insofar as restoration pany p
payments on the loan —so he'll just give up and walk work was concerned for an extended period." Some It w
off." customers whose electricity went off as early as Saturday preven
could not begin to be reached before the storm abated in stor
Survey of Waterways
Tuesday. The same delay would be expected in attack covery
The Corps of Engineers assembled fathometer crews, situations when fallout pinned down repairmen. mated,
equipment, and damage assessment crews from all parts Service to some areas could have been restored before areas 1
of the United States. They were assigned to determine the storm, but was not because the areas were evacuated. event.
extent of damage to coastal waterways and gather infor- This decision was felt wise because of the minimized loss CD
mation on means of lessening damage from future hurri- when later flooding occurred. "We had no services burn- "excell
canes. ing down, because the lines were not energized." It was night
Many political subdivisions felt that hundreds of mil- felt that this lesson had significance for an enemy- attack notice.
lions more in Federal money were indicated to build pro- situation: "When it is apparent that a wide area is un-
tective seawalls, raise the height of existing ones, and add inhabitable anyway, it would be advisable to deenergize
other improvements to prevent flooding and to attract the lines because they stand a better chance of withstand -
more industry to the area. Extensive studies of these ing additional damage." Wh:
needs were launched by the Corps of Engineers, Congres- Neighboring utility companies outside the disaster area to loci
sional representatives, and local government.' were called on for aid: "Seeing their out -of -town equip- agenci
ment did much to build up the morale of customers." were t
Postal Service By September i6 the main distribution system had been or foul
Postal inspectors set up headquarters in Houstdln before repaired, but thousands of customers were still out of serv- As s
ice because of broken laterals and secondaries, house drops Cross
the hurricane to handle transportation problems and pro-
on the ground, transformers that failed, and blown fuses. in the
tection of postal facilities. Records and accountable papers
were moved from several coastal areas to higher ground. A house -to -house survey was begun. Some 220 persons whose
Numerous post offices housed evacuees, and others were from as far away as Arizona were employed on tree trim- feedin
severely damaged or destroyed. ming, as many outages had been caused by tree limbs. It supply
The nearest approach to an enemy- attack distribution was felt that "we will experience less difficulty with cus-
system was made at Lake Charles, where the postmaster tomers hereafter in permitting us to trim trees properly." Arne]
arranged general delivery service for Cameron residents By September 25, some 2 weeks after Carla, electric The
and other evacuees, using the radio for notification. service was finally restored to all customers who were in a
position to take service. operat
Utilities For enemy attack purposes, as well as severe storm, CD victual
o fficials in the Houston area felt that "all utility lines should victual
Electric Utilities y famili�
be required to be underground."
The Federal Power Commission, in constant touch emplo
with power companies, reported no problems that could Telephone Service repair
not be resolved by the companies concerned. County Carla knocked out an estimated 166,000 telephones, iso- for o0
' As flood control measures were generally unrelated to enemy
lating 17 Bell Telephone Company exchanges and 52 inde- tools.
attack planning and as extensive studies are being made elsewhere, pendent companies. Damage was estimated at more than noted
this history has'made no effort to document specific needs in different $6,500,000. agenc3
areas.
70
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Salvation Army Operation request of the Red Cross, 4th Army in the first 48 hours forme(
Working in close cooperation with the Red Cross, the of operation had ordered shipment of over 25,000 blankets, caused
Salvation Army's Texas Division provided assistance to 10,000 cots, and 4,000 mattresses to some 18 cities in to (lea
31 cities, using 22 mobile canteens and fixed stations. Texas and Louisiana. Before the Army's supply was ex
Some 182,000 individuals were served with food, cloth- hausted, a few additional thousand had been shipped.
ing, furniture, bedding, or housing. About 500 tons of Some 22,000 rations and seven field kitchens were also
food and clothing were dispensed. shipped.
Food was dispensed on a "no questions asked" basis— Assistance on Request of OEP
standard Salvation Army policy. The Houston head-
quarters operated around the clock, its director staying Most of the Army's remaining assistance came upon
in his office for to consecutive days and nights except for the request of the OEP –OCD regions in Denton.
Numerous out -of- channels requests were received direct
one field trip. Some too staff officeis were on duty in the from cities, but these were all referred to the Denton
disaster area by the day after the hurricane.
Said observers, "It was a magnificent accomplishment. headquarters for confirmation before shipment. Under
How they were able to do so much with so this authority, Fourth Army ordered in some 13o trucks,
little is a tribute to worker self- sacrifice. ... This
8 amphibious vehicles, to generators, 61 aircraft, 7 fire
organization fulfills a need no other does." trucks, 5o gas masks, 15 radios, a Bailey span, and miscel-
A county CD director added, "I've heard their praises laneous other equipment.
up and down the coast. They are unobtrusive, slip in, Some 900 Army men, 900 Air Force, and t,000 Navy
set up a canteen, ask no questions except do you want personnel were employed, in addition to uncounted
coffee. They wouldn't take donations —said we could Marine reservists and others already on the scene.
do that later. They went right straight in to Port O'Con- Coast Guard
nor with a canteen and their own portable lighting sys- In addition to the rescue work done during the storm,
tem, and for 5 days were the only sign of civilization the Coast Guard repaired aids to navigation, operated four
there." mobile communication units and four aircraft on survey
Seventh -Day Adventists of the coast, and responded to local requests for communi-
Observers also paid tribute to the rehabilitation work cations, surveys, and transportation of medical supplies.
