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HomeMy WebLinkAboutArchaeological Investigations_Veterans Park and Lick Creek Park ® (2CC lo CIFF ICC CCDPb alsas=3 PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC OCCUPATION IN CENT ' A L BRAZOS COUNTY ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF TWO CITY PARKS: VETERANS PARK AND ATHLETIC COMPLEX AND LICK CREEK PARK COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS - ; ` Edited by o › i. J. Phil Dering and J. Bryan Mason fm (SDi� BRYAN /J „o,! • '- veterans`. \ �Park 11 ® zer"44� 71 With contributions by °' i' '-, Lick Patricia A. Clabaugh J. Bryan Mason � cm m l„so.- „� �`� Creek Ji COLLEO o Michael S. Crow Andrea Stahman STATION Park':� ti J. Phil Dering Alston V. Thorns `9&,\'" MILLIGAN • Rivy - AIlil� 0 10 20km �- 0 5 10mi ,04 rsTh "y ~� tom` ( � ,ei \ r • .. - .`, .,,.wl�'.. .:=.s,,..,..:..nrLeh...._•tn:k�....Y,�....�.,:.:.: .. Technical Report No. 4 Center for Ecological Archaeology Texas A&M University Texas Antiquities Permit No. 2305 November 2001 PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC OCCUPATION IN CENTRAL BRAZOS COUNTY ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF TWO CITY PARKS: VETERANS PARK AND ATHLETIC COMPLEX AND LICK CREEK PARK COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS e.s Edited by ts J. Phil Dering and J. Bryan Mason m `` ° ?m• With contributions by ® N R�s�`o BRYAN �) Patricia A. Clabaugh J. Bryan Mason gE5 Ra C Veterans` 1, �`O-� Park , Michael S. Crow Andrea Stahman ,un\m.\ i ® ""� m J. Phil Derin Alston V. Thorns .... g q. h \..rte.►L '",`"� ‘ ...6°'4 _.\ Lick m --- -' Creek `WON _ ,�,,, Park =' o m, Technical Editors eG� Dawn Alexander �S s to MILLICAN F+er °� Julia M. Gottshall %II\ ° ,° 20kma&, NiliF 0 5 10mi .y "iv \ - c�. �S 2 �!u b tk � ',4:::,;::''''V at me ek' ma ' 44� x „ -j F 3 ; '''Zsi�yyz� � "tea :, Ef 54:4 � Tj ���*w�v� h.'rq . ,,4„-',....,' ,''''%s „04A!M - � �� if� � �x0 , Fh' �'a-' wa A � " � ,- t, �' .: �f, y x15' F��'a 4ty � .F: 3"` 4' .,..�: F u ;-mom ,.E � i ,<zs.. vc .. ":. . :3\ F:r so ?`..,n..' '`N..,>,•, \«amu,....,..,','s` s'.�''�..:` ,.•�,: Technical Report No. 4 Center for Ecological Archaeology Texas A&M University Texas Antiquities Permit No. 2305 November 2001 Cover:Top figure is a map showing the locations of Veterans Park and Athletic Complex and Lick Creek Park. Bottom photograph shows archaeological investigations taking place at Veterans Park and Athletic Complex,College Station,Texas (41BZ136). Designed by J. Bryan Mason ii ABSTRACT This report presents the results of an inventory-level archaeological survey and the related background studies undertaken at two parks owned by the City of College Station,Texas: (1)Veterans Park and Athletic Complex and (2) Lick Creek Park. Staff and consultants from the Center for Ecological Archaeology at Texas A&M University carried out the investigations,reported here,on an intermittent basis beginning in the fall of 1999 and concluding in the fall of 2000. Both parks are located on a low ridge separating the Brazos and Navasota rivers in Brazos County. This ridge falls within the Post Oak Savannah, an important corridor for travel across the state of Texas during prehistoric and historic times. Survey work at Veterans Park and Athletic Complex(ca. 150 acres)revealed that,in spite of the destructive ground leveling work done on the property in the early 1980s,portions of a large prehistoric site still remained relatively undisturbed. Site 41BZ136 was recorded along the edge of a low terrace above an old channel of Carters Creek. This site is approximately 700x80 m in size, but was certainly much wider before ground- leveling activities took place. Artifacts recovered from the site, including a Perdiz point tip and a pottery fragment,indicate that the site was occupied during the Late Prehistoric,although it is probable that the area had been occupied for thousands of years. Natural,soil-mixing processes(pedoturbation)at the site have destroyed the site's stratigraphic integrity,making it unlikely to add significant archaeological data to the prehistory of the area. Seven sites were recorded within Lick Creek Park(ca.530 acres). The historic sites—41BZ142,41BZ143, and 41BZ147—were all located in the northern portion of the park. None of these sites contained substantial, above-ground structural remains;however,site 41BZ143 included sandstone foundation piers as well as a collapsed chimney and fireplace floor. Sites 41BZ147 and 41BZ143 both contained artifacts from the turn of the century, while site 41BZ142 was dated to the 1940s. All of these sites lacked the structural integrity necessary to contribute significant archaeological information. All prehistoric sites at Lick Creek Park— 41BZ141, 41BZ144, 41BZ145, and 41BZ146 — are located along the terrace edges above the floodplain of Lick Creek. Temporally diagnostic artifacts were not found at any of these sites. Sites 41BZ141 and 41BZ145 are best described as primary Ethic reduction sites,while sites 41BZ144 and 41BZ146 appear to represent later stages of stone tool manufacturing and perhaps served as campsites as well. Because of pedoturbation in the sandy sediments and the shallow soils,these four sites were determined to be not significant due to their lack of stratigraphic integrity and low probability for containing in situ cultural deposits. While these sites do not offer significant information to the field of archaeology, their location on public land may allow them to be used to broaden the knowledge of the Bryan/College Station community. Kiosks and trail signs could be used to present the information contained in this report. In this way,the history and prehistory of Brazos County may be passed on to future generations. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The College Station City Parks Archaeological Survey Project was performed by the Center for Ecological Archaeology, Texas A&M University, and administered through the College Station Park and Recreation Department. The project benefited from the support of many individuals and organizations, and because their names may not appear elsewhere in this report,we take this opportunity to acknowledge their contributions. The interim versions of this report benefited from review comments provided by Mr.Steve Beachy,Director College Station Parks and Recreation Department and William Martin of the Texas Historical Commission. We are also grateful to Rick Ploeger, Pete Vanacek, Curtis Bingham, and other employees of the College Station Parks and Recreation Department for providing access to the parks as well as equipment and personnel for backhoe trench excavation,individuals within the College Station Parks and Recreation Department who provided maps of the parks that were used to create maps for this report, and individuals within the College Station City Planning Office who provided aerial photos that assisted in locating the parks on historical maps. Valuable background information and comparative information was obtained from several people including:Tony Jones, William Martin, William Moore, Walter Schuster, Harry Shafer, Michael Waters, and Gerald "Buddy"Winn. When all else failed,Robyn Lyle provided valuable editing information. The team members of the College Station City Parks Archaeological Project and their respective roles are as follows: Dawn Alexander Field Archaeologist and Technical Editor Patricia A. Clabaugh Collections/Data Manager Bobbye Jo Coke Field Archaeology Assistant Michael Crow Field Archaeologist and Computer Graphics Assistant J.Phil Dering Author Julia M. Gottshall Technical Editor Jana Grabbe Field Archaeologist Edward Hildebrand Field Archaeology Assistant J. Bryan Mason Project Archaeologist, Computer Graphics Specialist, and Author Steve Michaels Field Archaeology Assistant Eva Norton Office Manager and Project Accountant Andrea Stahman Field Archaeologist, Archival Researcher,Prehistoric Artifact Analyst, and Author Alston V.Thoms Principal Investigator and Author Although we —report editors, contributors, and technical editors —wish to acknowledge contributions made by the people and organizations mentioned above,as well as others who inadvertently remain unnamed, we accept the responsibility for our own contributions including any error in fact or oversight this report may contain. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract iii Acknowledgments iv List of Figures vii List of Tables x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 J. Bryan Mason and J. Phil Dering Scope of Work 1 Revised Scope of Work:Veterans Park and Athletic Complex 2 Organization of the Report 3 CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 5 Alston V Thorns and J. Bryan Mason Climate, Soils, and Vegetation Patterns 5 Available Food Resources 7 Other Natural Resources 13 Local Environment 15 CHAPTER 3: CULTURAL SETTING 23 Alston V Thorns and J. Bryan Mason Ethnohistoric Accounts 25 Indian Groups Living In or Near the Brazos Valley 28 Archaeological Evidence 31 Previously Recorded Sites Near Veterans Park and Athletic Complex and Lick Creek Park 34 Concluding Comments 39 CHAPTER 4: HISTORICAL RESEARCH 41 Andrea Stahman Brazos County History 41 Archival Research 43 CHAPTER 5:ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY: TESTING METHODS AND RESULTS 49 J.Bryan Mason and Andrea Stahman Veterans Park and Athletic Complex 49 Lick Creek Park 60 Concluding Comments 71 CHAPTER 6: MANAGEMENT SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 75 J. Bryan Mason and J. Phil Dering REFERENCES CITED 77 APPENDIX A: PREVIOUSLY RECORDED SITES WITHIN 9 KM OF VETERANS AND LICK CREEK PARKS 99 Michael S. Crow v APPENDIX B: DESCRIPTIVE AND PROVENIENCE DATA FOR ARTIFACTS 113 Patricia A. Clabaugh APPENDIX C: METRIC AND NON-METRIC DATA FOR ARTIFACTS 127 Patricia A. Clabaugh vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Locations of Veterans Park and Lick Creek Park in Brazos County 2 2. Physiological features of Texas and the location of the"Gilmore Corridor" between the Edwards Plateau and the Coastal Plain 6 3. Location of Brazos County in relation to the ecological areas of Texas 7 4. String prairies and Spanish roads present within the Post Oak Savannah 8 5. Chert gravel and bedrock outcrops at Lick Creek Park 15 6. Location of the flat terrace and floodplain in the proposed Veterans Park 16 7. Map of geological formations in the survey area 17 8. Map of the soils present in Veterans Park and Athletic Complex 17 9. Map illustrating the landscape types present at Lick Creek Park 18 10. Map of the soils present in Lick Creek Park 19 11. Upland vegetation characterized by dense understory,Lick Creek Park 20 12. Sandy prairies,Lick Creek Park 20 13. Terrace vegetation,Lick Creek Park 21 14. Floodplain vegetation with standing water,Lick Creek Park 21 15. Soil profile at Alum Creek 22 16. Soil profile at Lick Creek 22 17. Location of Spanish roads passing through Brazos County 24 18. Previous archaeological excavations discussed in the text 30 19. Map of the locations of previously recorded archaeological sites within 9.5 km of the two parks 31 20. Map of property boundaries in the Sam W. Robertson League,circa 1890 45 21. Map of property boundaries in the Sam W. Robertson League, circa 1934 45 22. Successive aerial photography of Veterans Park area from 1940 to 1987 showing landscape disturbance 50 23. Map showing archaeological survey areas in Veterans Park, the location of site 41BZ136, and previous disturbances 51 vii - _ 24. The sandy mantle has been replaced by construction fill in this east profile of backhoe trench 3 52 25. South profile of backhoe trench D with locations of soil horizons and soil samples 52 26. East profile of backhoe trench 4 53 27. Location of test unit 4 indicated in south profile of backhoe trench C 54 28. Test units 1-3 indicated in south profile of backhoe trench D 54 29. Area A artifact concentration, site 41BZ136 55 30. Test units 1-4 profile with soil horizons,excavation levels, and artifact counts from each level 56 31. Artifacts recovered from Veterans Park 57 32. Survey transects, shovel probes,and site locations in Lick Creek Park 60 33. Historic site located in aerial photograph,taken in 1940, of the Lick Creek Park area 61 34. Distribution of features and location of artifact concentration,41BZ147 62 35. Site 41BZ147 62 36. Stock pond at site 41BZ147 (facing south), overgrown with woody perennial vegetation 63 37. The dam at site 41BZ147 64 38. Distribution of artifacts at site 41BZ142 64 39. Site 41BZ142 65 40. Distribution of features and artifacts at site 41BZ143 65 41. Cleared field at site 41BZ143 66 • 42. Stock pond at site 41BZ143 66 43. The smaller structure at site 41BZ143 67 44. The larger structure at site 41BZ143 67 45. Location of shovel probes and artifact concentrations at site 41BZ144 68 46. Area C at site 41BZ144 68 vin 47. Area A at site 41BZ144 69 48. Shovel probes at site 41BZ146 69 49. Site 41BZ146 70 50. Site 41BZ141 70 51. Site 41BZ145 71 52. Historic sites located in or adjacent to clearings in Lick Creek Park 72 53. Remnant of an historical fence located in the southwestern quadrant of Lick Creek Park 73 54. Iron bridge over Lick Creek in the western portion of the park 73 ix LIST OF TABLES 1. 1997 White-tailed deer densities and kill rates in different ecological areas of Texas(McCarty 1998:Table 4 and 5; Young and Traweek 1998 Table 5, 7, and 8) 11 2. Common plant foods available in the Brazos Valley 12 3. Selected characteristics of archaeological cultures for the central Post Oak Savannah region(data compiled from Rogers 1993, 1995a, and 1995b) 32 4. Soil particle size distribution from Veterans Park and Athletic Complex (Analysis by the Soil Characterization Laboratory, Soil and Crop Sciences Department,Texas A&M University) 57 5. Artifact types and frequencies from sites and isolated-fmd localities for the College Station City Parks Project 58 6a. Previously recorded sites within 9.5 km of the Veterans Park and Athletic Complex and Lick Creek Park 101 6b. Additional information for previously recorded sites within 9.5 km of Veterans Park and Athletic Complex and Lick Creek Park 106 7. Artifact provenience information and material type 115 8. Metric and non-metric biface data 129 9. Metric and non-metric core data 129 10. Metric and non-metric edge-modified flake data 129 11. Metric and non-metric projectile point data 129 12. Lithic debitage size grade analysis 130 13. Non-metric Ethic debitage analysis for 41BZ136 139 x 1 Introduction J. Bryan Mason and J. Phil Dering This report presents the results of an intensive the overall direction of the project's principal archaeological survey of two parks owned by the City investigator, Alston V. Thorns. Survey and reporting of College Station (Figure 1). Veterans Park and standards follow those established by the Texas Athletic Complex, a proposed 150-acre city park, is Historical Commission(THC),described in the scope located in east College Station,Brazos County,Texas. of work,and incorporated into Texas Antiquity Permit Lick Creek Park is a mostly undeveloped 527-acre city No. 2305 for the present project. Research for the park located in south College Station,Brazos County, project was conducted during the fall of 1999. Texas. Both of these parks are located within the Fieldwork took place from the fall of 1999 through Navasota River drainage basin, and lie along a ridge the summer of 2000. The preparation of this report separating the Brazos River and Navasota River basins. continued through the fall of 2001. From a land-use perspective,the parks contain similar Application for the State Antiquities Permit elements such as proximity to water and access to included the present proposal and a map showing the natural resources including chert, sandstone, and survey areas, along with the resume of the principal firewood. investigator and a form designating a state-approved The major difference between the parks is the level repository for any recovered materials and supporting of modem disturbance. Within the last two decades a documentation. Final curation of project documents pond and an oil pad were constructed within the current and recovered materials will be at the Department of boundaries of Veterans Park and Athletic Complex. Anthropology curation facility on the TAMU campus. The pond was subsequently filled and most of the area Students,faculty,and other researchers will have ready • was leveled. This construction activity disturbed the access to the material for future interpretative and/or ground surface to a depth of approximately 1 m. Since research projects. most archaeological sites in this area are located on or within 60 cm of the ground surface, construction activity at Veterans Park greatly reduced the potential SCOPE OF WORK for finding any intact archaeological deposits. Disturbance at Lick Creek Park, on the other hand, Field and laboratory work was conducted according has been confined to the historical construction of a to guidelines established by the Council of Texas few roads,bridges,and livestock corrals. Most of these Archeologists (CTA) and adopted by the Texas activities occurred during the early 1900s. Historical Commission (THC). The field and Field and laboratory investigations were conducted laboratory tasks performed by CEA for the project by staff and students at the Center for Ecological included the following activities: Archaeology(CEA),Texas A&M University(TAMU), working through the Texas Engineering Experiment • A Texas Antiquities Permit was obtained Station (TEES) and under contract to the City of for the proposed survey work at both park College Station [City Project No. PK9941 (Veterans sites. Park) and PK9952 (Lick Creek Park) and TEES No. C00-00095]. Graduate and undergraduate students • A literature review was conducted, of provided much of the field and laboratory work,under sufficient scope to prepare a brief overview 1 In: Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County:Archaeological Investigations of Two City Parks-Veterans Park and Athletic Complex and Lick Creek Park-College Station, Texas,edited by J.P.Dering and J.B.Mason,pp 1-4. Technical Report No.4. Center for Ecological Archaeology,Texas A&M University,College Station. 2 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County / "a'\% historic and prehistoric sites within the / boundaries of both city parks. (S - _ 0�� 90 • The importance of identified sites was �Q,r''''.- ' c_�I�ca 2 / assessed according to criteria established by v �G) the National Register of Historic Places and m'' \ the State Archaeological Landmarks Program. cn O m ( tio 5C\4 0 BRYAN • A final report on the results of the overall Cg4. .a New \ Veterans %, project(i.e.,items 1-5) was prepared. i►iu. ' : 1 Park) v 1 ,, ..►..r ,\ �8�2 ® 128;8I� , m REVISED SCOPE OF WORK: „,giv' rimagm Lick VETERANS PARK R+Ler _ immr. Ea' ' iir Creek .••.. �" COLLEGE STATION Park During field investigations at Veterans Park and ZaMt,. O Athletic Complex, an archaeological site was located ,.U -.k ���• � `9C.,�9� d in the southwest portion of the park. This prompted 101105"1:7n ► ���w 11 -4O aum �'22:.■-*�;,r.►;:. amendments that were considered necessary to provide iaaM1�vJ•j S - MILLIGAN /in, additional work needed to assess the significance of NitSism 2 this site. The revisions to the scope of work were as 4%4 Aiver o 10 Zokrr, j � follows: ner 0 5 1 oR� cts • Obtain an amendment to Texas Antiquities Figure 1. Location of Veterans Park and Permit No. 2305 that includes an assessment Lick Creek Park in Brazos County. of the newly discovered archaeological site recorded at Veterans Park and Athletic Complex. of regional and local pre-Columbian (i.e., Native American) and post-Columbian • Assess the site by excavating backhoe _ - (Hispanic, African, and Anglo-American) trenches(ca.5)in areas where archaeological history, as well as of past environmental deposits were located and describe the natural conditions. The objective here is to develop a sediments and cultural material exposed in preliminary land-use model that emphasizes trench profiles. paleoecological conditions and ethnic diversity conditions in the Post Oak Savannah. • Further assess the site by hand excavating test pits, as warranted (ca. 4 m2), over • A database of known cultural resources archaeological features or well preserved areas at/near both city parks was compiled. exposed in backhoe trenches that are likely to yield important information. • Archival sources pertaining to past ownership history and land-use at the parks • Describe the natural sediments and were reveiewed. Anhistorical overview was cultural material found in the test pits. prepared that provided detailed information useful in developing interpretative centers, • Incorporate site-assessment results into an displays, and brochures on past land-use and interim report on the overall archaeological environments. studies carried out at Veterans Park and Athletic Complex. • A systematic, surface/shovel-test survey was conducted to discover and document • Incorporate site-assessment results into the final report to be prepared for the overall Introduction 3 archaeological/historical studies of the reviews previous archaeological investigations in the Veterans Park and Athletic Complex and Lick area. An overview of Brazos County history is Creek Park. presented in chapter 4,along with the results of archival research concerning the property history of each park. Chapter 5 describes the archaeological methods used ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT in this investigation and the results of the survey and testing at each park. Chapter 6 summarizes the The present chapter has provided background investigations and continues with discussions information on project administration and history. concerning site significance issues. The report Chapter 2 reviews the environmental setting of the project concludes with a references cited section and area. Chapter 3 summarizes the area's prehistory as supporting appendices. well as the early colonial period. This chapter also 2 Environmental Setting Alston V. Thorns and J. Bryan Mason The study areas are located on the divide between the CLIMATE,SOILS,AND lower Brazos and Navasota River valleys. The VEGETATION PATTERNS Navasota River flows through the interior part of the West Gulf Coastal Plain,a major physiographic section The project area is located in eastern Texas, a humid, of the Coastal Plain Province that, in Texas, extends subtropical climatic region(Jordan 1980:10). Average inland to the Edwards Plateau (Fenneman 1938:100- precipitation in Brazos County is 38 inches per year; 112) (Figure 2). Fenneman subdivides this section peak rainfall periods are during the fall and spring and according to the age of the geological formations that summer droughts are common(Carr 1967:4,7,17-18). roughly parallel the Texas coastline(1938). The inner Although snowfall is rare in the project area, freezes coastal plain is made up of the Eocene-aged geological are not uncommon and, in general, winters are cold formations that form a series of low, but prominent and wet. In December of 1721,Father Pena, a priest cuestas (Fenneman 1938) that compose what Jordan on the Aguayo Expedition,passed near the project area calls Texas' undulating region (1980). Jacob de and noted that "due to heavy rainstorms and terrible Cordova, a Texas immigration promoter in 1858, frosts, to the ,lack of pasturage, and the excessive described the landscape between the Brazos and mortality that continued among the mules and horses, Navasota Rivers: "The ascent to the divide between each day we were able to advance only two or three the two rivers is an almost imperceptible rise through leagues, sometimes only one"(Forrestal 1935:59). a succession of beautiful sweeps or long slopes of The Post Oak Savannah (Figure 3) encompasses country,gradual in rise and declivity till you reach the Brazos and the surrounding counties. It is described ridge that separates their waters" (cited in Jordan as an"ecological area"that slopes from the southwest 1980:2). to northeast and is defined primarily on the basis of The combination of cuestas and a moderate-relief modern vegetation patterns(Frye et al. 1984). Claypan landscape provided traversable corridors between the sediments in the Post Oak Savannah tend to have a comparatively high relief Edwards Plateau and the low thin veneer of sandy soils that support vegetation relief,often boggy,coastal prairies(see Figure 2). This ranging from grassland mosaics with less than 10 group of highly traveled corridors serves as a link percent woody canopy,to parks with 11 to 70 percent between eastern North America and Mexico. These woody canopies,to woods(trees 9-30 ft tall)and forests compose a portion of what is known as the "Gilmore (trees taller than 30 ft) with 71 to 100 percent woody Corridor," an area of interest in archaeology as the canopy(McMahan et al. 1984:2, 19). Common plants possible route by which"cultigens and other Mexican within the Post Oak Savannah include blackjack oak traits"may have"diffused"into eastern North America (Quercus marilandica), post oak (Quercus stellata), (cf.Story 1985). The"Gilmore Corridor"may,in fact, eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), mesquite have been a two-way street due to new botanical data (Prosopis glandulosa),live oak(Quercus virginiana), indicating that a variety of squash(Cucurbita texana) hackberry (Celtis spp.), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), was present in North America well before it was used American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana), in Mexico (Dering 1993; Smith et al. 1992:96-97; hawthorn(Crataegus spp.),trumpet creeper(Campsis Decker-Walters et al. 1992). radicans), dewberry (Rubus spp.), little bluestem 5 In: Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County:Archaeological Investigations of Two City Parks-Veterans Park and Athletic Complex and Lick Creek Park-College Station,Texas,edited by J.P.Dering and J.B.Mason,pp.5-22. Technical Report No.4. Center for Ecological Archaeology,Texas A&M University,College Station. 6 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County "';/':r bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis), live oak (Quercus , virginiana,,post oak(Quercus stellata),and mesquite � •,„ (Prosopis glandulosa) (McMahan et al. 1984:19). , , ,. *MN ' h- Various soils have formed in alluvium that covers the lir ry� bottomlar_ds and valley walls along the major 1, .. __ ,, 731 watercourses supporting mesic forests of oaks, ..'''''-'-i.'II r* .,:,,,,,, :‘ , ,4,,,-,,ai sz "5,,1, hackberries, and pecans. = 7The Post Oak Savannah was recognized by the , / ;, s •• , early Spanish explorers as an obstacle to travel m Texas 7 '` "� '�`� .��� � .y F4,y '�trAV Y� that they called the monte grande, which roughly ,-": 'IMMIlr , '" . translates as "a big brushland or thicket" (Buckley ��,e ;, . ,, .. 1911:33; Gonzales 1983). Although the passage s :ant. i�' `'.,06.-:`,41, •''- , ,= through the monte grande seemed impossible,for those >�; � .. ��.�- _�)- �"� familiar with the regional landscape the presence of `�. . ��. �a7f the San Antonio or String Prairie afforded travelers „ r c ., ' G with readily navigable passageways (see Figure 4 fq H`;; a1t`of� ;' : , One of the most unusual outliers of the Blackland °; t-; Prairie is the San Antonio or String Prairie, not over .. ' -4,.: ,<;,e, ' .0 „"`. five miles wide and reaching some one hundred miles "` ,'"'' from near Bastrop northeast beyond the Brazos Rivery i;�>,,, .';,,A5-1';.&,.•'° ^ ,��,�,�� , ��:;`,�'"" - ��-;`° almost to the Trinity. It formed a natural routeway or corridor leading through the post oak belt. The earlier Figure 2. Physicographic features of Texas and explorers found this prairie strip and used it as a the location of the"Gilmore Corridor"between primary route between Bexar and East Texas,in which the Edwards Plateau and the Coastal Plain. capacity it became known as the Old San Antonio Road (Jordan 1980:19). (Schizachyrium scoparium var.frequens), and silver bluestem (Bothriochloa saccharoides) (McMahan et The statement that Spanish explorers"found"the al. 1984:5). Thicketization, or the increasing density San Antonio Prairie is not entirely accurate. In fact, of woody species, has occurred throughout the Post ethnohistoric information of the late 1 600s and early Oak Savannah and is most likely due to the suppression 1700s in Texas demonstrated that the Spanish roads of fires (Hatch et al. 1990:12) and the regrowth of followed well-worn Indian paths (e.g. Bolton 1908; woody species since the 1830s in abandoned Hatcher 1932;Tous 1930;Williams 1979). Itis more agricultural fields, over-grazed areas, and cut-over historically accurate to say that the Indian people told woods. the Spanish about the ways through the monte grande, Although the Post Oak Savannah is the dominant and on occasion they led the Spanish through the vegetation type in the area, other types are present, woods. In 1721,for example,Father Pena wrote that giving the area a mosaic vegetation pattern. The Post the expedition's leader decided to follow a more direct Oak Savannah is interrupted by a small strip of the route through the monte grande on their return trip. Blackland Prairie "ecological area" called the San Antonio or String Prairie(Figures 3 and 4)that extends He decided to return by the old road [the along the northern border of Brazos County and beyond Indian road to the Tejas] through the Monte to the southwest and northeast(Hatch et al. 1990:12; Grande,for he had noticed that the Trinity car- Jordan 1980:19). The clayey Blackland Prairie rie l only about half a vara of water, and he sediments support grasslands and scattered trees(Hatch had learned from the soldiers whom he had et al. 1990:12). Plants common in the Blackland Prairie sent out that the Brazos de Dios [Brazos]also include little bluestem(Schizachyrium scoparium var. offered a good crossing. With the help of an frequens), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), Indian guide,and making its way through the Texas grama (Bouteloua rigidiseta), buffalo grass clearir_gs and places sparsely timbered for a (Buchloe dactyloides), windmill grass (Chloris spp.), distance of seventeen leagues, the battalion tumblegrass (Schedonnardus paniculatus), Texas Environmental Setting 7 • errAttle + 'o+o+o'o'h • • eo++++ea/ Qo.!� \ San Antonio eee++� .. .+.++. Prairie 14ff %i% oirdilk*AN 4 •P4.