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Archeology in Texas
Texans define themselves by
their allegiance to the land of
the state — not to property
deeds and survey sticks, but
to the blood of the soil and all
the dreams that lie underfoot.
When the land is plundered,
we are set adrift, and we
become something less than
Texan.
— Robert Draper
Texas Monthly, March 1993
TEXAS' HISTORY IS UNIQUE
—and so is its prehistory
In no other state are people more proud of their past. Whether native or adopted,
Texans take great pride in their state's unique heritage, celebrating and protecting
sites that range from Ice Age hunting camps to the Space Age Apollo Mission
Control Center.
Those places where artifacts of all kinds remain are called archeological sites. For
most of Texas' human past, these sites are our only source of knowledge. No other
state can boast a richer array of historic and prehistoric sites or a more valuable
legacy for future generations.
TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
SOURCES OF HELP AND INFORMATION
The Texas Historical Commission (THC), the state agency for historic preservation,
is your central source for archeological information. Here's what we offer:
Regional Archeologists who can answer
your questions about archeology, identify
sites or artifacts, help find speakers for your
group and put you in touch with help at
the local level. Regional archeologists are
assisted by our Texas Archeological Steward-
ship Network, a volunteer program of more
than 100 Texans who help us help you —
wherever you live in Texas.
Site Protection Assistance. Important
historic and prehistoric places deserve legal
protection. We help private landowners and
local governments protect significant sites
through State Archeological Landmark and
National Register of Historic Places desig-
nations, and conservation easements.
Compliance with State and Federal
Preservation Laws. Our staff provide
project leaders, clients and government enti-
ties with advice and information about state
and federal laws that affect archeological
sites. For those who need the services of
a professional consulting archeologist, we
supply the Council of Texas Archeologists
list of archeological contractors.
Archeological Publications. We pro-
duce a variety of archeological publications
and materials for the general public. Call
the Archeology Division at 512/463 -6096
for a list of what's available.
Archeological Investigations. The Texas
Historical Commission undertakes archeo-
logical investigations of important and fas-
cinating sites, and we share what we learn
about these places in a number of ways.
Check out the THC web site for news and
views of current projects.
Texas Archeology Month (TAM).
We promote happenings all around Texas
and produce a calendar of events, as well
as an events listing on our web site. It's fun,
it's educational and odds are it's happening
somewhere near you this October.
The primary source for archeological assis-
tance in Texas is:
Archeology Division
Texas Historical Commission
P.O. Box- 12276
Austin, TX 78711-2276
Phone: 512/463 -6096
Fax: 512/463 -8927
Email: archeology @thc.state.tx.us
OTHER HELPFUL THC DIVISIONS
Architecture Division
512/463 - 6094
Community Heritage
Development Division
512/463 - 6092
History Programs Division
512/463 - 5853
Marketing
Communication Division
Provides information on all of the
agency's programs. 512/463 -6255
TEXAS
HISTORICAL
COMMISSION
The State Agency for Historic Preservation
www.thc.state.tx.us
IE PREHISTORIC PERIOD
ierican prehistory is defined as the long period of human occupation before
ropean exploration. Prehistoric archeological sites in Texas include:
Some of the most significant and earliest Paleoindian sites (10,000 -6000
:.) in North America, including ancient bison and mammoth kills in far western
cas and in the High Plains.
Indian rock art (pictograph and petroglyph) sites that are among the most
actacular in the world. Sites of international importance are found especially in
canyons of the Rio Grande and the Pecos River and in the El Paso area, where
)y date from the Archaic (beginning about 6000 B.c.) to the nineteenth century.
Hearths and campsites that are typical of the Archaic period. Nomadic
oples collected a wide range of plant foods and hunted wild animals, large and
all. The lifestyle of these "hunters and gatherers" was so successful in Central
d South Texas that it endured almost unchanged for thousands of years.
Caddoan temple mounds, burial mounds and large villages located in the
iey woods of East Texas. Caddoan people of the Late Prehistoric period (A.D.
)0 -1500) lived a settled agricultural life, built distinctive beehive - shaped houses
d made some of the finest Native American ceramics found in Texas. Many
lddos still live in neighboring Oklahoma.
Mesa -top villages along the Canadian River of the Texas Panhandle. Here
to Prehistoric peoples built villages, farmed, hunted bison and engaged in trade
th other groups in Texas, New Mexico and neighboring regions.
Farming villages along the upper Rio Grande in far western Texas. The
iabitants cultivated crops, made pottery and lived in settled communities from
Late Prehistoric to the early historic period.
THE HISTORIC PERIOD
Historic sites date after the coming of Europeans in the sixteenth century. A full
understanding of these sites can be achieved only by combining archeological and
historical study. Historic archeological sites in Texas include:
Indian villages along the Red River dating from the late eighteenth and
early nineteenth centuries and containing evidence of contacts with French traders.
Sites of early exploration and settlement, such as Fort St. Louis, established
by French explorer La Salle in the late seventeenth century.
Spanish presidios and missions — including the Alamo. Some of our Texas
mission sites are among the best preserved in the United States.
MINI Shipwrecks off the Gulf Coast that date from as early as the sixteenth cen-
tury. The wreck of La Salle's ship the Belle, relocated and excavated by the Texas
Historical Commission in 1995, was a discovery of international significance.
Historic frontier forts and battle sites stretching across the state from the
northern Panhandle to the Mexican border and into far western Texas. These sites
tell forgotten stories about the conflicts that have shaped modern Texas. Did you
know, for example, that the last land engagement of the Civil War took place at
Palmito Ranch, near Brownsville?
Dugouts, log cabins and simple stone and adobe structures —our legacy
from pioneer settlers of the nineteenth century.
Sites of early industry in Texas, including railroad camps, sawmills, pottery
kilns, brick works, iron works, mines, cotton gins and cow camps. These sites reveal
much about the real lives of the roadworkers, the cowboys and the laborers who
built our state.
TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
TEXAS ARCHEOLOGICAL
STEWARDSHIP NETWORK
Volunteers Saving the Past
One of the many tasks TASN members perform is documenting archeological sites. In the
photo above, volunteer steward Teddy Lou Stickney examines Native American pictographs
in Central Texas.
In Texas there are as many as a million archeological sites — the traces
of at least 12,000 years of human occupation. Our understanding of this
period relies mainly on the careful interpretation of material remains left
behind by the "First Texans." Archeological investigation also enables us
to clarify important aspects of recent Texas history.
The responsibility for a public archeology program dedicated to
understanding, preserving and interpreting the vast archeological landscape
of the state — covering 266,807 square miles and 254 counties — falls
largely to the Texas Historical Commission (THC), the state agency for
historic preservation. The THC is a small agency, with about ten staff
archeologists. While the staff are dedicated and capable, they need help
in tackling this huge job.
AN ALL - VOLUNTEER "ARMY"
The effectiveness of the THC's public archeology program has benefited greatly from
the assistance provided by Texas Archeological Stewardship Network (TASN) members.
Founded in 1984, the stewardship network is a group of highly trained and motivated
avocational archeologists who work on a volunteer basis. These stewards play a criti-
cal role in bringing public archeology to life in their own communities. Each year
these women and men devote thousands of hours to a broad range of tasks, such as
assisting landowners, recording archeological sites and giving public talks. Their efforts
in preservation, education and research are an essential part of the THC's statewide
program. The TASN is one of the most innovative and successful programs of its kind
in the nation and has served as the model for similar programs in other states.