of the Seventh -Day Adventist churches: "We should Navy Task Force
never forget what they did." In addition to their nursing Navy Task Force 135, a part of the Atlantic Fleet, ar- Na
services, the churches brought in eight big vans of cloth -
rived of Galveston 2 days after the hurricane, beginning
ing, their mobile disaster service. Vans were c$mpletely operations Thursday, September 14. It consisted of two No
staffed and organized, with drawer space marked for size transports, two aircraft carriers, two destroyers, and two regiot
and color of men's, women's and children's garments. smaller ships plus water barges. Its resources included handl
Other Donations 35 helicopters, 72 officers and 329 men, 46 doctors, 4 4th A
nurses, and 84 hospital corpsmen. Teams were flown much
From charitable foundations, churches, clubs, and pri-
into smaller communities by helicopter and their services doubt
vale citizens came other donations. West Berliners gave
more than $18o,000 for Carla victims, with expressions offered to local officials. mann
The task force operated off the coast for 3 days, leaving On
of gratitude for help received in the past. In the United
States, private foundations met in Galveston and arranged on Sunday, September 17. Although the tremendous ex- lacke(
large grants to the Red Cross and other funds. Business pected casualties had not occurred, it performed what such
and Professional Women's clubs, the Baptist General Con- services it could. During its stay it furnished fresh water those
vention of Texas, the city of Harrington Park, N.J., barges for Freeport, transported 35o cots to Texas City, peare
Churches of Christ over several States, and countless other and furnished helicopters for survey trips. Some 13,000 ment
churches, cities, and civic groups made donations of funds typhoid shots were given and sick calls handled in seven the Si
or Dods. coastal communities. One transport operated six pumps k tion 1
g to flush the sewage system at Freeport, and also charged w woul(
Military Assistance
batteries for CD units. Electric motors for sewage pump
Assistance to American Red Cross systems were reconditioned on one of the destroyers. 1
Military assistance was almost all rendered during the In several places the units furnished search teams, ve-
disaster itself and the 4 or 5 days following it. Upon hicle drivers, patrolmen, and cleanup details. Sailors per- In
ma
72
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2.
---- --
T exas Adjutant General's Department incident Cl
utant Generals De arment ncent to Carla
The
Praise for Military Aid � p You
was $143,493. The Louisiana Guard employed 6 Dukws,
In spite of the channels problem, most local officials were 37 trucks, 2 sedans, and one C -47 airplane. but r
enthusiastic in their praise for the military assistance In both States, units were obtained by local request to TI
rendered, and had only one complaint —that it left too the State, since the protection of State status was not such
soon. One said, "The military were wonderful while afforded to local units which responded to a local call. Adjt
they were here —but 2 or 3 days and they phase out." In both States the Guard acted under local authority, and all p
Most recognized that many requests for military help had martial law was not declared. In
been made, in part, through lack of knowledge of civilian A State Department of Public Safety district commander Guai
resources. reported, "We had not one complaint against the National "In
National Guard Guard. Its local commander was a smooth operator— not 1
he didn't bawl or bellow, just told his men what to tell to fu
About half the military assistance in the Carla operation the people, if there was a dispute to refer them to the In
came from the State rather than the Federal level. The police, etc. I never have seen National Guard forces defe
Texas Adjutant General called it "the largest peacetime operate as well as this time —none of the young -kid be- but
emergency operation of the National Guard in Texas." havior you used to hear about. It worked as smooth as agen
In Texas, about 3,000 National Guard troops and employ- I ever heard." the
ees were used in 54 towns for periods ranging up to a In Louisiana, a few local officials noted that "the snap
week. Totals in Louisiana were much less, coming to Guard didn't answer our call soon enough. When we wou
about 861 man - days. asked for the National Guard there was a 24 -hour delay. Sc
The Adjutant General's office sent someone down to check stitu
, ' on what we told him.... Seems when I'm president has
IV
of the police jury and the CD and sheriff are cooperating, was
there shouldn't be that much delay." The State Adjutant men
;.'► General's office commented, "We can't run a fire station draf
operation. We commit nothing until the community has attar
exhausted its resources." vate
In Texas, only one delay was reported, caused by the bloc
` t districting which prevented the nearest unit from moving mec
1 to the city concerned. atta
The mayor of a city where guardsmen served spoke that
for residents: "We have sincere and heartfelt gratitude mig
:
.
4 , .. 1 for the contribution the Guard has made in this hour of S
''' "`1 great need for us. We will not forget the true friendship tion
-
and efficient service of these men."
4. i ' Extent of Civilian Dependence Upon
Military Aid in Enemy Attack
A number of local officials expressed a need for a Na-
tional r ., Guard or other military unit to be precommitted
. _ _ t to specific communities in the event of enemy attack:
One said, "We need a National Guard unit to be as-
-il Photo by Texas Dept. of Public safety signed to certain areas to move out on the request of the
Guardsmen patrol a devastated area. Looting was not common city or county —so we'd know we had a unit on call. . .
except in areas where people had refused to evacuate; deserted It would take care of things that local police are not the
cities were relatively safe. best ones to handle, such as barring neighbors from
reentry."
The Texas National Guard employed trucks of " i
437 A rural area added, "We can't really afford to buy sur- y
different sizes, 8 sedans, a bus, light aircraft, helicopters, plus equipment and keep it up all year for one or two
one C -47 aircraft, bulldozers, and graders. Oil and gas disasters. We could delegate it to the National Guard Ij
alone cost $8,775. Total estimated cost incurred by the and let it train and have equipment for the whole State.
74
a
1
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IEUOAEN all aaEldaJ o1 papaau JaModuEw a1ETpammi 1SUTaE sEM SJ3pUEm11103 pJEnO IEUOpEN jo uoiuido aqd, or Ism
a41 apinoJd or algEtn `ajdoad 000`z punoJE 3o uonEziuino „•paau am ire pIOIJE ma uMOI auo ou inq
Hums E seM limo aims sexai ay `, oN„ `,(1IEJaua2 sum — uorlaunJ or puuosJad paurEJ4 puE luamdrnba paau non `sM)In(
J aMSuE aqJ „ SpunJ Auy Climo alE1s all Jno ind or •anasa1 04 paldEpE aq osjE pjnoa limo IEUOpEN a4J EP-TED c
Chapter VII. Disaster Organization and Equipment
Much material collected concerning Carla, although not that generators for radio and TV stations were essential
directly related to evacuation, shelter, and reentry, pro- to keep up public information.