•:4,1/"Si; zl)kON'N • • OHO.' �+�+�� . • i;t;^;��� Blackland Praries _ • , - --- /A Post Oak Savannah Pineywoods Gulf Praries and Marshes - 4 Brazos County Center for Ecological Archaeology 0 200 Miles Texas A&M University Modified from Gould et.al.1960 2000 Figure 3. Location of Brazos County in relation to the ecological areas of Texas. crossed the Monte Grande[between the Trin- patterns reviewed by Thorns in a previous ity and Colorado rivers](Forrestal 1935:590). archaeological survey conducted in Leon County (Thorns 1997). Since the Late Pleistocene,an overall The French explorer Pierre Pages journeyed decrease in woodlands,except for oaks,and an increase between the Trinity and Brazos rivers,probably in or in grasses and herbaceous plants in the inner Coastal near Brazos County, in 1767 and noted, "we went Plain and the Texas Hill Country suggests that there through open country without following any path,but has been a general warming and/or drying trend in the the savage soldiers [a reference to half-Indians who area(Bryant and Holloway 1985:52, 61). This trend served as soldiers], who knew the country, arrived at may have come to a zenith between 7,000 and 4,000 exactly the place they intended"(Pages 1985:13). years ago. During the last 4,000 years, the oak savannas may have increased in size and diversity becoming oak-hickory forests in the drier, western PAST CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND areas and oak-hickory-pine forests in the wetter,eastern VEGETATION PATTERNS areas of the state (Collins and Bousman 1993; Kenmotsu and Perttula 1993a). Although a clear understanding of the paleo- Palynological data from bogs in the Post Oak environmental conditions in and around the Post Oak Savannah suggest that the present day vegetation Savannah is not available,research has revealed broad regime was established by 3,000 years ago(Bryant and 8 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County Robertson Madison The subtropical humid climate,the extensiveness County / County of the riverine habitat, the mosaic upland vegetation pattern, and the overall ecotonal character of the • Hearne Brazos Wooded ` Gnmes regional biota indicate a productive landscape for Area County 1 hunter-gatherers, as well as for simple and complex Present ® l County l g P Day Towns / I agriculturalists. The biodiversity in the area made it ®nv Bryan ®. an important historical and economic route as Colieae Stetion o i evidenced by the "old San Antonio roads" (McGraw rz °aa \— 1991). Spanish roads are especially important to the Caldwell �.°Q. m I, present study because many of the people who traveled �oP'�° Burleson ...,5 them recorded their observations about the nature and o\aa County distribution of food resources(see Figure 4). For the y__ • Navasota Lee i Independence ashinaton.on Anglo-Americans who were the first Old World County /the Brazos I peoples to effectively colonize Brazos County and r/ Washington ( Waller vicinity, the region exhibited extraordinary potential. County County In 1821, Stephen Austin commented on the prairie's rich,black soils for fields and pasturage,the availability Figure 4. String prairies and Spanish roads of sufficient timber for construction,and the abundance present within the Post Oak Savannah. of deer for meat(cited in Doughty 1986:426). Some of the more economically significant natural Holloway 1985:62). Stable carbon isotope analysis resources for pre-industrial human populations in the from the Brazos River bottomlands indicate the region are discussed in the remainder of this section. presence of grassland plants between 2,500 and 500 Data from ethnohistorical and historical records are • years ago, signaling a drier climate than that of today. emphasized,although information from contemporary Beginning about 500 years ago, modern climatic sources is used as well. conditions would have allowed expansion of hardwood forests in the region (Nordt et al. 1992:12). Game Animals AVAILABLE FOOD RESOURCES The ability of the Post Oak Savannah to support an abundance of animals can be seen by the rapid influx Brazos and the adjacent counties fall within the eastern of European stock into the wild game population portion of the Texas biotic province, which extends (Weniger 1984:182-186). In 1716,less than 30 years north from the central Gulf Coast area of Texas beyond after the arrival of the first European colonizers,wild east central Oklahoma. The Texas biotic province is a cattle inhabited the Brazos River basin southwest of broad ecotone between the comparatively mesic forest the project area; their presence was attributed to the regions of eastern North America and the more xeric domestic cattle "lost by the Spaniards [de Leon in grasslands of the central part of the continent (Blair 1690] on their first visit to Texas" (Folk 1933:17). 1950:100). As in most ecotones(Odum 1971),species Father Solis wrote in 1767 that this same area had diversity is high in the Texan province compared with "large numbers of bulls, cows, [and] calves" and, in grassland and forest provinces to the west and east, the wooded uplands not far north of the project,"cattle, respectively. horses,[and]mules"were reported(Forrestal 1931:25- The Brazos and other major river valleys support 26). Feral hogs"of mixed ancestry,including European mesic forests and serve as dispersal routes for forest wild boars,"also lived in the marshy and timbered parts species from the east and subtropical species from the of the Post Oak Savannah(Doughty 1986:437). south and the coast to enter the region (Blair 1950). In the Brazos valley northwest of the project area, Upland species characteristic of regions to the south Solis also observed many native game animals. He and west could also move into the Post Oak Savannah noted that in the Brazos River there was a"good supply through the extensive strips of prairie habitat. Plants of fish"and,between there and the Navasota River,he and animals probably have used these same dispersal reported"a great number of deer,bison,bears,turkeys, or migration routes for tens of thousands of years partridges,and quail"(Forrestal 1931:25-26). Judging (Bryant and Holloway 1985:65). from the ethnohistoric and historic literature, white- tailed deer seem to be the most widely and consistently Environmental Setting 9 sighted game animal in Brazos County and the vicinity, Thompson 1982). In any case,there is ample evidence although it is clear that bison and bear were also common. that bison densities varied considerably in Texas throughout the Holocene period,and that much of the Bison. Early Spanish explorers in the region regularly variation was probably in response to climatic change encountered herds of bison. Don Domingo Teran and (Bryson and Murray 1977;Dillehay 1974). his expedition group crossed the San Antonio Prairie Considering the abundance of ethnohistoric in Burleson County in July 1691 on their way to the evidence for bison and bison hunting in the region, it Texas (Tejas) villages in the piney woods of what is is surprising that bison remains are very rare,if present today east Texas. They traveled"over a level country at all, at excavated archaeological sites in the Brazos and camped on another arroyo,the water being filled River basin portion of the Post Oak Savannah. Even with buffaloes, because of their great number in the though faunal preservation tends to be poor throughout vicinity"(Hatcher 1932:17). Father Damian Manzanet, the region,most sites yield a few burned and unburned one of the clergymen traveling with the expedition, mammal bone fragments. These are usually identified noted the presence of"many buffaloes" and a "great as deer, antelope, or deer-sized or smaller animals, many alligators" in the Brazos River valley west of including dog/coyote,rabbit,and other rodents. Bison present-day Hearne, Texas. Of the uplands between remains are almost never reported, not even from the Brazos and Navasota rivers, he noted the mosaic comparatively well preserved sites dating within the character of the woods and prairies and the "great last few centuries. If bison were periodically present number of buffalo," adding that it was "a very fine during the prehistoric period in the same densities that place for water and pasturage" (Hatcher 1932:65). • they were during the early historic period,one would Bison,turkeys,other"wild fowl,"fish,and alligators expect their remains to be reported regularly in the were also reported in Brazos County and vicinity by regional archaeological literature. members of the Ramon expedition in 1716(Foik 1933; It is possible that the paucity of bison remains in Tous 1930). During that entrada, the Spanish killed the regional archaeological record is due to sampling bison in the uplands between the Brazos and Navasota error, but with so many sites test-excavated over the rivers. Ramon also wrote, "in the middle of the road last 30 years, this explanation alone does not seem we met four Texas [Tejas] Indians with two women, adequate. An ecological explanation is more likely, who were killing bison" (Foik 1933:17-18). especially one that considers population dynamics and Although bison were regularly sighted in the region climatic change. For example, geographers and through the 1700s,by 1840,few bison were seen. Bear historians have argued that prior to A.D. 1500,human probably lasted longer, but they too were soon predation prevented bison from occupying the extirpated (Doughty 1986; Jordan 1973; Weniger savannas and prairies within the otherwise forested 1984). According to William DeWees,who settled in regions of the Southeast. With massive human 1822 on the Brazos River not far upstream from the depopulation from Old World diseases, a major project area, bison were abundant near the mouth of ecological change occurred — loss of the primary the Little River and"bear are very plenty, but we are predator—and bison were able to extend their habitat obliged to use great care when hunting them, lest the to the Atlantic and Gulf coasts (DeVivo 1990:307). havalenas(meaning the peccary)kill our dogs"(cited Similar processes might account, in part, for the in Roemer and Carlson 1987:142). abundance of bison during the ethnohistoric period in Jean Louis Berlandier (1980), a Frenchman the Post Oak Savannah. Perhaps it was only during employed as a botanist with the Mexican boundary brief time periods (e.g., Little Ice Age, A.D. 1350- commission in 1828,did not mention any bison in the 1850) that climatic conditions were conducive to Brazos River basin along the Old San Antonio Road, producing enough grazing-tolerant grass to support a although he did encounter them west of the Colorado viable bison population in this region. If the vegetation River. Over-hunting during the nineteenth century is regime was only minimally adequate for maintaining commonly given as the reason for the bison's demise herds, sustained predation by comparatively densely in the Post Oak Savannah(e.g.,Weniger 1984),but it populated hunter-gatherers or simple agriculturalists also seems possible that climatic changes may have might then prevent the long-term maintenance of viable played a role, perhaps one that created habitats bison herds. Seen from this perspective, it is less favorable for grass species that are less tolerant of surprising that only a very few bison bones are sustained grazing (cf. Mack 1984; Mack and preserved in the region's archaeological record. 10 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County Deer. As noted,white-tailed deer were very common Undoubtedly, more than 100 years of market in the project area and vicinity during the eighteenth hunting, in addition to subsistence hunting, and early nineteenth centuries(Doughty 1986;Weniger significantly depressed deer populations in the project 1984). Deer provided meat and hides for clothing and area and vicinity. It has been argued, however, that =- other purposes, including armor. Spanish soldiers deer were not extirpated as a result of this kind of operating in the Post Oak Savannah and adjacent areas intensive hunting and that their populations probably reportedly used"deer skin breast plates"as armor,and, recovered by the early 1800s, in part because Indian in some cases, "their bodies are covered with a coat populations had decreased dramatically due to the made from three or four deer skins, quilted together introduction of European diseases. According to this with cotton and proof against arrows" (Pages argument,the demise of white-tailed deer in the-Post 1985:6,22). Oak Savannah is attributable more directly to Comments made by Pierre Pages, a wealthy significant habitat loss that began in the 1830s as Old Frenchman who traveled along one of the San Antonio World settlers cleared more and more of the landscape roads between the Colorado and Brazos rivers in 1776, for farming and pasturage(Yantis 1984:12-13). attest to the abundance of deer in places similar to the By the early 1900s,deer were effectively extirpated project area: "the deer,hardly at all shy,graze there in from the region but, as a result of restocking efforts such numbers that at a distance I often took them for and enforcement of hunting laws, deer populations our own horses which had wandered off" (Pages were near or exceeding carrying capacity in the Post 1985:15). Amos Parker,a well-to-do Bostonian,who Oak Savannah, including Brazos County, by the late traveled along the Old San Antonio Road in 1834,also 1980s(Reagan 1992;Yantis 1984). In the early 1980s, wrote about the abundance of game in the Post Oak a few bottomland localities immediately upstream from Savannah and adjacent regions. He described seeing the project area are reported to have had as many as deer in great numbers,and observed, 200 deer per 1,000 acres. However, in the "mostly cleared" upland areas there were fewer than 5 deer I hardly supposed there were as many deer on per 1,000 acres, with the overall average being about the continent, as I saw in Texas. They were 40(Yantis 1984:10). continually on my path,or were seen in flocks In fact, data from hunting surveys in Texas show feeding on the prairies. I recollect that from that the deer population is able to endure significant an elevated spot,I counted five flocks of deer predation. There is considerable annual variation in in sight at the same time! In some parts of the the deer densities and kill rates in the project area and country, a man may about as certainly kill a vicinity. However,the data generally illustrate that in deer if he choose, as a northern farmer can the Post Oak Savannah,including Brazos County,the kill a sheep from his flock. Their meat is ex- densities and kill rates are moderate compared to cellent, and their skins valuable (Parker surrounding regions (Table 1). From 1993 through 1968:176). 1997,the estimated number of deer hunters each year in the "reporting unit" defined by Brazos, Burleson, The French introduced firearms and a market for Washington, Waller, Grimes, and Madison counties deer in the late 1600s and early 1700s,and the Spanish, ranged from a low of 8,715 hunters in 1996 to a high Mexicans, and Anglo-Americans continued this of 11,735 in 1997. In 1997, 11,735 hunters spent a practice. In a single year,the Indians were reported to total of 96,872 days between November 3 and January have traded 40,000 deerskins and 1,500 bearskins with 6 in this area, during which they killed 3,000 deer. the Spanish at Nacogdoches(Yantis 1984:12). Judging Within the much larger area encompassing all of the from comments made by Amos Parker in 1835, the Post Oak Savannah and Pineywoods regions of east Nacogdoches deer market also flourished under Texas, a total of 68,009 deer were killed during Mexican rule. Parker related that "the chief article 1,650,175 hunting days in 1997 (McCarty 1998:15, the Indians have to sell is deer pelts;and in the course 21). of the year, they bring in a large number. These are Collectively, the data reviewed here, as well as done up in bales,and sent by land to the United States. the ecology of white-tailed deer in general (Halls These skins are bought of the Indians by weight,and I 1978), illustrate that as long as there is a suitable was told, the average amount was about fifty cents habitat, white-tailed deer are capable of sustaining apiece" (1968:152). heavy predation. This, in turn, suggests that deer Environmental Setting 11 Table 1. 1997 White-tailed deer densities and kill rates in different ecological areas of Texas (McCarty 1998: Tables 4 and 5;Young and Traweek 1998: Tables 5,7,and 8). Hunting Brazos & Post Oak Edwards Blackland Piney- Gulf Data Adjacent Savannah Plateau Prairie Woods Prairies & Category Counties Marshes Deer 1,335,079 7,891,060 23,881,642 749,971 11,343,525 1,441,255 range/acres Est. deer 59,770 295,962 1,439,093 15,895 484,699 82,704 population Acres/ 22.30 26.66 16.59 47.18 23.40 17.43 deer Deer/ 44.80 37.51 60.26 21.19 42.73 57.38 1,000 ac Hunter 96,872 678,228 1,298,932 48,804 971,947 121,768 days Total 3,000 22.012 166,759 1,832 45,997 9,504 k�11 / 0.34 0.33 0.98 0.29 0.51 0.62 Hunter / 2.09 2.46 6.71 2.81 3.59 5.16 1,000 ac Hunters/ 9.34 11.39 9.70 15.00 10.41 12.12 1,000 ac should have been economically very important to the about edible plants comes from Father Solis, who region's native hunter-gatherers,simple agriculturalists, traversed the region in 1767. Of the vegetation in the and Old World immigrants who replaced them. The uplands adjacent to the left bank of the Brazos River, faunal record from archaeological sites throughout the not far north of the project area,he described the"great region is certainly consistent with this contention(see number of fruit trees, pomegranates [persimmons?], Chapter 3). As the above statistics imply,deer hunting grape-vines, strawberry-plants, blackberry-bushes, in this part of the Post Oak Savannah continues to be sapotes, hazelnuts, chestnuts and sweet potatoes" economically important. (Forrestal 1931:26). Although there is a paucity of ethnographic data about the specific vegetal foods consumed by the Indian people in Brazos County and NATIVE PLANT FOODS vicinity,they are commonly believed to have"utilized a large number of plant foods, including herbs, roots, Of the "commonly associated plants"in the Post Oak fruit, and seeds" (Newcomb 1961:139). Savannah, many have edible seeds, nuts, or berries, Fortunately,historic journals contain references to including various oaks,mesquite,hackberry,hawthorn, the specific kinds of vegetal foods eaten by the region's and dewberry. Pecans,mustang grapes,and greenbriar native populations. For example, just after crossing are among the commonly associated edible plants in the Navasota River in 1691 on his way to the "Texas the pecan-elm forests of the region's bottomlands [Tejas]country,"Father Manzanet wrote about finding (McMahan et al. 1984:19, 23). A list of edible plants "a very good fruit which they call as" (Hatcher that would have been available in the area can be found 1932:66). What as was is not clear, but in this same in Table 2. A less scientific but informative statement area in 1721, Father Pena wrote about finding "an 12 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County Table 2. Plant foods available in and adjacent to the Brazos Valley(adapted from Thorns 1994). ROOT FOODS Arrow-root(Sagittaria spp.) Roots eated raw,boiled, or roasted Blazing star(Liatris spp.) Bulbs used for food' [probably roasted] Bracken fern(Pteridium aquilinum var.) Roots roasted Cattail(Typha latifolia L.) Roots dried, ground into flour; eaten raw,roasted False garlic, crow poison(Nothoscordum bivalve) Bulbs eaten raw(this is one of the only references to this plant as edible); [probably boiled-roasted as are most lily bulbs2] Greenbriar, cat-briar(Smilax spp.) Roots boiled Ground nut, American potato bean(Apios Tubers eaten raw or boiled:dried and stored for americana) winter use Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberous) Tubers are eilible5 [probably roasted] Milkweed, various (Asclepias spp.) Tubers boiled and eaten Prairie turnip, scurvy pea(Psoralea spp.)5 Tubers roasted and eaten'' [imclear if local species, P. linearifolum and P. tenuiflorum, are edible:P. tenuiflorum reported toxic to horses, cattle;most information on edible P. esculenta] Spring beauty(Claytonia virginica) Bulbs boiled or roasted Water-chiquapin(Nelumbo lutea) Tubers eaten fresh/dried; seeds eaten raw/roasted Wild hyacinth(Camassia scilloides) Bulbs eaten,probably roasted2 Wild onion(Allium sp.) Bulbs eaten raw or boiled [also roasted L2,4] Wild potato (Ipomoea pandurata) Tubers dried and ground into flour Wne-cup (Callirhoe digitata) Roots eaten' [probably roasted] SEEDS Amberique bean(Strophostyles helvola) Seeds eaten raw or boiled Partridge pea(Cassia fasciculata) Seeds boded and eaten Sunflower, common(Helianthus annuus) Seeds eaten after boiling or roasting' Yucca,beargrass (Yucca louisianensis) Seed pods eaten,boiled or roasted [Mahler(1998) notes genus but not species]; stalks peeled and eaten [stalks of some yucca species are roasted] NUTS AND FRUITS American hop-hornbeam(Ostrya virginiana) Nuts eaten raw or roasted Black hickory(Carya texana) Nuts from this and other hickories eaten raw, boiled or leached;made into meal for eating Black walnut(Juglans nigra) Nuts eaten raw;boiled for oil Elm, various (U/mus spp.) Inner bark made into cakes and eaten[this implies pulverizing and cooking] Oaks,various red and white (Quercus spp.) Acorns varyingly eaten raw,boiled,leached; processed into meal Pecan(Carya illinoiensis) Nuts eaten raw;mashed/dried,made into porridge' Prickly pear(Opuntia spp.) Tunas eaten raw or boiled;pads [nopalito]roasted White ash(Fraxinus americana) Cambium[inner bark] cooked and eaten 1 Driver and Massey(1957) 'Mahler(1988) 'Havard (1985:111) 2 Thorns (1989) 5 Reid(1977) 8 Flias and Dyckerman(1990) 3 Wyckoff(1984:12) 6 Prickryl(1990:13) Environmental Setting 13 abundance of plums"in a clearing(Forrestal 1935:32). ing been ground, these produce a highly es- Earlier, during the same trip but in or near northern teemed grayish flour,with which they make a Robertson County,Pena noted"a woods covered with sort of cake(Berlandier 1980:313). thorny trees,which in these parts are called mesquites and which produce fruit of which the Indians are very Father Manzanet, a member of the de Leon fond" (Forrestal 1935:29). The journals also provide expedition to east Texas in 1690, reported eating information about the root foods used by the Indian "cooked frijoles,with ground-nuts and tamales"at the people,as well as by the Spanish and other Old World Texas [Tejas] village on San Pedro Creek (Bolton peoples. That roots were an important winter food 1908:376). In 1767, at a "very large and populous resource is evident from an account about a Spanish town inhabited by the Tejas tribe" located a short priest and several soldiers who camped along the distance east of San Pedro Creek,Father Solis recorded Navasota River during the winter of 1717-1718. there is another food which they use,known Father Nunez and four soldiers had taken sup- as tuqui, and which is much like the cassava plies eastward along Ramon's road intended of Havana. It is derived from the roots of a for the East Texas missions but they found the certain tree, which are pounded in a wooden Trinity impassable and moved back(west)to mortar and then prepared with bear lard. Tuqui the Navasota River(at Santa Ana Lake)where is taken as a beverage and is very injurious to they spent most of the winter. Indians sup- the health,for it causes dysentery, skin abra- plied them with corn until the supply was ex- sions,and other diseases(Forrestal 1931:28). hausted and then helped them to subsist on roots. The water in the Brazos was at flood Of course,the native agriculturists also relied on stage and the supplies could not be returned. domestic vegetal foods. In particular, the Spanish Leaving the supplies cached under his tent in accounts attest to corn,beans,and squash,but at least a dense wood near the Navasota,Father Nunez during the late 1600s and early 1700s, most of these returned westward, evidently down Ramon's crops were grown east of the Trinity River. The few road. He may have been the first person who fields in proximity to Brazos County seem to have been traveled Ramon's road westward. Alarcon[the just across the Navasota River,perhaps in southwest expedition's leader]met him on the road near Leon County. On June 20, 1716, soon after crossing the site of present-day Devine (Williams the Navasota, Ramon wrote "we arrived at a small 1979:135). ranch,where we found seven Texans. They received us with great pleasure and demonstrated their delight From the above account,it is not clear which roots by giving us green corn and watermelons. This is the were eaten, but other sources provide additional first time we saw corn in this province"(Foik 1933:18). information about some of the root foods used by the The use of pecans as a food source was widespread Indians. Only rarely, however, is it evident exactly throughout the southeastern United States and is which plant(s) was consumed. For example, all we documented both ethnohistorically and know about the wild"sweet potatoes"that Father Solis archaeologically (Hall 2000). Cabeza de Vaca noted observed north of the project area is that they were that pecans were a part of the diet and that,when they "quite palatable" (Forrestal 1931:26). Berlandier were available, they"are ground with a kind of small provided comparatively specific information about grain and furnish the sole subsistence of the people some of the root foods used by a Tonkawa group that for two months of the year — and not every year, he visited in 1828 near present-day Austin. He because the trees only bear every other year. The nut observed is the same size as that of Galicia;the trees are massive and numberless"(Covey 1993:69-70). among the other foodstuffs which I observed among them I noted ground nuts with which, I have been told,they make a drink similar to OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES orgeat. On our second visit I found they had gathered many roots of the genus Nymphaea Both the uplands and bottomlands of Brazos and [probably some kind of water lily]. After hav- surrounding counties offered productive farmland and 14 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County ranchland. As noted earlier, herds of wild cattle, 1840,but by 1860 the tax rolls showed he had 22 slaves. horses,and mules became commonplace in the region At that time,30 percent of the white families in Brazos within a few decades after the Spanish introduced these County owned slaves (Carlson 1983:9-20). animals in the late 1600s. There is little to demonstrate The Old World immigrants also supplemented the that agriculture was practiced in Brazos County prior native productivity by burning the Post Oak Savannah, to the arrival of Old World peoples. The presence in the Blackland Prairies,and the surrounding regions to 1716 of Indian farmlands just across the Navasota create better pasturage (Weniger 1984:187-199). River in an upland setting attests to the possibility of Burning encouraged the native environment by prehistoric agriculture in the vicinity of the project area, effectively removing dense undergrowth and the mat however. By 1822, corn was grown by DeWees and of dead grasses,thereby facilitating more palatable and other Anglo-American families on farms near the nutritious new growth. Browsers,notably white-tailed Brazos River just upstream from the project area deer, also benefited from regular burning, and, at the (DeWees 1968, cited in Roemer and Carlson same time, the productivity of other critical food 1987:142). resources, including edible berries and possibly nuts The Anglo-Americans planted corn in both the and root foods,probably increased as well(cf. Lewis uplands and bottomlands,although the yields were not 1982). While it is widely recognized that Indian people always large. On June 2, 1828,while traveling in the purposely burned the prairies and woods of the Post uplands between the Brazos and Navasota rivers (on Oak Savannah to increase grass production,some have the Old San Antonio Road along the boundary between argued that they "probably learned this use of fire" Brazos and Robertson Counties), Berlandier from the Spanish(Weniger 1984). Assuming that the (1980:333) encountered an abandoned Anglo- Old World immigrants independently recognized the American farmstead"around which some stalks of corn beneficial effects of seasonal burning, it would be an were still growing." In the bottomlands along the right oversight not to assume the same for the region's native bank of the Brazos River,not far from the project area, inhabitants who depended on deer and bison as well he observed other corn fields: as the vegetal foods that have higher yields under more open conditions(cf.DeVivo 1990). Jordan(1973:252), on the edge of the forest in a spot which had more practically,suggests that the immigrant's practice been cleared we encountered the field where of burning was inherited from the Indian people who the colonist [with whom Berlandier had knew that "preservation of the prairies meant that camped near the mouth of the Little Brazos grazing bison would remain in the area." River] had sown his corn. It was his chief The mosaic character of the upland vegetation in hope for the maintenance of his poor family, the vicinity of the project area is compatible with a and it had been transformed into true sand long history of regularly occurring grassland and shrub dunes (meganos), where we marched for a fires. Historical accounts of the region prior to the long time without finding a single stand of mid-1800s fail to show that either juniper or mesquite what had been sown there. Beyond that field was a consistently major component of the upland a lovely plain extended into the distance" vegetation in Brazos and surrounding counties,but in (Berlandier 1980:336). many places today,juniper and mesquite are common, often creating dense thickets (Gonzales 1983; Jordan The land was potentially more fertile than these 1973;Williams 1979). Since these species are not fire accounts indicate, as evidenced by the use of slave resistant,their presence in comparatively low densities labor to clear and farm upland and bottomland tracts prior to the mid-1800s is consistent with the idea that (Carlson and Kloetzer 1993). By 1828, Jared Groce the Post Oak Savannah was burned regularly. held a large tract of land along the left bank of the The upland and bottomland forests provided Brazos River that was "well sown with cotton and construction material for residential and other corn"and worked by 117 slaves(Berlandier 1980:324). structures built by the region's inhabitants. Anglo- Slave labor was also used in the uplands,but,in some American settlers in Brazos County and the vicinity cases,a significant portion of the labor was devoted to typically built log cabins(Carlson 1983;Parker 1968). raising livestock. For example, Richard Carter, who Logs were probably the principal components of their lived in the uplands near the two parks,was more of a fences as well. Indian people living near the mouth of rancher than a farmer. He paid taxes on one slave in the Little River in 1716 constructed a "hut" for Environmental Setting 15 members of Ramon's expedition. It was described as color; black and red colors occur in much lower being made "of branches of trees and very spacious" frequencies. Typically,the chert pebbles and cobbles (Tous 1930:16). An 1828 Tonkawa village in the range in size from less than a centimeter to 15 cm in Colorado Basin contained 21 vault-shaped "cabins," diameter(Nordt 1983:56-64). Silicified wood that has 4.0-4.5 ft in height, made of"branches covered with eroded from local Eocene deposits also occurs on the verdure" (Berlandier 1980:312). Frameworks of surface in the project area;some of the pieces are more similar structures were probably the most obvious than 20 cm long. This material was also used by the remains of the "old huts" and "abandoned" Indian Indian people to manufacture stone tools. Parker villages,or rancherlas, seen in Brazos County and the observed silicified wood on the surface during his vicinity during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries travels through the region in 1834 and 1835, noting (e.g.,Berlandier 1980;Forrestal 1935;Tous 1930). that "it might probably be manufactured into good There are outcrops of Eocene-aged sandstone on hones,although it was coarser grained,and of a lighter Lick Creek Park property and within a few kilometers shade, than those usually found at our stores" of Veterans Park. Although the sandstone material is (1968:164). not particularly hard, it is well-suited as a building material,especially for footings and chimneys as were recorded at sites 41BZ147 and 41BZ143 at Lick Creek LOCAL ENVIRONMENT Park (see Chapter 5). The Eocene sediments in the project area, as well as in much of the surrounding Archaeological sites are found throughout the Post Oak uplands,are capped with a veneer of sandy and gravelly Savannah,in the bottomlands along rivers and streams, Pleistocene-aged sediments (Barnes 1974). The composition of the gravel is mostly chert,but quartzite gravel is also common. These gravels were once part ;. of the Edwards Plateau bedrock,but were subsequently transported to their present location as partof the bedload of the Brazos River;they presently cap most of the higher terraces along the river (Nor dt 1983).' g b �. � A '�•'�✓tib y� 'FSis��i� �j frNr � f /& ) £ Chert gravels occur on the surface throughout the x N ,, region as part of Pleistocene deposits (Barnes 1974) • y`� y 7 a`r���h �7.SfrZ�\s,s��.., rY s Within both parks,this gravel lens is exposed at points k • k5 � ,� � where the ground slopes, cutting into the Eocene f ,,haz.