WHAT CAN STEWARDS DO FOR YOU?
Each steward brings unique talents and strengths to the TASN program. Some stewards
involve themselves in a broad range of activities, while others concentrate on one
or two areas. Everything they do benefits Texans because they are preserving our
archeological heritage. They can also provide one - on-one assistance. If you have an
archeological site or collection that could benefit from assessment by a steward, direct
your request to the THC's Archeology Division. The following list highlights the major
activities undertaken by stewards.
Recording New Sites. Stewards identify and record new archeological sites and
place the data in the state inventory, providing a permanent record of Texas' past.
These records are also helpful to other researchers and are useful in identifying sites
that may be threatened by planned development. Site recording on private property
does not affect the landowner's property rights in any way.
Monitoring Known Sites. Stewards monitor archeological site preserves, conser-
vation easement sites, State Archeological Landmarks, National Register sites and
sites on public lands that are protected by law. Any observed disturbances or threats
of disturbance are reported to the proper authorities. Sites on private land are moni-
tored only with permission of the landowner.
Seeking Protective Designations for Important Sites. Stewards work with
THC staff archeologists to secure conservation easements and protective designations.
These measures enable us to preserve a representative sample of sites that have the
greatest potential for yielding significant archeological data. Ask for a copy of our
landowner's brochure if you are interested in protection for sites on your property.
Recording Private Collections. Private artifact collections can reveal a wealth of
important insights about the prehistory or history of an area if a collector can provide
details about the location and circumstances of the discoveries. Stewards document
significant private collections and submit the data to the THC so that others can use
these records for research. Recording private collections does not threaten ownership
of a particular collection. However, stewards can help place a collection in a quali-
fied archeological repository or museum for permanent protection and study.
Carrying Out Emergency or "Salvage" Archeology. In some cases, stewards
are called upon to undertake emergency recovery of data from sites threatened with
imminent destruction. For example, a site that is eroding in a creek bed might qualify
for emergency salvage excavation.
Providing Local Programs. Stewards promote awareness of archeology by
giving talks to local preservation groups, schools and civic groups and by assisting
regional museums with their archeological exhibits. Stewards also participate in or
plan activities for Texas Archeology Month (TAM) held every October. Contact the
THC's Archeology Division to receive information about TAM events.
Assisting in Cultural Resource Surveys. Although most steward assistance is
given to the general public, professional archeologists carrying out state or federally
mandated cultural resource surveys also call upon stewards to share their knowledge
of local archeological resources. This activity helps preserve our regional archeolog-
ical heritage.
The Red River War Battle Sites Project helped locate and preserve military sites from the 1870s in
the Texas Panhandle. The participation of volunteer archeological stewards and private landowners
was essential to the success of the project.
HOW ARE STEWARDS SELECTED?
Individuals may be nominated or may nominate themselves to the TASN program at
any time. Nominations are submitted to the THC's Archeology Division and reviewed
with the assistance of a group of advisors. Recommended nominees are then invited
to join the TASN.
NEED MORE INFORMATION?
Would you like to learn more about the TASN program? Do you need help with
archeological sites or collections? Contact the THC's Archeology Division by phone
(512/463- 6096), mail (Archeology Division, Texas Historical Commission, P.O. Box
12276, Austin, TX 78711-2276) or by email (archeology @thc.state.tx.us) for assistance.
Or, call the number for your region listed below.
1/06
REGIONS 5 & 6
512/927 -7881
TEXAS
HISTORICAL
COMMISSION
The Stale Agency for Historic Preservation
www.thc.state.tx.us
REGION 1
512/463 -8883 or
512/463 -5865
.- (Crockett, Terrell
and Val Verde
counties only)
MARINE
512/927 -7882
REGION 2
512/463 -8883
REGIONS 3 & 4
512/463 -8884
TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL
LANDMARK DESIGNATION
A User's Guide
Texas' archeological legacy is
threatened. But there is some-
thing we can do about it.
The legacy began at
least 13,000 years ago in the
campgrounds and hunting sites
of some of the earliest Native
American inhabitants of North
America, and continued in
missions, battlegrounds, forts,
cattle trails and early settle-
ments of immigrants from all
over the world.
These and other kinds
of archeological sites are dis-
appearing fast, at an estimated
rate of 5,000 a year — and that
Gen. William T. Sherman once called Fort
McKavett the "prettiest post in Texas." The fort
was designated a State Archeological Landmark
in 1983.
is in Texas alone. The inevitable expan-
sion of people and industry across the landscape is responsible for much of
the damage, but looters and vandals destroy numerous archeological sites,
especially rock shelters in the Lower Pecos region, burned rock middens in
Central Texas and prehistoric cemeteries in the eastern part of the state.
How can we slow the loss of
these sites? One important tool is the
State Archeological Landmark (SAL)
designation, administered by the
Texas Historical Commission (THC).
The rock art in Seminole Canyon State Park
and Historic Site, including this bird -human
figure painted on the wall of Panther Cave,
is protected by the State Archeological
Landmark designation.
WHAT IS A STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL LANDMARK?
The SAL designation, included in the 1969 Antiquities Code of Texas, was created
specifically to protect archeological sites. The code states that "it is the public policy
and in the public interest of the State of Texas to ... protect and preserve all sites,
objects, buildings, pre - twentieth - century shipwrecks, and locations of historical,
archeological, educational, or scientific interest."
Since 1969 more than 3,000 sites located on public lands have been
designated as SALs, including the wreck of the steamboat Black Cloud in Liberty
County, rock art sites in Hueco Tanks State Park in El Paso County, the Caddoan
village at the George C. Davis site in Cherokee County and the Lake Theo
Paleoindian site in Briscoe County. More than 100 sites on private lands also
have been designated as SALs.
To qualify for SAL designation, an archeological site must meet at least
one of the following criteria:
• Have the potential to contribute to a better understanding of the prehistory or
history of Texas by the addition of new and important information.
• Contain archeological deposits and artifacts that are preserved and intact,
thereby supporting the research potential or preservation interests of the site.
• Posses unique or rare attributes related to Texas prehistory or history.
• Offer archeologists a unique opportunity to test theories and methods of
preservation, thereby contributing to new scientific knowledge.
• Be the target of vandalism or relic collecting, or be highly likely to be targeted
in the future, and official landmark designation is needed to ensure maximum
legal protection. If the site cannot be protected, further investigations are needed
to mitigate the effects of vandalism and relic collecting.
SAL designation indicates that the site is an important part of our state's
historical legacy. Under the Antiquities Code, a designated SAL is placed in a
statewide inventory of significant sites, ensuring long -term protection. It cannot be
removed, altered, damaged, salvaged or excavated without a permit from the THC.
Designation also gives the owner of the property an additional avenue to prosecute
persons who vandalize the site. An SAL on private land is recorded in the deed
records of the county where it is located and is conveyed with the property when
it is sold.
HOW A SITE BECOMES A STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL LANDMARK
The steps for designation of an SAL are quite simple, beginning with completion of a
nomination form, which is available online at www.thc.state.tx.us and may also be
obtained by calling or writing the THC Archeology Division.