1
surplus
vided valuable highlights on government organization O ther needs: G alveston CD noted that their sur P
and equipment for disaster. "Other areas can learn from property generator was tied into the city water filtration
1
plant pumps and kept the water pure when electricity
us," said a Port Lavaca resident. failed. "Now we are going to get as many generators as
we can, one for every place that needs electricity."
SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT Weather bureaus, airports, CD communications, all
proved to need auxiliary power units. In LaMarque,
"If we'd had 10 times as much equipment as we did, Dickinson, and other towns the telephone companies
we wouldn't have had enough," said a Galveston County were on emergency power, sometimes furnished by CD.
official, and the same view was generally expressed Portable Units: Brazoria County reported, "Our biggest
throughout the disaster area. need was portable generators ... we have had a hard
time getting small generators." By use of seven portable
Emergency Power Units units, Port Arthur was able to light flood - lighting opera-
g y tions without too much reliance on flashlights. Llitti
If any single need for equipment could be said to be Source of Power Used in Carla Most emergency power One c
units had been obtained by CD organizations from Fed -
the most important encountered during Carla, it was that me,
eral surplus property. A few had been purchased new
for emergency generators. From Houston: "This has by local government, some with CD matching funds. ad'
taught many hospitals and schools the need for standby Some hospitals had acquired generators from Hill- Burton Ge'
power." From El Campo: "If it hadn't been for our two Act funds. Some units were privately owned; in Houston,
ice cream distributors made available trucks each of which ` 4 '
surplus property generators, we'd have been dead ducks." had a 15 kw generator and a sterilization unit. snot:
A six - county conference, reviewing Carla needs, concluded, Need for Federal aid in meeting cost: The cost of ac- stage
"You can't have too many generators." Particular needs quiring and maintaining generators deterred many. for,
arose in: Jackson County had paid $110 for one surplus generator they
Hospitals: Beaumont Civil Defense had" to supply and $184 for batteries which were not installed in time to prac
emergency power for all hospitals; Houston supplied be useful during Carla. Most smaller cities felt they P
several and recommended that every hospital have genera- could not afford $200 or more for each shelter and key Gua
tors; Lake Charles already had emergency power units in utility — especially since, in spite of the expenditure, many CD
each hospital. Numerous other cities cited an equal need. of the surplus generators were in poor condition. Gal- phil:
Shelters: Many cities reported that nothing but their veston County reported that only about one out of four H
could be made to work during Carla. Calhoun County
surplus- property generators allowed them to continue the felt that generators should be put in all government build- , <W,
shelter operation. Houston put a standby generator at ings, with Federal funds. Harris County recommended copt
each school shelter, with city- county electricians, but had legislation to permit school districts to participate in Hill- cept
some failures of old equipment. Galveston County CD Burton Act funds for emergency power units. Others an
had enough for only three or four shelters, and many felt that all public buildings constructed in part with gan
towns had even less. Federal grants or loans should be required to have wen
Control Centers and Courthouses: The Jefferson County generators. and
Control Center was on emergency power for 4 hours, whi
experiencing no inconvenience but a flicker of light at Heavy Equ fror
the changeover. The Brazoria County courthouse went Oth
on emergency power Sunday night. The Calhoun County "Next to generators, our biggest need was for trucks
courthouse and control center were on emergency power for cleanup," said a county official. Ordinary trucks, in S
from Saturday through Thursday, and authorities noted, dump trucks, garbage trucks, tank trucks, pickup trucks— Sol
"We have a 15 kw generator in the basement, installed almost any kind of truck was in demand. Also needed
when the courthouse was built; it is always run once a were gradalls to pick up trash, cherrypickers, bulldozers, S
week with a load, not just cut on and off. ava
Radio and TV Stations: Many radio stations stayed on draglines, earthmovers, and any heavy equipment capable twc
the air with emergency power units, and CD officials felt of clearing debris.
me
7
•
--me—
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PI P P 3 9 P q i `siazoi
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Miscellaneous Smaller Items: Commonly mentioned sufficiei
needs also included sandbags and sand, shovels, CD Texas,
. " p a identification for cars and personnel, dry ice to save food highwt
-
A ' y in home freezers and medicine in hospitals, batteries to equipn
'' run radios, water tanks and containers, candles, lamps, Afte
.. ' ' t - and kerosene. ties me
tit "Men of Genius ": A county judge suggested adding mutual
R
" m en of genius" to the supply list since, "Everything broke would
_ , down. You need someone who can take a screwdriver 1 ideal s
! x . . and t The y 0 ;_ .,.��r _ an fix i ." s
a..- 5 t i 1 ‘‘.. ,. - lack o
- - Recommendations for Improving Supply States'
IR► _ z. 5 ...... not tot
Most Louisiana parishes, and many Texas counties such
�� Chan]
I
a, .: 0 trr , , as Jefferson, made no requests for outside aid, and others
. asked only small items, such as snakebite serum, which Reqi
y were quickly supplied by the State. Harder -hit areas made Army,
recommendations for future improvement: cut, as
be sur
Specific Requests norma
—.Photo by Texas Dept. of Public Safety p q
Cities which called merely for "pumps ", without indi- genera
Gasoline for emergency operations was an important need in cation of size or purpose, often encountered delays as disaste
devastated areas. supplying offices sent back questions such as "Will 8 -inch tonne(
pumps without adapters do ?" The same was true of could
" one of the smartest things we did, as otherwise we vague requests for "heavy equipment ", "trucks ", and phone
wouldn't have had any gas." One of Corpus Christi's "generators." Calhoun County noted, "We found it's Prop(
key radio stations almost went off the air for lack of not enough to ask for equipment to clean debris —you Son
gasoline for its generator, but 50- gallon drums from city have to ask for rubber -tired equipment if it's to operate or we
tanks were rushed to it. Most CD communications on pavement, and an operator if you don't know how vestig;
equipment had 2 weeks' supply for its generators, because to run it." ently 1
of the recent Federal requirement which made this a pre- Timing requei
requisite to getting Federal matching funds for tom- procet
Numerous cities were disappointed when they requested rected
munications equipment.
