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• CONSTRUCTION BOARD OF ADJUSTMENTS AND APPEALS Case Number c sA,e/ D� l�•9..n sse c /4 - ©41 Socr144 /94K-►,S.`,f Name of Applicant Mailing Address ,2600 $ 7i-eel- `/14-/74;v r AV 3 S-e-d s- 205- 5 33-- 13 7c- Telephone Number fl 1,0";ve es,.17 �' ,r,,rf v Ais, Go/%fes S'T Name of Property Owner % ' S�o-�-e 5'08 �ucf;e �r 4/2Y Mailing Address 1, -�t 4 [ 3 rzz3 �i ri►t i^' a Telephone Number zos 8'7/ 00 :Z O LOCATION OF PROPERTY s-o 45'7/ � a,-, CW/ej e sT"f/69`� 72 r 7 7�r�0 Address Lot Block Subdivision C.) �• Description if Applicable Action Requested L;e e. o'C 7— / ; e✓ �g✓ : : p-4.0/e err/ G�z Current Zoning of Subject Land "1'4'64` 4"4;/ Applicable Ordinance Section t u -09 6 e y®o- LO Lo t w‘ tom t,,' COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING FOR A VARIANCE REQUEST The following specific variation from the ordinance is requested. TO ,1// ' t-Xe ce se ortel /4/e2ce)."Le Yah /1 CPec_ 6 J ' A. -2 V Z .e r es,re��a-"-rfs e o This variance is necessary due to the following special conditions. T;3 /Pra .z 4-74- crit-.t ��c.),47 c� r v� � jal c�T�ec/ • 2 �,S 742, �c s ca 440.0e-74e..- 0,�/1�S r The following alternatives to the requested variance are possible. This variance will not be contrary to the public interest by virtue of the following facts: A-/o..v eitel 6o/" Ctwc: � /,eve-✓ 1'7° 6',e cz �'r�t 4/e / tL e�gv �r ..✓ty fret 6auTer d-i7 'fjet9.4/ Sy The facts stated by me in this application are true and correct to the best of my knowledge. -79605-- Applicant Date nfit -6u-85 rrci 11 ;'21 CAPSTONE DEVELOPMENT FAX NO, 2058711465 P. 02 - • •• . • • • • , • ,,• ''. ' , ' . ' March 30, 1995 �.` ' :Mr. �u.avid Moore, • • �,• ,' Chief Building Official - '' :f'}r ''' City.of College.Statioltt - •• - :••, . ;; 1101 ,Te'x?s 4veni,ic. , -0: College Station, Texas 77840 • . I.."'::$0,1': • ';- $ J.$J: Y7ni�refsity UintiXon Apartments' .• "':i ' "}~';+ •' : • 950 Colgate Drive' College Station; TX 77840 • • Derr.bavid •> , , . • •, :' :.:t "; '• soil' arid f just discussed, •Capstone. Development is notifying the .College .Station. + .{. ;,, ''', C nstructi,on Board of,Adlustrrients and Appeals that we support the...Variance to change' r .,1.:•i, "°:• "domestic water, piping 'abpve,tE e'slab from-Type L copper to the Flowguard Gold CPUC. . • . 1.••,. ,1: 7'he plumbing contractpr in College 5tatipn, Old`South Plumbing, completed 480 bedrooms . • ' ',;,t.i,:$ ;• of'aur University Com.zrio .Al artrnent•s in Oxford, Ohio (Miami University) last year with ',, ''...• •R, "`' CrVC water piping•aitd we ha• ve had no reported problems with the domestic water systems. ''..'''4.-•;,•,:. �''' it addition, capstone` has developed University Commons Apartments ,totaling 4,368• .. :; I 1 a.r�k. CONSTRUCTION BOARD ADJUSTMENTS AND APPEALS/BUILDING STANDARDS COMMISSION FORMAT FOR POSITIVE MOTION FOR VARIANCE I move to authorize a variance from the terms of this interest; ordinance a enforceme for the fa ol o thing • reasons: It would not be contrary to the public ordinance would result in unnecessary hardship nd accomplish and tsubstantial justice ustilceapplicant. Further, granting this variance would observe C - (�J c1 � Date 3 30 �S Motion made by 343 //z SecondedC �(/�VVl Voting Results S_� Seconded by �, Chair Signature 0 0 CONSTRUCTION BOARD FDJUST ENTS AND APPEALS/BUILDING STANDARDS COMMISSION FORMAT FOR POSITIVE MOTION FOR VARIANCE I move to authorize a variance from the terms of this ordinance for the following ' reasons: It would not be contrary to the public interest; a literal enforcement of the ordinance would result in unnecessary hardship and manifest injustice to this applicant. Further, granting this variance would observe and accomplish substantial justice. � ` �� C_ W _��1 c�-. Date 3 3 0 \ Motion made by V �►�^ Seconded by . C Voting Results -O Chair Signature �� FLOWGUARD GOLD Purpose To request a variance allowing JPI Construction Company to use Flowguard Gold CPVC for hot and cold water distribution within a building. Specifically for the following project; Waterford / Jefferson Ridge Apartment Complex located at 2250 Dartmouth. t'Goodrich The BFGoodrich Company Specialty Chemicals 9911 Brecksville Road Cleveland,Ohio 44141-3247 216-447-5000•800-331-1144 FLOIMUARDVOLD I Why use Flowguard Gold CPVC? * 35 year proven track record * Over 2 billion feet sold, enough to plumb 8 million homes. * Will not corrode, pit, rust, or scale * Approved by the National Sanitation Foundation * Stable cost * No torches necessary * No scrap value - no theft * Quieter than metallic systems, virtually eliminates water hammer and singing pipes. * Superior insulation properties, keeps water hotter, I more resistant to freezing than copper. * CPVC is an approved material for hot and cold water distribution in all the model codes. ii BF • . . rich The BFGoodrich Company Specialty Chemicals 9911 Brecksville Road Cleveland,Ohio 44141-3247 216-447-5000•800-331-1144 I FLOVIGUARDGOLD _.. 1 Advantages Specific to College Station BFGoodrich will warranty the JPI Waterford / Jefferson Ridge project for four years: "....For any plumbing pipe or fittings made of Flowguard Gold CPVC proven defective, BFGoodrich will pay the reasonable cost of repairing the piping failure, damages to plaster, drywall and other structural damage as well as w wallpaper or painting damage resulting from the leak..." Furthermore, the warranty is valid only if the plumbing 4 contractor has attended a two day installation college conducted by BFGoodrich in Brecksville, Ohio. Hart Plumbing has attended this college, and has been certified w on the proper installation procedures of CPVC. FGGoodrich The BFGoodrich Company Specialty Chemicals 9911 Brecksville Road Cleveland,Ohio 44141-3247 216-447-5000•800-331-1144 LI FLO ®GOLD CPVC CPVC Approvals in Texas * Dallas * Fort Worth * Houston * Austin * Corpus Christi * McAllen * Harlingen * Brownsville * Amarillo * Beaumont * Laredo FGoodrich The BFGoodrich Company Specialty Chemicals 9911 Brecksville Road Cleveland,Ohio 44141-3247 216-447-5000•800-331-1144 I FLOWCUARDCOLD .1111 L Conclusion lb Because of the warranty and the numerous advantages of the Flowguard Gold CPVC system, JPI, Hart Plumbing, and BFGoodrich respectfully request a variance for the Waterford / Jefferson Ridge project. IEnclosed please find further information about Flowguard i, Gold CPVC, and a brief list of apartments where Flowguard Gold CPVC has been used. 0 4, I will be happy to answer any questions you have regarding Flowguard Gold CPVC and the Waterford / Jefferson Ridge project. My number is (713) 376-7664, feel free to call days, evenings, or weekends. Thank you for your time and consideration. 