����• �� �� �� ���� � �,� � sediments (Figure 5). There are also gravel bars in • r�� � r �, �_ and adjacent to the modern Navasota River channel. ;,, .• � h.. �, �,� � These materials did not go unnoticed by the y:P-'-^-"--'-'-----:: „Z4.� � ,.,,,,,,,,....1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;„,, Spanish and other Old World travelers of the historic *� F � , period. For example, one member of the Aguayo Y � � � "� Expedition in 1721 reported "flint stones” near the : � �' Navasota River (Buckley 1911:40), and Berlandier _ �x ,� ' Z.,'r; , (1980:327) observed "fragments of jasper and flint w���� � ����. �..� ,���—,��� �� near the mouth of the Navasota River. He alsoz.,:„.,„ .� , ,,',1 , described a gravel-rich lens exposed in a Brazos River '7 • , cutbank near the mouth of the Little Brazos River, a .k," T. 3 Y� � few kilometers upstream from the project area. They � � lens below the surface was a"layer about two or three Ek �k, 5 �� � inches thick composed of rounded fragments of uartz '' * flint,chalcedony,etc.,mingled underneath with pieces •. * _ a � of rounded clay" (Berlandier 1980:334 �� '':...;11.`4';‘4::';':04,^ '�` .fit .f' `"'. '�, '�" e� £ ..,,, 1,-,;,,," , Sao a '�' '� '� ,P rx Chert gravel in the vicinity of the project area is � �:, z significant in its importance as a source of raw material ; • ..? te « „ for the stone tools made by the Indian people. Most of the stream-worn chert gravels are brown and grey in Figure 5. Chert gravel and bedrock outcrops at Lick Creek Park. 16 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County as well as in upland settings a mile or more from well as along a minor tributary steam in the northeast permanent water. They are especially common on part of the property. terraces and gentle valley slopes above tributary The park is located on the Yegua geological streams. The location of the two parks in this survey formation near an outcrop of Quaternary fluvial is on the uplands between the Navasota and Brazos deposited gravel(Fisher 1981)(Figure 7). The Yegua rivers. Both Carter Creek and Lick Creek flow east formation is made up of sandstone, clay, and lignite into the Navasota River. with some chert. The fluvial gravel in the area consists mostly of chert and quartzite. Most of the park (the terrace)has sandy soils from the Lufkin-Tabor series, Veterans Park and Athletic Complex which are described as fine sandy loam or loamy fine sand, with the floodplain composed of Gowen clay Most of the proposed park is located in a flat-lying loam (USDA 1958) (Figure 8). The terrace slope is area on the first terrace above Carters Creek, a composed of Edge fine sandy loam(USDA 1958)(see perennial tributary of the Navasota River,but a small Figure 8). Soils on the terrace tread and scarp have portion of the park (ca. 20 acres) is within the sandy A and E horizons, varying in depth from 10 to floodplain(Figure 6). Since mechanical clearing has 200 cm, and a clayey sand Bt horizon, usually less disturbed much of the park, the native vegetation than a meter thick. The Bt horizon is underlain by patterns have been altered. Much of the terrace slope stratified, sandy and gravelly alluvium that forms the and floodplain, located around the park perimeter, C horizon. Archaeological materials found in similar remain undisturbed. settings within the Post Oak Savannah are always Vegetation today consists of bunch grasses,brush, confined to the sandy mantle above the Bt horizon. and small trees on the terrace where most of the disturbance took place. Grasses and forbs are found on the terrace tread along with yaupon and an Lick Creek Park abundance of dewberry bushes. Oak and native pecan woodlands occur on the Carters Creek floodplain, as Lick Creek Park can be divided into three main landscape types: upland savannah, a floodplain, and nf,• Floodplain: _ Terrace I I •� �/' %3£%gF'^;•u • • t`�'�Z �� �u U � ,�s a� gnti�is / / :t:�z '`a^ 3�'� r., :s / �. F �w' � '.mss. :ye,. 1asY�„ s-:' / ��. n £� F' fi • ,�x r^� • �' ;w 's /;//,„'�a �'�r r c W' • f , " .,:.. i «.-zIA5M:sr.' moi ;,, l:.e,A /,_: < ' x,. , „ /, :✓o � . .. „��'✓��i, 434 .,J .�'.��.;ti �>"` .�,�,�, y' " fin'" „r.� x Y �,, _ y ✓ :Ffk.`.�, . :.. 4 € SGL• e\,` $' • 3,:iJ�” `t.a. .• iJnRtt, "'`•,.��c' u:, '✓3 1F' / .b,`. �9 •S ✓. s,/'r P • �s` ivka ? RS • .s. " s 4 ? ✓x f/Gs,rs. i .z .!`r/ :ni Vii. '�'3'1� �� r �' £ zs r�y.y Fk.h' ,.,„%.. r � :.'t�—� • �v 3,�3€k,''_'x3::5.�zl,•4,,3',f:4F'�:�hS3,. , ;4 -:F;a':� F `,z,.,..F�•-,�r','•. ..,.<�.., ,�.. .H,;,. .:.,.,�:.., ,�i.:,:�'..,.Fi .. `?"�:�,. :3..,:.:..."�",v,�.,s.,.,. � Figure 6. Location of the flat terrace and floodplain in the proposed Veterans Park, view to the north. Environmental Setting 17 . r/ /®/Bryan -z ,,/ ", , 4.a. Veterans rifek / f Park 1 • / `Y/ • ,(04-:.:71'/ ....... JjEO�' Y /, � / Lick /_ ____ �/ �'�. e 00" ,. 9s Parkir - -_ �. 7- t i,n, ffJ �j�/Colege//-.--.. ,, ,lw. ..if-a,::,,, .„0,:. z____ ,'' v ! ! • e lum zli o �� - i Wellborn t - 1-,, r.II 6 -°a c„: 4\1 i— p�`•i • ili', '.9„. . 07 Explanation Jf 1•1I/i Qhg-Quatemary gravel terrace deposits I Qat -Quatemary alluvium I' I Qt -Quatemary terrace deposits Mc -Catahoula Formation Erbw-Whitsett Formation I ' i i Em -Manning Formation i-:-:-1 Ewb-Wellbom Formation f::•1 Eca-Caddell Formation WA Ey -Yegua Formation Figure 7. Map of geological formations in the area. Lufkin fine sandy loam Tabor fine Tabor l-oamy-fine�sand. . : Tab() • sandy learn,. ifs �FY • : d�J � • Gowen clay loam.___ ,_,_- s""'-100. Center for Ecological Archaeology College Station City of College Station 0 Parks Pinning O'Malley Engineers r% a ,,dam n. Veterans Park and Athletic Complex �^ r m ram,ri 1308 N.Park 404))3836-77 �. I..s., ,,,,,,,,,,,,,„„,„,,,,,,,;,,,..y. • Brenham,TX 77833 Fax(409)836-793fi Archaeological Survey Figure 8. Map of the soils present in Veterans Park and Athletic Complex(from USDA 1958). 18 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County /Ilio. r't NW LICK CREEK PARK 0 190 240m 1 9. ICO.. , PREPARED BY TAMU RECREATION&PARKS DEPT I " V���� AND PARKS PLANNING/CITY OF COLLEGE STATION • _ _ 0 400 800ft 41 BZ147 t ° ' °F WCK=RAIRx-Rd ___... Shovel probe \ f y� , 41B'-421•_,, i» Transect surface survey LAA,, • Cutbank inspection i I D SAI, , _— .t i "`� Site boundary 4, A .N Treeline �•, ._ Creek ER T'A. u ° '941BZ14 ~' " Y BiY3 ! �. ._./ ° 41 BZ141 e, ', -!4q::,-' :_... FLOOD LAIN 41 Bz1 46 A 7 ( 1 o.. , qil- •. a, ° ° —, _ • - -'Fsasv__1 '''.. // f \ \ 4‘4-11Z145• „ o \ " - _ \ . TERRACEJ Figure 9. Map illustrating the landscape types present at Lick Creek Park. terraces forming an intermediate border between prickly pear and little bluestem inhabit small,natural uplands and the floodplain (Figure 9). The park is clearings scattered throughout the timberland. Larger drained by both Alum Creek and Lick Creek, whose open areas are characterized as sandy prairies(Figure waters flow into the Navasota River. Lick Creek Park 12). These prairies retain their natural vegetation and is mainly located on Quaternary alluvial and fluvial are filled with brushy and little bluestem. The sandy deposits of clay and gravel,but some of the park is on prairies also contain an abundance of lily and iris family the Manning Formation composed of clay and plants such as yellow star grass,blue-eyed grass,wild sandstone (Fisher 1981) (see Figure 7). The soil in onion, copper lily, spring beauty, and false garlic; all the uplands of the park is a Lufkin fine sandy loam; these plants have nutritious bulbs or corms that are the terraces are made up of Tabor fine sandy loam or known to be food sources for Native Americans. loamy fine sand;the floodplain of the park is a Gowen Because of their use as pasturage and possibly some clay loam(USDA 1958) (Figure 10). The park itself agriculture,invader species such as bitterweed,Croton ' is a preserved section of a natural Brazos County capitatus, and silver-leaf nightshade are also present. landscape that has not been heavily used for farming Leading to the floodplain, the terrace slopes of Lick or ranching. Much of the information about the Creek and Alum Creek support both upland and vegetation in the park was compiled by personnel in lowland trees and plants (Figure 13). The floodplain the Department of Biology Herbarium at Texas A&M forest contains trees and plants more suited to a wetter University and is available on their website (Reed environment, such as water oak, cedar, elm, and 2000). orchids. It is dissected by small r-vulets,old channels, The vegetation in the upland savannah varies with and oxbows that hold water during the wet season and the amount of woody growth. Oak, elm, and native occasionally year round(Figure 14). Sedge meadows pecan trees with an understory of yaupon make up the occur in the wettest parts of the floodplain and consist vegetation in the upland woods (Figure 11), while Environmental Setting 19 f.i_!) LICK CREEK PARKA ,, PREPARED BY TAMU RECREA?ION&PARKS DEPTr. ; � "�'^'`Y 400 800ft AND PARKS PLANNING/CITY OF COLLEGE STATION �y � ; ,{( -.-RO.�K PRAIRIE RD. ( j 4. t5 s Lufkin Series Soils 1 „,\ > - I ‘4.,........ ,.. { .is ' Tabor Series Soils f-' � „ ---""ate ,_ a,, ." `dam ,WASTEWATER `uo 0-..,,,',. 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'''.• l'4‘*;',3Z-V.;+4,;A:k4'1:1;,,1:..1--73:pt•t,-%, ri,t'r'e4r?"-l•f(;'4,,, ,,', `,::•.* ,,,,,,,kytiA..:-.1*.l.,,,Ars.4, ,.- 4..‘, -a* ic ,,,,,,7,-;:!.,,,,...-;i,,---44.z..;,,,..,-.,: - „...; ,,',,,::-• v:-- ‘A 4',.'A:':';‘,,,.\''''''' '',7"%', ,ItO''!'.. -4''>''.`1,:,'\'\' ''"''2 *:4. ',,*144,7,K43:,,,Z,' '''' "ly,:;4'1 ri,,,' '''' t AA:I:\'!",',..F',<f:.. *-... ,& `....'!""r‘a, `,...• ,* z -a,, • , , . '4,•,...a.,'-',..e, va , ....- )z,::4, •.I'•Z •''',,,..,:''''..1/4'''''''';4, . , . ,, ._„... ., , ,,,. 1..,,, „, . ., ,. „,_ „.„..,........,.. 1 , , ,, , ,,, 4,,...„. ,..„.. ,),,, , 'A,,c.,".•'‘ .' ''" •••'' ''.s ' 4'.0 .4**'' '7 ' 4.1iN:%*4 ''''.'. , ' ;i ' ' ' ..,,,,'"7:7,:, , 2, ' '0 , 0 *,. ,, ,• , , -4:7°' .,„•' , • > , ' • , ' \ . • ' -— -',•"""' ', , .:•<..'., , :- .. - •. ..e ‘•' l' ' ',' '''',.,. ' ' - ' '` ''' • ' ..''' ',..„."' " , ,, , ,,,,, ,,,,. , 't,:iz,. -•,-,..-...: , , ..• - • t „,•*. 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Archaeological Cherokee sedge shaded by water oaks and cedar elms. material in the uplands will be confined toh the sandy The type soil profile for Lick Creek Park is best mantle above the Bt horizon as has been shown in illustrated along Alum Creek, as seen in Figure 15. similar settings within the Post Oak Savannah. The - This profile shows thin, sandy A and E horizons Bt horizon is usually underlain by a layer of gravel underlain by a stratified C horizon of silty sand that and sandstone bedrock. Along the terrace edges, the was alluvially deposited. The sandy sediments cover sandy mantle and Bt horizons become thinner and as a 2Bt horizon composed of clayey sand. A variation the terrace drops down to the floodplain, natural of this profile can be seen along Lick Creek and in outcrops of sandstone and chert cobbles, both prime Figure 16. A thinner sandy mantle covers a Bt horizon materials used by Native Americans,occur. The soils of clay. Both of these profiles are typical in the upland in the floodplain consist of alluvial clays and silts that areas of the park and along the creek edges. The sandy potentially contain buried archaeological sites. a , yaqgzrb. F , ,e x.. ,�.,'x+ 3V"” � V kr•e-'•4F,iA,iuii ova. r F tIIJ! � � , �S �:- 'i 9:;i'. y�����r iz di � Lr mai :-m>,3„ z' �s-. .��> L \,a`xc3�.�•��'. e,,,,,..,-,,,-::, ,,-,..- I !W4I!S ' :>' „fsY •,-- •-. �', r ; i” �" , :H� i '>,' ,"S' r` r • 1� xi •s.,.y t--•.• : ,N 7£ F a� K F , i"5,' F ' �� .e `4149,,_ sy. :< ..'', 3u • � ^ ,^.''� •-, Q`:ma�y,,b iff .F ...: ... -rii...4,-.40,.t.w.z.-....1, -.-.‘ .... 4.,,-,..mt, ,,, . -^,..;.A.t-,.:1 . ..;::..o•A• ...01_k...",-.....n. ,....,,,, : ..A.,,, •,,,..*A.,1 A,4 r9 Z7^ rxx "� • ra `.fl a`ax •sF� 3���. �. `' 'a •. • w • • � am ,' ..., ;,''�" .. �•.. >Ya�+ ya � 'F ; �>....;_ ,. Figure 15. Soil profile at Alum Creek. Figure 16. Soil profile at Lick Creek. 3 Cultural Setting Alston V Thorns and.I. Bryan Mason Lick Creek Park and Veterans Park are located within with the Hill Country of central Texas and the the Post Oak Savannah, which has been a travelers' comparatively dry areas of southern Texas. In the crossroads for thousands of years due to its prime 1690s, the Spanish followed some of the same trails location on the landscape. Thorns(1993)argues that, on their way to and from the major agricultural villages because of its location as a multicultural/multiethnic in eastern Texas occupied by the Tejas and other Indian crossroad between the forest and grassland, this area groups. The Camino de los Tejas is generically used has special research potential. In order to provide a here, in reference to both the crossing at the Brazos cultural context for evaluating the archaeological River near the mouth of the Little River and the route resources in the project area, selected aspects of the crossing near the northern boundary of Brazos County, regional ethnohistorical and archaeological records are which follows the San Antonio or String Prairie. These reviewed here. This chapter draws heavily from a roads,part of the Caminos Reales corridor,connected previous overview of regional ethnohistory and the eastern Texas missions near present-day archaeology in the Post Oak Savannah by Thorns Nacogdoches with missions in the vicinity of San (1993). The availability of ethnohistorical and Antonio (McGraw 1991; McGraw et al. 1991). The archaeological records affords the opportunity to study route crossing the Brazos River near the mouth of the the diversity of hunter-gatherer prehistoric land-use Navasota River was known as the La Bahia Road; it systems, as well as elements of more recent agro- connected the eastern Texas missions with the southern industrial systems. Texas missions near present-day Goliad (Williams More detailed information about past land-use 1979). For our purposes,the importance of these roads patterns and cultural history in the Post Oak Savannah is that Europeans who traveled them often recorded and adjacent regions is available in reports by Black their observations about the indigenous peoples they (1989), Davis et al. (1987), Fields (1995), Honea encountered in the Post Oak Savannah. Figure 17 (1961), Johnson (1989), Kenmotsu and Perttula provides a more detailed view of the pathways that (1993b), Kotter (1982), Patterson (1995), Perttula were followed by several of the Spanish expeditions (1993a, 1993b, 1993c, 1995), Perttula et al. (1993), that passed through Brazos County. Peterson(1965),Prewitt(1974, 1985),Prikryl(1993), Rogers(1992,1993,1995a,1995b),Shafer(1977),and Story (1985, 1990). These reports also include Ethnohistorical Accounts discussions about paleoclimates, technological of Hunter-Gatherers changes,and cultural influences from the eastern Texas Pineywoods and the central Texas Hill Country. Ethnohistorical data from the central and southern parts of the Post Oak Savannah reveal that indigenous peoples encountered by the Spanish lived in the ETHNOHISTORIC ACCOUNTS uplands,along the valley slopes,and in the bottomlands (Foster 1995; Thorns 1993). In different seasons of Native peoples lived and traveled along a broad the year,they are known to have lived in encampments corridor of trails that traversed Brazos County and the with hundreds of people. At other times, only a few vicinity,connecting the Pineywoods of eastern Texas families camped together, and at still other times, a 23 In: Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County:Archaeological Investigations of Two City Parks-Veterans Park and Athletic Complex and Lick Creek Park-College Station, Texas,edited by J.P.Dering and J.B.Mason,pp 23-39. Technical Report No. 4. Center for Ecological Archaeology,Texas A&M University,College Station. 24 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County de Leon 1690-..,- Father Pena, a member of the 1721 Aguayo Teran de los Rios 1691 e„47 Teran de los Rios 1692 / expedition,first reported seeing abandoned Indian huts Ramon 1716 ———— cgs" (possibly afamung village)in June as he was traveling Alarcon 1716—•— , C1).---(-s" between the Brazos River and Navasota River. A little Aguayo 1722 i/` \ e p _ farther to the east,but still in the uplands between the two rivers,the expedition"came upon some old huts, I' N Do sheltered by very tall and beautiful trees" (Forrestal / \ (cf1935:32-33). A short distance after crossing the `� Navasota River on July 8,the Marquis of Aguayo,the �Q c 9 BRYAN ,�`\ expedition's leader and the Spanish governor of Texas Q,O�g-<. . _ 1 \� and Coahuila,and several of his men turned south to ; • \,\ , search for huts of Texas Indians"reported to be in the jai ', Veterans `�\ vicinity: ,•` B In Park ``� <• Lick U' COLLEGE t `��_- ��Cre-• Leaving the highway[the Camino de los Tejas ml� STATION y o„, P. k/ used by previous expeditions] and following r k , , e%-f--- �.k d j a path, these went south three leagues until .6. 'P , , they came to some fields planted in the Texas • 'A �`'O [Tejas] fashion. As they did not notice any 0 n River - "90`-----s2 huts, they called out in the language of the 2 ' "..„, natives, and a response came back from the 11 0 10 20km `" direction of the woods...The soldiers ad- IC•. .,..r North _ � � erg � vanced to the aforesaid huts, which were �� 0' 5 10mi nearby, and observed there were assembled Figure 17.Location of Spanish roads passing withall those of the Rancheria Grande some through Brazos County. Indians of the Vidays and Agdocas tribes [groups culturally similar to the Tejas people] family camped alone. Houses were typically pole- (Forrestal 1935:35). supported and covered with brush,mats,or hides,and were large enough to comfortably accommodate a After visiting with about 200 men, women, and family. children, the Spanish Governor "admonished" the In June 1716, near present-day Cameron in the Rancheria Grande people"to retire to their old homes lower Little River basin, members of the Ramon beyond the Brazos de Dios [Brazos River]"(Forrestal Expedition visited a large temporary village inhabited 1935:36). The region beyond the Brazos de Dios refers by at least 500 and possibly as many as 2,000 hunters to the lower Little River basin and the general region - and gatherers who were probably there to hunt bison. around the confluence of the Brazos and Little rivers. They represented several groups, including the Although bison were important food animals in Yerbipiame(also spelled Yeripiano),Pamaya,Payaya, the Post Oak Savannah during the late 1600s and early Cantonae, Mixcal, Xarame, and Sijame people (Foik 1700s,there is little archaeological data to suggest they 1933:16;Tous 1930:17). Many of these people were were equally important in pre-contact times. Deer seem native to present-day southern Texas and northern to have been especially important game animals Mexico, and among them were both gentiles and throughout most archaeological time periods in the Christianized Indian apostates(A.J.McGraw,personal inner Gulf Coastal Plain(Thorns 1993;see also Chapter communication 1992;Foik 1933:16;Newcomb 1961). 2). Ethnohistoric sources suggest that bison were not Soon after crossing the Brazos River below the mouth present in the Post Oak Savannah in any significant of the Little River, the expedition came upon an number during the early 1500s. Cabeza de Vaca,one "abandoned rancheria or village"situated in a clearing of the Spaniards who survived a shipwreck and surrounded by an"open forest of oaks"(Tous 1930:17). starvation to live and travel among the coastal and In the uplands,between the Brazos and Navasota rivers, inland groups of Texas(Trinity and San Jacinto basins) Ramon met several Texas[Tejas]men and women who for several years in the late 1520s and early 1530s, were "killing bison" (Foik 1933:17-18; Williams reported seeing bison only a few times. From Cabeza 1979:152). de Vaca's perspective, deer and roots were the most Cultural Setting 25 important wild food resources among the peoples he in the uplands between the Navasota and Trinity rivers encountered in the Post Oak Savannah: during part of the summer. It seems likely that during these times bison were locally abundant and readily These people are invariably good archers and available. Seasonal population aggregations involved well formed...Two or three kinds of root corn- groups that were considered native to Brazos County prise their basic diet, and they dig for them and vicinity,plus groups previously native to northern anywhere for a distance of two or three Mexico, to regions far north of the Red River, and to leagues. Digging for them is hard work...The areas east of the Sabine River(cf. Davis et al. 1987). roots have to be roasted for two days,but many By the time of the earliest entradas,the ethnic make- still stay bitter. Occasionally, these Indians up of this part of present-day Texas was already a by- kill deer[antelope]and take fish...The women product of expanding Old World immigrant work very hard and protractedly. They get populations in the woodlands of eastern North America only six hours rest out of twenty-four,spend- and the plateaus of the southern part of the continent ing the wee hours heating the ovens to bake (Murry 1992). roots. They begin digging at daybreak and From the late 1600s to the early 1800s,expanding hauling wood and water to their houses, etc. Spanish and Mexican populations in the south put [Covey 1993:79]. pressure on the native inhabitants of Texas. Directly and indirectly, this pressure pushed hunter-gatherers Compared to the coastal and southern Texas from northern Mexico and southern Texas into the Post regions where he also lived and traveled,the Post Oak Oak Savannah country. After about 1820,the pressure Savannah was root-rich,deer-moderate,and fish-and came from the expanding Anglo-American system, cactus-poor (Thorns 1996). It seems likely that the largely fueled by the number of enslaved African- food-resource productivity potential and general land Americans. Native horticulturalists in east Texas were use practices that can be inferred from Cabeza de pushed west and southwest, beyond the productive Vaca's accounts were also characteristic of the hunter- agricultural areas and into competition with local gatherers who lived in the vicinity of the city parks hunter-gatherer groups. Within a single lifetime, during the Late Prehistoric period. almost all of the native people of the region had been assimilated,squeezed out,or had died from European- Historical Transition Period introduced diseases.In any case,the land-use systems of the hunter-gatherers and simple agriculturalists were Ethnohistoric data reveal that Indian people routinely no longer viable. traveled through and lived in the uplands, along the Davis et al.(1987)note that although the regional valley slopes, and in the bottomlands. The early ethnohistorical record mainly covers groups who Historic period journals attest to the general importance recently migrated to the Post Oak Savannah, the of deer; the wide variety of wild roots, berries, and records are still useful in constructing land-use models fruits, and the abundance of fish in the rivers and because the nature and distribution of natural resources bottomland lakes is also often noted (see Chapter 2). was probably more important in conditioning While fish are frequently mentioned,St.Denis,writing settlement and subsistence patterns than any one in 1717, was one of the few early historic figures to group's ethnic affiliation. From this premise, they state clearly that fishing was an important element of argue that the ethnohistoric record for the Post Oak the regional land use patterns (cited in Davis et al. Savannah illustrates that the hunter-gatherer land-use 1987:201). Journals from the late 1600s and early system was that of "collectors,"wherein family groups 1700s report that Texans (i.e., the Tejas people) resided in seasonal base camps, and from there practiced agriculture in the uplands between the undertook logistical forays to procure more distant Navasota and Trinity rivers, and that there were resources (cf.Binford 1980). extensive fields along the lower terraces and in the In all probability,Old World diseases significantly bottomlands of the Trinity River. None of the sources decreased the regional population density long before reviewed here reports agricultural fields near the mouth the first organized entradas(Ewers 1973;Murry 1992). of the Navasota River or in the uplands between the One way or another,this probably led to a net increase Navasota and Brazos rivers. in habitable space. The unoccupied or under-occupied Large groups representing ethnically different but potentially productive areas probably would have been settled quickly by displaced groups who were populations often camped along the Brazos River and 26 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County "moving on," perhaps as an adaptive response :o within the span of only a few hundred years, was demographic factors such as extra-regional population occupied by several culturally and ethnically distinct growth or in-migrations. Within a few decades after populations(Murry 1992). It is also evident that exotic the initial depopulation by Old World diseases, and (i.e., extra-regional) goods and ideas regularly continuing until the 1870s,the impact of the horse was accompanied travelers and traders as they traversed increasingly felt as mounted hunter-gatherers expanded the region. The pattern of ethnic diversity continued south from the Plains and effectively compressed in the historic period with settlement by Hispanics, previous Indian homelands into and within the western Anglo-Americans,African-Americans,and other Old Gulf Coastal Plain(Prewitt 1985; Story 1990). World groups. Written records and historical research Mounted groups may have been preceded by bison- indicate that to some extent land-use patterns probably hunting foot nomads who, by about 700 B.P., appear vary with cultural and ethnic affiliations (cf. Carlson to have begun to displace local,less specialized groups. 