equipment which did not arrive immediately. Calhoun advice
Gasoline was available in many filling stations even in County noted that, "during the eye we should have head
the hard -hit area, but these were generally closed and ordered equipment needed 15 hours later." Since items cial p;
without emergency power. Only gravity -flow stations like pumps, generators, and trucks were in short supply s direct
could be used. One ingenious CD director had posi- for hundreds of miles, and aircraft grounded for several I perish
tinned surplus generators at key gas stations to supply days, it proved hopeless to rely on State or Federal aid "Add
him. Some stations were closed and locked; a CD for immediate delivery. to or
director recalled, "They would call and ask `Do you need Mob .
gas ?' and then would leave town before you could get it." Location of Nearby Equipment
Al
Chemical Toilets: These were in great demand in the Local governments highly recommended a system for
" more
disaster area for shelters, public buildings and industries, locating nearby equipment before requesting shipment at the
and later for private homes. Some supply was available from higher echelons. Within a county, best results were medi(
from rental companies which normally supplied construc- cited when the judge and mayors "got together and stayed cities.
tion firms. In one area, controversy arose over proposed together ", thus making sure that all county resources were ! gest i
i l o
rental charges to the city, which were five times that of used. facilit
nondisaster periods. Stockpiling in or near designated Outside the county, the problem of locating nearby aid and t
shelter areas was suggested if advance arrangements with was supposed to be performed by the State's disaster dis- get tit
rental firms could not be made. tricts, but in neither State was the volume of aid requests purpi
78
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Comments re Cost of Surplus Property Sleeping Facilities s , Gover
A number asked, "Why pay money for surplus prop- In most disaster areas, weather did not make it easy to The
erty when the Government could give it direct ?" Surplus leave the control center, and it was noted, "You have to ords w
property acquisition costs put much equipment beyond provide for sleep —need cots stored, or some other buildin
the means of many CD organizations, particularly in small arrangement." the op(
areas where there was a volunteer director and no budget. Provisions for Shift Work the du
Although State surplus property agencies made every effort Parish
to keep costs down -even giving for 8o¢ cots that had cost In the operation of control centers, a universal com- the Cal
$4 to acquire —any cost at all was beyond the means of ment was that "it's most important to have shifts." Few were n
many rural areas and small towns. A parish CD director city- county offices had provided these: only one trained govern
stated, "Handling charges for surplus property are out- person was generally available for each post, and mayors, cited a
rageous." It was felt that an eventual saving to the Gov- judges, and CD directors worked around the clock. buggy
An exception was Lake Charles, La., where "no one
ernment would result from having such items preposi- p State
It
tioned: "Think of the money the Government spent put in ove 20 hours, and most 8 or to". The three - person date pr
ferrying in cots that were not needed by the time they got paid CD staff was supplemented by trained directors of
here, and that were returned unused." services, each with deputies. A log was kept to inform Lines
those coming on duty, and there was a 20 or 3o minute One
changeover period to help brief new shifts. Elsewhere, autom
CONTINUITY OF GOVERNMENT the 7o -hour duty periods had in some cases been required and ft
not because there was no good substitute, but because there would]
Emergency Operations Centers was no log or briefing system and "once you're gone 3o tively
A mayor reported, "In time of emergency we must have minutes you're hopelessly out of touch." line of
a place to operate from —we found that emergency opera- Personnel of Disaster Organizations
tion out of the police department is not practical." An-
Only a few CD organizations in the Carla operation had
other disaster worker added, "The real strength of our or-
' personnel; the rest were volunteers or, at best, city- Loa
ganization was that people who had top responsibilities county employees carrying the CD assignment in addition varied
were housed in one building — government agencies, ARC, to other duties. Most felt that there should be at least much;
Federal liaison. If we had to deal with a national disaster, one full -time paid employee. One volunteer director said, weakn
there would be no substitute for a similar setup. Persons
with responsibility to act ought to be together." "I'm giving 25 percent of my working day to CD. I'm out;' `
going to have to quit." Another, a county employee, so far
Space Needs z said, "Each county ought to have a paid full -time CD partm
Need for more space was often cited. The otherwise director. With disasters, the new shelter program, trying put th
well- organized Calcasieu Parish control center reported, to make a living, keeping up civic and church work, you .
"We had no privacy, radios going, everybody sitting can't do it all."