4 Goodrich The BFGoodrich Company Specialty Chemicals 9911 Brecksville Road Cleveland,Ohio 44141-3247 216-447-5000•800-331-1144 FL410. O WGUARD®COILED CRC Apartment Complex Contractor Steeple Chase Global Grey San Marin Davis Bros. Construction Park on Westcreek Davis Bros. Construction Flagship Fla Parc Royal g p Properties Briar Forest Cornerstone Construction Timbermill Woodlands Richchase Davis Bros. Construction Jefferson Forest JPI Construction Willow Green Global Grey Park Village Phase I Williams Industries 0 Ella Airtex Davis Bros. Construction Reatta JA Gross La Tour Fountain Flagship Properties Post Oak Apartments Davis Bros. Construction Carrolton MFI Construction Peachtree Finger Construction Ashford Lakes Davis Bros. Construction Kirby Place Apartments Finger Construction B F . . . rich The BFGoodrich Company Specialty Chemicals 9911 Brecksville Road Cleveland,Ohio 44141-3247 216-447-5000•800-331-1144 Go r' .. DIF ' xx ' V'''''''.-'1:: ' l'.?:' .4:i2.;,.,:-: :41r.',...,-,:*.,11;:: , i At �s ..„ s't �. ,� Tom Michaels %1,',..'::.. VICE PRESIDENT OF CONSTRUCTION ' GABLES RESIDENTIAL TRUST . .-...„..::;,,s.'.. 2, w 14' i \ 7 •.„1:- \ y Of COPPER PRICES ESCALATING:' "I SWITCHED TO CPVC BECAUSE I GOT TIRED As Vice President,Construction,for Gablesas a long track record over 30 years—,o "In Dallas alone,copper has gone up It h it.It reduces my maintenance and, Residential Trust in Dallas, Torn Michaels 40'1,,in the Iasi six months.With FlowGuard prove eliminatingred solderstorchesminorthecostsst n lhat's not just in material costs,but jobsite theft,my insurance costs are lower,too. of oversees material selection and construction Gold CPVC,we're saving about 15"��everyet better performance from a for approximately 1,000 multi-familY starts year. "If I can g each year.Nearly 2,000 units are presently because installation is cheaper and easier. The cement system outperformed anything new material and have it cosi a little more, underway.In 1988,Gables switched from cop and not have it cost any more,I'm elated." ��Gold'CPVC for their else my plumbing contractor and I reviewed. I'm thrilled.If I can get better per ormance per to inflg pipe and fittings "FlowGuard Gold CPVC is just better. plumbing pipe liftings. For more information,call or write The BFGo odrich Company,FlowGuard Gold CPVC Marketing,9911 Brecksville Road,Cleveland,OH 44141-3241,8800-331-1144. . . Goodrich An Idea That's Held Water For Over 30 Years Turns Gold. T V� P(tON (11 O "` *ice 'a) O =3 z473 bA c CA ) ^c �' 'S HI O O 0 Oa) . cc v U O N em $emcn I s. gO 0) #411, O caaJ-; a_ -0-E Ona - gi ui o 4— o c, o a; o 73 Cd Cr v] V a, r a'n- s-, 0 ct Q" 0 , _7 A T.-t2. -,,,,,t „5_, Li, Li, Li, Eli) O ^� O w w wCIE) Ycu O Oo t.) ‘,0...,(1) ..t-ig .,-1 < < _� '7 sem" a j f I '' -� • �y Ct V8 ,_) ,,, O • c� ap'� c1.5 -0 - �, g - O ,� O p .-t= pp .� a�, 1 '= O C) p O BVI Q. C) v' c� C� O C. . �--' O s2, `. 'cd 0 t3 c7 sem-, cri sem" to a.) --(=, 0 $_, s. R ... 2-2, 8 n cs „... ..(2.4 cL.) , 0 = .crt-7:), — Eztc= - 25 vt L) --= t_-_,. E., 0,0 1-,-.)' y a, O O p '� �j Aa' 73 '� a3 of y C O •� 3 Q bqCD �� �� 0 $7..--,' cd, V ice, S", • ca n .- ki . .._, ›....t.; cs. 3 - -74 � ct - v ca- a� c- '= ct r a, Ci,›. „ s�,i, O Q , V `r' .S= . # ', •-c, at ,,s I-Js. #_-J c-3 E 0 •.... r,7 c...1-, -4-, czi ;__, = -4. )__ c/D '- ' a, w O . . s." G.) o sem, _O E-� c, ?'� ate, g Q.ww � � � o <..>; a) Q G.� C7 _ C7 73 -CI S-, v' Cr C/D c� c Tzt .r O o G s- G c/) . x Z s R, C7 a) .—. D `SIA - ' .z ,moo : , Y C. v' 773 V CL) N 5- , O = cd cam, Cal, S-, " O Os. v .� ct s 4 a> a O, O z473 O�!� iN a C) Q"� Sac73 a,te -p � vo (1.3d � � - bai �' C7 ,- ~^ ,77 c, 773 ^ �_ O 'fit +�! o � x ct v O cd s. v' 0 1-.)ci) v' - O a, :°.., �+" O ate, , .O c.n , o _O ct aA.- Y V •v' `r' a ,' li,DJD CO V sa,- " v' °� `�" chi' '~ S=1..-,-, O O � O p .co ` ~��,y0 V .•¢•,� !Dr) O Cd ct a, O r.CDC s�, c, O sI • p o O ^, VD yCA 0 vim' O N '—' Q. c� .� 4 ,� OU FtV " "� C� .Q c�'i' O sa; wri _V 0 cd CL)x Lam"' co "� kR =.4 .-• c[n V fes _ VD c_41_,-- -� `r' ` i v' a) `r' YO V , '� cin Q, `, V O a, c� .� U C/) 0 Es � `n ate.) .- _= s; = o `"Q Q cc3 S , Com-- O c-, bJ) `moi' :� 0 " y0 c� � fCA 0 0 = = CIS ,. fit O •~ VI T a, Q" .. 0 3 � � oS- � � � -5, ...,1 0, 7,,t. �, k 0" azo oo � � o � a, � c, C v •a� a�Cl.C7 $� C s— p Isl c/, tip O Z .o O bA o C7 C74 Z O c73 ? O 0 •LO 0 • O 2 r ' • ;afs 0" C-.) c, Cl.) c) r ' 1 BFGoodrich The BFGoodrich Company Specialty Polymers and Chemicals Division . J FlowGuard®Gold""Marketing Department 9911 Brecksville Road Cleveland,Ohio 44141-3247 216-447-5803 . 800-331-1144 _J Model Code Approvals Code Organization • BOCA National Plumbing Code Building Officials and Code Administrators International,Inc. National Standard Plumbing Code National Association of Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors Standard Plumbing Code Southern Building Code Congress International Inc. Uniform Plumbing Code International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials CABO 1-and 2-Family Dwelling Code Council of American Building Officials This information is valid at the time of publication.However,since codes are dynamic,this information should not be used alone in establishing compliance.The user should determine approval and installation requirements for CPVC hot and cold water distribution systems from the appropriate local code jurisdiction prior to use. To order, contact these quality FlowGuard® GoldTM manufacturers: CAE/LIRE Ilse BOW INC. CRESLINEB�� 518-561-0190 205-859-1600 812-428-9300 800-852-8527 800-272-CPVC 800-457-3522 800-NIB-LINE PLOWGU141RD®GWDTM CPVC The superior hot-cold water distribution system. FG-3A O BFGoodrich ©1992 BFGoodrich The information contained herein is based on extensive laboratory testing for any use or handling of material beyond BFGoodrich's direct control. and thousands of successful CPVC system installations dating from 1960. BFGOODRICH MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, However,no representations,guarantees,or warranties of any kind are made INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF as to the information,Because of variations in production methods,conditions, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.Nothing and equipment used commercially in processing these materials,and because contained herein is to be considered as permission,a recommendation,or an of variations in plumbing installation methods,conditions,and equipment, inducement to practice any patented invention without permission of the BFGoodrich shall not be liable for and the customer assumes all risk and liability patent owner. Printed in U.S.A. 0792 E3EFGoodrich FG-2F (supersedes FG-2E) - ---,-,.