If the archeological site is on non - federal public lands, either the public
agency that owns it or the THC staff can nominate it for designation as an SAL. If a
citizen or private group desires to nominate a site owned by a political subdivision,
they must give notice of the nomination at their own expense in a newspaper of
general circulation published in the city, town or county in which the building or site
is located. If no newspaper of general circulation is published in the city, town or
county, the notice must be published in a newspaper of general circulation published
in an adjoining or neighboring county that is circulated in the county of the appli-
cant's residence. The notice must be printed in 12 -point boldface type and include
the exact location of the building or site and the name of the group or individual
nominating the building or site. An original copy of the notice and an affidavit of
publication signed by the newspaper's publisher must be submitted to the commission
with the application for nomination.
If a site is on private land, the THC will send the landowner a copy of the
SAL form for signature. The site cannot be nominated or designated without the
owner's signature.
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The application for State Archeological Landmark
nomination is simple to complete and available on
the THC web site.
The following information
must be submitted with the nomination
form: a plotting of the site on a U.S.
Geological Survey topographical map,
a site data record and any other perti-
nent details. The staff will review the
nomination, consult with the applicant
and, if necessary, arrange a site visit.
The site nomination will then be sent
for review to the Antiquities Advisory
Board, a committee of experts in Texas
archeology, history and architecture.
The board will make a formal recom-
mendation to the THC, and the site will
be nominated at the next scheduled
meeting of the THC commissioners. If
accepted for nomination, the commis-
sioners will vote on official designation
at the following meeting.
LANDOWNER RIGHTS
Designation of SALs on private property is a voluntary process that can proceed only
with the written permission of the landowner. Federal and state laws do not compel
private owners to have their sites designated. Only the landowners can make that
decision. Designation does not require an owner to provide public access to the site,
maintain the property or relinquish title of the land. Landowners who have questions
about the SAL designation may find it helpful to speak with one of the THC's regional
archeologists.
WHAT CAN YOU DO?
Although thousands of archeological sites are now SALs, many significant sites remain
undesignated. If you know of a site that merits designation, consider completing the
steps for SAL nomination, or ask the property owner to call one of the regional phone ,
numbers shown below. For more information contact:
Texas Historical Commission
Archeology Division
P.O. Box 12276, Austin TX 78711-2276
Phone: 512/463 -6096, Email: archeology @thc.state.tx.us
Web site: www.thc.state.tx.us
TEXAS
HISTORICAL
COMMISSION
The State Agency for Historic Preservation
1 /06 www. thc.state.tx.us
REGION 1
512/463 -8883 or
512/463 -5865
(Crockett, Terrell
and Val Verde
counties only)
REGION 2
512/463 -8883
REGIONS 3 & 4
512/463 -8884
REGIONS 5 & 6
512/927 -7881
MARINE
512/927 -7882
TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
LAWS THAT PROTECT
ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES
Many people are under the mistaken impression
that it is against the law to damage any archeological site. Others are sur-
prised that there are any laws that protect these resources and that restrict
collecting or digging. In reality, federal and state laws apply only to sites on
public land or that will be affected by a project that involves federal funds,
licenses, permits or approval. The Texas Historical Commission (THC) is ac-
tively involved in the review of potential impacts to protected properties.
Currently, THC staff archeologists, historians and architects review approxi-
mately 10,000 construction projects each year.
FEDERAL LAW
The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
In response to the rapid destruction of historic buildings by federally funded
highway and urban renewal projects, the U.S. Congress passed legislation in
1966 requiring federal agencies to consult with state and local officials before
proceeding with projects that might adversely affect important historic build-
ings or archeological sites.* The National Historic Preservation Act created:
(1) the National Register of Historic Places, a list of the important national
heritage resources; (2) the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, an
independent federal agency charged with overseeing the consultation
process; and (3) the position of State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO),
who represents the interests of the state. In Texas, the executive director of the
THC serves as the SHPO.
Under Section 106 of the act, federal agencies must consider the effects of
their projects on archeological sites before proceeding. They are also required
to make a good faith effort to identify sites that are eligible for inclusion in the
National Register of Historic Places and try not to harm them. Identification
usually entails archeological surveys and test excavations. If there will be
adverse effects on eligible properties, the agency must try to mitigate, or
lessen, their impact. This usually requires large -scale excavations and analy-
sis, culminating in a scholarly report.
* The information in this brochure applies only to archeological sites. Visit our web site,
www.thc.state.tx.us, for more information on designation and protection of historic
buildings.
Other Federal Laws
The Archeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 makes it illegal to collect artifacts
or dig on archeological sites on federal land without a permit. The Native American
Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 requires federal land- managing agen-
cies to consult with Indian tribes when burials are found on their land. Museums receiv-
ing federal funds must submit inventories of human remains and associated burial
objects in their collections. The principal goal of consultation is to return human remains
and the artifacts found with them to the appropriate Indian tribes.
STATE LAW
The Antiquities Code of Texas
The Antiquities Code of Texas, passed in 1969, was initially written to prevent treasure
hunters from looting historic shipwrecks in state waters. From the beginning, however,
it applied to all sites on land or under waters controlled by the state or political sub- '
divisions of the state (cities, counties, river authorities, etc.). Under the Antiquities Code,
a political subdivision is required to notify the THC if its project meets at least one of
the following conditions: (1) is five or more acres in extent; (2) will involve the exca-
vation of at least 5,000 cubic yards of mQterial; (3) is in a known historic district; or
(4) contains a recorded archeological site.
The THC issues antiquities permits for archeological studies to professional archeologists
who meet the definition of principal investigator found in the Rules of Practice and
Procedure (Title 14, Chapter 26, of the Texas Administrative Code). In general the state
review process parallels the federal process. The goal is to preserve as much of Texas'
heritage as possible while allowing construction to proceed.
CONCLUSION
This brochure provides basic information about legislation that protects archeological
sites in Texas. Under federal law, it is illegal to collect or excavate artifacts on federal
lands, such as land surrounding U.S. Army Corps of Engineers lakes. Under state law,
it is illegal to collect or excavate artifacts on state lands, such as those owned by river
authorities or water districts. Most archeological sites in Texas remain on private prop-
erty, however, and are unaffected by these laws. Of course, a site on private property
belongs to the landowner, and only the landowner can give permission to visit or study it.
For more information:
Texas Historical Commission
Archeology Division
P.O. Box 12276
Austin, TX 78711 -2276
phone: 512/463 -6096
email: archeology @thc.state.tx.us
'TEXAS
HISTORICAL
COMMISSION
The State Agency for Historic Preservation
www.thc.state.tx.us
TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
TEXAS
ARCHEOLOGY MONTH
A Learning Opportunity
for All Ages
Scattered across our vast state are clues
to a story that began thousands of years
ago — a story that remains unwritten
and lies beneath our very feet. It is the
story of Texas that has continued
through a multitude of generations. It is
also the story of diverse cultures that
lived on the land, adapting to different
environments and changes in climate,
animals and plant life that occurred
with the passage of time. There are no
written records about the thousands of
years of Texas prehistory that came
before the first Europeans — Spanish
explorers who arrived in the 16th cen-
tury. Even in the centuries following
European contact, written records often
lack details of past life in Texas. Arche-
ology enables us to fill in important gaps and piece together the story of Texas
through the examination of the clues that literally lie in the dirt.