1993a,1993b;Carlson and Kloetzer 1993;Carlson and Local groups were possibly further displaced by less Thoms 1993; Davis et al. 1987; Weissner 1983). mobile hunter-gatherer groups who had"appeared"in Efforts have also been made to find ethnic"signatures" the region about 1350 B.P., during the Austin phase in the archaeological records of hunter-gatherers and (Prewitt 1985:225-228). Archaeological data have also agro-industrialists, and there has been considerable been used to support the contention that sometime discussion about just how one may demonstrate ethnic between 10,000 and 8,000 B.P. populations from the affiliations(e.g.,Binford 1986;Carlson 1993a, 1993b; eastern woodlands, or"plains interlopers," expanded Carlson and Thorns 1993; Sackett 1986; Weissner into what today are known as the cross timbers and 1983). As a cultural and ethnic crossroads, the Savannah ecological areas of east and central Texas archaeological record in the Brazos River basin portion (Johnson 1989). The inner West Gulf Coastal Plain is of the Post Oak Savannah zone has considerable an area where important research about the relationship potential to yield information useful in the study of between ethnicity and the archaeological record, ethnically distinctive material culture and land-use focusing on cultural influences,migrations,population patterns during the prehistoric and historic eras. expansion or other factors related to demographics and cultural or ethnic differences, should be carried out (Krieger 1948; Story 1985; see also Chapter 2; also INDIAN GROUPS LIVING IN OR cf.Binford 1986; Sackett 1986;Wiessner 1983). NEAR THE BRAZOS VALLEY What role, if any, population pressure had in the long-term regional population dynamics remains to be The diversity of cultures present in the Brazos Valley explored systematically. Iz seems likely,however,that is evident in the ethnohistorical accounts of early there are many facets to population pressure,especially European explorers in the area. Many of the Indian considering that it depends partly on the landscape's groups noted in ethnohistorical literature regularly productivity potential(cf.Cohen 1977,1989:140-141). made the Brazos Valley their homes during prehistory, At one time and under one set of environmental while others were recent immigrants to the area,having • conditions,population pressure might exert its effects been pressured to leave their traditional homes by on forest foragers,at another time on horticulturalists, Europeans or other Indian groups. One reason that and at still other times on specialized bison hunters, many Indian groups are known to have been near the whether foot or mounted nomads. How we find Brazos Valley is the presence of the Rancheria Grande. evidence for population pressure in the archaeological An Ervipame chief, Juan Rodriguez, founded record is yet another matter,just as is how we might Rancheria Grande in the early eighteenth century. recognize archaeological evidence for in-migration or Located on the San Gabriel and Little Rivers, external influences, and how to distinguish it from Rancheria Grande became a gathering place for many evidence of local or regional population growth. How Indian groups that were displaced by Europeans or we might provide the evidence for adaptational Apache/Osage raids. differences resulting from long-term changes in Each group encountered by the explorers had a environmental conditions is another question yet to unique culture that was evident to the Europeans. be resolved. Although many accounts may be tainted with the Historic records show that the project area was writer's bias,the Europeans did provide helpful guides within an important interregional crossroads that, to understanding prehistoric life in the Brazos Valley. Cultural Setting 27 In this section, the cultures of some of the groups Cantonae (Cantona). The Cantona Indians were a mentioned by Europeans as they traveled through this hunting and gathering group that lived throughout east area are discussed. Information about Indian groups central Texas between the Guadalupe and Trinity in Texas has also been compiled by a number of rivers. "They were most frequently reported along the researchers for entry in The New Handbook of Texas Colorado and Brazos rivers, where their skill and (Tyler 1996), which can also be accessed via the success in bison hunting were often mentioned" Internet. (Campbell 2001a). The Cantonas traveled with many of the other Indian tribes in the region and, for that Bidai. The cultural affiliations of the Bidai are difficult reason,have been linguistically and culturally affiliated to determine. Europeans encountered them between with the Coahuiltecans,Tonkawa, and Witchita. the Trinity and Brazos rivers in southeast Texas. They have been associated with the Caddo, Atakapa, and Cenis. The Cenis were encountered by the La Salle Orcoquiza Indian groups. The Bidai were a hunter- expedition between the Brazos and Trinity Rivers. gatherer group and de Mier y Teran(Jackson 2000:61) They were most likely associated with the Caddoan notes that they claimed to be the only native Texans. tribes and were primarily farmers. The Cenis lived in Although the Bidai are not usually associated with small villages of about 70 people,each associated with farming, de Mier y Teran encountered a large mound agricultural fields. The Cenis fed Europeans with attributed to them which suggests that they were semi- sagamite(a porridge of cornmeal boiled in salt water), sedentary (Jackson 2000:74). beans de bresil(beans of a reddish-brown color),boiled corn bread,bread made of parched cornmeal and nuts Caddo. The term Caddo refers to a group of twenty- baked in the cinders,and another bread made with nuts five affiliated groups living around the Red River in and sunflower seeds. Joutel also noted that the Indians Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. The of this group had tattoos (Foster 1998:210). Caddo are related to the Fourche Maline or Woodland Period culture groups that settled in small communities Cherokee. The Cherokee were a large agricultural and developed farming and pottery. Crops raised tribe located throughout the southeastern United States include tropical cultigens (corn, squash, and later including parts of Virginia,Tennessee,North and South beans) and certain native plants such as maygrass, Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. Lipscomb (2001a) amaranth,chenopods,and sunflowers. Although corn suggests that the Cherokee probably originated further was probably the most important food source, the north because of their migration legend and use of an Caddo also hunted deer,buffalo,and smaller animals. Iroquoian language. They called themselves Ani- Europeans divided the Caddo into groups:the Hasinai, Yunwiya, which means the "Principal People." Kadohadacho,and Natchitoches confederacies. "The Cherokee society was based on an elaborate social, Hasinai groups lived in the Neches and Angelina River political, and ceremonial structure in which towns, valleys in East Texas,the Kadohadacho groups on the made up of thirty to forty households, were the basic Red River in the Great Bend area,and the Natchitoches political unit. Matrilineal clan identity was also an groups on the Red River in the vicinity of the French important part of Cherokee life. Regional councils post of Natchitoches (Fort St. Jean Baptiste aux made public policy decisions for the members of a Natchitos), established in 1714" (Perttula 2001). group of towns. Lipscomb (2001a) describes the Caddo culture was very complex and included a houses as "square or rectangular huts constructed of hierarchical social structure, elaborate ceremonial locked poles, weatherproofed with wattle and daub practices, and extensive trade. The Caddo lived in plaster,and roofed with bark." dispersed villages with grass and cane covered houses In the early 1800s, many Cherokees moved west throughout northeast Texas. Small hamlets surrounded into present-day Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas. larger villages,which were based around a large civic- Cherokees in Texas settled along the Red River and ceremonial center. "These centers had earthen mounds requested permission from the Spanish government to used as platforms for temple structures for civic and settle in northeastern Texas. Another group of religious functions, for burials of the social and Cherokees led by Chief Bowl settled first on the Three political elite, and for ceremonial fire mounds" Forks of the Trinity River, near present day Dallas in (Perttula 2001). 1820. They also asked for permission to stay in Texas and were supposedly granted land from the Mexican 28 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County government. By 1830, the Cherokee population of (Lipscomb 2001b). Early explorers were amazed at Texas was approaching 400 and, again, they were the number of body tattoos displayed by tribe members. granted land to live on,this time by the newly founded De Mier y Teran notes that the Karankawa were rebel Texas government. Although Sam Houston dispersed and exterminated by European settlers - seemed willing to finali 7e the deal,the treaty was never (Jackson 2000:152). ratified. Mirabeau B.Lamar,on the other hand,wanted the Cherokees removed from Texas"peaceably if they Kickapoo. Originally from the Great Lakes region, would; forcibly if they must" (Lamar quoted in wars split the tribe into three groups based in Kansas, Lipscomb 2001a). Commissioners were appointed to Oklahoma, and south Texas and northern Mexico in pay the Cherokee for the land;however, they decided the mid-eighteenth century. Nunley(2001)notes that to fight instead, spurring what is known as the the remaining group in Texas,which numbers between Cherokee War. The Cherokee were eventually driven 625 and 650,is one of the largest groups of Kickapoo across the Red River into Indian Territory. Indians and that they have successfully preserved much of the traditional Kickapoo way of life. Cultural Chickasaw. The Chickasaw is a Muskogean-speaking elements that have been preserved include an emphasis tribe from the American Southeast including land now on the extended family, an informal educational in Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama. process, a semi-nomadic lifestyle, an informal They are seminomadic, mixing hunting and government that exists along with a recently (1937) horticulture for subsistence. The Chickasaw moved imposed formal government,their native language,and west in 1830 due to pressure from European settlers. religion. Today the Kickapoo in Texas are recognized They asked permission from the Mexican government as citizens of both Mexico and the United States and to settle in Texas and,although they were denied,some have been granted land in both countries. families did settle near Nacogdoches along the Attoyac and Patroon rivers. With the establishment of a Meyeye (Mayeye). The Mayeye was a Tonkawa Choctaw-Chickasaw confederation in the late 1830s, Indian tribe first encountered by the La Salle expedition the Texas Chickasaws joined their tribesmen in Indian and known as the Meghey. They lived between the Territory. Colorado River and the Brazos River probably near Austin and Washington counties. Small groups of Ervipame. The Ervipame was a hunter-gatherer group Mayeye were also reported further north near Temple, living in northeastern Coahuila and associated with along the coast living with the Coco Indians, a other Coahuiltecan speakers. At least some Ervipame Karankawan tribe,and further west near the mouth of moved into east central Texas due to population the Guadalupe. It is assumed that the Mayeye lost pressures and began what came to be known as their specific culture,merging with other tribes in those Rancheria Grande. Campbell(2001b)notes that their areas (Campbell 2001c). cultural identity seems to have been lost and that they may have merged with a Tonkawan group. Mixcal (Mescal). The Mixcal was a hunter-gatherer group that lived in northern Coahuila and ranged as Karankawa. The Karankawa were a group of hunting, far north as the Edwards Plateau. This tribe is known fishing, and gathering tribes living along the coast of to have spoken a Coahuiltecan language. Some of this Texas between Galveston and Corpus Christi Bay. group migrated to the northeast and eventually joined They regularly traded fish,seaweed,sea beans,shells, with other tribes at Rancheria Grande. Their name feathers, shark teeth,oyster shell knives,and scrapers comes from the mescal plant from which they collected with the people of the interior for maize, hides, root crowns for food. sandstone,flint,ceramics,red ochre,deer hair tassels, and stone beads(Himmel 1999:17). The bulk of their Palaquechare (Palaquesson). This tribe lived diet consisted of aquatic animals such as fish, turtles, between the Brazos River and the Trinity River near and shellfish, supplemented with plants and land Grimes County. They have been associated with the mammals. The Karankawa were a highly mobile Hasinai branch of the Caddoan tribes. Joutel mentions people,traveling over land by foot or along the coast that although they are a mobile group of hunter- in canoes. Houses were portable and consisted of a gatherers,they would,at certain times,plant corn and willow frame covered with reed mats or animal skins Cultural Setting 29 beans(Foster 1998:183-184). This is important as the western-most evidence of agriculture in Texas. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE Pamaya. The Pamaya Indians were a hunting and gathering tribe recorded by a deserter of the La Salle A wide variety of archaeological sites have been Expedition, Jean Jarry, as Panaa, "between the Rio recorded in this part of the Brazos River basin, and, Sabinas and the Rio Grande in what is now northeastern while there are only a few radiocarbon ages on the Coahuila"(Campbell 2001 d). In 1716 they were seen cultural remains, it is reasonable to conclude that the west of the junction of the Little and Brazos rivers at a region has been occupied for the last 10,000 years or rancheria with many other Indian groups. Although more (Bowman 1985; Haywood and Waters 1990; they may have spoken a Coahuiltecan language,their Roemer and Carlson 1987;Shafer 1977). Large-scale actual linguistic affiliation is unknown. archaeological surveys, some accompanied by test excavations, have been conducted in the following Payaya. The Payaya Indians were a Coahuiltecan- areas: (1) the middle Yegua Creek basin, where speaking group of hunter-gatherers who originally Somerville Reservoir was subsequently constructed ranged an area that extended from San Antonio, (Honea 1961;Peterson 1965); (2) the Gibbons Creek southwest to the Frio River and beyond. A group of basin, prior to beginning coal mining operations Payaya Indians is known to have settled at the (Fletcher 1980; Rogers 1991, 1992, 1993); (3) the Rancheria Grande. lower Navasota River basin,where a series of reservoir projects was planned(Kotter 1982);and(4)the Walnut Sijame. The Sijame was a hunter-gatherer tribe whose Creek basin,in anticipation of coal mining operations linguistic affiliation may have been either Tonkawan (Bement and Utley 1992;Davis et al., 1987). Moore or Coahuiltecan. Some Sijame were noted at Rancheria (1989) provides a review of more than a dozen Grande. archaeological investigations in Brazos County. Most of these studies were conducted in upland settings Tejas. It is generally understood that Tejas was not a during the 1970s and 1980s, and many of the survey specific tribe,but a term used by the Caddoan groups projects resulted in the discovery of low-density to refer to themselves and their allies or friends. The scatters of lithic artifacts. Locations of the sites word itself was applied to the northeastern reaches of discussed in this chapter can be found in Figures 18 the Spanish government in the New World and and 19. eventually became the name of a state under the Consistent with the ecotonal setting of Brazos Mexican government. County as a whole, the two city parks lie near the intersection of three archaeological study regions that Tonkawa. The Tonkawa were loosely affiliated,small compose the Texas Historical Commission's"Eastern hunter-gatherer tribes whose original range seems to Planning Region"(Kenmotsu and Perttula 1993a):(1) have been in the high plains (Carlisle 2001). In the the southeastern region,with its northern border near seventeenth century they lived in north central Texas the Camino de los Tejas; (2) the northeastern Texas and southern Oklahoma,but moved further south into region, to the east and across the Trinity River; and the Post Oak Savannah due to pressure from other (3) the Prairie-Savannah region. Table 3 provides a Indian groups (Foster 1998:51;Himmel 1999:7). By summary of extensive and intensive archaeological 1820 they were seen near the north edge of Brazos excavations in the central Post Oak Savannah. County (Himmel 1999:7). Their houses have been In Brazos County alone,there are now more than described as the traditional teepee,unless bison were 140 officially recorded archaeological sites, in short supply, then houses were made of grass representing every major cultural period of the historic (Himmel 1999:7). and prehistoric eras. Among the designated site types attributed to Indian populations are the following: Xarame. The Xarame was a hunter-gatherer group multicomponent sites,temporary field camps,limited that spoke a Coahuiltecan language and lived in activity sites,lithic scatters,lithic and ceramic scatters, southwestern Texas and northeastern Coahuila. They and cemeteries. Chipped-stone debitage and tools,fire- are also known to have been present at Rancheria cracked rock,and ceramic sherds are the most common Grande. artifact types. The Late Prehistoric (ca. 1,300-300 30 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County B.P.),Transitional Archaic(ca.2,300-1,300 B.P.),and ,mob Late Archaic (ca. 3,000-2,300 B.P.) time periods are best represented, although projectile points `� characteristic of the Middle Archaic (ca.4,500-3,000 c _ B.P.), Early Archaic (ca. 8,000-4,500 B.P.) and NO \ 2--' 1571-2o Paleoindian(ca.11,200-8,000 B.P.)periods are present mQ — as well (time period designations from Turner and CD Hester 1985). Table 3 summarizes the cultural / ) characteristics of these time periods. 21 ' tp S3 -cCjQ O BRYAN D I R I, Cg- -.� Veterans p m Paleoindian (ca. 11,200-8,000 B.P.) Cs <ED a::;. •, Park U' 7M►.j ijjj \� 75 fff'li Paleoindian sites are not common in the Post Oak 87 Lick `VIIE.IH1 �q Savannah but, when they are found, they typically JBL ,os• s2 88 "18 9,ii umaia, \ .m Creek ----- occur along the "lower slope components of upland ,e •• R"'s, ►,���� 1s°��,GE >r�,,,, Park interfluves close to small streams"(Rogers 1995a:11). 17 1 1 x;.116— • k ,ss• 11' 1,5 .✓ 148' �� 281 Diagnostic point types for this time period include ;; •=73 • -s`,.,Vo Dalton, San Patrice, Angostura, and Folsom. Points CALDWELL ,p �qg O �`!% and other tools are made of locally available chert rn �G 'p k m �' usually found in streambeds. Projectile points m 91��p� RL representative of the Paleoindian period have been C�O0 MILLICAN recovered from Brazos County and surrounding /i counties (Collins and Bousman 1993; Fields 1995; �////�/�, Millican Project Survey a_ fJ1 Fields et al. 1993;Perttula 1995). • Archaeoloaical Site The most intensive archaeological fieldwork in the Figure 18. Previous archaeological vicinity of the project areas has been for the Gibbons Creek Lignite Mine Project located in western Grimes excavations discussed in the text. County (e.g., Rogers 1992, 1993, 1995a). Site 41GM166,recorded during excavations undertaken on stratigraphy is poorly preserved in most sites, but the Gibbons Creek project, contained a Late several were found to contain isolated Late Archaic Paleoindian component with Dalton and Angostura components along the landforms adjacent to tributary points. The Late Paleoindian component was buried stream floodplains(Fields et al. 1993:71). Point types by Archaic and Late Prehistoric components. Although diagnostic of Early and Middle Archaic occupations sandstone hearth features were found at this site, it include Hoxie,Gower,Bulverde,and Pedernales. Late was noted that bioturbation in the sandy sediments had Archaic sites can be identified with points such as disturbed the site so that features could not be Pamillas, Gary,and Kent. associated with the Late Paleoindian component. Late Archaic sites are associated with the poorly Faunal and floral preservation tends to be poor at many cemented sandstone hearths that became more popular of the upland sites, such that archaeological in the Early Ceramic period. The Late Archaic is also assemblages largely consist solely of chipped-stone known as a transitional period from a nomadic lifestyle artifacts and fire-cracked rocks from cooking features. to a more sedentary lifestyle. Cemeteries found in Most sites of this period represent short-term Austin,Wharton,and Fort Bend counties indicate that encampments by several families of hunter-gatherers. people spent more time in one place(Hall 1981;Copas As noted earlier, deer provided the bulk of the meat 1984;Walley 1955;Vernon 1989). Long distance trade diet throughout the Paleoindian period. has also been documented for this time period (Hall 1981). Archaic (ca. 8,000-2,300 B.P.) The Archaic period in the central Post Oak Savannah Transitional Archaic (ca. 2,300-1,300 B.P.) is usually split into Early, Middle, and Late Archaic In comparison to the middle part of the Archaic, this subperiods. Sites from the Early and Middle Archaic period is marked in the uplands by a substantial are rare in the entire Gulf Coastal Plain,however,Late increase in the frequency of sites with significantly Archaic sites are plentiful (Story 1990:213). Site denser accumulations of artifacts and food remains. Most archaeologists interpret this pattern as evidence \ , y\ft,,,, \ ,..„,t, r %, : • . , 41 - .,\ ill x 4 92 "1 L, A., ::' 7 c 110'4 It Y Ile v t tp .4 (f1 s �& �., X130 IBRAZO a ), wIr 100x V-1 . . a12 b/ 4 0Li 102# -L, `" i►. 1)_..- 2/ wM '.' - eterans .- - .._.•-. A. �9 7Q Z 944 ., 43 L Ey,, 4:428 r 3#40„,, /- 8 e `�.. �• /�, r rL. �gF � 1li 18� ,418 1621i 104 $8.1_.. 144$Illi,,, .:.125 11 / * ~� ane 19 " 9 1 'r1 , 140 164P1� 9213355�� A 30 2 1922 53 , 117 n ` 55E11714"..x: � .r co ') _.,...,uaic Lick Creek • ` 51 454 1 : 1152 / r..- ..os-A, Park ).--4/%118'.42,80 �118 f� �5250 140\,_ t U 9, f-.-r- " '-) tP ��ver �� . `Poi, Site loric A ' = "' • P A Figure 19. Map of the locations of previously recorded archaeological sites within 9.5 km of the two parks. The circles indicate 9.5 km boundaries,while the numbers indicate sites and their respective locations. .,' 0Q LQ 32 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County Table 3. Selected characteristics of archaeological cultures for the central Post Oak Savannah region(data compiled from Rogers 1993, 1995a, 1995b). TIME PERIODS SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURES Paleoindian Diagnostics: Dalton, San Patrice, Angostura, Folsom projectile points Pre-8,500 B.P. Population/Site Density: not discussed for this period (pre-6,500 B.C.) Site Locations: lower slope component of upland interfluves close to small streams, and most sites nixed with later period material Subsistence: highly mobile groups hunting within large areas, similar to that found in later Archaic cultures Early Archaic Diagnostics: split stem dart points similar to Gower, Martindale, Uvalde; also 8,500 to 4,500 B.P. Angostura, Hoxie, Golondrina, Bell, Baird, Wells, San Patrice, Dalton, Meserve, (ca. 6,500 to 2,500 B.C.) Plainview, and Lerma points; other tools include pitted stones, hani nerstones, and hand-sized manos; burned-rock features also present Population/Site Density: increase in population based on an increase in burned rock Site Location: lower slope component of upland interfluves close to small streams Subsistence: loosely structured nonspecialized hunting and gathering; deer are clearly present Middle Archaic Diagnostics: expanding stem dart points Big Sandy, Evans, Williams; corner- 4,500 to 2, 600 B.P. notched points Marshall and Pedernales; other points Carrollton, Wells, Travis, (ca. 2,500 to 600 B.C.) Bulverde, Yarbrough, Calf Creek; Clear Fork Gouge; burned-rock middens; grinding stones Population/Site Density: continued growth in population density Site Locations: lower slope component of upland interfluves close to small streams Subsistence: move to nut harvesting and processing, increasingly specialized, may include some bison (based on the presence of corner-notched points); regional interaction increasing Late Archaic Diagnostics: contracting stem dart points Gary, Kent, Wells; expanding stems 2,600 to 1,250 B.P. Palnillas, Ensor, EIlis, Edgewood; other points Dail, Marshall, Marcos, (600 B.C. to 700 A.D.) Castroville, Frio; sandstone hearth features Population/Site Density: increased population and site density; more sites than during any other period; migration of plains people into region; population peak Site Locations: sandy knolls and other high terraces along perrenial streams, restricted and local in nature Subsistence: exploitation of environment away from major rivers; walnut, soft- shell turtle, beaver, possibly bison and more reliance on deer, less mobile gathering Cultural Setting 33 Table 3. Continued. TIME PERIODS SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURES Early Ceramic Diagnostics: arrowpoints Scallorn and Bonham; dart points primarily Gary and (Post Archaic) Kent; introduction of ceramics, primarily sandy-paste bowls and jars, sometimes 1,250 B.P. to 950 B.P. incised or punctated, Goose Creek Plain, Leon Plain, and Doss Redware; (A.D. 700 to 1000) hearth features also found Population/Site Density: not discussed for this period Site Locations: sandy knolls and other high terraces along perennial streams; restricted and local in nature Subsistence: regionally oriented hunting and gathering (no change in settlement pattern); hickory, walnut, pignut, deer, raccoon, tortoise, bison, and fish; no evidence for long-term settlements that might support horticulture Late Prehistoric Diagnostics: Gary dart points; Perdiz, Bonham, and Alba arrowpoints; 950 to 350 B.P. ceramics (mostly grog-tempered) Hickory Fine-Engraved, Dunkin Incised, Holly (A.D. 1000 to 1600) Fine-Engraved; hearth features Population/Site Density: population increase (higher artifact density); infusions from adjacent regions Site Locations: not discussed for this period Subsistence: primarily hunting (especially deer) and gathering 34 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County for the onset of increased sedentism (Perttula et al. Oak Savannah. For the most part,however,subsistence 1993). There is a documented overall decrease in land- patterns in the Late Prehistoric did not change much use activities that resulted in low artifact density,short- from the Archaic. A high number of points at many term(e.g.,a few weeks at most)encampments,and an sites indicates that hunting remained important and was increase in the frequency of sites with high artifact supplemented by gathering wild plant foods. Bison densities indicative of longer occupation terms. The are known from ethnohistorical accounts to have been Transitional Archaic period is marked by the popular game for people living in the area during the introduction of ceramic technology and the use of latter part of this time period, although there is only Scallorn and Bonham points. Kent and Gary dart limited archaeological evidence for this claim(Fields points are also found at sites from this time period. 1995:319; see also Chapter 2). Ceramics from this time period fall into the Goose Creek or Leon categories and usually have a sandy paste with some incised decorations (Story 1990; PREVIOUSLY RECORDED SITES NEAR - Rogers 1995b). VETERANS PARK AND ATHLETIC As its name implies, the Transitional Archaic COMPLEX AND LICK CREEK PARK period is manifested in the Prairie-Savannah, central Post Oak Savannah, and Southeast Texas In keeping with the land-use perspective as well as for archaeological study regions as a transitional period heuristic purposes, it is useful to characterize and containing aspects of both Late Archaic and Late analyze archaeological sites according to their Prehistoric cultures in many sites. Late Archaic and placement on the landscape. Sites in similar settings Late Prehistoric sites in the Gibbons Creek basin show probably afforded access to similar resources and, clear evidence of subsistence and Ethic procurement generally speaking, they are expected to have been activities. Projectile points, thin bifaces, and end- subjected to similar site formation processes(cf.Butzer scrapers attest to the importance of hunting-related 1982; Jochim 1976;Waters 1992). For our purposes, activities. Evidence of plant food processing comes the regional landscape is subdivided into three in the form of pottery fragments and features containing physiographic settings:bottomlands,valley slopes,and an abundance of fire-cracked rock. The fire-cracked uplands. rock features are not usually associated with pits. Prikryl (1993) noted that Transitional Archaic sites were most common in the Prairie and Savannah regions Sites in the Bottomlands _ to the north and northwest of Brazos County. Most of the bottomlands are encompassed by the Late Prehistoric (ca.1,300-300 B.P.) floodplain, as delimited by the zone of periodic The Late Prehistoric time period is associated with an flooding (Nordt 1983). Throughout the bottomlands increase in the number of sites and population density. in the local basin,there are and probably always have It has been argued that this trend may be a been high spots that were seldom inundated. These representation of better preservation rather than a true are the kinds of places favored as campsites through representation of population dynamics. There is, the millennia, while regularly flooded localities were however, evidence for an increase in long term routinely used when conditions permitted. Other things campsites that were revisited, including those with being equal, site preservation is expected to be good residential structures. Point types common during this in the seasonally flooded places where the rates of time period include Gary dart points and Bonham, sediment deposition were comparatively rapid. Alba, and Perdiz points. An increase in ceramic As the major component of the riverine zone, technology is also noted, with many ceramic types bottomlands afford the best access to the greatest emerging and an increased use of grog,bone,and shell diversity and abundance of potential food resources tempering. Decorated pieces become more common (Hester 1989). Fish, shellfish, beaver, bear, rabbits, and decorations are more intricate. In some areas of and deer should have been especially abundant,as were the Post Oak Savannah,trade with agriculturalists such pecans, other nuts, and most berries and fruits. It is as the Caddo has added different ceramic vessels to likely that a substantial proportion of the edible root the assemblage. foods in the region grew well in bottomlands, but Trade also added agricultural products to the reliable information on the relative productivity subsistence base for some people living in the Post potential of vegetal foods in different parts of the Cultural Setting 35 landscape is lacking altogether. Some information on and pottery fragments were recovered. Other stone the productivity potential of game animals is available. artifacts included various biface forms,edge-modified For example, the highest deer population densities in flakes, hammerstones, and cores. More than 10,000 the Post Oak Savannah, about 200 animals per 1,000 flakes were analyzed according to size,flake type,and hectares (ca. 2,500 acres), are expected to be in the evidence of thermal alteration. Faunal remains were bottomlands(Yantis 1984). There are historic accounts sparse and poorly preserved, but bison, deer, rabbits, of bison in the bottomlands as well,but except for those turtles,fish,freshwater mussels, and possibly turkeys times when grasses dominated the bottomlands,bison were represented. At different times,the site was also densities were probably highest in the prairie patches used as a cemetery(Roemer and Carlson 1987). along the valley slopes and in the uplands(see Chapter Several radiocarbon ages were obtained on 2). charcoal from archaeological sites in the bottomlands, The earliest, albeit tentative, evidence for but most of these were obtained during occupation of the Post Oak Savannah comes from the geomorphological studies from features exposed in the Duewall-Newberry site(41BZ75),where the remains river's cutbanks and the results of the related of a disarticulated mammoth were recovered (Steele archaeological analysis are not yet available. Two sites and Carlson 1989). The remains, presumably Late in Brazos County yielded 14C ages indicative of Pleistocene in age(ca. 12,500-10,000 B.P.),were found occupation during the Late Paleoindian and Early eroding from a steep cutbank(7.5 m below surface)of Archaic time periods. An age of 8,390±330 B.P. was the Brazos River several kilometers upstream from the obtained on a mussel shell feature containing chert mouth of the Little Brazos River. Although chipped flakes (Haywood and Waters 1990). Charcoal from a stone was not recovered during excavations, impact similar feature exposed farther downstream yielded an scars and breakage patterns on several long bones, as age of 6,480±110 B.P (M.R. Waters, personal well as the presence of a bone pile,were considered to communication 1992). A site near the mouth of White be strong inferential evidence for human activity Creek yielded Scallorn and Perdiz points and a (Steele and Carlson 1989). radiocarbon age of 880±50 B.P.