-..JA--',;;;;i",;5.,,,.:,.,"-C....7ir..fir:'-.7.;--7,-i:;%I . 101‘ ......,...,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,4„...,.: ,44,-:ii..,..,,,,, ,_, .,,,,,..f.,,,..l'74"tr-`.'.."'‘..^."'``.`` "_,,,,. ilrilkiiii '. .`":`,:, ,.,, -:,,,,,I. i'l.i.Z.:::::,...1.4'1.:11:,111.71,„-:...„.,„„ - I. ; rte. III a - Ilki) '''' '..„,..-''''''';11,1'''',:-::t. ,.:Pg:.,,,'".',:,, , 7 • ' .r"= � `fie:' $ )n 7 ,;c A.' I I 1 INSTALLATION GUIDE ,,„„:„..,.,,,,,,,,,,ri..,..„. I I 1 t 1 ® .M 0 i MI 1111 FlowGuard® Gold' plumbing pipe is made from a HYDRAULIC DESIGN specialty thermoplastic, known chemically as post- ' chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC). FlowGuard Hydraulic calculations should use the Hazen-Williams Gold is the result of new technology that insures C value of 150. increased product toughness year round. FlowGuard Gold systems are assembled with readily available, SAFETY inexpensive tools. Solvent cemented joints—proven reliable with more than 30 years of successful Extensive studies of CPVC piping demonstrate CPVC service history— assure the reliability of a that no significant health risks are associated with FlowGuard Gold system. installing CPVC piping, and that risk levels are well below accepted public health standards. Regardless, The BFGoodrich Company and I manufacturers of FlowGuard Gold CPVC pipe fully Product Rating endorse safety and protective measures recom- mended by government agencies when installing and Capabilities FlowGuard Gold CPVC pipe, other plastic pipe or metal pipe. DIMENSIONS • Whenever possible, ensure proper ventilation when applying primers and cements and/or FlowGuard Gold CPVC is produced (1/2" through soldering materials. CI 2") in SDR 11 dimensions with CTS (Copper Tube • Avoid unnecessary skin or eye contact with Size) outside diameters. SDR, or Standard Dimensional primers and cements and/or soldering I Ratio, means the wall thickness is directly proportional materials. Wash immediately if contact occurs to the outside diameter. This results in all diameters to avoid prolonged exposure. carrying the same pressure capability. • Follow all manufacturer-recommended precautions when cutting or sawing pipe or SDR 11 Tubing(ASTM D-2846) Inches when using any flame, heat or power tools. Nominal Size Average OD Nominal ID Wt. Lb./Ft. • After testing, thoroughly flush the system for at 1/2" .625 .485 .085 least 10 minutes to remove residual trace amounts I of solvent cement or flux/solder components. 3/4" .875 .713 .140 1" 1.125 .921 .218 MODEL CODE STATUS 11/4" 1.375 1.125 .330 FlowGuard®Gold"meets ASTM D-2846 as referenced in the 11/2" 1.625 1.329 .460 current version of every U.S.model code. 2" 2.125 1.739 .790 CODE ORGANIZATION BOCA National Building Officials and Code PRESSURE RATING Plumbing Code Administrators International, Inc. FlowGuard Gold CPVC is produced to the specifics- National Standard National Association of Plumbing- I Plumbing Code Heating-Cooling Contractors tions of ASTM D-2846. The system, including the joint, has a rated continuous working pressure of Standard Southern Building Code 100 psi at 180°F (400 psi at 73°F). CPVC systems Plumbing Code Congress International Inc. I have the capability to withstand short-term temper- Uniform International Association of ature/pressure excursions above 100 psi at 180°F Plumbing Code Plumbing and Mechanical Officials as evidenced by their ability to surpass consistentlyChi the 150 psi at 210°F for 48 hours test in the CABG 1-and 2- Family Council of American Building Dwelling Code Officials Uniform Plumbing Code. I secured with smooth straps or hangers that allow for movement caused by expansion and contrac- FIRE-RATED CONSTRUCTION tion. Most hangers designed for metal pipe are suitable for FlowGuard Gold. Hangers should not Plastic water piping systems typically are less of have rough or sharp edges which come in contact a concern with respect to their use in fire-rated with the tubing. construction than DWV pipes. Testing demonstrates that FlowGuard Gold CPVC meets 25/50 flame spread/smoke developed requirements for installa- THERMAL EXPANSION tions within plenums (test report on request). Fire wall penetrations must be sealed withCPVC systems, like all piping materials, expand and approved materials or devices, such as those listed contract with changes in temperature. FlowGuard in the UL®Building Materials Directory or those Gold tubing will expand approximately 4 inches per referenced in the PPFA Plastic Pipe in Fire Resistive 100 feet of length with a 100°F temperature change. Construction Manual (NER-370). Consult the local Expansion does not vary with pipe size. Expansion building official in your area. is mainly of concern on hot water lines. The stresses developed in CPVC are generally much smaller than those developed in metal systems for equal temper- ature changes because of significant differences in Handling elastic modulus (material flexibility). Therefore, and Storage expansion loop requirements are not significantly FlowGuard Gold CPVC is a tough, corrosion resistant different than those recommended for copper tubing. material, but it does not have the mechanical strength Thermal expansion can generally be accommo- dated at changes in direction. On a long straight of metal. Reasonable care should be exercised in run, an offset or loop based on the following chart handling tubing and fittings. They should not be is required. dropped, stepped on, or have objects thrown on them. If improper handling