CONNECTING WITH THE PAST
Archeology helps us more fully understand and appreciate Texas' rich her-
itage. Preservation of the information in archeological sites is critical to this
process. It is also important for archeologists to share the excitement of their
discoveries with the public. These are a few reasons why Texas Archeology
Month (TAM) is held each October. TAM serves as the focal point for drawing
attention to the wealth of information that has been learned through the study
of archeological sites. To achieve this goal, numerous organizations, institu-
tions and individuals sponsor special TAM events in communities across the
state. The Texas Historical Commission (THC) serves as the statewide TAM
coordinator, assisting with publicity and the distribution of resources.
Throughout the month of October, numerous opportunities allow young and
old to expand their knowledge about archeology. TAM events range from lectures on
some of the latest archeological finds to archeology fairs that offer hands -on activities
and traditional craft demonstrations. TAM offers Texans of all ages a chance to explore
the past at special events in every region of the state.
CONNECTING WITH THE FUTURE
Are you interested in helping save the past for the future? Do you think that your insti-
tution or organization might be interested in sponsoring an archeology fair in your
community? Do you need some help getting started? We have some useful resources
just for you! The How to Plan an Archeology Fair booklet contains practical advice. and
suggestions for TAM activities. It is available free of charge from the THC. Another
helpful item is the Texas Archeology in the Classroom: A Unit for Texas Educators
manual (price $7), also available from the THC.
Have you made your TAM plans? Are you ready to add your event to the
upcoming TAM calendar? Go to the THC web site and download the TAM events form
and follow the directions. Or, contact us and request that an event form be sent to you
by fax or mail.
NEED MORE INFORMATION?
To learn more about TAM and the upcoming October schedule, check the Texas
Historical Commission's web site at www.thc.state.tx.us.
If you have TAM questions or needs, call us at 512/463 -6096 and ask to speak with
the regional archeologist for your area.
To order any of the TAM materials, contact the THC by phone (512/463 -6090) or
email: archeology @thc.state.tx.us.
TEXAS
HISTORICAL
COMMISSION
The State Agency for Historic Preservation
www.thc.state.tx.us
TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
MARINE ARCHEOLOGY IN TEXAS
In 1554, three ships returning to
Spain laden with gold, silver and
other New World plunder sank
in a storm near Padre Island.
About 400 years later the state
of Texas challenged treasure hunters
for ownership of artifacts looted
from one of the three shipwrecks,
the Espiritu Santo, an action that
ultimately led to the establishment
of the Texas Historical Commission
(THC) marine archeology program.
WHAT LIES
BENEATH THE WATER
One of the 1554 Spanish fleet sails in the The territorial waters of Texas are
Gulf of Mexico. vast. They extend approximately
10.4 miles offshore along the
367 -mile arc of the coast, encompassing about 3,800 square miles of
water in the Gulf of Mexico alone. When navigable streams are added
in, the total water area in Texas grows to more than 5,200 square miles.
Almost all these waters are considered to be publicly owned, and by law
all historic properties and archeological sites in public waters belong to
the state. The THC is the state agency that bears the responsibility of
protecting these resources for the benefit of the people of Texas.
Marine archeology is an essential part of the THC's mission because the
Gulf of Mexico and our bays, bayous and rivers have figured prominently
in Texas history. Prehistoric groups and European colonists alike settled
along the waterways, which provided a reliable source of fish and shellfish,
as well as readily accessible transportation corridors for people and goods.
But those waterways could be treacherous. Thousands of boats and ships
now lie quietly submerged in Texas, including every type of craft from dugout
canoes to keelboats, sloops to square riggers, and river steamboats to
coastal steamers. Along with the cargo they carried, these vessels constitute
a significant part of our heritage.
EXTRAORDINARY DISCOVERIES
Though they are certainly important, boats and ships are not the only archeological
resources in Texas waters. The gradual rise in sea level over the last several thousand
years has inundated human campsites and settlements that were previously on dry
land. Archeologists believe there is a good chance these submerged sites, the only
evidence of prehistoric occupation of that land, may still be preserved under layers
of protective sediments.
One thing is clear: Our underwater archeological resources, whether wrecked vessels
or submerged settlements, deserve to be safeguarded.
FROM 16TH CENTURY SHIPS TO THE ANTIQUITIES CODE
The state law that protects archeological sites, the Antiquities Code of Texas, was
enacted in direct response to the looting of the Espiritu Santo in the 1960s. Even
today, the Antiquities Code remains one of the strongest state laws in the U.S. for
the protection of shipwrecks. It declares all pre -1900s wrecks and their contents to be
State Archeological Landmarks and therefore protected by law. Penalties for disturbing
historic shipwrecks without a THC- issued permit include fines and even jail time.
The State Marine Archeologist, assisted primarily by members of the Texas Archeolo-
gical Stewardship Network, is the person charged with overseeing the THC's program
to locate, record and protect submerged historic resources. The stewardship network,
founded in 1984, is a group of highly trained and motivated avocational archeologists
who work for the THC as unpaid volunteers. The stewards' efforts in preservation,
education and research are an essential part of the THC's archeology program.
Of the approximately 100 members of the stewardship network, a few, classified as
marine stewards, are experienced scuba divers with special training in investigating
historic shipwrecks. Other volunteers, usually members of an organized group interested
in marine archeology, sometimes assist the State Marine Archeologist and the marine
stewards.
Since the Antiquities Code became law, THC archeologists have investigated some of
the most important historic shipwrecks in the world. In the early 1970s, they excavated
the San Esteban, one of the three 1554 wrecks near Padre Island. The artifacts from
the San Esteban, now housed in the Corpus Christi Museum of Science and History,
demonstrate the impact of Spanish colonialism on the New World better than almost
any artifact collection anywhere. The exhibits explore not only the ships and artifacts,
but also the people associated with them and the times in which they lived.
Perhaps the best -known THC archeology project was the 1996 -1997 excavation of
the Belle, a small 17th- century ship lost in Matagorda Bay by French explorer Robert
Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, when he attempted to set up a French colony on the Gulf
Coast. Archeologists recovered approximately one million artifacts from the vessel,
representing every kind of item necessary to establish a colony thousands of miles
away from the home country. The excavation and accompanying archival research
shed new light on the events surrounding La Salle's expedition and answered many
questions about 17th- century shipbuilding. Furthermore, the innovative methods used
to excavate the wreck set new standards for marine archeology investigations.
In 1996, a giant cofferdam was built around the Belle and the water inside pumped out, allowing
an almost dry -land excavation. This photo shows the shipwreck as it was just beginning to be
uncovered from the muddy bottom of Matagorda Bay.
Most THC marine projects receive less public notice than the San Esteban and Belle
excavations. One of the State Marine Archeologist's responsibilities is to compile and
maintain a list of shipwrecks in Texas, which currently includes nearly 2,000 vessels.
A valuable management tool, this database helps the THC protect known wrecks from
damage during development projects such as channel dredging and oil -well drilling.