(M.R.Waters,personal A variety of stone tools and several pieces of communication, 1992). pottery were recovered during excavations at Winnie's The few radiocarbon ages obtained from features Mound(41BU17) located in the bottomlands of east- exposed in the river's cutbanks and the geomorphic central Burleson County(Bowman 1985). Paleoindian studies illustrate that use of the bottomlands spans the points, including Plainview and San Patrice, as well Holocene and probably the last part of the late as early Archaic points, including Hoxie, Bell, and Pleistocene as well(Haywood and Waters 1990;Nordt various stemmed, indented-base forms, were found, et al.1992;Waters 1993;Appendix A). These features as were Darl, Lange, Edgewood, Ensor, Frio, Gary- also attest to a stratified and well-preserved Kent,Marcos, and Yarbrough types representative of archaeological record. Sites such as 41BU16 and the middle or late Archaic periods. Scallorn points 41BU17,with artifact-rich deposits containing a wide and ceramics indicate occupation during the Late range of tool types and faunal remains as well as Prehistoric period. Other bifaces, edge-modified cemeteries, suggest that for the last 3,000 years there flakes, and cores were also recovered, along with were fairly long-term encampments in the Brazos River thousands of pieces of debitage that were analyzed bottomlands. Projectile points,other thin bifaces,and according to flake type and material type. Faunal tools indicative of hide processing are comparatively remains were abundant, but most were too poorly abundant, indicating that hunting was a major preserved for identification to family or genus. Eleven subsistence activity. While faunal data are too limited of the 15 identified fragments were deer, three were for reliable conclusions, the available information is turtle bones and one was a beaver tooth. The Late consistent with the concept that deer probably provided Archaic and Late Prehistoric components were the bulk of dietary meat, as has been suggested for associated with cemeteries (Bowman 1985). adjacent parts of central Texas (Black 1989). Site 41BU16,located along the Burleson County side of the Brazos River, yielded a wide range of artifacts that represented occupation from the Middle Sites in the Uplands Archaic through the Late Prehistoric periods(Roemer and Carlson 1987). Bulverde, Yarbrough, Fairland, Uplands,as used in the context of this report, are that Gary, Kent, Darl, Alba, Perdiz, and Scallorn points part of the landscape beyond the valley walls or slopes 36 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County of a river. Uplands comprise hills, divide ridges, and stream in the lower Navasota River basin),just over cuestas, as well as tributary valleys containing the low divide with the Thompson and White Creek permanent and intermittent streams. Because much basins. It was tested to assess a mid-nineteenth century of the uplands lie in zones of net erosion, site Anglo-American homesite, however, a sample of preservation potential is lower than in the bottomlands; chipped-stone artifacts was recovered during however, sites are likely to be buried in alluvium in excavations and subsequently analyzed(Carlson 1983, some of the larger valleys and elsewhere by aeolian 1987). The very low density of chipped stone(37 items and colluvial processes. The two parks are located in in 95.25 m2 test units:33 flakes,two cores,one scraper, upland environments in or near the tributary valleys one biface fragment) was argued to represent short- of creeks. The results of the surveys (see Chapter 6) term foraging activities, possibly "manufacture of are comparable to the results of other surveys in this expedient flake tools,and/or raw material procurement type of landscape,especially the White Creek survey, and some food processing;in other words,occasional Food resources in the uplands are probably less exploitation of widely scattered upland resources" abundant and less diverse than those in the bottomlands (Ensor 1987:79). or along the valley slopes, although in some places Four sites (41BZ114-117) previously recorded (e.g.,tributary valleys) the productivity potential per along White Creek were located on the tops and slopes unit area may have been as high as in the bottomlands. of low ridges. These sites had a low density of chipped In general, root foods are expected to be locally stone debitage on the surface and, in several cases, abundant in meadows and prairie patches (cf.Thoms flakes were recovered from shallow shovel probes. 1989) and should have been readily available in the Only one chipped stone tool—a thin biface fragment uplands. The mosaic character of the oak woodlands from 41BZ112— was observed in the narrow survey and prairies certainly afforded good deer habitat. area that stretched for several kilometers along the Many,if not most,of the accounts of Indians hunting creek(Whitsett and Jurgens 1992). Limited testing at bison in the region take place in the uplands. Judging 41BZ115 and results of additional survey work along from the general structure of the available resources, White Creek suggest that the paucity of tools is an hunting is expected to have been especially important inherent characteristic of these particular White Creek in the uplands. sites and that a very limited range of activities,mostly Projectile points characteristic of the Late lithic procurement and tool manufacture,is represented Paleoindian and Early Archaic time periods (ca. (Clabaugh 1993;Dickens 1993; Olive 1993). 10,000-4,500 B.P.) were recovered from a surface Of the four White Creek sites in an upland setting, context at the Thurmond site,located in the uppermost 41BZ115 had the densest scatter of chipped stone part of the Thompson Creek basin within the city limits material and was recommended for test excavation of Bryan,Texas(Shafer 1977). Temporally diagnostic (Whitsett and Jurgens 1992). Testexcavations revealed point types from these sites include Plainview, that the cultural material usually extended no more Me serve, Scottsbluff, Angostura, miscellaneous than 20 cm below surface to the top of the clay-rich Bt lanceolate points characteristic of the Paleoindian soil horizon. Although features were not encountered period, and various stemmed, indented-base Early in any of the 11 excavation units, approximately 100 Archaic types. Other tool types from the site are a flakes,five cores,and six edge-modified,"expedient" perforator, thin bifaces, gouges, small end scrapers, tools were recovered. The primary activity at the site and grooved pebbles(Shafer 1977). A corner-notched seems to have been the initial stages of tool arrow point was also recovered from one part of the manufacturing, but some of the expedient tools were site(H.J. Shafer,personal communication 1992). probably used there as well,and the few pieces of fire- There are also lithic scatter sites in the uplands cracked rock might represent some type of food that have a much lower artifact density and fewer tool preparation(Dickens 1993; Olive 1993). types than the Thurmond site. Some areas have such In terms of understanding how Indian people used a low density of debitage that they are not recorded as the upland landscape in the White Creek basin, the sites (e.g.,Moore 1989). In other places,excavations most salient ecological characteristic is the cobble- reveal that artifacts are also buried at shallow depths, sized chert gravel scattered along the ridge tops and but there, too, the densities are low. An example is slopes. Almost everywhere natural gravel was found 41BZ74 (Richard Carter site), a site located in the on the surface,along with chipped-stone artifacts made uppermost part of the Carters Creek basin(a secondary from the gravel. The identified lithic scatters appeared Cultural Setting 37 to be components of a widespread, low density lithic processes must be better understood, including the procurement and manufacturing area that extends into thousands of projectile points that have been removed the uplands beyond the project boundaries. Although from the uplands by private collectors. reliable chronological controls are lacking, it seems likely that these lithic procurement areas were used throughout the period of Indian occupation (Carlson Sites on the Valley Slopes and Thorns 1993:101-102). Similar sites have recently been described by Valley slopes occupy the space between the uplands Jurgens (2000) in a survey of the Wellborn Special and bottomlands. In Brazos County,valley slopes are Utility District. Site 41BZ148 is located two formed mainly by the treads and scarps of Pleistocene kilometers north of Lick Creek Park on a toe slope terraces, but also by the eroded edges of Eocene overlooking Carters Creek. Site 41BZ149 is located formations(i.e.,bedrock)adjacent to and overlooking just north of Wellborn on a toe slope overlooking the bottomlands. As slopes in general tend to be Hopes Creek. They are both described as shallowly unstable,and rates of deposition are slow on the treads buried lithic scatters. Artifacts from the sites include of ancient terraces,most archaeological sites are likely an edge-modified uniface, biface fragments, and to have been subject to considerable pedoturbation. secondary and tertiary flakes. Vegetation patterns and the immediate availability of Well-preserved Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric natural resources resemble the uplands more than the period sites in the Gibbons Creek basin show clear bottomlands,but proximity to the bottomlands means evidence of subsistence activities and lithic ready access to the riverine and floodplain resources procurement. Projectile points,thin bifaces,and end- as well. In other words, the ecotonal setting of the scrapers attest to the importance of hunting-related valley slopes afforded the opportunity to exploit two activities. Pottery fragments and features containing different ecosystems (cf. Odum 1971). an abundance of fire-cracked rock, most of which is Sites 41BZ112 and 41BZ113 are located near the not associated with pits of any kind,may be evidence mouth of White Creek on the tread of Terrace 2,where of plant food processing. Almost all of the radiocarbon it is capped by a veneer of colluvium from the adjacent ages from well-preserved features in the Gibbons Creek valley slopes (cf. Waters 1993). A few pieces of basin post-date 2,000 B.P. (Rogers 1991, 1992, 1993, debitage were seen on the surface at both sites,but the 1995a, 1995b,personal communication 1993). only observed tool—a thin biface fragment— was Judging from information reviewed here, the at 41BZ112 (Whitsett and Jurgens 1992). Test uplands were used extensively as hunting grounds,and, excavations at 41BZ112 yielded from three to 39 flake where gravel occurred, as.source areas for lithic raw and flake fragments per 0.1 m3,but the excavation units materials. Plant foods, including berries, nuts, and yielded only edge-modified flakes and the mid-section roots,were probably exploited as well but to date there of a biface. A point fragment was found on the surface is little supporting archaeological evidence. While during the testing phase. Artifacts were recovered from many of the known sites in the uplands evidence only as deep as 0.9 m below surface; however, neither a limited range of activities, several sites have been features nor lenses of artifacts were observed in any interpreted as base camps used mainly during the of the backhoe trenches or test pits, and there was hunting season(s). Sites are surprisingly well preserved considerable evidence of pedoturbation and and are deeply buried where rates of sediment bioturbation(Olive 1993). Based on the results of the deposition are comparatively high (e.g., colluvial lithic analysis, the initial stages of stone tool aprons,fans,and floodplains). The types of projectile manufacturing are well represented at 41BZ112, and points recovered from the sites suggest that the uplands the use-wear patterns on some of the edge-modified were used throughout the established period of the tools indicate they were used for cutting and scraping. region's human occupation, but that more of the The small quantity of fire-cracked rock and the single hunting-related occupations appear to have taken place point fragment are also suggestive of food preparation during the last three thousand years than during the and hunting-related tasks(Dickens 1993). preceding millennium. Before assigning behavioral Three small interior chert flakes were observed significance to this kind of ostensible pattern,however, on the surface of 41BZ105, a"small prehistoric lithic the effects of natural and cultural site formation scatter" located on the tread of a low Brazos River 38 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County terrace about a kilometer from the mouth of the Little Sites within 9.5 km of Veterans Park and Brazos River. None of the shovel probes yielded Athletic Complex and Lick Creek Park cultural material (Bond 1991:9). Farther upstream along the Thompson Creek basin,but still in the valley Review of the archaeological site files at the Texas - slope section,there are two low-density lithic scatters Archaeological Research Laboratory in Austin reveals —41BZ87 and 41BZ88—on"sandy knolls adjacent that 15 historic, 49 prehistoric, and six multi- to the creek bottom;" neither site yielded temporally component (historic and prehistoric) sites have been or functionally diagnostic tools(Bond 1991:6). Low- recorded within 9.5 km of the two parks (see Figure density lithic scatters are also on the low"sandy ridges" 19;Appendix A). Some of the historic sites(41BZ92 farther down Thompson Creek (e.g., 41BZ31), but and 126, 41GM146, 147, 148, 152, 153, and-154) there are sites that appear to represent more intensive closely resembled the historic sites recorded during or repeated occupations of the valley slopes. At the present survey (see Chapter 5). At sites 41BZ92 41BZ32, for example, San Patrice, Bulverde, Gary, and 126,historic artifacts,but no features,were found. - _= Kent, and Ensor points were found, as were gouges At sites 41GM147, 152, 153,and 154,historic artifacts and sandstone net weights (Bond 1991:6). as well as features such as cisterns, foundation piers, Site 41BZ1 also yielded a wide variety of artifacts and chimney falls were found. Remnants or remaining on the surface(Collins 1955). The"site"is actually a structures were recorded at 41 GM146 and 148. All of set of localities in close proximity, with each these sites are recorded as turn of the century or early component on a separate remnant of one of the terraces twentieth century homesteads. • that forms the lower valley slopes. Locality 6 occupies Site 41BZ102 is located on the proposed Veterans a remnant of Terrace 1 and contained several dozen Park property. This site is a prehistoric "campsite" decorated and undecorated sand-tempered pottery that was discovered by a private citizen during the sherds in addition to a variety of chipped-stone tools infilling of the pond on the property. William Moore and debitage. Locality 5 occupies a fairly flat surface recorded the site,but indicated that it was most likely between the Terrace 2 scarp and the tread of Terrace 1. highly disturbed by earth moving activities(W.Moore, In addition to two undecorated,sand-tempered sherds, personal communication 2000). Conversations with a stemmed scraper and drill were collected along with Mr.Walter Schuster,who discovered the site,indicate several arrow and dart points, including Alba, Gary, that the site was located just to the north of the location Kent, Yarbrough, Pedernales, and Bulverde types. of 41BZ136,near the southern corner of the old pond, Localities 1-4 yielded the same kinds of artifacts, as although CEA employees observed no evidence of the well as sherd and shell-tempered pottery, Perdiz, site. Artifacts observed by William Moore at the site Scallorn, and Bonham/Alba arrow points, Travis/ included a beveled knife, "Caddoan-like" pottery Morrill dart points,blades,knives,and a thumb scraper sherds, and an unidentified arrow point (W. Moore, (Collins 1955). personal communication 2000). Recently,employees Previously recorded sites along the valley slopes of the CEA examined artifacts collected by Walter vary from those with a low density and range of artifact Schuster from this site. In addition to the artifacts types,suggesting limited activities,to sites with much mentioned by Moore, Perdiz points were recorded. higher artifact densities and a greater range of artifact From this information, the site fits into the Late types, indicative of more diverse and intensive land Prehistoric period. Prehistoric sites of interest include use. Compared to the uplands and bottomlands, 41BZ25-27. All three of these sites were found along relatively little work has been conducted at valley slope the terrace edge overlooking the floodplain of the sites, but the results suggest that lithic procurement Navasota River. Each site was identified by a surface and hunting were important activities, as they were survey and was separated from the other sites by a everywhere else in the Brazos and Navasota River gully in the terrace. This is similar to the prehistoric basins. The kinds of projectile points indicate only sites found at both Lick Creek and Veterans Park and that occupation occurred throughout the Holocene. Athletic Complex (see Chapter 5). Artifacts at these Too little work has been done to detect meaningful sites included flakes, biface fragments, ceramic patterns. Yet, it is interesting that of the eight sites fragments, one arrowpoint, and one dart point. Site with temporally diagnostic artifacts, six have Late 41BZ130 is a prehistoric site just south of Carters Prehistoric components,as evidenced by arrow points Creek approximately 4 km upstream from the proposed or pottery sherds. location of Veterans Park. This site was found on the Cultural Setting 39 terrace edge overlooking Carters Creek in sandy soil. all too little attention has been given to understanding The site consists of a low density artifact scatter the formation processes that account for the represented by two flakes and a beveled, possibly preservation of features in a few places and the paucity Archaic, dart point(Moore 1999). of in situ deposits in many other places(Thorns 1995). Although geomorphic processes,including erosion and pedoturbation,are widely recognized as having adverse CONCLUDING COMMENTS effects on site preservation in the Post Oak Savannah and adjacent regions, these effects remain to be From a review of the general nature,distribution,and adequately defined,qualified,or quantified(cf.Black chronology of archaeological sites,it is reasonable to 1989; Story 1990;Thorns 1995). infer that Indian peoples occupied the bottomlands, We do know, however, that cook-stone raw valley slopes, and uplands of the eastern Post Oak materials needed to build earth ovens and hearth Savannah throughout the Holocene period and during grills—primarily sandstone—are available, as are the last part of the late Pleistocene. Lithic procurement quartzite cobbles especially useful in stone boiling and hunting activities are well represented everywhere (Thorns 1993). This leads us to expect to find cook- on the landscape, but we know very little about how stone features in the project area. We also know that the type and intensity of land use may have varied it is not always easy to identify these features because within and between zones. Long-term land-use studies they are often impacted (i.e., partially disarticulated) remain to be undertaken,but one gets the impression by natural site formation processes, especially along that the Late Prehistoric period is better represented slopes such as those along Carters and Lick Creeks. than the preceding time periods. If confirmed,the Post Problems in identifying these features are also likely Oak Savannah pattern would be in contrast to the to occur because of difficulties in distinguishing pattern for the Edwards Plateau portion of central Texas between naturally occurring chunks of reddish-colored where there are significantly fewer Late Prehistoric sandstone and slightly redder fire-cracked rocks made sites and projectile points compared to the Late or from local sandstone. Furthermore, pedogenic Transitional Archaic period (Black 1989; Prewitt processes, especially those related to leaching of the 1985). well-drained soils on the valley slopes, are likely to Several of the previously recorded sites near the remove carbon and oxidation stains on the sediments two parks are known to contain buried cultural that might otherwise define pit features. As such, it materials(see Appendix A). Although buried cultural may be difficult to distinguish between "leached" deposits are common throughout the uplands in the hearths and ovens on one hand, and on the other hand, Post Oak Savannah,few of the sites appear to be well piles of used stone-boiling rocks that are not likely to preserved. However,well-preserved features are found have been directly associated with carbon or oxidation in upland, valley slope, and bottomland settings, but stains. 4 Historical 1' esearch Andrea Stahman For archaeology, the information hidden in the dark By 1837, most of Brazos County was included and dusty recesses of courthouse vaults and library within the boundaries of Washington County, which shelves has become invaluable for resurrecting was partially bisected by the Brazos River. With a historical sites where only the faint outlines may exist. burgeoning settlement at its banks, the river soon As historical documents have enlightened archaeology, became a serious obstacle to county government so too has archaeology contributed to a more complete (Odintz 1999). Thus, in 1841, the Congress of the understanding of history. Peoples, events, or objects Republic of Texas convened to create a new county that otherwise may have gone unnoticed by history out of the portion of Washington County that lay are now wrestled from obscurity by trained between the Navasota and Brazos Rivers. Initially, archaeologists nationwide. the county was named Navasota but was changed to The focus of this chapter is an examination of the Brazos the following year (Brundidge and Goree archival and archaeological evidence of historic 1986:2; Odintz 1999). occupation in Brazos County. The history of the county In the mid-nineteenth century, slavery became a is presented first,followed by a more detailed look at major factor in the agricultural success of the Brazos the property history of Veterans Park and Athletic Valley. While slavery had been officially outlawed Complex and Lick Creek Park that is designed to link under Mexican law, the new Texas Republic had no past landowners with historic archaeological sites such prohibition (Carlson 1993a:33). With recorded during survey of the area. independence from Mexico came a surge of demand for slaves needed to work the fields along the fertile Brazos River bottom(Marshall 1937:125). As slaves BRAZOS COUNTY HISTORY poured into the region, so too did new and eager farmers. In 1850 the county's population included 466 Brazos County began to see its first settlers when Spain whites and 148 slaves;by the eve of the Civil War,the opened Texas to foreign settlement in 1820. After county housed 1,713 whites and 1,063 slaves. Of the Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, Stephen county's slaveholders,roughly 65%owned fewer than F. Austin negotiated with the new government to five slaves, while 3% owned more than fifty (Odintz reinstate his charter for 300 titles for land in eastern 1999). Texas(Carlson 1993a:33). Known as Austin's second The next impetus to substantial growth for Brazos • colony, the group was composed of 297 families, 15 County arrived early in the 1860s with the Houston of which settled in what would become Brazos County and Texas Central Railroad. In 1861, the railroad (Odintz 1999;Carlson and Kloetzer 1993:33;Gournay reached only as far as the town of Millican, which 1995:43). Among those first farmers were Dr.Thomas would become an important center of transportation J. Wooton, Elliot McNeil Millican, son of Robert with the outbreak of the Civil War. Because of the Millican, the first Anglo resident of Brazos County, railhead, the town of Millican served as the location Mordecai Boon, and Richard Carter, the first person for one of the two Confederate training camps in the to settle in present-day College Station (Marshall state. Although able-bodied men of suitable age were 1937:17;Brundidge and Goree 1986:1;Odintz 1999). in relatively short supply throughout the county,many locals enlisted in various regiments and companies 41 In: Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County:Archaeological Investigations of Two City Parks-Veterans Park and Athletic Complex and Lick Creek Park-College Station, Texas,edited by J.P.Dering and J.B.Mason,pp 41-48. Technical Report No. 4. Center for Ecological Archaeology,Texas A&M University,College Station. 42 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County including the Twenty-first and Twenty-fifth Texas of the Reconstruction era, the college finally opened Cavalry,the Tenth Texas Infantry and other army units its doors in the fall of 1876 to 106 students and 6 faculty (Brundidge and Goree 1986:85; Odintz 1999). members. The early curriculum of Texas A&M The county seat of Brazos County was Boonville focused primarily on classical studies, literature, until 1866. Named after Mordecai Boon, one of the languages and applied mathematics. The more worldly county's first residents and nephew of Daniel Boone, education did not stand in good favor for long however; Boonville was often a favored lecture stop for many in 1879 protests from farming groups led to a new prominent statesmen including General Sam Houston curriculum focusing on agriculture and engineering (Odintz 1999;Gray 1999). During its heyday,the town (Dethloff 1999). included a jail, courthouse, post office, hotel and Over the years Texas A&M has continued to make cemetery. In 1866,however,the railroad line that had changes in order to keep up with public desire as well earlier terminated at Millican was extended to the as the times. Most notably, changes have been made community of Bryan. Citizens of Boonville and concerning the student body. Mandatory participation surrounding areas, recognizing the greater advantage in the Corp of Cadets was rescinded in favor of of a railway town,began moving their businesses and voluntary participation in 1965 and, although a few homes to the new community(Gray 1999). Later that women had attended the college in an unofficial same year, the county seat was officially moved to capacity since its inception, women were granted Bryan. official enrollment based on equal admission in 1971 In 1865, with the end of the Civil War, Federal (Dethloff 1999). Admission of women also served to troops began arriving in Brazos County to preside over pave the way for another boost in student body size. eight years of Reconstruction(Odintz 1999). The loss While the college had begun with only 106 students, of the war and subsequent Reconstruction policies expansion of the curriculum and degree programs, as generated great turmoil in the county. With well as extensions to the college such as the Veterinary Emancipation, blacks gained freedom but lost the School,allowed enrollment to swell from 8,000 in 1963 protection afforded by their monetary value as slaves. to more than 25,000 in 1976. Today enrollment at As former slaves and white landowners struggled with Texas A&M University exceeds 40,000 (Dethloff new economic and social relations, incidents of 1999). interracial violence increased (Odintz 1999). After Brazos County as a whole has experienced this the first appearance of the Ku Klux Klan in June of same rate of steady growth and development. By the 1868,fearful black citizens organized themselves into time Texas A&M was created in 1876, the county's a militia group led by a clergyman, George Brooks. population had tripled from the previous decade to Instigated by a false rumor concerning the lynching of more than 9,205 residents. By 1870, agricultural a prominent local black leader named Miles Brown, productivity surged as well and as a result the tension reached a crescendo in July when groups of production of cotton tripled in the space of ten years. whites and blacks engaged in several armed Cotton became king and continued to dominate county confrontations at Millican. The incidents claimed the fanning well into the early twentieth century. County lives of four whites and at least 20 blacks, including ranchers began raising hogs and cattle in considerable Brooks, and came to be known as the Millican Race numbers,while sheep ranching reached an all-time high Riot (Odintz 1999; Brundidge and Goree 1986: 95; in the late 1800s (Odintz 1999). Marshall 1937:88). Racial violence in the county The population of Brazos County continued to would continue throughout the rest of the grow throughout the remainder of the nineteenth Reconstruction era. Reported incidents of lynching century, and cultural diversity increased as well. In occurred repeatedly during the years 1869, 1871, and 1880, citizens totaled 13,576 and by 1890 the 1876 (Marshall 1937:89). population had risen to 16,650. It was during this In the fall of 1871, construction began for the decade that African-Americans outnumbered their first building on the campus of the Texas Agricultural white neighbors,marking the only time in history that and Mechanical College (Brundidge and Goree Brazos County has ever had a black majority(Odintz 1986:4). Located five miles south of Bryan, Texas 1999). Significant numbers of European immigrants A&M, as it would come to be known, was originally including Germans, Austrians, Czechs, and Italians intended to be a branch of the proposed University of also began flowing into the Brazos Valley. By 1900, Texas. Delayed by the financial and political disorder roughly 10,00 0 people constituted the white Historical Research 43 demographic of Brazos County out of a total population Property History: Veterans Park and of 18,859. Of these, 14% were listed as foreign born Athletic Complex (Odintz 1999). Many of the newly emigrated either owned or were Veterans Park and Athletic Complex consists of a 150- employed by the many small farms that dotted the acre tract located between Highway 30 to the south Brazos countryside (Marshall 1937:110, 204). One and Highway 60 to the north(United States Geological common system on such farms was tenant farming. Survey 1980;Brazos County Appraisal District 1981). Tenant farmers cultivated crops on land that they did This area was originally granted to Richard Carter in not own. In exchange for their labor, tenants either 1831. By 1842, Carter began to divide his league received a percentage of the harvest or paid a fixed among family members,portioning out parcels to the amount to the landowner(Orser 1988:55-56). In 1900, north and south but retaining the area where the park Brazos County supported 2,613 farms, 60% of which exists today(Carlson 1983:11;Brazos County District were tilled by tenants. By 1920, the number of farms Court, Civil Minutes 1877). and the number of tenant farmers peaked:out of 3,023 Carter resided slightly less than a mile from today's farms in operation that year, 64% were worked by Veterans Park; however, evidence of structures built tenants (Odintz 1999). within current park boundaries was not found. Carter By the mid-twentieth century, traditional was involved in farming corn and raising beef cattle, agriculture began to lose its prominence in the county swine,horses and milk cows(Carlson 1983:15). Upon in favor of other industries,particularly cattle ranching. his death in 1863, his property in the Veterans Park After 1950,customary farm staples of cotton and corn area passed to his wife,Elizabeth(Nance 1999;Brazos gave way to crops of hay,oats,and wheat. As of 1982, County Probate Records 1860). Elizabeth Carter mechanized farms and ranching operations involved retained the property and continued to farm corn as 67%of the land in Brazos County(Odintz 1999). well as cotton and raise stock with the help of her son- Oil also became a tremendous source of revenue in-law Samuel Burton,until her death in 1876(Carlson for the county during the mid-twentieth century. 