or heavy impact results in cracks, splits, or EXPANSION LOOP LENGTH (L) IN should be discardedgouges, the damaged section INCHES FOR 100°F FlowGuard Gold tubing should be covered with a TEMPERATURE CHANGE non-transparent material when stored outdoors for long periods of time. Normal short term exposure LENGTH OF RUN IN FEET to sunlight on the job site will not affect physical properties or ultimate performance. Nominal Size 20 40 60 80 100 1/2" 22 31 38 44 50 3/4" 26 37 46 52 58 Continue the Professional Art 1" 30 42 52 60 67 11/4" 33 47 57 66 74 of Plumbing with the 11/2" 36 51 62 72 80 2" 41 58 71 82 91 FlowGuard Gold System Engineered with technologically-advanced materials Example:Pipe Size-1/2" Length of Run-60' L=38"(From Table) from BFGoodrich, FlowGuard Gold is everything H 5 H I'—4 (—60'Run) contractors need to install water distribution systems U in which they can be proud. It's a tough, rigid, pro- \ fessional-looking system providing the customer with support T superior plumbing that lasts. No rust, no corrosion, ][L Guides S1On, 5 zno scale—even in the harshest water areas. uiet. (19") (38) Resistant to condensation. Keeps hot water hot onger, I I saving energy in the process. Tested and certified by 1 j the National Sanitation Foundation as meeting strict 1-4 I~5 L—-,z1 -.I public health requirements. That's why it's the better LOOP OFFSET CHANGE IN system for water distribution plumbing. DIRECTION Do not butt up against fixed structures (joist,stud,wall) 1 Joining FlowGuard®GoIdTM Tubing and Fittings � .ro- k,, a 1 2 3 it . _ - I ,,_,_ ., , A , , ...v.,.....,.. . .,,, ,... 4 5 6 1.CUTTING.FlowGuard Gold tubing can be easily cut with a potential leaks.Wipe excess cement from the tubing and wheel-type plastic tubing cutter, a hack saw or other fine fittings surfaces for an attractive,professional appearance. toothed hand or power saws. Use of ratchet cutters is SET AND CURE TIMES.Solvent cement set and cure times are permitted provided blades are sharpened regularly.A miter a function of pipe size,temperature, and relative humidity. box should be used to ensure a square cut when using a Curing time is shorter for drier environments, smaller saw.Cutting tubing as squarely as possible provides optimal sizes, and higher temperatures. Refer to the following table bonding area within a joint. If any indication of damage for minimum cure times after the last joint has been made or cracking is evident at the tubing end, cut off at least up before pressure testing can begin.Use of primer and/or 2 inches beyond any visible crack. the presence of hot water extends cure time required for 2. DEBURRING►BEVELING.Burrs and filings can prevent pressure testing. proper contact between tube and fitting during assembly, and should be removed from the outside and inside of MINIMUM CURE PRIOR TO PRESSURE TESTING AT 100 PSI the tubing.A chamfering tool is preferred but a pocketknife Ambient Temperature or file are suitable for this purpose.A slight bevel on theTubDuring Cure Period 40°F 32°F 0°F end of the tubing will ease entry of the tubing into the fitting socket and minimize the chances of pushing solvent 60°F cement to the bottom of the joint. 10 min. 15 min. 30 min.10 min. 3. FITTING PREPARATION.Using a clean, dry rag,wipe dirt 1/2" 15 15 30 and moisture from the fitting sockets and tubing end. 3/4" 10 30 Check the dry fit of the tubing and fitting.The tubing 1" 10 15 20 should make contact with the socket wall 1/3 to 2/3 of 10 15 20 30 the way into the fitting socket.At this stage,tubing 1-1/4"1-1/ " 10 15 30 45 should not bottom out in the socket. 2" 15 15 30 45 4.&5.SOLVENT CEMENT APPLICATION.USE ONLY CPVC CEMENT OR AN ALL-PURPOSE CEMENT CONFORMING Special care should be exercised when assembling FlowGuard TO ASTM F-493--OR JOINT FAILURE MAY RESULT. Gold systems in extremely low temperatures(below 40°F) When making a joint, apply a heavy, even coat of cement or extremely high temperatures(above 100°F). In extremely to the pipe end.Use the same applicator without additional hot temperatures, make sure both surfaces to be joined are cement to apply a thin coat inside the fitting socket.Too still wet with cement when putting them together. much cement can cause clogged waterways.As a result of extensive testing,BFGoodrich recommends the application TESTING. Once an installation is completed and cured per of FlowGuard Gold Single Step Cement on 1/2 - 2" CTS these recommendations,the systems should be hydrostatically tubing as the technically preferred method. However,if pressure tested in accordance with local code requirements. required by local code,primer,when properly applied, When pressure testing,the system should be filled with will have no negative effect on FlowGuard Gold CPVC water and all air bled from the highest and farthest points joint integrity. DO NOT ALLOW EXCESS CEMENT TO in the run. If a leak is found,the joint must be cut out and PUDDLE IN THE FITTING AND PIPE ASSEMBLY. discarded.A new section can be installed using couplings. 6.ASSEMBLY. Immediately insert the tubing into the fitting During sub-freezing temperatures,water should be blown socket,rotating the tube 1/4 to 1/2 turn while inserting. out of freezing.lines after testing Should only to eliminate be sed potential damage This motion ensures aner even distribution of cement frostatic gs not practical. Exercise extreme caution.Air within the joint. Properly align the fitting. Hold thetesting assembly for approximately 10 seconds, allowing the under pressure is explosive.Air test FlowGuard Gold systems joint to set-up.An even bead of cement should be visible only at low pressure levels(20 psi or less),after notifying around the joint. If this bead is not continuous around all site personnel of the test. Protective eyewear must be the socket edge,it may indicate that insufficient cement worn aedo the sutions shoultem hiledhe tbe aken to o preveprevent impact da a was applied. In this case,remake the joint to avoid g y Transitions from COMPRESSION CONNECTIONS FlowGuard Gold CPVC UTILIZING BRASS FERRULES to other materials ON CPVC TUBING Standard compression fittings which utilize brass ferrules can be used on CPVC. However, Teflon® "IlkiP, tape should be applied over the ferrule to compen- sate for the dissimilar thermal expansion rates of �� the brass