And it helps archeologists decide which wrecks to investigate next — possibly to
discover another sunken vessel of international significance.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
If you need archeological assistance, call the phone number for your THC region
shown below, or contact:
Texas Historical Commission
Archeology Division
P.O. Box 12276, Austin TX 78711-2276
Phone: 512/463 -6096
Email: archeology @thc.state.tx.us
Web site: www.thc.state.tx.us
1/06
TEXAS
HISTORICAL
COMMISSION
The State Agency for Historic Preservation
www.thc.state.tx.us
REGION 1
512/463 -8883 or
512/463 -5865
(Crockett, Terrell
and Val Verde
counties only)
REGIONS 5 & 6
512/927 -7881
MARINE
512/927 -7882
REGION 2
512/463 -8883
REGIONS 3 & 4
512/463 -8884
TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
A PROPERTY OWNER'S GUIDE TO
ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES
A Texas Historical Commission archeological steward (left) records a prehistoric site for
a Palo Pinto County landowner (right).
There are currently about 65,000 known archeological sites in Texas,
and many times more that number remain unknown and undiscovered.
Some of these sites date back at least 13,000 years, while others are
just a century old or less. Texas has a wealth of such historic places, from
ancient Ice Age hunting camps to military sites from World War II —
and everything in between. Together, these sites contain artifacts left
behind by more than 500 generations of Texans. They are historically
and scientifically important to our state because they contain the actual
remains of our deep and eventful history.
Sadly — and needlessly — we lose thousands of such places
each year due to development, looting, vandalism and other causes.
We hope you will take a moment of your time to consider how you can
voluntarily protect these treasures of Texas history.
OWNERSHIP OF SITES AND LANDOWNER RIGHTS
More than 90 percent of Texas archeological sites are privately owned.
Many of them are on rural farms and ranches all across the state. By law,
archeological sites and the artifacts within them are the personal property of the
landowner. The presence of one or more archeological sites on private property
does nothing to curtail or limit the property rights of landowners. In this way, an
archeological site is no different from any other resource on private land, such as
water, grass, timber and minerals. In other words, if you are a landowner and have
one or more archeological sites on your property, these sites and their contents are
your property and you can manage them as you wish.
OPTIONS AND SERVICES FOR LANDOWNERS
Over the years, we've found that most Texans are deeply interested in the history
of their land and are curious to know more about it. We also believe that the more
landowners know about the history they own, the better they will protect it. For this
reason, Texas Historical Commission (THC) professional archeologists, assisted by
trained volunteer stewards, are available to consult with landowners by phone, mail
or email, or through visitation to the property.
Our archeologists offer professional assessments of archeological sites, record
basic site information and discuss preservation options with landowners who own sites.
We provide this as a confidential service, at no charge, and without obligation of
any kind. Landowners interested in this free service can contact our staff at the phone
numbers and email address provided on the back of this brochure.
HOW CAN I TELL IF SOMETHING
ON MY PROPERTY IS REALLY IMPORTANT?
Some sites are simply more important than others. This has a lot to do with how well
sites have been preserved over the centuries. THC archeologists evaluate a number
of factors to determine how important a site may be. We look for evidence such
as preserved animal bones, campfires, burned plant fragments and the like. These
materials are very important from a scientific and historical point of view because
they provide a good picture of what life was like in the past. In some cases, a site
may be associated with an important historic figure or a particularly important event
in Texas history. We also evaluate how much damage has been done to a site.
All these elements combine to help us make judgments about how important a historic
place may be.
HOW TO PROTECT IMPORTANT SITES
Many protection options are available to landowners who own important archeological
sites. In some cases, good fencing and no- trespassing signs may be all that is required.
If you are a rural property owner, you may also want to place "no collection" and
"no digging" clauses in grazing and hunting leases, so visitors or operators will know
not to destroy the history on your land. For some landowners, neighborhood watch
efforts or assistance from local law enforcement (Texas Parks and Wildlife game
wardens, or county or municipal police staff) may be desirable, especially if looting
or vandalism is taking place.
We have found that the needs of each property owner are unique, just like
the sites they own. You are invited to contact our professional staff to discuss specific
issues regarding your property.
DESIGNATION
Sites with great scientific importance can be listed in the National Register of Historic
Places, or designated as State Archeological Landmarks. These measures offer addi-
tional legal protection that would not otherwise be available. For more information on
these options, please refer to our brochure titled "State Archeological Landmark
Designation: A User's Guide," or contact our staff.
CONSERVATION EASEMENTS
An increasingly popular tool for protecting land from unwanted development — and
gaining potentially significant tax benefits — is the conservation easement. A conserva-
tion easement is a deed restriction that a landowner puts on his or her own property.
Texas landowners solve two problems with conservation easements. First, they perma-
nently prevent land from being developed in unwanted ways, such as suburban
housing developments or commercial complexes. Conservation easements restrict
what can be done on property, ensuring that unwanted forms of development cannot
take place, regardless of who owns the land in the future. Second, by decreasing
estate taxes, conservation easements can be the best way to make certain that family
land can be inherited by future generations. In some cases, conservation easements
have eliminated estate taxes on family lands altogether.
Conservation easements can be used to preserve many ranch or farm
resources — topsoil, water, timber, wildlife habitat and even archeological sites.
THC archeologists work with landowners on conservation easement projects that
protect important historic places, and at the same time help families ensure that their
lands remain the way they intend them to be.
DONATION OR SALE OF SITES
TO CARETAKER ORGANIZATIONS
In some cases, landowners may wish to donate or sell an archeological site to a
preservation organization. For example, if a parcel of land containing a significant
site is being sold, landowners may wish to separate the site from the parcel and deed
it to a caretaker organization. The Archaeological Conservancy, a nonprofit land
trust, is one such organization. Government agencies, such as the THC, are another
option. Landowners can contact the THC if information and assistance are needed.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
If you need archeological assistance, call the phone number for your THC region
shown below, or contact:
Texas Historical Commission
Archeology Division
P.O. Box 12276, Austin TX 78711-2276
Phone: 512/463 -6096
Email: archeology @thc.state.tx.us
Web site: www.thc.state.tx.us
1/06
www.thc.state.tx.us
REGION 1
512/463 -8883 or
512/463 -5865
(Crockett, Terrell
and Val Verde
counties only)
REGION 2
512/463 -8883
MARINE
512/927 -7882
TEXAS
HISTORICAL
COMMISSION
The State Agency for Historic Preservation
REGIONS 3 & 4
512/463 -8884
REGIONS 5 & 6
512/927 -7881
TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
DESTRUCTION OF
ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES IN TEXAS
Many clues about Texas'
past are found in historical
accounts, maps and other
documents. These records
are extremely helpful, but
they cover only the time
period since Europeans
began to explore the land
now called Texas about
500 years ago. By that
time, humans had lived
here for at least 12,000
years. Since early Native
Americans did not create
written records, a good
way to learn about those
past cultures is through
archeology.
Archeological sites
contain materials that are
keys to the unwritten past.
Even the written past can be
illuminated by archeology,
especially when details of
The growing market for archeological relics everyday life are uncovered
contributes to the looting problem.
that do not appear in official
records. Careful study of archeological materials is vital to a more complete
understanding of Texas history — from ancient times to the recent past.
When an archeological site is' destroyed, the information it con-
tained is lost forever, and our knowledge of history remains incomplete.