around long tables. All functions except communications Ideally, key service chiefs in the CD organization were
were in one room." The trend was toward separate rooms heads of the different branches of local government. A i. TE]
with space not only for all branches of government but for director noted, "Volunteer personnel is wonderful during tun
outside support agencies— State, Federal, and private. emergencies but gone soon after —you need personnel re- ph(
One successful solution in Calhoun County was use of sponsible to the State or city." Loi
the new courthouse, where CD had its own offices and He
radio room, with adjoining rooms made available during Need for Shelters for Disaster Organization r suc
the disaster. Workers ate in the jail and slept in the jury and Families wh
room, to avoid having to go out into the storm. Local observers commented, variously, "We need family # the
Corpus Christi began the disaster without an operations shelters for county employees and volunteers or they 3 rea
center, but the mayor and the city manager early in the won't stay." "Unless you have shelter for their families, 13°5
hurricane decided that a good deal of space would be you can't ask them to stay." Speakers were referring to phi
and made arrangements for future use of the 2. LA
necessary, Y� g hurricane shelter but the comments appeared applicable
entire first floor of the city hall. Use of space was planned, to enemy attack also. None of the control centers con- in
teb
and standing orders given for desks of employees to be cerned had fallout protection although some had base- lan
cleared in an'emergency. ments nearby. rar
8o '
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will work." City- county authorities, lacking other we operate— message handling, etc. —we're glad to have Col'
means, used voice radio extensively. them aux
6. AMATEUR RADIO. —Both Texas and Louisiana employed Others had less happy experiences; one parish di- was
State RACES nets as backup to their primary systems rector stated, "They had a citizens' band radio club max
during Carla. Louisiana claimed "the best RACES in one of our towns, run by a bunch of kids. They T
system in the Nation ", with State, area, and local oper- were drinking beer and jabbering all the time. They "we
ating positions having a minimum of four operators got the idea there was a blue truck coming with food gov
each "even in small country towns." Louisiana for their town. The people there claimed I took the soli
RACES was chiefly used to make sure that weather truck and food for our schools and we had a big squab -
bulletins were being received. The Texas net was ble over it.... When the Government declares
just being organized, and carried local inquiries or an emergency they should order the citizens' band off
requests from time to time. the air immediately unless they are handling official
Local opinions on the usefulness of amateur radio transmissions." ...,..._
varied widely. From the city of Galveston it was re- A Texas CD director agreed, "Someone needs to talk 1111111111•111
ported, "RACES wasn't used —it would have got in to FCC about restrictions on it It's the best thing we
the way "; from Galveston County, "RACES was the had if used right. However, the citizens' band from a Asir
whole CD communications." From St. Mary Parish: town near here called the county seat for an ambu-
"We used RACES as practice —saw a lot of holes and lance —said a woman in a shelter was having a baby.
how to find the bugs "; from Vermilion Parish: "The We sent the ambulance out 18 miles through the wind
RACES net is good as far as it goes, but it has three and rain, and found it was a joke. Then we got
main deficiencies: (1) You've got to have a licensed another call on citizens' band saying 75 colored people "
operator. (2) It's fixed to the control center. (3) Too had taken shelter in a rice drier and had no food. We
slow." Calhoun County stated, "Amateur radio was sent the food out, and found no people there at all.
the shining light of the whole outfit, our biggest deal. We made two wild goose chases to that town in the
Eventually we lost all telephone lines, and boys with middle of the storm. We could have tracked the
amateur radios were used for everything." operator down but were too busy.... If pranksters
A Houston newspaper commented, "Amateurs are did that, think what real saboteurs could do in enemy
wonderful ... one came in and gave the best eye- attack.
witness account we got." However, LaMarque police 8. WALKIE- TALKIES. —A general need was expressed for
felt that alarming rumors had started from "persons more close -in radio equipment such as walkie- talkies.
monitoring a shook -up ham" and that reports to news One Air Force officer, who brought in elaborate equip -
agencies should go over official communications. ment to assist a county, was heard complaining, "I can
AMATEUR EQUIPMENT. —The same difference of get Alaska, but I can't get across the street."
opinion prevailed concerning amateur -type equipment. The Texas State Communications Officer reported, There
The Corpus Christi CD director recommended that "Our biggest problem at the local level was lack of
other cities give consideration to the purchase of Gonset walkie- talkie units for search, rescue, and damage as-
communicators, which were used to optimum ad sessment." A county official added, "Additional close- Em i
vantage within the city and from the city to the Weather in radio communications would have been useful, as
Bureau. However, several cities noted that such well as field telephones and messenger service .. .
equipment broke down; and one CD director added, 1. FI
utilization of radio equipment would do more harm
"It's not of the quality needed. Amateur -type commu- m'
than good unless strict radio discipline and control
nications equipment is obsolete. We need frequencies he
were imposed."
i ti p
that can be used in commercial -type equipment. The ce
Gonset -type with amateurs controlling it was burnt 9. MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS VANS. —A number of coun- of
out in 4 hours continuous operation. It's a constant ties expressed a need for a portable base station or mo- la,
replacement and maintenance problem." bile communications van of some sort. Only two were tw
7. CITIZENS BAND.—Even greater differences of opinion reported used. The Texas Department of Public of
existed with regard to citizens' band radio. Some ob- Safety's communications bus, completely equipped to ar
tained good use from these radios, especially to tie in serve as an alternate State headquarters, was rushed th
to scattered shelters and offices. Under firm control, from Austin and spotted at League City, where coastal in
they seemed to offer little problem; one parish director observers reported, it "came in so strong we thought
noted, If they want to be with us according to the way it was in our district." The Jefferson County Rescue f
82
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;ou) sdoindado pa111)1s puv paouazdadxa jvuonappv qua umo 511 gum 'snq suo?Ie3IUnmm03 s pug osls sdiOp DAVIT 01
to keep them going. Matagorda County, using the Lack of Communications With Military Md
sheriff's net, Civil Air Patrol, and citizens' band, man- Forces from
aged to put a unit in each shelter and each CD office. can't
At the other end of the scale were communities which An embarrassing circumstance was discovered as soon as Defer
had a wild hodge - podge of rundown surplus property military forces arrived to aid the civilian ones: the two While
and borrowed private sets. Others were entirely with- might as well have been from separate planets as far as quite
out communications when telephone lines went down. possessing common frequencies. At Port Lavaca "Navy cies—
Port O'Connor after the storm was without any com- men landed from the aircraft carrier and had no way of that a
munications until a ham operator could be brought in. getting a message back except amateur radio." In Gal- their
Some counties had equipment bought with CD funds veston, the only means of reaching the Navy transport was Govei
but not available to CD. One county judge noted, "The a citizens' -band radio sent out to the ship. The Coast Sta:
sheriff's office had radios acquired under the CD contri- Guard at Galveston had to use the telephone to reach the State
butions program but apparently did not know it." CD offices. It reported, "We would have been crippled for subdi'
State control center personnel in Texas felt that, communications with the local people if telephone had and c
" some local officials don't know what equipment is gone out. CD should have communications to tie in to whicl:
available to them and how to use it —don't have the local military — little walkie- talkies, or radio equipment assisto
available for military forces sent to support the civilian unlike
professional know -how. Additional facilities are deft- n for si
ones.