and CPVC that could possibly otherwise result in a drip leak. Care should be exercised not to over-torque the compression connection. Numerous specialty transitions incorporating rubber seals at the plastic-to-metal interface are available and should always be used on lines where normal water temperature of 150°F or higher are anticipated. Male CPVC threaded adapters are also available for connecting valves and appurtenances on cold water IP lines. CPVC Female threaded adapters SHOULD NOT BE USED and are specifically prohibited in the Uniform Plumbing Code. 40. oy TFE (Teflon®) thread tape is always safe for making CPVC threaded connections. Some paste- I type sealants contain solvents that may be damaging to CPVC. If you prefer to use a paste or pipe dope, always check with the manufacturer regarding its compatibility with CPVC. Use of an improper paste r&Nod or dope can result in failure of CPVC systems. WATER HEATER HOOK-UPS iii Other Design Criteria UNDERSLAB INSTALLATIONS Pi FlowGuard Gold CPVC is approved for underslab installations, with joints, in all model plumbing codes. When performing underslab installations, it is important that the tube be evenly supported in a { smooth bottom trench. The back fill should be free a 11 a 1,4.4 of sharp rocks and other debris that could damage i_di_ j .,-�,..„.w,, the tube. The system must be pressure-tested prior �,. - to pouring the slab. The tube should be sleeved with foam insulation where it penetrates the slab and at construction joints in the slab. I When connecting to a gas heater, at least six inches of metal nipple or appliance connector should be HANGERS AND SUPPORTS used so that the CPVC tubing cannot be damaged by I the build-up of excessive radiant heat from the flue. CPVC can be piped directly to the heater Because FlowGuard Gold tubing is rigid, it requires fewer supports tapping on an electric water heater with special than flexible plastic systems. For P vertical runs, provide a support at each level, or I metal-to-CPVC transition fittings. NOTE: Some as specified by the design engineer to allow for code jurisdictions require metal connectors on electric heaters. expansion/contraction, plus a midstory guide. For horizontal runs, support at three foot intervals CPVC is an excellent material for T/P relief valve drain lines and is specificallyfor diameters of one inch and below and at four lio approved by each of the model codes for use in this application. foot intervals for larger sizes. Piping should not be anchored tightly to supports, but rather I air INN BFGoodrich - Specialty Chemicals Goodrich Holding Corporation Goodrich Canada,Inc. The Gua BFGoodrich " Marketingey A Subsidiary of BFGoodrich 125 Northfield Drive West IN FlowGuam®Gold- Department Av.La Paseo de Las Palmas No.735-103 Waterloo,Ontario,Canada N2L 6K4 9911 Brecksville Road Col.Lomas de Barrilacs 519-888-3330 519-888337 Cleveland,Ohio 44141-3247 CP 11010 Mexico, D.F. FAX: IN216-447-5000 52-5-520-3199 800-331-1144 FAX:52-5-520-8542 �^ Fax:216-447-5750 IN NA 1111 .rw le OM On SIM TO ORDER, CONTACT THESE QUALITY FLOWGUARD® GOLD'" MANUFACTURERS: I. THOMPSON 4,4. C1SEjL1f 1E BOW NIB PLASTICS, INC. 812-NE PLASTIC PIPE CO.,INC. 518-561-0190 2 812-428-9300 800-852-8527 205-859-1600 800-457-3522 800-NIB-LINE 800-272-CPUC FLON/CUARD®COD VC ill FG-2F(supersedes FG-2E) ili ©1992,1993,1994 The B.F.Goodrich Co. ®Trademark of The B.F.Goodrich Co. L: The information contained herein is believed to be reliable,but no representations, catio guar- - resall p k abdlity l y of t oe ase user, eFG hadric'�h shall any not be liable eyo for nand the i usta mrer ssu hes or tees rore wa fo es of any kind are made as to its accuracY,suitability for pa ti raar app' or the results to be obtained therefrom.The information is based on laboratory work with THE SELLER MAKES NO WARRANTIES,EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,INCLUDING,BUT NOT ill small-scale equipment and does not necessarily indicate end product performance.Because LIMITED TO. THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A of the variations in methods,conditions and equipment used commercially in processing PARTICULAR PURPOSE.Nothing contained herein is to be considered as permission,rec- these materials,no arranties sed.or Full-scaleur tees are testing made end toroductsuitability of the heeanproducts e the of the patent ,nor as an inducement to practice any patented invention without permission for the applicationsr. I 1194 Printed in U.S.A. vW a ( The Facts About CPVC The Right Pipe For Hot/Cold Water Distribution Systems S S S S S BFGoodrich Specialty Chemicals ii The Right Product I, II .., CPVC plumbing pipe is the right pipe for Designed To Last today's hot and cold water distribution (HCWD) systems. Combining performance, durability, reli- CPVC plumbing pipe is designed to last farlonger than metallic systems. Its superior ability, safety and cost savings, CPVC plumbing endurance and physical integrity are attributable pipe is the logical choice over copper and poly- to a number of inherent characteristics. poly- butylene pipe. In contrast to other commercial HCWD A History of Proven plumbing materials, CPVC pipe has superior cor- rosion resistance because it is totally nonmetallic. Performance A common misconception exists that plasticBelow Above pipe quality is inferior to that of metal pipe. The Below Average Avbovee industry's use of materials suggests otherwise. Today PVC represents the largest single pipe Q material (in millions of feet) sold in the world, sur- passing all other pipes. Installers and end-users Heat , : recognize the advantages of engineered vinyl Retention r 1 polymers over metals— corrosion resistance, v long service life, lighter weight, more reliable joints and cost savings. CPVC builds on the unique advantages of its parent polymer by adding both high temperature Sound performance and improved impact resistance — Dampening 0 making CPVC an ideal material for hot and cold water distribution systems. Commercial production of CPVC began in 1959, with the first piping system coming a year 0 later in a National Association of Home Builders Research House in Lansing, Michigan. In 1968, Resistance to CPVC the first CPVC system stan- Condensation g0 dard (ASTM D-2846) D,pTION OF �J Q Copper was issued covering PS y0,y� pipe, fittings and P�. 