In Texas alone, an estimated 5,000 archeological sites disappear each
year. Although natural forces like flooding and erosion are sometimes
responsible, more often it is people who damage the sites. No matter what
form it takes, site destruction results in missed opportunities to learn about
Texas' past.
COLLECTOR, POTHUNTER OR ARCHEOLOGIST —
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?
Collectors
Anyone who spends time outdoors may have, encountered traces of the past in the
form of "arrowheads" or pieces of pottery. Some people find artifact collecting to be
an enjoyable activity, and many of us know individuals who amass impressive collec-
tions. It certainly can be thrilling to discover and hold a stone tool or a vessel that
was created and used hundreds or perhaps thousands of years ago.
Some collectors simply throw artifacts into a drawer or box, with objects
from many different locations mixed together. These collections lack context or,
provenience — that is, information about the location and circumstances of the finds.
They add nothing to our knowledge of the past and are often forgotten, lost or dis-
carded later.
Fortunately, some collectors organize their discoveries and write down details
about how, when and especially where each object was found. These provenienced
collections may contain useful information and are worthy of adding to the statewide
inventory of archeological sites. Provenienced collections should be documented with
photographs, drawings, measurements and notes, with copies submitted to the Texas
Historical Commission (THC) or the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at the
University of Texas at Austin.
All collectors should be aware that although picking up artifacts on one's
own property is legal, it is against the law to collect on state or federal lands.
Pothunters
Looters or vandals, often called pothunters, damage archeological sites in order to
obtain relics for their collections or to sell or trade. The growing market for Native
American artifacts contributes to the problem. Some unethical antiquities dealers
and collectors hire laborers to dig in sites likely to have marketable artifacts. Some
conduct their activities under cover of darkness to elude detection, while others
gain access to private property by leasing the land, or by offering landowners a
percentage of the sales or a share of the artifacts recovered.
Pothunters risk fines or imprisonment when they enter public lands or trespass
on private property to vandalize sites. The Antiquities Code of Texas (Texas Natural
Resources Code, Title 9, Chapter 191) prohibits unauthorized digging into sites that
are located on land or submerged in waters controlled by the state or political subdi-
visions of the state, such as counties, river authorities and cities. It is also illegal to dig
into designated State Archeological Landmarks on private property. The Archeological
Resources Protection Act (16 USC 470 Section 470aa- 470mm) makes it illegal to
collect artifacts or dig into archeological sites on federal land without a permit.
Looters commonly claim they are saving artifacts from destruction by natural
forces, construction or even other looters. In fact, these individuals often operate at
sites that would not be threatened otherwise. Others contend that it is their appreciation
for the Native American culture that motivates them to dig. But the truth is, uncontrolled
digging sacrifices the contextual information crucial to reconstructing the lifeways of
past peoples.
Archeologists
Archeologists study past cultures through scientific investigation of archeological sites.
Their excavations are designed to ensure the controlled recovery of cultural remains
and preserve information about the distribution and association of artifacts, features
and other site contents. The recovered materials and field records form the basis for
determining - the age and function of a site, and also allow archeologists to trace
cultural change through time. Archeologists, unlike looters, publish the results of their
research and place the collections and records in a repository, where they will be
available to museums for interpretive exhibits and to other archeologists for further
study. As scientific equipment and methods continue to improve, future archeologists
can glean even more information from artifacts collected today.
Avocational archeologists, nonprofessionals who have received archeological
training, contribute to our knowledge of the past by finding and recording previously
unknown archeological sites, documenting private collections of artifacts and assisting
archeologists in digs. Most avocational archeologists in Texas belong to local archeo-
logical societies and the Texas Archeological Society (TAS), which offer training in
field and laboratory techniques.
HOW YOU CAN PARTICIPATE IN TEXAS ARCHEOLOGY
Are you interested in learning more about Texas archeology? Consider joining TAS
or one of the local societies. For information on TAS membership, visit www.txarch.org
or call 210/458 -4393.
If you are a Texas landowner, you own and control the archeological sites
on your property, and your commitment to preserving those sites is the best defense
against the loss of our archeological heritage. Fortunately, property owners can
protect these irreplaceable resources in a number of ways. Contact the THC for
more information and archeological assistance.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
If you need archeological assistance, call the phone number for your THC region
shown below, or contact:
Texas Historical Commission
Archeology Division
P.O. Box 12276, Austin TX 7871 1 -2276
Phone: 512/463 -6096
Email: archeology @thc.state.tx.us
Web site: www.thc.state.tx.us
1/06
TEXAS
HISTORICAL
COMMISSION
The State Agency for Historic Preservation
www.thc.state.tx.us
REGION 1
512/463 -8883 or
512/463 -5865
(Crockett, Terrell
and Val Verde
counties only)
REGION 2
512/463 -8883
REGIONS 3 & 4
512/463 -8884
REGIONS 5 & 6
512/927 -7881
MARINE
512/927 -7882
Printed with assistance from the Council of Texas Archeologists
TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
DOCUMENTING
ARCHEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS
If you know someone with
an artifact collection and
are willing to document it,
follow the steps outlined
inside and submit your
documentation to the Texas
Historical Commission
(THC) regional archeolo-
gist for your region, as
shown on the back of this
brochure. If you do not
think you can document
the collection yourself, a member of the Texas Archeological Stewardship
Network may be able to help. Founded in 1984, this network is made up
of a group of highly trained and motivated avocational archeologists —
"stewards" — who work with the THC on a volunteer basis. Some stewards
are experts in documenting private collections. Get in touch with your
regional archeologist to find the steward nearest you.
Almost everyone knows a neigh-
bor or friend who has a collection
of artifacts. You may have even
picked up an arrowhead or pot-
tery sherd yourself. Archeologists
discourage private collecting
because it destroys information
about a site that could later prove
useful. But already existing private
collections can reveal information
about the history of an area —
if the collector can provide details
about the location and circum-
stances of discovery. A thorough
documentation process includes
photographing, drawing, measur-
ing and note keeping.
How to
Document a Collection
0
.5 1 inch
0 1 2 3cm
• Ask the owner of the collection to sort
the artifacts according to their original
sites. Many collectors can remember
exactly where they found each piece,
even items recovered years ago. If the
collector cannot recall where the artifacts
were found or simply doesn't want to
reveal the information, you may have
better results researching a different
collection.
• Once the artifacts have been sorted
by site, sort them by category (projectile
points, scrapers, knives, ceramics, etc.).
Then sort them by type, using a guide
such as A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts
of Texas Indians, by Ellen Sue Turner,
Thomas R. Hester and Kathy Roemer;
Gulf Publishing Field Guide Series; 1999.
• Now describe the collection in your
notes. If you can, identify and note the
raw material from which each artifact
was manufactured (Edwards chert or
quartzite, for example). Take basic meas-
urements, such as maximum length,
width and thickness, using a metric scale
or pair of metric calipers. If you are
recording artifacts from a historical site,
measure them in feet and inches.
• Photography is perhaps the most
important aspect of collection documenta-
tion. Groups of artifacts found together
should be photographed together, espe-
cially items found in a cache or burial.