1983:28). Initially discovered in the area in 1942,oil became an On September 22, 1877, the district court important county industry over the next thirty years. partitioned and distributed the Carter Estate, setting By 1990, over 73 million barrels had been produced aside a 330-acre tract for Carter's daughter, Evaline from wells in Brazos County(Odintz 1999). Burton(Brazos County District Court, Civil Minutes 1877). (Note that the park comes almost entirely from this property.) Evaline Burton probably never lived ARCHIVAL RESEARCH on the property she was granted. In fact, tax rolls indicate that she maintained a residence first in Property history research for this project was designed McLennan County and then in Bell County (Brazos to link past landowners to archaeological sites recorded County Tax Rolls 1854-1888; Brazos County Deed during survey, as well as to compile additional Records 1878). In 1878,Burton sold 165 acres of this information about site function and potential 330-acre tract to Robert and Mathew Mims (Brazos significance. Research procedures consisted of a County Deed Records 1878). review of deed and probate records, abstract indexes, The Mims brothers were born in Alabama, to tax rolls, census records, and appraisal district maps Georgia-born parents, and had immigrated to Texas of Brazos County. Our research yielded the names of early in their lives. They seemed to be farmers of property owners, personal property information, and modest means, for in Brazos County's 1879 tax rolls tax and occupational data,but did not yield definitive they listed one wagon,two horses or mules,four cattle information about structures identified at Veterans and five hogs (Brazos County Tax Rolls 1854-1888; Parks and Athletic Complex and Lick Creek Park. United States Bureau of Census 1880). The Mims However, this information may be revealed through brothers did not keep the property very long however, future research. returning 65 acres to Mrs. Burton on December 10, 44 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County 1879 (Brazos County Deed Records 1879c). In Complex were discovered. Aerial photos from 1940 November of 1880,they sold their remaining 100 acres show no structural activity in the area of the park,but to John D.Jones,a young single farmer(United States farming and ranching were undoubtedly primary Bureau of Census 1900;Brazos County Deed Records activities of many of the property owners. Therefore, 1880b). A succession of owners followed, none of it is not unreasonable to suspect that structures on the whom retained the property for more than seven years property would likely have been small outbuildings or until the acreage was sold in 1901 to H. P.Dansby,a barns. As of now, however, there is no evidence to twenty-four-year-old fanner (Brazos County Deed support the conclusion that houses or any other form Records 1887, 1888c, 1888d, 1890b, 1890c, 1894, of potentially significant historic structures, such as 1901b; United States Bureau of Census 1900). those associated with an important event or individual Upon Evaline Burton's death, sometime between like Richard Carter, ever existed in the Veterans Park 1883 and 1887,the remaining 230 acres of the original and Athletic Complex area. 330-acre tract she inherited from her mother passed to her own heirs. These heirs assembled in March of 1887 to convey all of the remaining acreage to one of Property History: Lick Creek Park Mrs.Burton's sons,P.T.Burton(Brazos County Deed Records 1887). Due to the brevity of his ownership Lick Creek Park consists of 515.54 acres located and his residence in McLennan County, it is unlikely between Highway 6 to the south and Rock Prairie Road, that P. T. Burton improved upon this property, its northern boundary. The park is crossed from east especially in the form of structures (Brazos County to west by Lick Creek, a branch of Carters Creek, a Deed Records 1888a). In 1888,P.T.Burton began to tributary of the Navasota River. liquidate his holdings in the Richard Carter League by selling 109 acres to W. G.Talioferro and 100 acres to The Northern Portion of Lick Creek Park a farmer by the name of William F. Jones (Brazos During a survey of the area from February to July of County Deed Records 1888a, 1888b; United States 2000, three historic sites, designated 41BZ142, Bureau of Census 1880). 41BZ143 and 41BZ147, were recorded within the Talioferro,an attorney who later became a district boundaries of Lick Creek Park. According to evidence judge,sold his 109 acres to A.J.Weddington in 1889 collected from the scene, site 41BZ142 appeared to (United States Bureau of Census 1910;Brazos County have been occupied during the mid-1900s,while sites Deed Records 1889c). A list of short-term owners 41BZ143 and 41BZ147 were inhabited early in the ensued until the acreage was sold in 1901 to H. P. 1900s but no later than 1920. Dansby,who already owned property nearby(Brazos Due to the location of these sites in the northern County Deed Records 1893, 1899a, 1899b, 1901b). portion of the park, this vicinity became the focus of W. F. Jones sold his 100 acres in 1902 to a farmer property history research. This area of the park,which from Mississippi named David Jolly who then sold abuts Rock Prairie Road, was historically partitioned the acreage to the same H. P. Dansby (United States into two 100-acre tracts,which were referred to as lot Bureau of Census 1910;Brazos County Deed Records numbers 7 and 14 early in the property's history(Figure 1902a, 1902b). By this time,Dansby owned all of the 20). However,by 1900 lot designations were no longer acreage that encompasses Veterans Park. in use. Thus, for the purposes of this report bounded According to a local resident and acquaintance of tracts will be referred to alphabetically (Figure 21). the Dansby family,the area that became Veterans Park Early property history for the park began with an was primarily pastureland for cattle during the seventy original land grant of one league (4,428.4 acres) to years that the family owned the property(Gerald Winn, Sam W.Robinson on August 15,1848(Brazos County personal communication 2000; Brazos County Deed Deed Records 1848). (Note that the title of this league Records 1971). In 1958,the family entered into an oil was later corrupted to Sam W.Robertson.) Sometime and gas lease agreement with Tidewater Oil Company later, although the actual records are missing, Sam (Brazos County Deed Records 1958). Remains of a Robinson died and the land passed to his heirs. drilling pad and oil well on the property may be related Robinson's daughter, Mary Fulcher, and her husband to this agreement. were apparently granted the area where Lick Creek No records illustrating the existence of any above Park is located today and it was they who conveyed at ground structures in Veterans Park and Athletic least half of the original league to Asa Mitchell. The Historical Research 45 engaged in a tenancy or lease contract for farming and/ � � or ranching of the land during their ownership. � c o Carters However, records relating to information concerning #5'•---------_r #6 Ra.#6 # _ these agreements remain undiscovered. \ In 1889,Nathan Mitchell began parceling his land �� out to the children of his late sister,suggesting that he <C ire#4 #7 #14 may not have had children of his own. Eventually, et* _ – 1 Mitchell distributed his entire half league, which \ / encompassed what would become Lick Creek Park. It _ was by this time that the area had been divided into #3 -' #8—, #1 3 lots,usually consisting of 99 to 100 acres apiece(see Figure 20). Mitchell conveyed 100 acres,recorded as / —� -N Lot#14,to his nephew,A.M. Belvin in 1889 and, in e� _J eLick Creek Park Bound N 1890,he conveyed 100 acres,known as Lot#7,to his 1:.04 #2 #9 #12 niece, Caroline Belvin (Brazos County Deed Records1889a, 1890a). #1 #1 0 #11 Tract A—Caroline Belvin. Indicated as Lot #7 in Figure 20 and designated Tract A in Figure 21,Caroline 0 250 500m Belvin's acreage is the property on which site 41BZ147 was recorded. Belvin retained the property for less Figure 20. Map of property boundaries in the than two years before selling it to S. P. Crenshaw in Sam W.Robertson League,circa 1890 1892 (Brazos County Deed Records 1892b). After (Brazos County Deed Records 1890a). less than a month,Crenshaw sold the 100 acre tract to J. S. Parsons (Brazos County Deed Records 1892c). specific date of this transaction,however,is unknown (Brazos County Deed Records 1873). Asa Mitchell had been a member of Stephen F. Austin's colony in 1822. Originally, Mitchell had Rock Prairie q Carters Creek settled along the Brazos River where he worked as a planter and trader and operated a salt-refining works. Lick Cr By 1830, he had become a United States Customs eek i H t ll \ II BH boarding officer for the port of Velasco. It was here F that he participated in the Battle of Velasco against �` ` °4 acre tract" Mexican forces in 1832. Three years later,he moved his family to Washington-on-the-Brazos and was uCu � II II II elected regidor,or town councilman(Pivateau 1999). C He was involved in the writing of the Texas Declaration N of Independence and fought under Sam Houston at the `_J� Lick Creek Park Boundary Battle of San Jacinto. In 1840, Mitchell operated a large ranch near San Antonio (Isbell 1996:778). In 1854,Asa Mitchell conveyed half of the originalGlee league to his son and fellow San Jacinto veteran, Pun` Nathan Mitchell. Neither Asa nor Nathan reportedly maintained residences on the property that would o 250 500m become Lick Creek Park. In fact, deed and census records indicate that they both resided in Bexar County, Figure 21. Map of property boundaries in the presumably until their deaths (United States Bureau Sam W.Robertson League,circa 1934(Brazos of Census 1870;Brazos County Deed Records 1854). County Appraisal District 1934-1940). In light of these facts it is likely that the Mitchells had 46 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County Parsons, in turn, sold tract A on August 13, 1900,to (Brazos County Civil Court Minutes 1922; Brazos G. R. Dixon (Brazos County Deed Records 1900). County Deed Records 1922). Nevertheless, Mrs. Dixon,a farmer,held title to the tract until his death in Dowling did not retain title to the property very long 1928 (Brazos County Death Records 1928; United for she sold the plot after less than a year to D.Mike States Bureau of Census 1900). In 1901,Dixon entered (Brazos County Deed Records 1923a). He in turn into an oil and gas lease with the J. M. Guffey immediately sold it to C.J.Konecney(Brazos County Company. While this lease agreement notes the Deed Records 1923b). The deed between Konecney presence of farmland on the property and the intent to and D. Mike does mention improvements to the drill, specific structures are not mentioned (Brazos property, although the specific nature of the County Deed Records 1901 a). On April 6, 1948,the improvements is not noted. - heirs of G.R.Dixon sold Tract A to J.E.Marsh(Brazos County Deed Records 1948b). Although Marsh owned S. P. Crenshaw, the owner of the remaining 96 the property for a substantial length of time, probate acres of Tract B(minus the 4-acre plot),died sometime records indicate that he did not reside on the tract before or during 1899, leaving his holdings to be (Brazos County Probate Records 1968). divided amongst his heirs (Brazos County Probate Records 1899). Crenshaw's daughter, Ida Greer, Tract B—A.M.Belvin. A.M.Belvin's 100-acre tract received 41 1/3 acres in the eastern portion of Tract B is shown as Lot#14 on Figure 20 and designated Tract and son,Wiley Crenshaw,received 41 1/3 acres in the B on Figure 21. This acreage is the property on which western portion of Tract B (Brazos County Deed sites 41BZ142 and 41BZ143 were recorded. In deed Records 1910b). (It should be noted that there is a records,Belvin is listed as a resident of Travis County, discrepancy of 13 1/3 acres, which may be the result which suggests that he, too, was an absentee owner of an error or adjustment during survey of the property.) (Brazos County Deed Records 1889a). After nearly In October of 1910,Ida Greer and her husband,Avery three years, A. M. Belvin sold the tract to S. P. Greer, sold the eastern portion of Tract B to L. S. Crenshaw(Brazos County Deed Records 1892a). On Williams(Brazos County Deed Records 1910d). That April 3, 1896, S. P. Crenshaw sold 4 acres in the same day,Wiley Crenshaw sold his portion of Tract B northwestern corner of this tract to J. S. Parsons who to farmer R.F.German(Brazos County Deed Records noted a residence in Cherokee County(Brazos County 1910c;United States Bureau of Census 1910). Wiley Deed Records 1896). Crenshaw eventually transferred the holding of these notes to L.S.Williams. Later R.F. German canceled "4-acre plot"—This 4-acre plot is likely the size and and surrendered the notes to L. S. Williams in 1911, dimension that would best serve as a house lot and effectively revoking the deed agreement (Brazos may indeed have been so although no archaeological County Deed Records 1910e, 1911). sites were defined within its boundaries. However, After this transaction,L.S.Williams owned all of there is evidence that a school once stood on the plot. Tract B except the 4-acre plot owned by G.E. On. In This rural school evades description since there is no 1914,L. S.Williams conveyed his portion of Tract B mention of it in public records. All that is known is to C.J.Konecney(Brazos County Deed Records 1914). that the school appears on one district map,which dates Konecney owned all of the constituent parts of Tract to the 1930s(Brazos County Appraisal District 1934- B by 1923 when he purchased the 4-acre tract from D. 1940). Mike. In 1902,Parsons conveyed the 4-acre plot to G.E. In 1928 Konecney transferred ownership of the On, who owned some farmland and operated a consolidated tract to A. C. Williams (Brazos County mercantile business in Millican,Texas(Brazos County Deed Records 1928a, 1928b). Williams died in 1929, Deed Records 1902c;Brazos County Probate Records leaving the bulk of his estate to his son,Harry Wayne 1920). On died on September 24, 1920, in Kansas Williams,who in turn sold the property to J.E.Marsh City, Missouri, without a will. Thus in 1922, a court in 1950(Brazos County Probate Records 1929;Brazos decree was issued to partition Orr's estate. The County Deed Records 1950). As of this date, J. E. judgement set aside the 4-acre plot as the property of Marsh owned all of Tract B as well as Tract A,which Mrs. Dora Dowling, whose husband appears to have he had purchased in 1948. These properties would been the court appointed administrator of Orr's estate, remain in his possession until they were sold shortly although her relation to On is unknown at this time before his death in 1968 (Brazos County Probate Historical Research 47 Records 1968; Brazos County Deed Records 1967). acres to S.P.Crenshaw(Brazos County Deed Records A litany of owners followed until the City of College 1880a). The whole of Tract C,however,also consisted Station purchased the properties in 1981 (Brazos of 100 acres known as Lot #13, which Crenshaw County Deed Records 1981). acquired from Nathan Mitchell in 1881(Brazos County To conclude, based on dates attained from Deed Records 1881a). As stated earlier, Crenshaw materials collected at sites 41BZ142, 41BZ143, and died sometime during or before 1899 and his property 41BZ147, it has been possible to narrow the field of was divided between his heirs(Brazos County Probate property owners who may be linked to these sites. Records 1899). His widow, Mrs. S. E. Crenshaw, Given that site 41BZ142 dates sometime between the received 200 acres to have as her"homestead",which early to mid-twentieth century,perhaps around 1940, presumably included Lot #12 and Lot #13 (Brazos property owners most likely associated with the site County Deed Records 1910a). In 1920,Mrs.Crenshaw may include A. C.Williams or his son,Harry Wayne conveyed the 200 acres to Ed Wickes, who later Williams. On the other hand, sites 41BZ143 and amassed quite a large amount of the southern acreage 41BZ147 date to the early twentieth century,probably of the future park, which he sold to J. E. Marsh in no later than 1920. Therefore,41BZ143,contained in 1940(Brazos County Deed Records 1920, 1940). Tract B,may be associated with owners S.P.Crenshaw, L.S.Williams,C.J. Konecney or R.F. German. Site Tract D—Thomas A. Clark. On May 17, 1879, 41BZ147 lies within Tract A and may be associated Nathan Mitchell conveyed Lot #1 and Lot #8 to with owner G. R.Dixon. Most of these owners have Thomas A. Clark for $398 (Brazos County Deed been identified as farmers during the occupation Records 1879a). Due to some confusion, the Lot#1 periods of each site, but site 41BZ143, in particular, referred to above is described as Lot#2 in later deeds may be associated with tenant farmers who did not as shown in Figure 20. In 1882,Thomas Clark acquired own the land in name, but either worked its fields in an adjoining 100 acres,known as Lot#9 (See Figure exchange for a percentage of the harvest or paid the 20) from Nathan Mitchell (Brazos County Deed landowner a fixed amount annually (see Chapter 5). Records 1882). (Note that Lot #s 2, 8, and 9 are Therefore, it seems likely that these sites could be collectively referred to as Tract D in Figure 21.) By associated with small-scale farming operations 1892,Lot#2 was no longer owned by Clark but by A. including tenant farms with structures like barns and Hill. Clark was however still listed as the owner of simple pier and beam houses from the early twentieth Lot #8 (Brazos County Deed Records 1892d). century(United States Bureau of Census 1880, 1910). Sometime between 1892 and 1910, S. P. Crenshaw acquired one of the lots that compose Tract D,although The Southern Portion of Lick Creek Park which one is undetermined. By 1918,Sallie N.White, During the survey for this project,no historic sites were who may have been the spouse of J. C. White, a discovered in the southern portion of Lick Creek Park. recipient of a partition of Crenshaw's estate in 1910, However,research concerning property ownership was had conveyed 1,817 acres, which included all of Lot necessary to complete the historical background of #s 1, 2, 8, 9, and 11, to Ed Wickes (Brazos County Lick Creek Park in its entirety. Aside from tracts A Deed Records 1918). and B described above, the remaining tracts, which contain land covered by the park's boundaries, are Tract E—A.Hill and L.A.Hill. On December 30, tracts C,D,E, and F. 1881,Nathan Mitchell conveyed Lot#2,later described As stated above, the original land grant was as Lot #3 (see Figure 20), to A. Hill and his wife. conveyed to Sam Robinson and upon his death (Brazos County Deed Records 1881b). In turn, the transferred to his heirs, which included his daughter Hills conveyed Lot#3,referred to as Tract E in Figure Mary Fulcher. Like tracts A and B,the southern portion 21, to W. A. Eidson in 1889 (Brazos County Deed of the park was included in the half-league conveyed Records 1889b). In 1892, Eidson and his wife from Fulcher to Asa Mitchell and then to his son conveyed the property to Mrs. Manervia Causey Nathan Mitchell. It is at this point that the history of (Burkhalter) (Brazos County Deed Records 1892d). tracts C,D,E, and F take their own course. From here,the property was conveyed from Causey to L. S. Williams in 1912 and then from Williams to Tract C—S.P. Crenshaw. On December 19, 1878, Albert Lott (Brazos County Deed Records 1912a, Nathan Mitchell conveyed Lot#12,consisting of 100 1912b). Mr.Lott was an African-American who held 48 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County the property for less than five years and then sold it less than two years before mortgaging the land to the back to L.S.Williams(United States Bureau of Census Federal Land Bank of Houston(Brazos County Deed 1910;Brazos County Deed Records 1917). Williams Records 1926). Apparently the mortgage went into then conveyed the property to Jim and Hattie Carrie default for the bank sold the property in 1934 to H.R. who in turn sold it to Ed Wickes in 1925 (Brazos Brayton and C. C. Hedges (Brazos County Deed County Deed Records, 1917, 1925). Finally in 1940, Records 1934). In 1948,Brayton and Hedges conveyed Wickes conveyed Tract E to J. E. Marsh (Brazos the land to John H.Stockton who sold the property to County Deed Records 1940). J. E. Marsh in 1949 (Brazos County Deed Records 1948a, 1949). By 1950,J.E.Marsh owned all of Lot Tract F—N. N. German. On October 11, 1879, #s 1,2,3,4,7,8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 in Figure 20, Nathan Mitchell conveyed 99 acres,referred to as Lot indicated as Tracts A-F in Figure 21. #4 (see Figure 20), to N. N. German (Brazos County Although it appears that no monumental historical Deed Records 1879b). N. N. German died in 1921 events took place within Lick Creek Park,nor did any and R.F.German,possibly his son,apparently inherited important characters in Texas history, such as Asa or the property(Brazos County Death Records 1921). R. Nathan Mitchell, maintain any physical presence on F.German,however,passed away a little over two years the property, the area should not be considered later and the property passed to his widow,Rosa Gray worthless in the eyes of local historians. Several German(Brazos County Death Records 1923;Brazos examples of early twentieth-century farming practices, County Probate Records 1923). Mrs. German then which may be important in regional studies,are located sold Lot#4 to W.W.Cooner in 1924(Brazos County within the boundaries of the park. Deed Records 1924). Cooner owned the property for 5 Archaeological Survey. Testing Methods and Results J.Bryan Mason and Andrea Stahman Fieldwork at the two park locations was conducted by The sediment commonly known as the Post Oak employees and volunteers of the Center for Ecological Savannah sandy mantle was encountered most often, Archaeology between January 2000 and July 2000. covering a Pleistocene-aged Bt horizon (culturally The two parks presented different settings and required sterile). Shovel probes were excavated to the depth of different research strategies. Because of this,each will the Bt horizon. All artifacts recovered from shovel be discussed separately in its own section of this probes were collected. If a shovel probe contained chapter. The survey of the two park locations resulted cultural materials, additional shovel probes were in the discovery of eight archaeological sites. One of placed between 10 and 20 meters away from the first these sites—41BZ136—was located at the Veterans probe in each of the cardinal directions. This Park and Athletic Complex. A previously recorded expanding pattern was continued until there was a clear archaeological site—41BZ102—was not rediscovered delineation of negative shovel probes surrounding a by our investigations and may have been destroyed by concentration of positive shovel probes. earthmoving activities conducted at the site in the 1980s. Lick Creek Park contained four prehistoric sites —41BZ141, 41BZ144, 41BZ145, and 41BZ146 — VETERANS PARK AND and three historic sites — 41BZ142, 41BZ143, and ATHLETIC COMPLEX 41BZ147. The results of the survey are presented here along with the analysis of the recovered artifacts. Phase I—Survey The method of surface survey and shovel probing was the same at both locations. Undisturbed areas were Aerial photography and discussions with park officials surveyed by walking parallel transects and searching suggested that most of the park area had been for chipped stone and other Native American artifacts, mechanically leveled, an activity that would have as well as historic artifacts (e.g., metal, ceramic, and destroyed most archaeological sites within park glass items), exposed on the surface, in game trails, boundaries. Aerial photographs show that this around rodent burrows, and in the backdirt from tree disturbance occurred in the mid-1980s (Figure 22). tip-ups. Artifacts found during surface surveys were Two areas,however,one in the northeast corner of the recorded but not collected. Where 70% or more of property and one along the terrace scarp just above the ground surface was obscured by vegetation,shovel the floodplain,were comparatively undisturbed(Figure probes were hand excavated and the backdirt was 23). Efforts were concentrated on the undisturbed areas screened through 1/4-inch hardware cloth to recover of Veterans Park and the disturbed areas were buried artifacts. At Veterans Park and in portions of investigated in order to assess the extent of the Lick Creek Park, one shovel probe per acre (i.e., at disturbance. Surface survey, shovel testing, and intersections of a 60 m grid)was excavated;however, exploratory backhoe excavations began in January shovel probes in much of Lick Creek Park were placed 2000 and continued on an intermittent basis through at larger intervals (see the section in this chapter on February for a total of 27.5 person days. Lick Creek Park). Shovel probes were approximately One backhoe trench (BHT 3 in Figure 23) and a 30 cm in diameter and from 15 to 100 cm in depth. few exploratory shovel probes were excavated in the 49 In: Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County:Archaeological Investigations of Two City Parks-Veterans Park and Athletic Complex and Lick Creek Park-College Station,Texas,edited by J.P.Dering and J.B.Mason,pp.49-74. Technical Report No. 4. Center for Ecological Archaeology,Texas A&M University,College Station. 50 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County disturbed sediment of Veterans Park. These investigations revealed that most of the sandy mantle �Y on the flat terrace had been mechanically removed is .fs�,�y - leavinga disturbed layer of fill coveringthe ' - s Pleistocene-aged Bt horizon below(Figure 24). This -- .��-�,. .> �-���,•,.;� .�.;�,-Ilr, ��y. . ,,;� ;,,;� disturbance is sufficient to have destroyed any d2Ey,.` °rN ".£> %a ' r moi;: archaeological sites that may have been present on the ; '' , '> ./. ..,;y, , - - "n. terrace. Other disturbances at Veterans Park that have -�� ma'''r � �� ', e potentially destroyed archaeological sites include the 0-;.1: 4 x: "; 'ilikitti % construction of an oil field platform near the Highway s 30 entrance to the park (see Figure 23) and the `tt '•4. . sa y ";'47–';::-.tte.,..v'Tttx,,,,,,44:4,,,C,i',4',,,,1„..,','';."47.--'; .^ �7..:,.mF° M x> ` Y.>: :: construction and subsequent refilling of a large pond �� s �� " F' ,0"14` - that covered about 1/4 of the park property(see Figures ' 22 and 23). 1940 Thirty-three shovel probes were excavated in the ;�. relatively undisturbed areas along the edge of the 1 -1 �' terrace tread and on the scarp. Six of these probes,all -5 �' located alongthe terrace scar ielded Native s:> > American artifacts. An additional 74 shovel probes 14:::::7 ° "°:` were placed as radials around the positive probes to '' ;' ° determine the extent of artifact concentrations; 31 of . . - .x, ~'"` :. - . those were. also positive. This procedure resulted in " ; the identfication of one archaeological site- 2 s',�'y y. „% 41BZ136—with four artifact concentration areas, �s k 0,;, i.r"--1✓i( „ ": e , , `r"' '=i H `,�,s. Ar,, )_ labeled A D (see Figure 23). In total, 69 artifacts r were recovered from the shovel probes at depths varying from 0 to 60 cm. � �.. = Eight backhoe trenches(BHTs 1-2 and 4-1 ))were placed in the relatively undisturbed areas to further 1982 assess the potential for buried intact archeological deposits (see Figure 23). BHTs 1 and 4, located in •Iq5,1,,,r�.,,,. q.z�,-� 7 � �� ��, 4J areas D and A respectively, revealed artifacts buried -:' ,. l''' ,: ., as much as 1 m below surface. BHT 2 was placed in "Or, the undisturbed area in the northeast corner of the %awz . "` �e. property and showed that the Bt horizon was less than ' M- =. 30 cm beneath the present-day surface. BHTs 5-10 % � � , examined the terrace scarp and floodplain. They s showed that the layer of fill continued for several - •:,,4":1-: , ;W 1' meters onto the floodplain and capped clayey soils that f �,, r.,a extended across the floodplain. Examination of trench ,u • � ri ` ` ;` walls demonstrated that the terrace tread and slopes zea <_> .k (i.e.,scarp)were covered with 10 to 100 cm of fill that ^„^� ; 0 ;4'2,4 ! consisted of A-,E-, and Bt horizon sediments mixed together and spread over the original surface when 1987 land-leveling work was done in the 1980s.Profiles of all the backhoe trenches were drawn and artifacts found Figure 22. Successive aerial photography of the in the profiles were mapped on the drawings. Artifacts Veterans Park area from 1940 to 1987 found in the backdirt from the backhoe trenches were showing landscape disturbance. also collected. A total of 16 artifacts were collected from backhoe trenches 1-10. Archaeological Survey:Testing Methods and Results 51 ati -, : '. fir . ._ • '`/ .. T V .._ , - DiSTU -w. oca p1S-�UFiBE� RBEp e.. / . oiJ S:I./ i s " n .< s• / B f . a '. ` ma ^m Z•"- -' — ')1 ^ ` u 'v!': vim,j LG� u �r—.'� ) — 1 v _ rag_a.:. % - ., ';�'�-i -. Center for Ecological Archaeology --• A,chseologcal Site Boundary Positive Shovel Probe Negative Shovel Probe o Surface Survey &T•4•••••� _--_ Backhoe Trench(Phase f) Smk 1'=fm• --- Backhoe Trench(Phase II) •�Cellege Staten 1 City of College Station Parks Planning O'Malley Engineers ;e..,,,m I •b -• ar Veterans Park and Athletic Complex - 1hor N.Park 4(4))3e3e-77 i"^'-^ w-�.