6G joints. Now, more o a than two billion arn feet of CPVC t cn water piping have been installed — Op lI 1 .� 3 enough to plumb lHE UNITED S.Ct' more than eight million single-family homes. CPVC pipe's smooth, friction-free interior sur- faces result in lower pressure loss, higher flow rates and less opportunity for bacteria growth. And because CPVC does not break down in the Advantages presence of aggressive water, there are no wor- t' ries regarding water impurities resulting from of CPl�' corrosion of metal pipe or soldered joints. In contrast, copper pipe has come under Plumbing Pipe scrutiny for water contamination due to corro- sion and lead leaching from pipes and solder joints, as well as a growing number of premature Tough failures in areas with harsh or aggressive water supplies. Unlike copper or other metal pipes, CPVC Cost effective plumbing pipe will not rust, pit or scale. It can withstand low pH water, coastal salt air exposure and corrosive soils. In addition, CPVC pipe is not Reliable subject to electrolysis, so underground burial has no effect on performance. CPVC piping can litj Price stable handle vibration and the stress of water hammer better than metal piping. The molecular structure of CPVC plumbing Energy efficient pipe virtually eliminates condensation in the sum- mer and heat loss in the winter. CPVC's solvent weld joints are strong and reliable with less prob- I ej Safe ability of a poor joint than with more complicated soldered or crimped joints. CPVC pipe also compares favorably with poly- I Corrosion resistant butylene pipe. Unlike CPVC plumbing pipe, poly- butylene is not accepted in all major model codes. The integrity of polybutylene systems and Quiet joints have come under fire from municipalities and homeowner groups as well as national news programs. And polybutylene's track record is I Ozf Professional short compared with CPVC pipe's more than 30 years of proven, reliable service. appearance ft Made in the U.S.A. IMMIMINMNOIIMOIIIOIMIIMOIIIMIIOIIMIIIMIIIIIIMIIOMIIINIIOIIMIIIIIIIIIMIIIIMIMMMMIIIIIIIMIMMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIMIMMIMMMMIMMMWMIMMIL 1 (..... -1411 The Right Performance 1 ,, .., I WM CPVC plumbing systems have been approved Water Purity by all the major model codes, including BOCA While performance National Plumbing Code, National Standard is outstanding CPVC'sin thepperformance a Plumbing Code, Standard Plumbing Code, "0' 1 f water purity, available informs y >. oo�' Uniform Plumbing Code and CARO 1- and 2- tion indicates that lead leachate Family Dwelling Code. from copper systems poses a *S12 In addition, CPVC systems conforming to significant public health risk if sol- �° ASTM D-2846 are rated for continuous service ders having a high lead content 'y4, _. at 10t 0 psi and 180°F. The same systems are required to have the capability of withstanding are used.q 1986 U.S. EPA study estimated that more short-term pressure tests for at least 521 psi for than 40 million Americans drink water containing six minutes, and 364 psi for four hours at 180°F. excessive lead levels. Even in minute quantities, CPVC systems meet the requirements of the lead is known to impair children's mental and Uniform Plumbing Code to have a minimum Short Term Working Pressure of 150 psi at 210°F for physical development. Since the bulk of lead in drinking water comes from the home piping sys- 48 hours. An important distinction between a CPVC sys- tem and CPVC piping eliminates the plumbing sys- tem as a source of lead, CPVC plumbing systems tem and other types of systems is that the entire CPVC system — pipe, joints and fittings— pass- represent a significant public health and safety es these stringent pressure tests. Other plumb- improvement.Similar concern has arisen regarding copper ing materials may have higher pressure ratings contaminants in drinking water. The U.S. EPA has for individual components—such as tubing — but it is the entire system's capability that counts. begun to address this issue through new regula- tions that establish Maximum Contaminant Level Beyond these industry codes and tests, CPVC meets requirements and standards set in other goals for copper in drinking water. In a CPVC pipe system, cement solvents are the only leachates important areas. found in traceable levels (parts per billion). These levels of leachates always decrease over time and have been found to pose no significant health risks to residents, according to the 1989 Draft Environmental Impact Report prepared for the State of California, Department of Housing and Community Development. Safe To Drink.Tests and studies conducted by inde- In the past, when the outdoor temperature pendent universities and laboratories confirm that WOdropped below freezing, CPVC was known to CPVC is superior to copper/lead solder systems in w become brittle to the point it would be susceptible termll plastics uqualityeffc potable water systems must be ts. to breakage if dropped. Recently, The BFGoodrich Company has developed a new CPVC compound tested regularly and certified by the National Sanitation Illi Foundation(NSF)as meeting strict public health that can tolerate colder temperatures. The new requirements of NSF Standards 14 and 61.This test- compound enhances the durability and strength ing ensures that drinking water carried by plastic pipe el of CPVC pipe during installation - even when the meets s all U.U.S. EPA metal ping systems have not been sub- .r temperature is well below freezing. In laboratory tests at temperatures down to ject to third party testing or certification. 