It is not necessary to photograph every
item, but try to photograph all artifacts
from like time periods or for like func-
tions (for example, all stone tools, all
decorated ceramics). It is usually best
to photograph only six to eight artifacts
per frame and include a scale. (See
photo at far left.) This ensures that the
photographs will provide enough detail
to be useful.
• Black- and -white film is best because
of its archival stability. Color slides may
be necessary if color is a key feature of
a particular artifact. In general, images
generated by digital cameras tend to
lack enough detail unless an expensive
model is used.
• If a collection is under glass, photo-
graph it, but also sketch it. (The reflection
off the glass in a photograph can obscure
part of the collection.) Your sketch may
prove invaluable when trying to deter-
mine details in the photo.
WANT TO GET MORE INVOLVED?
If you are interested in learning more about Texas archeology, consider joining an
archeological society.
Texas Archeological Society (TAS). This nonprofit society is a preservation partner
of the THC. Most TAS members start out with no formal training in or understanding
of Texas archeology — just curiosity and an interest in the past. Society members
receive training in field and laboratory techniques from professional archeologists at
field schools. TAS has held field schools annually since the 1960s. For more informa-
tion on becoming a member, visit the web site at www.txarch.org or call 210/458 -4393.
Local archeological societies. While not directly affiliated with TAS, these soci-
eties often support the same goals of archeological preservation and study. Local
societies offer their members convenient learning opportunities closer to home through
monthly meetings and guided outings, information on topics of local concern, and
many chances to meet and learn from professional and experienced avocational
archeologists.
FOR MORE INFORMATION
If you would like to discuss this information with someone qt the THC, call the phone
number for your region shown below, or send email to archeology @thc.state.tx.us.
1/06
TEXAS
HISTORICAL
COMMISSION
The State Agency for Historic Preservation
www.thc.state.tx.us
REGION 1
512/463 -8883 or
512/463 -5865
(Crockett, Terrell
and Val Verde
counties only)
REGION 2
512/463 -8883
REGIONS 3 & 4
512/463 -8884
REGIONS 5 & 6
512/927 -7881
MARINE
512/927 -7882
TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
WHAT DOES AN
ARCHEOLOGIST DO?
Are you confused about who can help
when you discover an ancient fossil
or an arrowpoint? Who can identify
that really unusual type of rock you
found in the riverbed? Do you think
that an archeologist can assist you
in each case? Actually, archeologists
study traces of the human past, while
paleontologists study fossil remains of
plants and animals, and geologists
examine rocks and landforms for clues
to the history of the earth. Still confused about the distinctions? Let's review
the following definitions.
Archeologist — a scientist who studies past peoples and cultures by exca-
vating and examining material remains as simple as an arrowpoint or as com-
plex as the ruins of a prehistoric village. Archeologists study ancient cultures
as well as recent historic occupations.
Archeologists are interested in animal bones, plant remains and certain
stone materials when these things occur at archeological sites and have a
clear relationship to human activity. Animal bones that show evidence of hunt-
ing or butchering can shed light on what past inhabitants ate and details about
the environment they inhabited. So can certain types of plant materials, such
as seeds and nutshells. Specific types of stones interest archeologists if they
were used for making tools, lining a hearth or building a structure. Natural
features such as rock shelters, caverns and sinkholes may interest archeologists
if they were used or lived in by humans. Since dinosaurs lived long before the
first humans, archeologists do not search for or study dinosaur bones.
Paleontologist — a scientist who reconstructs the geologic history of the
earth through the study of plant and animal fossils.
Overall, the fossils that are of interest to paleontologists predate human
history. Petrified wood, dinosaur bones and tracks, fossil snails and shellfish,
and other ancient life forms preserved in stone are objects of interest to
paleontologists.
Geologist —a scientist who studies the composition, structure and history of the earth.
Geologists derive important clues to the history of the earth through the study
of rocks, minerals and geologic features such as volcanoes, underground caverns,
escarpments and other landforms. Fascinating landforms occur in every region of the
state and draw the attention of geologists eager to gather more information about Texas'
geologic past.
IF YOU NEED ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE...
Contact the Archeology Division of the Texas Historical Commission. We have informa-
tion on a variety of archeological topics and may be able to provide the technical
assistance you need. Write, call or email us at: Archeology Division, Texas Historical
Commission, P.O. Box 12276, Austin, TX 78711 -2276; 512/463 -6096; archeology@
thc.state.tx.us.
DO YOU WANT TO EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF TEXAS ARCHEOLOGY?
Join the Texas Archeological Society (TAS). Members are eligible to participate in the
annual summer field school directed by professional archeologists, take part in record-
ing ancient rock art and attend presentations on the latest archeological research in
Texas at the annual meeting each October. TAS members also receive a quarterly
newsletter and an annual bulletin.
For membership information, contact the TAS by email: txarch @onr.com; phone:
210/458 -4393; or mail: Texas Archeological Society, c/o Center for Archaeological
Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, 6900 N. Loop 1604 West, San Antonio,
TX 78249 -0658.
Several local and regional archeological societies also offer learning opportuni-
ties and a chance to meet with people who share your interests. Contact the Archeology
Division for further information or check out the TAS web site www.txarch.org for a
current list of societies in Texas.
TEXAS
HISTORICAL
COMMISSION
The State Agency for Historic Preservation
www.thc.state.tx.us
TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
HISTORIC TEXAS
LANDS PLAQUE,
Recognition for Private Landowners
Who Preserve Texas History and Prehistory
The state of Texas contains more than two million archeological sites, left
behind by at least 12,000 years of human occupation. Understanding a story
that spans so many millennia requires that the physical remains — the archeo-
logical sites — be preserved and studied. These sites represent the physical
record of Texas' past as well as a vast outdoor laboratory in which we will con-
tinue to discover and understand that past.
The study of archeology and the protection of archeological sites is in the inter-
est of all people who call themselves Texans, a name that is derived from the
prehistoric past and from one of our state's great native peoples, the Caddo.
For decades, Texas landowners have worked with the Texas Historical Commis-
sion (THC) to preserve important sites all over the state. Because of these
efforts, historic places from frontier forts to Ice Age hunting camps have been
studied and preserved. The landowners who helped to preserve these places
know the value of Texas history and prehistory. These landowners preserve
sites not because they have to, but because they want to.
Now, thanks to the vision and support of the Robert E. and Evelyn McKee Foun-
dation of El Paso, the THC is able to present these landowners with a special
form of recognition — the Historic Texas Lands Plaque.
Cast in aluminum and a foot in diameter, these are plaques that participating
Historic Landowners will display with pride on ranch gates or other visible
places on their property.
Cover: Panhandle rancher and oilman Harold Courson and
his wife Joyce saved the famous Buried City archeological site
on their property through a conservation easement with the
THC. This working ranch now doubles as an archeological
preserve for future research.
The Nuts and Bolts of Being
a Historic Texas Lands Landowner
A landowner who has completed at least one of the following can be acknowl-
edged as a Historic Texas Lands landowner.