nitely needed, and should be owned and operated by the attack
government, and not be a conglomeration of volunteer Recommendations for Improved phone
equipment and inexperienced operators." These im- Communications that "
provements would apparently wait on the availability of whit/
paid CD directors and local appropriations at all levels. The chief local recommendation for improved com -
opera
munications was that for a command net from State to
4. LOCAL TO STATE. —Even where a city or county gov- city. Local officials felt that the Defense Department Tel
ernment had excellent communications within itself, probe
could best grasp the communications predicament of civil bi e
very few had any channel of its own upward to the government if it were imagined that all military bases gg
State. The State - financed net, in both States, ended probl
in the field had no emergency means of reaching their and s
at the district level. FCC rules forbade cities to oper- Army commander, or equivalent, except through amateur
ate on the department of public safety net, although radio or the local police chief.
they could monitor it. Therefore, to reach the district, A parish director suggested that two government nets
the mayor, judge, or CD director had to get a message were needed: radio - teletype for bulk messages, and voice- Be(
to the police chief or sheriff or some local amateut, and command for urgent private messages. He reported, probl
request him to relay it to the district and thence to the "The State should apply for a local government radio net 1 Hous
Governor. to get away from using the State police net. It should "We
This system failed to work during Carla for several go from CD headquarters to area and local offices.... was c
reasons. It was slow, with a city such as El Campo What we need is an executive -type net —a voice-corn- tainec
reporting that its messages had to be relayed twice even mand net, not for general traffic.... For run -of -the- and i
to reach the district. The need for radio -relay towers mill traffic it is imperative that we put radioteletype down direct
was noted in Louisiana. Amateur and police messages to the parishes. Radioteletype, not landline." never
were also monitored all over the State, thus being gen- Texas county officials independently voiced similar sen- kept
erally regarded as unsuitable for the transmission of timents. One noted that the proposed communications the r
urgent or alarming requests from Mayor to Governor. net would, by its very existence, hold local officials to dents
The police and sheriff's nets, generally regarded as the proper command channels and prevent the wild requests Ov
for aid which had been sent out indiscriminately. re
official channel, were reported as "flooded with police
work — couldn't get in or out." "Channels of command should be established on foolproof rushe
commercial-type equipment. patiei
For these reasons, many cities, especially in Texas, did YPe a q u P ment. We lack communications
not try to use the district channel, but went direct to the county to State. We have to have some chain of author- Hosj
State, usually by telephone. It was recognized that no ity.... The Defense Department should standardize
such solution would work in wartime, where 254 coun- frequencies so requests will carry through without undue On
ties in Texas instead of 8 or ro would be involved. delay to the echelon they belong in." one 1
84
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Nursing and Rest Homes York, Chicago, and Houston was trying to get the story, got f<
flocking all over the place. They would go to see any- were
Evacuation of nursing, convalescent, and rest homes pre- body —they didn't care. The whole thing was about as The
sented a special problem to hospitals, which were fre- confused as it could possibly be. We issued official infor- but c<
quently called on to take their occupants in. Some did, mation bulletins every 4 hours —but they used so many used
while some refused. A need was believed indicated other sources it was confusing to people. I would recom- devoti
for advance planning on evacuation of such homes to mend that a county have a central news agency —only count]
places which would not overtax medical facilities but one — during a disaster." all th
would provide proper care.
many
Successful CD Arrangements for News Media f stayed
Medical Care in Shelters
In cities which had suffered a previous disaster, experi- assista
As noted in chapter III, the only place where inadequate ence had dictated several successful arrangements for Rac
medical care was reported was in shelters. Cases con- meeting the needs of news media. In Lake Charles, public
tinued to be reported which could not be handled by non- the CD public information service was headed by a news- r statior
medical personnel; for example, in Alvin an elderly man man and included two representatives of each local news structi
believed senile or "crazy" was later found to be having a medium. A "hot line", paid for by the police jury, ran emerg
heart attack. Observers believed that a community's first to all news media in the city, on a closed circuit which or prc
medical -care load might come in shelters rather than in permitted talk back and forth. Releases were given to maini]
hospitals, and that its professional personnel should be all at once. The news media had proposed the system
deployed accordingly. at earlier meetings, and had a self- imposed ban on scare Quic]
headlines or unverified "panic stories." The system was Loc
Public Information universally praised by all concerned. public
In several places, such as Calhoun County and Ver- Galve
Few CD organizations were prepared for the onslaught
of national publicity which struck the disaster area with milion Parish, the editor of the local newspaper was the were
almost the speed of Carla. From Boston, New York, and CD public information officer. The Calhoun CD director print,
Washington, interested newspapers called or sent report- commented, The editor of the Port Lavaca paper stayed to be 1
and did a very factual report, doing it all himself. We cities i
ers. National networks and wire services desired analyses
let him deal with the press. After our experience in the out m
of the success of the evacuation; one newspaper wanted
a z,000 -word article at once. In the midst of the Jefferson previous flood, we set aside our assembly room for the
County operation, "someone called from Miami and talked
press and put the local newspaper editor in charge to see Rural
an hour and a half." that their needs were met. He had worked with us so Srm
a
A small coastal town, which had seldom before seen long he knew CD as well as we did. Reporters weren't proble
allowed in the radio room or control center but he got the 'at
a nonlocal reporter, noted with some awe, "We had two
Life reporters who stayed through it all. We had Houston, them copies of everything authenticated." it was
Chicago, CBS, TV, everything. They all wanted to inter- until
Conelrad Application to Natural Disaster went 1
view people. We tried to help them but some of our
people hadn't slept for so long they couldn't do much. The Houston CD organization reported another suc- news
AI
We allowed pictures." cessful device, "We used a simulcast —a Conelrad take- and a
off—exactly like Conelrad except that stations don't change neglec
Confusion in Unprepared Control Centers frequency. We have a microphone to one station which
immec
For the city or county which had never before con- patches in to other radio and TV stations —nine in all. memo
ducted a major press operation, the results were confus It was live, unless we asked stations to tape it and put it
ing. Reporters swarmed over control centers, picked up on every half hour." Probl
messages from desks and tied up the only telephone to call
out their stories. A county judge noted, "We threw one
Praise for Radio-TV Cooperation The
cerned
man out twice —I think it was the second time that hurt Most local radio and TV stations received high praise
their r
his feelings." from city- county officials. From the city of Galveston,
in recc
A county CD director commented, "Emergency public the CD director reported, "Radio and TV coverage were lic inf
information was a terrific problem. Everyone from New out of this world ... they would check anything they includ
86
L8
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single one has been a gentleman and you are to be con- with applicability in enemy attack. Damage by flood -
gratulated for having that type of man." waters, like damage by enemy attack, was not covered in
insurance policies, although many homeowners professed
FIRE SERVICES unawareness of such "fine- print" exceptions. Some policy-
Little reference to use of fire services was found in owners with mortgaged homes had never seen their poli-
Carla reports. The only recorded demand for fire equip- ties, since these were in the hands of mortgage companies.