20°F, pipe made from BFGoodrich's CPVC com- pound withstood a hammer drop that substan- tially damaged copper piping under the same conditions. Plumbing contractors who field-tested The health with solvent cements safety af n seffects metal oi ling plastic CPVC piping made from the new compound con- pipe firm the new pipes ability to withstand colder tern- sand homeowners.e n both Overall,profprofessional all is inperatures t which is good news for contractors plumbersnown about the effects of working with plastic in cold-weather states. Based on available toxicological data and and fire. The results of CPVC fire tests, using the U.S. government studies, there appears to be New York State modified University of Pittsburgh no irreversible short-term effects — nor any method for determining toxicity of combustion i long-term effects —from installing CPVC pipe products, conclude that CPVC is "no more toxic (the concern is over inhaling solvents or skin con- than wood" in a fire, and less toxic than everyday tact). On the other hand, there exists data that items such as wool and cotton. In addition, the indicates several human carcinogens are pre- California Draft Environmental Impact Report sent in the smoke released in the process of sol- concludes that the smoke toxicity of plastic pipe dering metal pipe. is low when compared with that of common build- In addition, plumbers torches cause numer- ing materials present in homes and furnishings. ous burns and other serious injuries to workers each year. Limiting Oxygen Index (L01) Common sense, proper ventilation and good workplace habits will minimize risks when work- Cotton:15 ing with either material. On the whole, however, existing data indicates that installing plastic pipe —Fir:15 appears to be safer than installing metal pipe. Polybutylene:18 ,,, Safety Comes First Red Oak:20 Extensive studies of CPVC piping demonstrate that no significant health risks are associated with installing Nylon-6:20 CPVC piping, and that risk levels are well below accept- ed standards. PVC:45 Regardless, The BFGoodrich Company and man- ufacturers of CPVC pipe fully endorse safety and pro- tective measures recommended by government I I I I I I agencies when installing CPVC pipe, other plastic pipes 21 40 or metal pipe to help reduce risk even further. •Whenever possible, ensure proper ventilation when All combustible materials require oxygen to burn. CPVC applying primers and cements and/or soldering will not burn by itself because it requires more oxygen materials. than is present in the earth's atmosphere, which is 21 •Avoid unnecessary skin or eye contact with primers percent. As a result, CPVC will not burn unless a fuel and cements and/or soldering materials. Wash imme- source is present and stops burning once that fuel diately if contact occurs to avoid prolonged exposure. source is removed or extinguished. Here is how CPVC's •Follow all manufacturer-recommended precautions high L01 compares with wood, fabric and other plastics. when cutting or sawing pipe or when using any flame, heat or power tools. California Debate Fire Threat and Toxicity The State of California has been a lightning rod for controversy over expanded use of plastic plumbing pipe. In As established by independent testing by fire August 1989,the State of California, Department of protection organizations and trade industry associ- Housing and Community Development(HCD)issued a draft ations, CPVC will not burn unless an external flame Environmental Impact Review[EIR)report that concluded there would be"no unavoidable significant effects from the source is present, and it will not sustain combus- expanded use of plastic plumbing pipe."This conclusion tion once the flame source is removed. was based on extensive testing and review in the areas of CPVC resists ignition. The lowest tempera- worker safety, leaching, permeation, fire safety and ture required for CPVC to ignite (with a flame Universityeconomic of California-Berkeley by and institutions Kesson such as source present) is 900°F, more than 365° higher Laboratories. The document was written by SRI International[formerly Stanford Research Institute). than that required to ignite Douglas Fir and corn- The delay in approving plastic pipe for wider use has not mon household materials such as wood, cotton been caused by technical issues, but instead by legal and paper. CPVC merely chars when exposed to maneuvering on the part of the anti-plastics lobby. When the delay tactics are exhausted and a final EIR is certified heat, it does not drip or otherwise propagate a by the State, The California Board of Building Standards fire. The char layer becomes a thermal barrier will be able to adopt the provisions of the Uniform Plumbing and restricts the flow of heat into the pipe wall Code(which has approved CPVC since 1982)pertaining to and reduces the rate of burning. Tests have also the expanded use of plastic plumbing pipes. Meanwhile, in many California communities supplied by shown that CPVC does not contribute to well water, copper plumbing systems are failing rapidly due "flashover,"the sudden, explosive development of to pitting corrosion. A number of municipalities plagued a flame front. with copper system failures are exercising their local option and allowin All organic materials — natural or synthetic homeownergsthe use of CPVC to protect the interests of — generate toxic gases when exposed to heat fl. ism MI , ( Theg Ri ht Cost ilia 4P CPVC plumbing pipe offers today's most cost- • For property owners, CPVC's superior heat effective HCWD system. It presents both plumb- retention can save money on heating bills. ing professionals and property owners multiple Compared to CPVC, the thermal conductivity of economic advantages when compared to metal metal pipe is 2,500 times greater. pipe. • In addition, CPVC's unique molecular structure • Historically, prices for CPVC material have virtually eliminates condensation, decreasing the been stable and less costly than prices for metal likelihood of costly drip damage to walls or pipe — especially copper. structure. • Since two-thirds of the CPVC molecule is derived from common salt, less energy goes into making one foot of CPVC tubing than any alterna- tiveThe BottomLine material. • CPVC can be installed more quickly by skilled In an analysis of building projects in six major professionals than metal pipe. U.S. metropolitan areas, CPVC pipe was on • Insurance costs can be reduced because average 20 to 43 percent less costly to CPVC pipe installation does not require a torch install than copper pipe. — a source of fires and burn injuries. Average Savings • Because copper is often targeted by thieves for Building Class vs. its resale value, lob site theft loss claims can be Copper reduced by switching from copper to CPVC, fur- ther reducing insurance costs. Single-Family Home 20% Nov • CPVC pipe's proven chemical bonding system —when installed properly— ensures a reliable Wood Frame Townhouse 23% 1 plumbing system, putting an end to expensive High-Rise Residential 35% callback problems and related liability issues. High-Rise Commercial 35% mw Unpredictable Cost of Copper Pipe Strip Shopping Center 43% 50 — Variables analyzed include: material costs (tubing and fittings); installation costs 40 -� /A V (equipment and joining material), labor and N I� any fire stopping materials required to satisfy c 30 1 ♦ ,►• N. 4,• I building codes. v Source:A Cost/Benefit Study:In-Place Costs and Technical and Regulatory C.) 20 — U Constraints to the Use of PVC/CPVC Based Pipe,Tube,and Conduit in Construction;IFT Technical Services,13erkeley,CA,September 1989. L O. 10 Copper 1/3 lb. (COMEX) .