• Transferred ownership (via donation or sale) of an archeological site to
the Texas Historical Commission (THC), another state agency or a suitable
nonprofit organization such as a land trust. The transfer must have been
for the purpose of permanent preservation of a site.
or
O Sold or donated a permanent conservation easement (i.e., not a term
easement) to the THC, another state agency or a nonprofit land trust. This
easement must provide for permanent conservation of one or more signif-
icant archeological sites.
or
• Designated one or more State Archeological Landmarks by completing the
following steps: nomination, receiving the designation and filing it with the
appropriate county office.
or
O Allowed substantial and significant archeological research on his or her
property. "Substantial and significant archeological research" means survey,
testing or major excavation by responsible professional or avocational
archeologists. The research must contribute significantly to our knowledge
of Texas archeology or directly lead to permanent preservation of one or
more significant sites. The results of that research must be published, OR
all materials resulting from that research — including all artifacts, notes,
records, etc. — must be curated at an approved state repository.
When Frank Sprague of Hamilton County
called on the THC to investigate a site on his
property, it turned out to be an important one,
recording thousands of years of human occu-
pation in the Leon River Valley. After the initial
work was done, Frank requested that the THC
designate archeological site 41 HM43 as a State
Archeological Landmark. Today, the Frank and
Evelyn Sprague site is protected by law — and
by the watchful eyes of the Sprague family.
Would you like to be a Historic Texas Lands landowner or recommend
someone else for the honor? Please complete the following:
Landowner's Name:
Number /Street /P.O. Box:
City: Zip Code:
Phone Number: I 1
Email Address:
Person referring landowner to the THC (if different from above):
Name:
Phone Number: (
Email Address:
Please discuss how you or the person you are recommending qualifies
for a Historic Texas Lands Plaque. Attach additional pages as needed:
If I receive a Historic Texas Lands Plaque, I pledge to display it on a
ranch gate or other visible place on my property.
Landowner's signature Date
If you would like to discuss this information with a THC regional archeologist, please call
512/463 -6096, or email archeology @thc.state.tx.us. Mailitg address: Archeology Division,
Texas Historical Commission, P.O. Box 12276, Austin, TX 78711 -2276.
TEXAS
HISTORICAL
COMMISSION
The State Agency for Historic Preservation
www.thc.state.tx.us
TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
HOW TO GET INVOLVED
IN TEXAS ARCHEOLOGY
Avocational archeologists learn excavation methods at a training session.
Does the field of archeology fascinate you? Do newspaper and magazine
articles describing recent archeological discoveries capture your interest?
Do you have a strong desire to learn more about Texas archeology, take
a course on the subject or perhaps even participate in an archeological
project? Are you thinking about pursuing a career in archeology but would
like to know more about what is involved? If your answer to any of these
questions is "yes," then read on.
GET INVOLVED IN TEXAS ARCHEOLOGY MONTH!
Opportunities to learn about and participate in Texas archeology abound.
During the statewide celebration of Texas Archeology Month (TAM) in
October, for example, communities and organizations host special public
events. TAM events range from lectures on some of the latest archeological
finds to archeology fairs that offer hands -on activities and traditional craft
demonstrations for Texans of all ages. These events also provide attendees
with the chance to meet professional and avocational archeologists. For
more information about TAM, visit the Texas Historical Commission (THC)
web site, www.thc.state.tx.us, or call the agency's Archeology Division at
512/463 -6096.
JOIN AN ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY The following is a small sampling of other organizations that offer archeological
Archeological societies in Texas offer avenues for involvement year- round. The Texas
Archeological Society (TAS) is the statewide organization dedicated to the study
and preservation of Texas' archeological past. This active group includes both profes-
sional and avocational archeologists. Membership is open to all who have an interest
in Texas archeology, including those with no prior training or experience.
The TAS offers a variety of classroom and field training opportunities, includ-
ing Texas Archeology Academy sessions at various locations across the state, an
annual weeklong field school (including a special youth program) and periodic rock
art recording projects. At the TAS annual meeting each fall, members present papers
on archeological topics, create poster sessions and participate in other activities. The
TAS web site (www.txarch.org) and a quarterly newsletter provide information about
the organization and its activities. Members also receive an annual publication of
research papers, the Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society For more information,
contact the TAS by emailing tasoffice @txarch.org or calling 210/458 -4393.
If you are looking for something closer to home, a local archeological
society may fit the bill. These organizations host lectures on recent archeological
projects and offer opportunities to participate in nearby archeological field or lab
activities. While the local groups are not formally associated with the TAS, they have
similar goals and ethics statements. A list of local archeological societies is posted on
the TAS web site.
The Archaeological Institute of America (AIA), a nonprofit group
founded in 1879, has more than 100 local society affiliates worldwide. The Texas
AIA affiliates are based in Austin, Dallas /Ft. Worth, Houston and San Antonio. This
group offers free public lectures and international tours to cultural heritage sites and
publishes the annual Archaeological Fieldwork Opportunities Bulletin and the bimonthly
magazines Archaeology and Dig (for young readers). For more information, visit the
AIA web site at www.archaeological.org, call 617/353 -9361 or email aia @aia.bu.edu.
TEXAS AND BEYOND: MORE FIELD AND TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES
The U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service runs a nationwide volunteer
archeology and historic preservation program called Passport in Time. Volunteers
assist Forest Service archeologists and historians on archeological excavation, survey,
rock art restoration, site stabilization and oral history projects. There is no registration
charge for participation. Call the Passport in Time Clearinghouse at 520/722 -2716
or 800/281 -9176, or email pit @sricrm.com, to request information about upcoming
projects.
programs:
The Archaeological Conservancy
Phone: 505/266 -1540
Email: tacinfo @nm.net
Web site: www.americanarchaeology.com
Nonprofit organization dedicated to the
acquisition and preservation of signifi-
cant archeological sites. Publishes
American Archaeology, a quarterly mag-
azine, and offers guided tours to archeo-
logical destinations in the U.S. and Latin
America.
Earthwatch International
Phone: 800/776 -0188
Email: info @earthwatch.org
Web site: www.earthwatch.org
Archeological and natural science field
projects worldwide; directed by profes-
sional researchers.
The Shumla School
Phone: 432/292 -4848
Email: info @shumla.org
Web site: www.shumla.org
Instruction and field activities conducted
primarily on the Shumla campus in
Comstock, Texas.
University of California Research
Expeditions Program
Phone: 530/752-8811
Email: urep @ucdavis.edu /urep
Web site: www.extension.ucdavis.edu
Archeological and natural science field
projects worldwide; directed by univer-
sity researchers.
The Texas Archeological Society holds academies at different locations across the state. The partici-
pants shown above are sifting soil through a mesh screen to find tiny artifacts at San Felipe de
Austin, a settlement founded in 1824 by Stephen F. Austin and abandoned during the war for Texas
independence.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
If you need archeological assistance, call the phone number for your THC region
shown below, or contact:
Texas Historical Commission
Archeology Division
P.O. Box 12276, Austin TX 78711-2276
Phone: 512/463 -6096
Email: archeology @thc.state.tx.us
Web site: www.thc.state.tx.us
1/06
TEXAS
HISTORICAL
COMMISSION
The State Agency for Historic Preservation
www.thc.state.tx.us
REGION 1
512/463 -8883 or
512/463 -5865
(Crockett, Terrell
and Val Verde
counties only)
MARINE
512/927 - 7882
REGION 2
512/463 -8883
REGIONS 3 & 4
512/463 -8884
REGIONS 5 & 6
512/927 -7881