ment came from the city of Galveston, where fire trucks Indignation ran high; signs were posted, "Don't insure
were out of commission from silt, and water pressure was with (Name) Company. They offered only 3 percent."
low. The State made a futile search for pumpers for loan, Even if a house was totally missing, owners were legally
but nearby cities felt that they could spare none of their obligated to pay off mortgages. If they refused, mortgage -
equipment, and the request was filled by the military. holders were entitled to go to court and get a judgment
In Louisiana, the State forestry department's equipment of foreclosure on the lot plus a deficiency judgment at
was available as a mobile reserve. 6- percent interest against the remaining debt. Although
homesteads and salaries were reported exempt from gar- ..
MANPOWER nishee, savings accounts and other property could be
The Texas Employment Commission, operating out of
seized to satisfy the judgment, which was renewable after
the State control center, found a situation somewhat re- to years.
lated to an enemy- attack problem. Numbers of workers County judges who pointed out these problems felt that
were unemployed through loss or temporary closings of
a more competent legal study should be made, but in their
industry, while there was a demand for laborers for debris opinion the Constitution did not permit any action to
bar collection of interest and principal by moneylenders
clearance, and for skilled workers for repair. even in the event of enemy attack. The Government
Temporary offices were opened in disaster areas, and might declare a moratorium to suspend payments, as it
priority given to requests from CD offices. Carpenters, did when men were called into military service, but the
roofers, and other repairmen were recruited from as far
interest would continue to run and the debt would not
away as Ft. Worth and Laredo. Offices also were author-
ized to serve as a registering point for volunteers. be wiped out.
Claims for unemployment insurance were also handled,
Speculations of local officials could envisage a post -
and claimants advised through various news media where attack situation in which most property passed into the
hands of mortgageholders and moneylenders, with the ma-
to file their claims. The Department of Labor made wage
determinations for coastal areas, and arranged telephone jority of citizens either permanent bankrupts or working
clearance to expedite Government contracts for debris re- out a lifetime of payments for vanished possessions.
Other speculations included: even if a life- insurance
moval and repair. policy covered war risk, could survivors collect if death
PRICE CONTROL were not provable within the usual go days for notifica- a.
tion? —and would escheat provisions enrich banks and
Of some interest for enemy- attack planning in the field insurance companies where, out of entire cities, no survi-
of price control was a report from the Brazosport Chamber vors remained to claim accounts?
of Commerce that residents were getting calls from out- None of those commenting felt qualified to attempt a
of -town contractors, repairmen, and service firms, quoting definitive study, but felt that interesting avenues of specula -
unreasonably high prices on materials and labor. The lion were suggested.
demand for roof repair and similar work was so great
that, even at some distance inland, residents reported a INDUSTRY
4- or 5 -week delay in securing such services at regular
prices. Most city- county officials agreed that they had excellent
Some grocers were also reported as raising prices. The cooperation from business and industry. Most large gulf -
Texas Retail Grocers' Association called on members to coast industries had detailed disaster plans or hurricane
keep down prices, saying, "People who take advantage of procedures, which were put into effect.
this situation to raise prices are without conscience." The resulting shut -downs were costly. Jefferson County
EFFECT ON MORTGAGED PROPERTY officials noted that it took a long time to shut a refinery
down, and, "If it's done too fast, lines coke up." Some
Owners of mortgaged property were left by Carla in a refineries began the process 5o hours in advance, in ac-
plight which, some county officials felt, raised questions cordance with their hurricane plans, and later felt that
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unnecessary loss of production had occurred in areas by- kept running although it lost all but two powerlines, as
passed by Carla. Others reportedly waited until a 2 -hour some 6o days would have been required for reopening
crash shut -down was necessary, with resulting expensive if it had shut down completely.
damage. In some areas, total shutdown came involuntarily from
Once public evacuation was under way, shut -down was flooded machinery, dampened electrical equipment, and
other storm damage.