—.. 1/2"M copper tube(ft.) 0 I I I I I I 1 8/89 12/89 4/90 8/90 12/90 4/91 8/91 12/91 Time (months) In addition to labor and material savings, CPVC pipe has a history of extremely stable and predictable prices.During the time period from mid-1989 to December 1991, CPVC has changed less than two cents/foot.In contrast,copper raw material prices have experienced unpredictable swings resulting in similar fluctuations in copper tube prices. UN MI 6. r ____ - The System Ri ht ... g ,„„ CPVC plumbing pipe is designed for use in hot Apartments and cold water distribution systems. It is ideal for Numerous national and large regional apartment devel- all potable water piping systems in typical single- opers are regular users of CPVC plumbing systems. One family homes, apartments, hotels/motels, condo- case in point is Trammell Crow Residential(TCR), which has led the U.S. in apartment building since the mid-1980s. miniums, manufactured housing, light TCR has used CPVC-HCWD plumbing in more than 25 pro- commercial and institutional structures. jects throughout the Southeast and Texas,translating into CPVC is available in component parts to cre- more than 6,000 apartment units installed with CPVC ate a complete CPVC domestic water system. plumbing systems. Copper tube size (CTS) CPVC is available in 1/2 in. through 2 in. with a full line of fittings, including isi solvent-weld fittings, specialty transition fittings IlliFilli=11and valves.Chrome fixture stop valves with solvent-weldconnections are available. A standard compres- sion type stop valve with brass ferrule may also be used on CPVC tubing since the outside diame- ter (0.D.) is the same as copper tube. Specialty transition fittings are available to go 111111from CPVC pipe to male pipe threads, female High-Rise Residential pipe threads, copper sweat or polybutylene More plumbing contractors are mechanical connections. Bushings are available also turning to CPVC plumbing sys- Mil te to transition CPVC CTS to CPVC Schedule 40 rns for installation in luxury high-rise �_ condominiums and townhome corn- Will and 80 for systems requiring piping diameters plexes. For example: The Villa at greater than 2 in. Buckland Heights, a 20-story complex in Atlanta, GA, and the Oceania high- Single-Family Homes rise condominium towers in Sunny immommis Whether building starter homes or executive estates, Isles, FL, which boasts unit prices more contractors each year are turning to and specifying ranging from$250,000 to sommum' CPVC plumbing systems. Why?Because CPVC offers high $2 million. performance and quality while remaining cost-effective to install.And, as the median price to build a new, single-family home continues to edge up, using CPVC instead of metal for HCWD systems is one way Hotel/Motel to upgrade quality and Lodging industry leaders such as - remain competitive. Marriott, Holiday Inn, Promus Co. and Red Roof Inn have numerous success- ful CPVC plumbing system installa- tions. The Clearwater Beach Hotel in Florida chose CPVC because of its Examples of Single-Family Developments superior corrosion resistance to both Where CPVC Was Installed the aggressive water supply and the salt air environment, as well as its condensa- Mediterranean Villagesuperior heat retention and(Akron,OH) $124,000-$170,000 tion resistance. Lowry Plumbing, Inc. per home CPVC's growing popularity with the P.J.Testa Builders, Inc. lodging industry for hot and cold water Heritage Woods(Montrose,OH) $245,000 $350,000 distribution is based, in part, Lowry Plumbing, Inc. on the excellent performance per home history of PVC pipe, which is Louis P. Stiles Realty&Construction commonly used for MD) hotel/motel, water service and Avondale (Potomac, $2 million(average) swimming pool applications. 111 Roberson Plumbing, Inc. per home Monroe Development Corp. I ice► Mgt mitf.. S me I S IMO Ila MP .w S BFGoodrich is the primary source for CPVC raw materi- als and compounds worldwide. The company works closely with pipe and fittings processors who manufacture CPVC plumbing products. Its role is to ensure CPVC systems made from BFGoodrich compounds offer contractors a superior and competitive product and provide owners many years of trouble-free service. For more information contact: I Manager-Plumbing Department I I BFGoodrich Specialty Chemicals 9911 Brecksville Road Cleveland, OH 44141 800/331-1144 FG-25-A ®Trademark of The B.F.Goodrich Co. ©1994 The B.F.Goodrich Co. The information contained herein is believed to be reliable,but no representations,guar- responsibility of the user.BFGoodrich shall not be liable for and the customer assumes antees or warranties of any kind are made as to its accuracy,suitability for particular applications all risk and liability of any use or handling of any material beyond BFGoodrich's direct control. or the results to be obtained therefrom.The information is based on laboratory work with THE SELLER MAKES NO WARRANTIES,EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,INCLUDING,BUT NOT small-scale equipment and does not necessarily indicate end product performance.Because LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A of the variations in methods,conditions and equipment used commercially in processing PARTICULAR PURPOSE.Nothing contained herein is to be considered as permission,rec- these materials,no warranties or guarantees are made as to the suitability of the products ommendation,nor as an inducement to practice any patented invention without permission for the applications disclosed.Full-scale testing and end product performance are the of the patent owner. Printed in U.S.A. 01925000 RECYCLED PAPER