� Brenham.TX 77833 Fox(409)636-7936 Archaeological Survey 1.,,,,�,.,,. ��. Figure 23. Map showing archaeological survey areas in Veterans Park, the location of site 41BZ136,and previous disturbances. Backhoe trenches along the terrace scarp(BHT 1, additional field work should be undertaken. 4,5,6,and 7)revealed an apparent soil horizon,some Accordingly, CEA personnel spent a total of 18.5 30-50 cm below surface,that appeared to be a paleosol person days in the field during April and May to (i.e., a buried soil predating the modem surface soil). complete the following tasks: (1) assess the integrity The presence of this stratigraphic unit indicated a of archaeological deposits revealed through backhoe potential for buried intact deposits. The northernmost trench excavation in artifact-concentration areas,and trench(BHT 4 in Area A; see Figure 23)exposed the (2) hand excavate four 1x1 m test units in Area A to best-preserved and most-extensive portion of the recover a sample of artifacts and determine whether proposed paleosol, and cut through the area with the intact features or activity areas are present. largest artifact concentration (Figure 26). Numerous Seven backhoe trenches were excavated artifacts were found in Area A in and near the proposed throughout site 41BZ136 in the artifact concentration soil horizon, mostly flakes, but also a thin biface areas identified by the survey(see Figure 23:BHT A- preform and one large piece of fire-cracked sandstone G). The purpose of the trenches was to deteiniine that was carbon-stained on its downside. This apparent whether intact features were present at the site. Special concentration suggested that the paleosol might have attention was given to the hypothesized paleosol been a living surface containing artifacts and possibly because the sediments were thought to be less disturbed intact features. The presence of artifacts located on a at that level. No features were identified,but profiles paleosol prompted CEA to request further testing to of each trench were drawn and artifacts collected from be done at the site. the trench walls were mapped. Artifacts found in the backdirt from the trenches were also collected. A total of 27 artifacts were collected from trenches A-G. Phase II—Testing Artifact concentrations identified in trenches C and D were selected as areas that required further study with To further assess the potential significance of site hand excavated test units (Figures 27 and 28). 41BZ136, CEA proposed and THC agreed that 52 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County ___,l14 FILL B C / / 7_ / __ 7_____ /// //,/ / UNEXCAVATED 0 0.5m Figure 24. The sandy mantle has been replaced by construction fill in this east profile of backhoe trench 3. li; ' ` .xa b a ; v ' .:. € ash a a. x E > �. # • x moi, .: " *.� :~� x ,�s - ,, j •"'" Sgx •L Fill ,•,: • 3y 6 �u "' „z F ,s, s; z't� ;g s ?/a i��K c, v .. .. � � ,.bcY,,'r 3 ' • .r •„;,.• .- x z,'.:,---,,<7.',',':‘ s>_. ,„ ,,,,x�, �,^•i s.,,^aCa "3; • �.Ss,,.s� scF ,c£�`.�.2��„Y`.x=s�x�. r •,3:.Isar x ti ) �rx s a � .:: : y} s�”, r � .Y 7 �;: ..:,ar::.=a.r,�,�vx � •x�a Y rn' ,�,M....:::,.,: • h. ‘;s:.,-;....,',i, � <ns . r�m� ,,„.;.... .;. •^� �SI.,::n ��a,• � .� .� �;-::ir.\,i5? ..S �.,,, u..iH �5.,.. ,s�:\a:s�«I z� �., 71:,',. fix •�,„�a� r.,s.�.a,�•: „ • :<c�v�'�kS"�s£:..; ycu�,:..,:r.,.,,•:a«. . �» v,� �-x •�' ;,� ;••' za 1,.‘‘''';', ''•,c::^ £i ss.t �z # \ x � � : 'sate ;}..v cagy.`--.. � !:. �/£ r ; is, s_ d' .:w/s%y a%a t3.•, <« l.ti... y L. k. _ ' - \ ti 3^ :..3` ��5` £ �3 • .'w,...€ �� i�,•y,e z 3. .r ✓. Sr"i ��tr;���}:aas.��� `�� �.� �• .; y •� � ``5F �.� � 'ash � � i �wtsd u�� �� 3 ��: s sY£ ♦eta z 4hr s rs l ha a� � .` 3z € . k. • s L£is s r 3'.. � Er r 5 x " _ ^.,».-... ,., �» 1--,,-,....,.-i--.,.,.. „ • u-, w ^ \ xt w.Qny " Y� ,, mo ,, c � te3 'w :m , , : a,y,� E Figure 25. South profile of backhoe trench D with locations of soil horizons and soil samples. Archaeological Survey:Testing Methods and Results 53 Om 5m 10m 15m 20m Ap Ao - E E, E,(previously 2A/B) _ E2(previously 2A/B) - Es .-.. Es Bt ROOT Bt UNEXCAVATED / /UNEXCAVAT / ED A 25m 30m 35m 40m 45m FLAKE ❑ PETRIFIED WOOD ® BURNED ROCK A BIFACE FRAGMENT 048 ApE 1I E,(previously 2A/B) -- '" - •42 _ 43441 ®ai E, EZ(previously 2A/B) lm .42 T\ / Bt -� E3 Bt ATED� j�C j/ �E,AVTED / 0 0 1m Figure 26. East profile of backhoe trench 4. Four 1 x m test pits were excavated in Area A was collected by level. A total of 182 artifacts were where the highest density of artifacts was found during recovered from the test units, however no intact the survey phase (Figure 29) and where BHT 4 had features were identified. Test unit profiles were drawn revealed the most continuous exposure of the and sediment color and texture for each level was distinctive soil horizon that appeared to represent a recorded. paleosol(i.e.,a 2Ab/Bb horizon)(see Figure 26). The Test pit excavations revealed that artifacts there units were placed adjacent to backhoe trenches C and were not necessarily concentrated in or near the D where concentrations of artifacts were noted in the distinctive soil horizon. In fact, the several dozen • profiles (see figures 27 and 28). The purpose of pieces of recovered Ethic debitage(flakes and shatter) excavating the test units was: (1) to identify and were found to be distributed more or less evenly describe any intact features or activity areas present, throughout the upper 60 cm of the solum(Figure 30). (2) to further investigate the artifact concentrations Diagnostic tools were not found in any of the test pits, noted in trenches C and D,and(3)to determine whether nor were features or discrete activity areas encountered. artifacts were unifoinily distributed throughout the Uniform vertical distributions of artifacts and a paucity sediments or concentrated along soil horizons. The of intact features are especially characteristic of many test units were hand excavated according to sites buried in the sandy mantle. These sites appear to stratigraphy where possible or in arbitrary 10-cm have been impacted(i.e.,"mixed up")by natural site- levels. Test units were excavated down to the disturbance processes (i.e.,pedoturbation), including stratigraphic level of the E horizon below what was plant growth, tree tip-ups, rodent burrows, gully thought to be the buried paleosol. Backdirt from the formation, and various colluvial processes typical in test pits excluding the disturbed fill, was screened sandy sediments on gentle slopes. Nonetheless, the through 1/4-inch hardware cloth. All screened material presence of a well-formed paleosol that encompassed 54 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County Test Unit 4 I I 12m 10 8 6 4 2 Om .___\M_ -- I . O BHT4 2AB (TO • 2Bss p r7,... ZE /-7-7-- /7-77-7-/ / 777 i zBt //UNEXCAVATED / / c Flake Figure 27. Location of test unit 4 is indicated in this south profile of backhoe trench C. Test Unit 1 Test Unit 2 10 8 6 4 I I 12 I 0 I I I I II \kV -1. —,. — •-- 125 X138 -——— -------- 39p24 ——— 141L.�123 .23 BS 140 -/ / / UNEXCAVATED //////// 20 18 14 12 % 10 I p, 16 Test Unit 3 I \IVV �J I� - ._ - -_ --- oma. .142 BHT 4 �— '- 143 • -/ j / - -- /UNEXCAVATED/' / /- / / / / / 7 / / / / / / / I • Rake 22 20 I I 11 Flakeplotted from north wall 11 Rock o Rock plotted from north wall • Charcoal — to Krotovina BS Burned sediment -_T_ , 7- -/ —I Figure 28. Test units 1-3 indicated in south profile of backhoe trench D. Archaeological Survey:Testing Methods and Results 55 _ - 614-7 - / / �� �j `/ �- / ,- :: -,:: Center for Ecological Archaeology 2 *�4 .-.- �N-- Archaeological Site Boundary N-cO / ,.------M�, �` Artifact Concentration Boundary o.1/ / / \� /1 / ',,,,� to Positive Shovel Probe c Negative Shovel Probe o ; _ Jy "- $2 Test Unit L / r %". — — Backhoe Trench(Phase I) = Backhoe Trench(Phase H) ` - / a a Fence(Property Boundary) /,; �- "S` _'_ , '�' - Treeline '-h_.` _.�-�`" -- .---•• Topography(1ft intervals) c____,7:-;;''''' s_� >-•=_. --_ -�- -:;� - � - Tributary Creek z r r ��M,,,w ^^^^^. " .,,,,/ W",,,, ""w..,0 25 50m Figure 29. Area A artifact concentration,site 41BZ136. a significant portion of the artifacts would argue for a portion of the site within the proposed park area covers measure of stability and the potential for in situ an area approximately 700x80 m in size along the archaeological deposits. terrace edge overlooking the Carters Creek floodplain. Laboratory analysis of sediments from Area A, Mechanical leveling work probably destroyed parts of however,failed to confirm that the distinctive horizon the site that undoubtedly extended to the north and represented a paleosol. Whereas buried A horizons onto the terrace tread. The site also extends for an are expected to contain significantly more organic undetermined distance to the east, across Texas matter than the overlying and underlying horizons,this Highway 30, as evidenced by a few flakes found in was not the case for the ostensible paleosol. Its organic the road cut and along the terrace edge (see Figure content was much lower than expected. A buried B 53). The site can best be described as a lithic reduction horizon should contain markedly more clay-sized site. It is most likely that each concentration represents particles than would be found in overlying and a discrete occupation of the site or separate, small underlying horizons. Granulometric analysis showed campsites that were repeatedly visited. that the proposed paleosol in fact had much less clay The time period that the site was occupied is than the overlying unit and about the same amount as questionable due to the lack of temporally diagnostic was found in the underlying horizon (Table 4). This artifacts. All temporal evidence from artifacts indicate suggests that what appeared to be a 2Ab or 2Bb horizon the Late Prehistoric period(A.D. 1000 to 1600),but it was in fact an B2 horizon. The dark color originally is possible that the site may have been occupied thought to result from an increase in organic content throughout prehistory;how often is unknown. Several is more likely to have been imparted by clay particles temporally or functionally diagnostic artifacts were translocated from the lens of the recent clay-rich recovered from shovel probes and backhoe trenches construction fill that capped this and other parts of the in Areas A and D,including a tip of what was probably site. an arrow point,a prehistoric ceramic fragment,the end of a small, thin biface that may have been a preform for an arrow point, a fragment of a drill, and an edge- Site Description modified flake fragment(i.e.,side scraper)(Figure 31). Archaeological work at Veterans Park resulted in the identification of one site — 41BZ136 — with four areas of artifact concentrations (see Figure 23). The 56 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County Depth Artifact Analysis Level Soil horizon Lithic below debitage surface Site 41BZ136 yielded a total lithic assemblage of 253 Lovell Fill •k sz Not screen- ° unmodified flakes and 11 stone tools. Analysis of the Level2 5 —10 assemblage included size grading of unmodified Ap Level 3 E1 14 —20 debitage, determination of material, color, type and _3o edge modification, and measurements. The analysis Level — was designed to provide insight into subsistence E —40 Level5 (previously 7 patterns in the area, examine tool use, estimate time Level 6 designated 2A/B) —50 periods of occupation, and determine raw material 12 —60 cm sources. A summary of artifacts recovered from the UNEXCAVATED excavations is presented in Table 5. Unit 1 Raw materials from this assemblage likely consisted of riverine gravels, which were easily \�' o obtained from the channels of any of the many tributary Fill creeks of the Brazos River or from outcrops of chert Levell _ Not screened -10 � cobbles scattered around the landscape. The most Level 2 A L-1 — s —20 likely local source of these gravels was the Willis Level 3 ----_________L_________-30 Formation,which parallels the Texas coast(Aten 1983: Level 4 E2 6 —4o 342)but trading networks could have brought the same (previously type of material from as far away as the Edwards Level 5 designated 2A/B) 9 —50 Level 6 E3-----, 5 —so cm Plateau(Hall 1981). The assemblage consisted of 253 -- — flakes. Of these, there were 34 primary reduction UNEXCAVATED flakes,54 secondary reduction flakes,and 153 tertiary Unit 2 reduction flakes,yielding a ratio of roughly 1:1.5:4.5. Overall the flakes were small,which is consistent with ° tool manufacture utilizing material resources of small Level l ;ll _ ' —10 riverine gravels. Additionally, most flakes were of a `eel 2 5 —20 yellowish brown color, a common color of parent ApEt a Level 3 —30 material from this region. Level 4 2 10 40 The 11 stone tools of the assemblage included one Levels (previously 7 edge modified flake,six cores,one hammerstone,two designated 2A/B) —50 Levels E3 10 _ biface fragments, and one projectile point fragment. —so cm projectile pointfragment This one ro ectile fra ment exhibited Unit 3 characteristics of a finished point but was incomplete, amounting to only the distal tip. Additionally,its color is classified as gray, an uncommon color among the -., 0 Level 1 pillNot screened debitage. Due to its diminutive proportions, the AP= a 10 fragment could not be definitively assigned to a Level 2 —20 particular point type,but is classified as an arrow point Level3 E' 4 —30 due to its delicately chipped, thin structure and most Level4 -. 4 —40 closely resembles a Perdiz point (Turner and Hester Level5 E21 ._so 1985:10). The two biface fragments are both a grayish- (previously designated 2A/B) Levels Ea 1 ��—60 cm brown color. One of the fragments is a crude basal --- portion broken during manufacture. The other, UNEXCAVATED classified as a perforator that may have been used for Unit 4 punching or drilling, had been resharpened and subsequently broken during use. The single Figure 30. Test units 1-4 profile with soil hammerstone recovered from site 41BZ136 is horizons,excavation levels,and artifact composed of quartzite with battering on both ends of counts from each level. the oblong stone. Additionally,the one edge-modified Archaeological Survey:Testing Methods and Results 57 Table 4. Soil particle size distribution from Veterans Park and Athletic Complex(analysis by the Soil Characterization Laboratory,Soil and Crop Sciences Department,Texas A&M University). Soil Depth Total Sand Total Silt Total Clay Texture % Organic Horizon Below (To) (%) (To) Class Content Surface (ft) A A 0.0-8.0 75.3 16.7 8.0 Fie Sandy P ( P) 0.7 oam El (E) 8.0-31.0 82.7 11.6 5.7 Fine Sand 0.3 E2 (2Ab) 31.0-52.0 79.4 15.4 5.2 Fine Sand 0.2 E3 (2Eb) 52.0-69.5 80.3 14.4 5.3 Fine Sand 0.1 Bt(2Btb) 69.5-91.0 65.4 18.7 15.9 Fine Sandy 0.2 Loam A F ., ..,,,,:„.. , i % ! � . .. Axon, a / 1 I a � s ,., ..„ , ,,,,,lifet, i .,,,,, , .. ,..,,,it.,z,...z ..., M f t z•,, sy a b C d e U '1 3 3 CM Figure 31. Artifacts recovered from Veterans Park: (a)probable Perdiz point tip, (b) possible awl fragment, (c-d)biface fragments,and(e)pottery fragment. Table 5. Artifact types and frequencies from sites and isolated-find localities for the College Station City Parks project. u, b Site/Isolated Flakes Edge Efface Proj Core Hammer- FCR Glass Metal Potsherd Ceramic Total o- Find Mod Point stone o P). 41BZ136 Test Unit 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 Test Unit 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 Unit 1 51 - - - - - 23 - - - - 74 �. Unit 2 35 - - - - - - - - - - 35 0 Unit 3 46 - - - - - - - - - - 47 b Unit 4 23 - - - - - - - - 1 - 23 All other units 95 1 2 1 6 1 5 1 - - - 112 co Subtotal 253 1 2 1 6 1 28 1 0 1 0 294 A CO 41BZ143 - - - - - - - 3 5 - 2 10 o 0 Subtotal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 2 10 o r z 41BZ144 Unit 46 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 47 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 48 3 - - - - - - - - - - 3 49 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 50 3 - - - - - - - - - - 3 51 3 - - - - - - - - - - 3 53 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 67 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 68 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 69 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 70 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 73 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 74 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 103 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 112 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 Subtotal 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , 0 23 Continued. Table 5. Continued. Site/Isolated Flakes Edge Biface Proj Core Hammer- FCR Glass Metal Potsherd Ceramic Total Find Mod Point stone 41BZ146 Unit 58 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 91 2 - - - - - - - - 2 92 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 96 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 98 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 Subtotal 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 41BZ147 - - - - - - - 4 - - 2 6 Subtotal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 2 6 Total 283 1 2 1 6 1 28 8 5 1 4 340 ct 0 00 A_ t) Z ob ti A bq e 0 0 A.A A A. cOj Z 5 60 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County AN MASTER PLAN FOR ,r, LICK CREEK PARK 1 o 120 240m I �, PREPARED BY TAME RECREATION&PARKS DEPT AND PARKS PLANNING/CITY OF COLLEGE STATION /ppp��/ 7°_,1-....; 0 400 800ft /� $"°� � —�—R��PR ARIE ace 1C -, Shovel probe 41 BZ147 w i.., Transect surface surveyt'-> • Cutbank inspection ` .2 "'`<, Site boundary • _ 01 . . ° Treeline Trait ° l° ^\: Creek „� _ ./- _ _BZ14- '`` ° 14 1BZ146 ° ° 41BZ141 F • ., 42: .- >,° , C I N - ° 4 ft 6. ° `. w • v>, i 8141f714A w< Figure 32. Survey transects,shovel probes,and site locations in Lick Creek Park. flake is of Edwards chert and was broken during its an intermittent basis through July 2000. A total of 15 use as a light duty transverse scraper. The six cores person days were spent surveying the 527-acre tract. that were recovered range in material type from A total of 162 shovel probes and cutbank profiles were silicified wood to quartzite to the more common inspected at Lick Creek Park; 20 shovel probes __ Edwards chert. Material colors are the common gray contained artifacts. These shovel probes, along with to brown scale. One core however,displays a color or surface surveys, resulted in the identification of four luster change characteristic of lithic materials that have prehistoric sites—41BZ141,41BZ144,41BZ145,and been subjected to intense heat. Overall,the cores are 41BZ146 — and three historic sites — 41BZ142, very small, averaging only 60.18 mm in length and 41BZ143,and 41BZ147. Cutbanks along Lick Creek 37.34 mm in width. and Alum Creek were carefully inspected for cultural Evidence of the tool manufacturing strategy of material and were helpful in determining the geological Native groups in the area may be suggested by the high history of the park. Figure 32 illustrates the survey . percentage of tertiary flakes relative to primary and area, the location of shovel probes and cutbank secondary flakes. Large amounts of such a finishing inspections as well as site locations. The frequency phase in tool manufacture leads to the conclusion that and p:acement of shovel probes varied throughout the raw material was reduced at its source and then park according to the landscape type and location of transported to the site to undergo further reduction. known historic structures. For survey purposes,Lick The one utilized flake found among the assemblage Creek Park was divided into four survey zones may suggest an expedient tool technology common of according to these criteria. groups whose access to lithic resources may be limited. Historic sites were expected to be found along Rock Prairie Road, which has been in the area since the late 1800s. In fact,one historic site was identified LICK CREEK PARK along Rock Prairie Road prior to field survey by inspecting historic aerial photos(Figure 33). For these Surface survey, shovel probes, and mapping began at reasons, the survey along the road consisted of one _= Lick Creek Park in February 2000 and continued on 60-meter-wide transect with shovel probes spaced 60 Archaeological Survey:Testing Methods and Results 61 meters apart(equivalent to one probe per acre). Along observe the subsurface along gullies, in tree tip-ups, most of the road, the sandy mantle was thin (25-80 and rodent burrows. Twenty shovel probes were cm)and capped with a 15-cm layer of slightly disturbed excavated in this zone. No artifacts were recovered sediments. The disturbance may have come from road from shovel probes in this area,but two historic sites construction,but also may have indicated that this area were identified through surface survey. was once plowed. A total of 16 shovel probes was Since terrace edges are considered areas of high excavated along Rock Prairie Road (see Figure 32). probability for archaeological sites, a more intensive Although no sites were identified,two shovel probes survey was conducted in these settings. Many gullies recovered modern glass fragments at a depth of about dissect the terrace and,as a result of depositional and 30 cm. erosional processes, have created toe slopes. The Settings in the upland environment located away examination of these gullies as well as surface surveys from the road were determined to have decreased where natural outcrops of sandstone and chert were probability for archaeological sites. The shallow depth located made up a large part of the survey in this area. of the sandy mantle in the uplands allows sites to be Shovel probes were also excavated along the tops and easily disturbed by bioturbation. Buried sites are bottoms of each of these toe slopes at an interval that usually disturbed in a manner that exposes some of translated to a 180-m grid. A total of 21 preliminary the artifacts at the surface, making surface survey as shovel probes was excavated in this area (see Figure effective as shovel probes where the bare ground is 32). Of these probes,three yielded pieces of chipped visible. The shovel probe grid in this area was stone. A fourth positive shovel probe yielded historic expanded to one probe per three acres (i.e., at artifacts that dated to the turn of the century;however, intersections of an approximately 120-m grid) . The the associated site was better defined by surface landscape also provided ample opportunity to inspect deposits of cultural material. An additional 37 shovel the surface on trails and in clearings, as well as to probes were excavated radially around the positive a' '':gt."--.,$V` �'3Y . .fir---T-,,,,.,1 .�, "' A' ..., *' r.. --, '' .:. ,a "M „�,� >x", ,- .syme; , .;,,,,,..,14.:c,..„,:,-..,,,„,, t � y.. . ,.s %.: y, • ' ;4 " ',�, '` ; •,4r 5:' "mow � �,�.o ':75.,;:,,•'::,,,,,:;<;.„,.•-''''''t"'":', �.�,. ,�' ^'Z t;' '"w ,t ,, .%ak .',q),,. �. x ,e,. e .`a",. ..r.� - 4'-',,,,»>'%_74::,,,,4,--:>:"'"' ::4*1 s:„s _ xC r • s li4,? u/r. , ,, „� .. -•r 3� ,,,Y, #', u;. .yam :::,,,:z'-,'?,V,.., ..�: s Y "' � �� de's A• ; ";AI * `..,.,, s,�"` u ;,' � 5� �S, �� rte x ' ..' 5 t' -' '1 .. 4 , „,,,—,4;i:,,,A. , ./..;,.-w,_,,, ,...,:;.__,I.,1*,,,,,,,,,,,, 7,„,,,,,,4,0„. , , , ..,,,,,,,, ,„/„,,, 4 , ,..:.,,,,,,,,t.:,.,,L„.: „,t,s:,.:,...,,4 ' -” •, AMit„.;',"-7" ,,..--),-,,-_-,-''..",•7 j-,-1,.4,,,%:,-0,;7,', ":....',' ,.-.4.,„:,;...5.'"-,;... ,,-,x‘'..10' , ,„,,,,• ", e,,,,,,,,' *„ Z4M5V.,,;,,,,c,V,,,,,,, ,efr*" .•''A 1:;iirt , w .,/ n ".'',-.-7e •• , ' gs,,:ii:,:""k4:' ,'::":,,,,,*.t,:,,,,;;;:' ''''''t ^ g •4x s � � jy ac£� . • " XY ": ,,,',, ,y ,, x y „.� ligg:*.', :,, i', ‘.,-.',--,- .4,-,P *1-4—' -44.''",,, ct'•;.i.141W.41A ,'es,„,a,'''-:, '..t.'',,,,,,, ',--,,,s. .• ,, ,,....;','• ,.. „0., ...,...4.. s :s . • ..,,.,• ••.� .. . .. �.; .,tura?igxk�..,••�.. «w"'"s�'�Zzc.x�« ;7741 :'. aau zsrmr.^�H?sr �.�..�.a�..�'.0 3-'"w.,Ate” . �a�:.,` x�.+a�r,'e ..:...,� 4,..7444,,";' Figure 33. 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Stock pond at site 41BZ147,facing south, overgrown with woody perennial vegetation. The spillway appears to have been originally associated with a barn or workshed. Materials located constructed from naturally occurring sandstone that west of the clearing are smaller and can best be was subsequently patched with many different types characterized as a kitchen midden. Artifacts from this of bricks as well as cement(Figure 37). The site(not site were not collected,but appear to date to the mid- including the stock pond) is approximately 15x10 m, twentieth century. Results of an historic documents while the pond itself has an area of about 200 square search has been able to narrow the field of potential meters. The artifacts from the site suggest that the owners of this site(see Chapter 4). site was occupied during the turn of the century. A Site 41BZ143 (Figures 40 and 41) is an historic search of historic documents has narrowed the field of farmstead located in a natural clearing in the wooded potential owners of this site (see Chapter 4). uplands above Lick Creek. A surface survey of the Site 41BZ142 (Figures 38 and 39) is an historic site revealed sandstone pier foundations for two farmstead located in an open area along Rock Prairie structures as well as a small,possibly hand-excavated Road. This site was identified on 1940 aerial photos stock tank (Figure 42). The smaller of the two that showed at least two large structures (possibly a structural features consisted of four flat sandstone piers house and a barn)(see Figure 33). Today,the structures arranged on the corners of a 2.5x2.5 m area (Figure are completely destroyed and no foundation elements 43). The larger foundation was located 40 m to the were found. Remaining evidence includes whiteware east of the smaller foundation. It contained 13 flat fragments,brown and clear glass bottles and jars,pots, sandstone piers as well as a sandstone hearth floor and bricks, and other metal objects. These artifacts are chimney fall. The area of this entire feature was about scattered throughout the trees surrounding a large 10x10 m(Figure 44). Artifacts at the site include two clearing. There is a depression in the center of the thin metal pipe fragments and a small glass jar found clearing that may have been a cistern. The size of the on the surface. A shovel probe excavated near the site is approximately 185x70 m. The artifacts can be center of the large foundation feature recovered 10 organized spatially into two groups. Materials located artifacts including whiteware fragments, cut nail east of the clearing are larger and include items usually fragments,and"purple"glass fragments. The site(not 64 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County a r. � oma „ss1 wrgz,, x�. r � a � }. �` k • �!,. 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' ..,,,-,,I , '' ', ,-'./0,7,,..,,,e,, . -, E ' %' tet` i Eitlt �¢ Y I �€ . 4?,. '':,— \.-- . t r• t" :.11,d s, , � rs ' 'ss; � y `�;Vir--- :„,.,:,..,,,,.....k.„,„ ils::,,,,,,-,,v,:,,,,",,,,A6,4v,_ ‘,:,..7_24:,,,/,::,',,i,,./ei4:,4'''5,,,,,,. ,,,;,,,,,,',,,,,,,:,:\i,:4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.;',:;:"fs,,,,,..„,.;,,,H,,‘, Figure 37. The dam at site 41BZ147,facing northeast. N Artifact concentration- -- oncentration — — -- Artifact Tree line Mature tree 6-- / — —— Property boundary CrePa MY"'' Passi ole em o 20 40m �' `�'"f Rock Rock ,. rge sheet metal fragments and a=We" section 1 Bodet `" Rock y:, . 2 Jars 5 Jars 2 Bkoklrags 1 Botle /�\ Bucket .—. Metal'g �._` //. Pot and �-(/ ,� �' _ Iris ; e a�'/';Jar`s / \, '1 Wcod post Jar 7 ,\_./ \`. 3 Ceramic 160 �?BottlCs e / ! B 3 Jam ■ 1 con Metal strip Jar Bucket 1 Bucket 1 Pot � 1 Jar Figure 38. Distribution of artifacts at site 41BZ142. 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N — I Chimney,,-v. / i . \ ! : 1 a) cz fall i ..•.' ,Lstructure..., , " I ' _ arge , 170' it foundation ' Small\, a) -E structure • foundation as E o 92 N 0 Large sandstone fragment I— H Stovepipe ., ii---; iii Artifact ,.. . , I -----Tree line - Two small ..........„- (-----) Mature tree ---__._ ......_. ---•-----____..._..-------- . sandstone fragments e.7..imie. 0 10 20m Figure 40. Distribution of features and artifacts at site 41BZ143. >,`'✓:.'•caJ'.'w'.'k,o. r' ,°.kr.�"a%c'%S';na„;adpada.aH^;:�.�5.€a.-,/:^,.:3,.';i`"'�' `sy,.,.'?s`r r�.f.:x?z,;..k,'x§F...?..n�:j.`r3.y-•^S asR•k^§r. ..%"o..^-.,z.;x. Sai .i j:'.a•� .irxy��.•s...:',� �z�•Lti..�. Y$ fiPrehistoric a a, -.4.-. >.4.p•ftftta.„4;',*#1 a.-. r66 :Central Brazos County - 'istoric Occupation in xY. : .,.;;•$,;$(.4.',..•%g'xr . ° h ",' %=six ' '. ka s. � ay4vnr; § r �Y ` ,4n'z.•44' r � .� ma..•, j,.f " � 4 ' 54 7�sms tql £. x,s-"q5:4,...:4,2 4 £ y . ' Stt: i.^ a , "- ; h.. . mw ? %. A4rs � ! » vrV , X. 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Stock pFigure 41BZ14 , cing lts• •41 4N111 Archaeological Survey:Testing Methods and Results 67 s �K The additional concentration area(Figure 46:A;Figure � '� r 47)is a surface find located where the sandstone and � . • ' « S. chert cobbles naturally erode from the terrace edge. 3: The entire site covers an area approximately 580x50 xx•• '- w,tt, >Ra , a 3 h : .. � : ,+ s .. N. P '� in size. A total of 23 artifacts — all chert flakes tk ' '`,,,,',,-,,e O. ,s 31 �`�'V _ � :11' a 'i (primary, secondary, and heated) — were recovered sic,' fl from the shovel probes at this site. The majority of �� . . t..k the flakes are primary and secondary flakes, which • r � : indicates that this area may have served as a lit.hic tool- :''i �4 - m i 0. manufacturing site. No tools or temporally diagnostic �' , : ,;„ artifacts were recovered from the site. z Site 41BZ146 (Figure 48 and 49) is represented Q by artifacts recovered at depths between 25 and 60 cm bus t. '�'- '� from 11 shovel probes. It covers an area approximately ;3 '' ' 3 m-- `3. 50x10 m in size and is located along the lower part of „ � fi � x ��T • the terrace slope of Lick Creek. A total of seven chert .a " ` �-v „ 3 2f ' flakes were recovered,but no tools were found. This :I's:: k , ': z p site is best described as a lithic scatter. No tools or r� � � temporally diagnostic artifacts were recovered from xa,,w",> >t. �' ,a �. . the site. . •: l,:,,,,,,, Q � riliV ito Site 41BZ141 (Figure 50)is a surface site located �� " „Mio s; on the terrace slope where natural outcrops of li— �� sandstone and chert cobbles occur. This site is a lithic procurement and initial reduction area that is 7;`,,,,;::04'-.4.4,' „ ' � y ,, approximately 20x20 m m •size. Portions of the site • ` are found on either side of a buried pipeline. 