generally necessary except where a plant could keep For enemy- attack situations, it was felt that industries
going with disaster crews. A LaMarque official noted, To
desiring workers to stay would probably need to provide
"You can't expect men to report whose families are still about
shelter and food supplies for them and their families. abilit
in danger." In Jefferson County, Texaco released 5,50o Some felt that loss of production would become increas-
kept emergency crew of 8o with a previously Cit
men but ke
P g Y 4 P Y ingly undesirable if the threatened area were nationwide, knocl
arranged 2 -weeks food supply, for guard and firefighting and therefore recommended that preplanning be done for
. Most other coastal industry followed similar pro-
cover
duty. Y P shelter and all other measures which would delay shut- few
cedures. One Calhoun County industry, Alcoa, reportedly downs in time of national emergency. Wate
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2. ASSUMPTION OF RESPONSIBILITY BY GOVERNMENT. —A 3. " PEOPLE HAVE SENSE " . —The Jefferson County CD di-
Louisiana State official said "People believe in, and will rector said, "We didn't realize the evacuation would
be led by, their government. In crisis, they follow their be of the size it was. We didn't realize the attitude
government leaders, and this time we had good, positive and cooperation of the people would make it such a
successful evacuation."
action." The Louisiana Governor's office stated, "Suc- fi
cess of the Louisiana operation was due to the fact that The head of Texas Department of Public Safety said
The
we feel that people are not concerned with civil
people who know best how to do their jobs were al- defense but when the time came, they must have ab-
lowed to do them." sorbed some of it or they couldn't have responded so
The Lake Charles CD office added, "Government well."
assumed its responsibility, learned it, and stayed right An observer in Port Arthur summed up a general
feeling of indebtedness to ordinary citizens: "You get
here, around the clock, on duty with us— president of cynical about people. Something like this restores your
lice jury, or, head of city public works. City Gen
Po 1 y� Y y P y faith in humanity. People have more sense than you Col.
equipment, personnel, offices, were at our disposal." thought they had."
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Maj. Glen Rose, Regional Commander, Texas Department Curby Smith, Civil Defense Director, Texas City Hardi
of Public Safety, Houston Noah Welch, City Councilman, Texas City Fletc
Capt. K. B. Hallmark, District Commander, Texas De- Charles Lerman, City Councilman, Texas City
partment of Public Safety, Houston H. C. Whitmire, Chief of Police, LaMarque, Texas Orang
Capt. Luther Moore, District Commander, Texas Depart-
W. R. Brady, Civil Defense Director, Dickinson ` . J.
ment of Public Safety, Beaumont Capt. Leslie G. Haverland, Coast Guard
Ralph Husted, State Relations Representative, American Lt. Comdr. D. L. Lauth, Coast Guard
Red Cross, Austin Brazoria County
Jim Hickey, Director of Mass Care, American Red Cross, Alton Arnold, County Judge
St. Louis J. Paul Rogers, County Civil Defense Coordinator
Thurman Covey, Civil Defense Coordinator, Texas De- Arrington Farrer, Mayor, City of Angleton
C. M. Helpinstill, Mayor, City of Freeport
partment of Public Welfare Odel V. Robinson, Civil Defense Director, City of Alvin
J. A. Shelby, Civil Defense Coordinator, Texas Highway
Department City of El Campo
Dr. J. E. Peavy, Director, State Health Department Culp Krueger, State Senator
Frank Peardrescher, Mayor
Phil Gauss, Civil Defense Coordinator, State Health W.W . Dudley, Civil Defense Director
Department Billy Wolff, City Manager
W. A. Swanson, Civil Defense Coordinator, Texas Em- Matagorda County
ployment Commission Jack B. Cole, Sheri§ and County Civil Defense Director
Jefferson County Marvin L. Curtis, Mayor, City of Palacios
James A. Kirkland, County Judge Homer Aparicio, Police Commissioner, Palacios
Sawyer Wolston, County Civil Defense Director
Bill Frank, U.S. Weather Bureau Calhoun County
Mrs. Theda Patterson, Assistant Civil Defense Director, Howard Hertzog, County Judge
James F. Houlihan, County Civil Defense Director
kflerson County
James Garrard, Civil Defense Director, Beaumont Robert E. Stevens, Assistant County Civil Defense
Frank Estes, Assistant Civil Defense Director, Beaumont Director
Willie Bauer, Chief, Police Department, Beaumont Norman Eckert, County Civil Defense
C. R. Nash, Civil Defense Director, Port Arthur Robert Herndon, Radio Officer, County Civil Defense
Dail Beach, Mayor, City of Lakeview Dr. Frank E. Kinsey, Mayor, Port Lavaca
D. L. Turpin, Corps of Engineers Hugh Bowers, Jr., City Manager, Port Lavaca
Joel Levingston, Civil Defense Director, City of Groves Leo Westerholm, American Red Cross
Houston and Harris County Nueces County
Floyd Miller, Civil Defense Director, City of Houston Earl C. Dunn, City- County Civil Defense Director
George Peters, Public Information Officer, Houston T. R. Smith, Constable, Port Aransas
Civil Defense Coast Guard Personnel
Col. Jess Cavness, Harris County Civil Defense Director Corps of Engineers Personnel
Harry Conroy, Operations Officer, Harris County Civil Chambers County
Defense C. A. (Bud) Pounds, County Judge
W. P. Hobby, Jr., Managing Editor, The Houston Post C. M. Jordan, County Civil Defense Director
Elbert Turner, Assistant Managing Editor, The Hous- Louis Otter, Sheri$
ton Post Victoria County
Galveston County Wayne L. Hartman, County Judge
Pete Lavalle, County Judge Mr. Young, Weather Bureau
Col. Joe T. Cain, County Civil Defense Director John Lee, City Manager, City of Victoria
Milton Scales, Civil Defense Director, City of Galveston Jackson County
Ernest Carson, Weather Bureau William H. Hamblen, County Judge
Don Peak, American Red Cross William Dewey, City- County Civil Defense Director,
L. A. Robinson, Mayor of Texas City City of Edna
96
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