'Ii. , le. Approximately 50 percent of the site was destroyed '*'"'.1'” '4', % *4.'''' m, ate $ by pipeline construction. Artifacts at the site include Figure 43. The smaller structure at site 41BZ143, facing south. Note sandstone pier in foregrund, another pier is located where the person is standing. including the stock pond) is approximately 70x60 m in size. The stock pond has an area of approximately 150 square meters and is located 60 m to the west of the site. The small size of both structures at the site indicates that the occupants may have been tenant o farmers. The artifacts date from the turn of the century. O While research of historic records has been able to a narrow the field of potential owners of this site (see Chapter 4), it did not recover any information about tenant farmers in the area. h a O Prehistoric Site Descriptions 9 NI NJ Outline of hearth Sandstone from chimney fall n • Site 41BZ144 consisted of three concentrations of Sandstone foundation pier 6-2 chipped stone occurring along the terrace edge adjacent a shovel probe Tree line to Lick Creek. Two concentrations(B and C in Figure ,m.a=—, o 45;Figure 46)were identified with 31 shovel probes; 0 2 4m artifacts were found at depths between 10 and 100 cm. Figure 44. The larger structure at site 41BZ143. 68 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County 0 C 444t24. .fiNEVEZYS MEM ...S.6893 880,980SS 3111.118464 1M i _ ..\....., .--'. ---- ------------..... „ ., 0 Negative shovel probe _,...... Site. boundary ev-e.1 npsirdlibde _ CA4--rneifelkCt1164cNeoneintl\'rfaioi --- Treeline Allh 0 60 120m $:t = :.1:t e i field, bye in lab • Shove!po.positive Positive, .pidsrohiboga s Surface survey ---------- Trail North 0 200 .. 400ft PREPARED E TAME RECREATION&PARKS DEPT AND PARKS PLANNING,CITY OF COLLEGE STATION MODIFIEDBY THE CENTER FOR ECOLOGICAL ARCHAEOLOGY TEXAS A&M UN VERSITY AUGUST 2000 Figure 45. 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B'N".-".4.,1/4P.-.' , - .',z.:•:.-,i.", ^.' , -r ,w••.:.c,,,‘,,,,,,xr ;k ». �wM'.� � ktkhwvr•" . .T7'''' . ^wrw^, ." a , re 50.Figu1, ...y:t141,facing 41Z • • northeast. Archaeological Survey:Testing Methods and Results 71 - l'Z'trz.', ':*;;4— ' ' ';'•'''':'4 '''''A'''4fr""';::' ,...' t '' *,"..,,,.. ..,• „Al^,›.' .,...(i'C'1*4.''10"A':'^ le't'''',,,i,' 4:'''';'l'4,3•'s'•i r 4.,,, '.-, ,,..-,1-.,,,,.-„,- eit'..p.',1e4t- :4;-- 1 i'-..7..,,,,7, ' ,,..' -- 4,,,,r- ,....-rt °I,, iliptt.,'''''' '..,',,,,,,,VAliv mxs xc `�?14. > �� . . ' &Irk` a t 4 + r • .nom fh : ' , >,. ' '' '.:.',?'',:t4.1. .;;-,..:,4-? t .• \ ••: y am. >wr" — , Y ,'S.,v,z s � 'xx �T2s q, " ,:, n;y g : ' • a� � � 9,r� .r a` � `," x. � ^y x Sa. 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' AHsA, a,� 4 .x ','''.. lr' ''' > ,, 3€ d2U A" aZ • 4.1,>., ,,\-Y,,,.. .a"xr sc•.�, ma„ sS`` • X--er,,.'F �,: �" z�' ' Y � ,z " s, -,;--,•‘;„,�£S h�' �,.,D���`�.2•—"'.• e.. • •1IiIc � ;thy' :i a.`°x ' F xy,, r rr y ,ss m ���� �• �� "r� � -�� �� d z 'tea .,,� k •� L``y ra *�'� ?t'F f� � ,x�s�.�. x��. • _ }; e`,.k�& r t yx x 72 r^ ;`'.r�✓qr'`k x .F L<LS 3. ,;��� ..x ' Y � .:i. ..:k•�' 53�'� �x x?r� � "" � s• ,' i :waux: x �•':s.F•y. .xw•��„„ ..F.; y --•‘,0,,..4,--Ar„,-1,4- >,'rT� 4 .``" ;' .. s X� } ' x7 \ ^'4 `� t� �? `� ✓t, "'^ xma4 �;241, ` a ' ?w � < , '. .,, 1 Z `%A" °�^ �% q� / G„ N:Y"q "Y' ke, Ye'rR,..,a.v ;'Yw sq ' n „?' u C \ . ZxV � N.':yt �a„hza o; '. os,=a;' nJ�;T ''''',;.,7 "�J' w ::4cr9o: �:; 1u�;S� .:@N° ✓A *--71:4,4s4,4 Y,�;��r ^S".L"w=s a° �' � <17.''''"4"', '', ., 41 � �l�& , d R „Co --,. v: ^ Y . 3 D. S,,, - • 2. M f , ..' -. ,l'p': ,,A11.41i--4”:-;‘,,,,4,...,-,..742„;t„,„,.414..4,. ' <,' .`“,. ,,,,,,,k,<",,i,,,,k., ',.'‘,;',.:',,.%-,-,:ittru-%,-..,-:-.:•tait.-.. ,r!4; —tita.,,,,t, wZ.,:;,,,, ,,,,, ` ' s 1 i ` ' 4 . to ''4:p t � „,..,,,,f!....6^,; y ,$ '..‘,101,\,,,,S4..,0 '*''''•, r t,,,,ox ��4:+C. C�_ a.,1rpy � te 4'41-47 '������' ' . 'S�°;;..�.: rye :�&..• ..<.�, y ,..... �� s��"•��,,a . .� "^'R.`�':;�”1��<`.a • ,. z .,. ^ N y. Figure 51. Site 41BZ145,facing north. an early stage biface, flakes and tested cobbles. been constructed near the houses to collect rainwater, Artifacts were not collected from this site. so the need to be near the creeks for water would have Site 41BZ145 (Figure 51)is located on the top of been eliminated. Access to building materials was also _- a bench-like landform overlooking Lick Creek. This a concern. The houses at two historic sites and the bench is unique in that it is an area devoid of trees and spillway at one site were constructed of sandstone that most other vegetation because the sandstone bedrock outcrops naturally along the terrace edges of Lick and is near the surface. It is a natural outcrop of both Alum Creeks. It is interesting that site 41BZ142 is sandstone and chert cobbles approximately 30x30 m located approximately 600 m away from the nearest in size that served as a lithic procurement area and source of naturally occurring sandstone, while site initial reduction site. Flakes,tested cobbles,and cores 41BZ143 is located only 100 m away from this were observed,but no tools were found. resource. It is possible that the inhabitants of site 41BZ142 owned or borrowed beasts of burden,while the inhabitants of 41BZ143 did not. Historic and Prehistoric Land Use Historic inhabitants of the Lick Creek Park area were most likely farmers or ranchers. Evidence of The historic sites at Lick Creek Park are located on or these activities is not limited to the sites described near wooded uplands in natural clearings that are above. The 1940 aerial photo in Figure 52 shows roads visible in historic aerial photographs(Figure 52). Sites and manually cleared fields. Fields may have been 41BZ147 and 41BZ142 are both located next to Rock fenced to either keep livestock in or out (Figure 53). Prairie Road, while site 41BZ143 is located off the Roads built through the floodplain needed bridges to main road on the terrace edge. Natural clearings would cross Lick Creek(Figure 54). Prehistoric sites,on the have provided farmland or pastures for livestock. other hand,are all located on the terrace edges,nearer Access to major roads in the area would have also been to Lick Creek. This location would have given the a concern for historic settlers. Cisterns would have prehistoric inhabitants easy access to a wide variety 72 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County ,:���. ',-,M4-4:4,„„,,,,,,,,z,44-,w,• ��:�:�"°,; of important resources. Fresh water would have been y 4`� `''t �,:*.:- a short walk away. Chert for tools and sandstone for . ,' <`z;v-;:� hearths both outcrop along the terrace edge. Shelter x N : ;7..`` ' 4 .v-4 provided by trees for shade in the summer and wind ':'.. '� 'y �; ,,.<. `. „ �. ti',-:<> breaksin the winter mayv „ .:.;p: have been sufficient. :. "" '' „ ,, ' mss�a� x ,,yam: **:,,,e' .�. $ , .•' Artifact Analysis °Y is ., °'! 4 y : �� ,1 Artifacts were collected from two of the four �: ,, ,, ' prehistoric sites identified at Lick Creek Park. The . �;.; " lithic assemblage for sites 41BZ144 and 41BZ146 a".. - ,__• . ...,..,.,.,,. ,... . , ... a. ---;'‘'''''''''''''4. totaled 30 flakes. Site 41BZ144 yielded 7 primary 1940 flakes, 10 secondary flakes,and 5 tertiary flakes while ,:..,.,„: site 41BZ146 yielded 2 primary flakes, 2 secondary flakes, and 3 tertiary flakes. Debitage material was ;r dominated by Edwards chert but also included a ,;.Y.- �, handful of flakes of silicified wood, quartz and „�- M Y � < ,- quartzite. Although site 41BZ146 contained no �' 4' debitage with evidence of thermal alteration, site -� '" � � 41BZ144 contained 3 burned flakes,two of which were ?: s �� '" potlidded and one whose color had been altered. k CONCLUDING COMMENTS 1"' <- A "° ,,, Veterans Park and'Athletic Complex contained one - :"' ''':2,'nr'' °«'" ` Mr'l prehistoric site that was dated on the basis of artifacts 1982 to the Late Prehistoric time period. Site 41BZ136 is not likely to contain undisturbed archaeological •: .z -4--°••174; 'z ;, '174..�; ".... deposits. Although we can infer from the types of P g �, � y>��%,''''''''444''./.4-7“4/71- w sem' �4ax,i� �� � ' � ..,,� �r���K;,,;� -,“ 4 y y ��. artifacts found at the prehistoric sites that hunter- y gatherers used the project area for a variety of purposes 3, ,f a':;,,:"-;i1,,4 till through the millennia,natural site formation processes ,`„ . . � „• have disturbed the integrity of the site such that we FP 4. , � are unlikely to determine just which artifacts were used T at any specific time. A large portion of the site was y w - _ 44 undoubtedly destroyed during earth-moving activities - O) �' ' t',, x d that took place in the early 1980s further impacting fit �” rr the significance of this site. w� :�` x �e Seven sites were recorded at Lick Creek Park. The y ,. 4` three historic sites indicate that the project area has ' ''�%';':" been used during relatively recent history. It is possible '' �;.A -��� ,,;.; '4 - ,,* , F '''''.1".1C.� that both landowners and tenant farmers were utilizing the landscape. Unfortunately, the poor condition of 1987 these sites,especially the absence of structural remains, Figure 52. Historic sites located in or adjacent makes them unlikely to significantly add to the history to clearings in Lick Creek Park. of this area. Sites 41BZ142 and 147 do not contain enough structural physical remains to determine what types of structures were present or their size. The most intact historic site,41BZ143,only contains foundation piers. 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E ><<a"ra. y . ) ..�:> ;...»... ,., .,< .. ..... .... ,.. �''� � # .xr rL. ... , �:....,.ate n. �'ii� l> � . ' '4,'".i.:4,-g, ..> ..fie «.. ») ..x.., .: S. .�.. a x � 'Sx... ...., �a ss. tri;. ,:':::, �: .*'~�� "^`s. ' : ? 'Ax• Att .:. r¢'"'raY "%ma rFA'y ' �x '? A2,w,)4 < d> •k> "t.L ^,� ",i";+.� ..,3<a,b "' .4 -,,.'; �nY�wx Mf.' �'ka w � . , yw,y w ro,o ,'k,a .?W ',14,1' .q.., .."G}.'':FY'.rn' � :,, i 41 �f .>.¢: >:-::.:....:: .'� .. .� .. ... ".44 �. :,�. µms. �. .x:r: : 9:I'♦ :......r:.^.-�.s..:.,.,'S„it x« .•. 1 '44 .:..:r. 'n x'.^5' ''ei,. ""81...:.<;.'.::.,;.:.;:..".'..''i` :.:'". ... .. ».,n,....rr.. ,. „,".1:',1 ,ys... .‘7';:111 ..•i6- � y •..,.;. .....r. L.A.. '(ar'"e"x,g � '' .ate ��:,..". ,.,... ,.. - „ .. :•........ ,' ..... .':,. �::, : �;�.. � �..;�*';;;�.: �i -'4:::',:‘,* x . .:`..:�:v,r.:�.::: z: ,.... ✓ .,........ .. .-4. ..•:,•7,,' :..... r •L .,:.. ;,'�, ,»«':.��zt' .�:a(t. ;ii:';::... czAtokk ...,. :...s.i, r:^':. .;. .,:w.;.'�'>5; ...,.::....?,. .,. x ....a ..,�w. .RF1.i';� ' „'+�" :; .;Skf,<':: ^.�'�:::^�.'': �� :i�£F:: w Figure 54. Iron bridge over Lick Creek in the western portion of the park. 74 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County determined at this site, their function is still likely to be recovered. 41BZ145 is located on an undetermined. exposed bedrock surface. This site is situated on a Four prehistoric sites were recorded at Lick Creek deflated surface that may have been used for many Park. Interestingly,all four of these sites were located thousands of years. No tools or points were recovered - along the terrace edge overlooking the floodplain of from this site, and no intact features or activity areas Lick Creek. Unfortunately, the formation processes were identified. that have been active in these areas have reduced site The disturbed nature of the archaeological deposits integrity and, therefore, the sites are not likely to and lack of diagnostic artifacts or ecofacts in the sites contain significant cultural deposits. Site 41BZ141 is prevents us from determining specific activities that located on an eroding sandy terrace that has been were conducted at sites or from determining the time partially impacted by pipeline construction. The periods of occupations. Results of the survey and portion of this site not destroyed by recent construction analysis phase of the project indicate that the identified is not stratigraphically intact. Bioturbation within the sites are not likely to contain significant archaeological sandy mantle is also a factor in sites 41BZ144 and 146 deposits and,therefore,the sites do not warrant further where no intact cultural features or activity areas are investigation. 6 Management Summary and Recommendations J.Bryan Mason and J. Phil Dering This report has presented the results of an intensive nearby gravel deposits and the manufacture of these archaeological survey of two parks owned by the City cobbles into stone tools. Judging from the types of of College Station. Veterans Park and Athletic projectile points and other artifacts found or reported Complex, a proposed 150-acre city park, is located in at the site, these activities were probably carried out east College Station,Brazos County,Texas. Lick Creek intermittently over the course of several thousand years; Park is a mostly undeveloped 527-acre city park located however, the Late Prehistoric time period (after A.D. in south College Station,Brazos County,Texas. Work 1200)is best represented by the assemblage. reported herein was conducted by staff and students at Backhoe trenches in several parts of the site the Center for Ecological Archaeology (CEA), Texas revealed a distinctive stratigraphic horizon, some 30- A&M University(TAMU),working through the Texas 60 cm below surface,that appeared to be a buried soil Engineering Experiment Station (TEES) and under with considerable potential to contain remains of intact contract to the City of College Station. Survey and hearths and other well preserved areas where camp reporting standards follow those established by the maintenance activities were carried out. Further Texas Historical Commission, described in the scope excavations, however, revealed that artifacts were of work,and incorporated into Texas Antiquity Permit equally distributed throughout the upper 60 cm of the No. 2305 for the present project. profile, probably as a result of disturbance by plant growth, rodent burrowing, and other natural site- disturbance processes through the millennia. Sediment VETERANS PARK AND ATHLETIC analysis demonstrated that the distinctive horizon did COMPLEX not contain sufficient amounts of organic material or clay to be considered a buried soil. In all likelihood, On-site inspection and discussions with knowledgeable this particular horizon developed within the last 15 years individuals,along with a review of aerial photographs, as clay nodules, added to the surface when it was revealed that much of the Veterans Park and Athletic mechanically leveled,were dissolved by rain water and Complex project area was mechanically cleared and clay particles were moved in-solution down the profile. leveled in the late 1980s. The southern and eastern The process envisioned here is similar to that attributed margins of the property,however,remained relatively to the formation of clay lamellae in sandy sediments. undisturbed. One archaeological site—41BZ136— Given the low overall density of artifacts,especially was located and found to extend for several hundred a paucity of temporally or functionally diagnostic tools, meters across the southern part of the park area. Native the apparent absence of in situ archaeological deposits, American artifacts, including one fragment of a and the previous destruction of much of the site, site probable Perdiz projectile point,a drill,a scraper,cores, 41BZ136 does not appear to be eligible for formal and flakes, were found buried in four separate areas, listing as a State Archaeological Landmark or for each a few hundred square meters in size. The artifacts inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. from these areas indicate that the area was occupied by Accordingly,additional archaeological fieldwork is not hunting and gathering groups who carried out activities warranted and it is recommended that construction of that included the procurement of chert cobbles from Veterans Park and Athletic Complex be allowed to 75 In: Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County:Archaeological Investigations of Two City Parks-Veterans Park and Athletic Complex and Lick Creek Park-College Station,Texas,edited by J.P.Dering and J.B.Mason,pp.75-76. Technical Report No.4. Center for Ecological Archaeology,Texas A&M University,College Station. 76 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County proceed. These recommendations were submitted to fall with a fireplace were the only evidence of structures the Texas Historical Commission in an interim report at the sites. The extensiveness of the artifact distribution and subsequently approved. at 41BZ142 indicated a large,more permanent structure. While site 41BZ136 is not likely to be considered Site 41BZ147 seems to have been destroyed,possibly significant in terms of state or federal criteria, it by a bulldozer, and artifacts from this site are scarce. nonetheless has considerable public-education However, it does contain a large stock pond that was potential. The nature and distribution of Native repaired many times, indicating that there may have American artifacts found there demonstrate how people been a substantial structure at the site. Site 41BZ143 used the landscape for thousands of years before the most likely represents the smaller home of tenant arrival of Old World explorers. Euro-American and farmers. African-American immigrants who settled the area Given a low artifact density and lack of temporally within the last 200 years also left evidence of how they or functionally diagnostic tools, none of the sites at used the local landscape, in the form of written and Lick Creek Park appear to be eligible for formal listing photographic records, along with oral histories and a as a State Archaeological Landmark or for inclusion few scattered fragments of glass,ceramics,and metal. on the National Register of Historic Places. Currently Information presented in this report can be used in an planned construction will not impact any of the interpretive kiosk that informs the public about cultural archaeological sites discovered during this survey. heritage and environmental issues,as well as about how Accordingly,additional archaeological fieldwork does people have used the same landscape through the not appear to be warranted and it_s recommended that millennia that eventually became College Station's construction at Lick Creek Park be allowed to proceed. Veterans Park and Athletic Complex. These recommendations were submitted to the Texas Historical Commission in an interim report and subsequently approved. LICK CREEK PARK While the sites located at Lick Creek Park are not likely to be considered significant in terms of state or Lick Creek Park is a 527-acre tract of well-preserved federal criteria, they nonetheless have considerable land, although farming and ranching have occurred public-education potential. The nature and distribution there. Seven archaeological sites were identified during of Native American artifacts suggests that the area was the course of the archaeological survey. Of these,four used by hunting and gathering groups for thousands of (41BZ141, 41BZ144, 41BZ145, and 41BZ146) were years before the arrival of Old World explorers. Written prehistoric sites that contained Native American and photographic records,along with oral histories and artifacts, including flakes, tested cobbles, cores, and a few scattered fragments of glass,ceramics,and metal, an early stage biface. These artifacts were found both have provided evidence of Euroamerican and African- in buried and surface contexts. The nature of these American settlements during the historic period. This sites indicates that the project area was used for an as evidence documents a shift in land-use from hunting yet undetermined period of time as a Ethic procurement and gathering to more permanent farming settlements area and possibly as a temporary encampment. within the last 200 years. Information presented in this Three historic sites (41BZ142, 41BZ143, and report can be used in an interpretive kiosk or along park 41BZ147)were also identified and contained artifacts trails in ways that inform the public about cultural characteristic of the turn of the century and the mid- heritage and environmental issues,as well as about how twentieth century. "Purple"glass,whiteware fragments, people have, throughout the millennia,used the same and cut nails,as well as jars and metal items were found landscape that eventually became College Station's at these sites. Sandstone foundation piers and a chimney Lick Creek Park. REFERENCES C'I ED Aten,L.E. 1983 Indians of the Upper Texas Coast. Academic Press,New York. Barnes,V.E. 1974 Geologic Atlas of Texas,Austin Sheet. Bureau of Economic Geology,University of Texas at Austin. Bement,L.C., and D. K.Utley 1992 Continuing Cultural Resource Survey in the Calvert Prospect: The 1990 Season, Robertson County, Texas. Technical Series No. 25,Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory,Univer- sity of Texas at Austin. Bement,L. C.,R. D.Mandel,J.R de la Teja,D. K. Utley, and S. A. Turpin 1987 Buried in the Bottoms: The Archaeology of Lake Creek Reservoir, Montgomery County, Texas. Research Report 97,Texas Archaeological Survey,The University of Texas at Austin. Berlandier, J.L. 1980 Journey to Mexico during the Years 1826 to 1834,translated by S. M. Ohlendorf,J.M. Bigelow,and M.M. Standifer. The Texas State Historical Association, Austin. . Binford,L.R. 1980 Willow Smoke and Dogs' Tails: Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems and Archaeological Site Formation. American Antiquity 45:4-20. • 1986 An Alyawara Day: Making Men's Knives and Beyond. American Antiquity 51:547-562. Black,S.L. 1989 Central Texas Plateau Prairie. In From the Gulf to the Rio Grande:Human Adaptation in Central, South, and Lower Pecos Texas edited by T.R.Hester, S. L.Black,D, G.Steele,B. W. Olive,A.A.Fox, K. J.Reinhard, and L. C.Bement,pp. 17-38. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series,No. 33,Fayetteville. Blair,W. F. 1950 The Biotic Provinces of Texas. Texas Journal of Science 2:93-117. Bolton,H. E. 1908 Spanish Exploration in the Southwest, 1542-1706: Original Narratives of Early American History. Barnes&Noble,New York. Bond,C.L. 1991 Results of a Cultural Resources Survey of Three Proposed Well Pads,Brazos County,Texas. Texas Antiquities Permit No. 999. Manuscript on file,Texas Historical Commission,Austin. Bowman,B.F. 1985 Winnie's Mound(41BU17): A Study in the Prehistory of Burleson County,Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society 56:39-74. 78 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County Brazos County(Texas)Appraisal District 1934-1940 County School District Map of the S.W.Robertson Survey#202. 1981 CSISD Map, 1'-1000' scale,#31. Brazos County(Texas)Death Records 1921 N.N. German. Certificate#98.Dated September 23, 1921. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1923 R.F. German. Certificate#92. Dated October 13, 1923. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1928 G.R.Dixon. Certificate#128. Dated April 28, 1928. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. Brazos County (Texas)Deed Records 1848 Patent of League from the government of Mexico to Sam Robinson on August 15, 1848. Patent#564,Book#6. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1854 Asa Mitchell to Nathan Mitchell,'h league deeded from S.W. Robertson Survey on July 31, 1854. Book 7,p. 297. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1873 Nathan Mitchell to Decordova&Withers, decree of Power of Attorney on December 9, 1873. Book 5,p. 572.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1878 Evaline Burton to Robert and Mathew Mims, 165 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey on December 20, 1878. Book T,p.129. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1879a Nathan Mitchell to Thomas A. Clark,200 acres deeded from S.W. Robertson Survey for $398 on May 17, 1879. Book U,p. 388. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1879b Nathan Mitchell to N.N. German, 99 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey for$200 on October 11, 1879. Book 2,p. 393 and Book 15,p.244. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1879c Robert and Mathew Mims to Evaline Burton, 65 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey on December 10, 1879. Book T,p.305. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1880a Nathan Mitchell to S. P. Crenshaw,release for 100 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on October 29, 1880. Book X,p. 161. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office, Bryan. 1880b Robert and Mathew Mims to John D. Jones, 100 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey on November 27, 1880. Book V,p.65. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1881a Nathan Mitchell to S.P. Crenshaw, 100 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey for$200 on March 22, 1881.Book X,p. 158-159. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1881b Nathan Mitchell to A.Hill and L.A.Hill, 99 acres deeded from the S.W.Robertson Survey for$198 on December 30, 1881. Book W,p. 118.Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office, Bryan. References 79 1882 Nathan Mitchell to Thomas Clark, 100 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey for$208 on July 14, 1882. Book Y,p.451. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1887 Heirs of Evaline Burton to P.T.Burton, 330 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey on March 26, 1887. Book 4,p.358.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1888a P. T.Burton to W.F.Jones, 100 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey for$600 on January 5, 1888. Book 4,p.363. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1888b P. T. Burton to W. G.Talioferro, 109 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey for$600 on February 24, 1888. Book 4,p.499.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1888c C. S. Jones to J.W.McCulloch, 100 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey for$600 on August 9, 1888. Book 5,p.264. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1888d J. W.McCulloch to J.T.Fuller, 100 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey for$600 plus interest on September 3, 1888. Book 5,p.266.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office, Bryan. = 1889a Nathan Mitchell to A.M.Belvin, 100 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey for$10.00 on February 18, 1889. Book 7,p.300. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1889b A.Hill and L.A.Hill to W. A.Eidson, 99 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey for $900 on November 25, 1889. Book 6,p.576.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office, Bryan. 1889c W. G.Talioferro to Jennie(A. J.)Weddington, 109 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey on December 9, 1889. Book 6,p.618.Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1890a Nathan Mitchell to Caroline Belvin, 100 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on February 18, 1890. Book 7,p.302. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1890b J.T.Fuller to J.W.McCulloch, 100 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey on October 27, 1890. Book 8, 1890. Book 8,p.116. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1890c J.W. McCulloch to Durant and Noah W.Dansby, 100 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey for$569.00 on October 27, 1890. Book 8,p.118. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1892a A. M. Belvin to S.P.Crenshaw, 100 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on January 28, 1892. Book 9,p.401. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1892b Caroline Belvin to S.P. Crenshaw, 100 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on Janu- ary 28, 1892. Book 9,p.403. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1892c S. P. Crenshaw to J. S.Parsons, 300 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on February 13, 1892. Book 9,p.408. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1892d W.A. Eidson and M.E.Eidson to Manervia Causey(Burkhalter),99 acres deeded from S.W. Robertson Survey for$900 on November 25, 1892. Book 9,p.629-630. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 80 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County 1893 R. L.Weddington and Jennie Weddington to Mrs.A. S.Dansby, 109 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey for$800 on November 1, 1893. Book 12,p.259.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. - . - 1894 D.M.Dansby to Joy M.Dansby, 100 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey for$300 on February 17, 1894. Book 13,p.272.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1896 S.P. Crenshaw to J. S. Parsons,4 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on April 3, 1896. Book 16,p.329. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1899a Mrs.A. S.Dansby to Sam Jones, 109 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey for$1000 on October 16, 1899. Book 25,p.238.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1899b Sam and Ada Jones to Edgar and Joy Peters, 109 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey for$800 on November 30, 1899. Book 22,p.141. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1900 J. S. Parsons and wife to G.R.Dixon,200 acres deeded from S.W. Robertson Survey on August 13, 1900. Book 21,p.105. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1901a G.R.Dixon to J.M. Guffey Co., 10 year oil and gas lease on 200 acres from S.W.Robertson Survey on March 20, 1901. Book 23,p.321. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office, Bryan. 1901b E.U.Peters and Joy M. (Dansby)Peters to H.P.Dansby, 100 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey on November 22, 1901. Book 25,p.239. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1902a W. F.Jones and M.E.Jones to Dave Jolly, 100 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey for $900 on May 13, 1902. Book 25,p.318.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1902b Dave Jolly to H.P.Dansby, 100 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey for$900 on May 13, 1902. Book 19,p.597.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1902c J. S.Parsons to G.E. On,4 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on July 25, 1902. Book 60,p.395.Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1910a Estate of S.P.Crenshaw to Mrs. S.E.Crenshaw, 200 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on September 22, 1910. Book 36,p.273-277.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1910b Estate of S.P. Crenshaw to Ida Greer and Wiley Crenshaw,41 1/3 acres each deeded from S. W.Robertson Survey on September 22, 1910. Book 36,p.273-277.Brazos County Court- house, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1910c Wiley and Lula Crenshaw to R.F. German,41 1/3 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on October 5, 1910. Book 33,p.474. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. • 1910d Avery and Ida Greer to L. S.Williams,41 1/3 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on October 5, 1910. Book 35,p.64.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. References 81 1910e Wiley Crenshaw to L. S.Williams,transfer of promissory notes from R.F.German on October 5, 1910. Book 36,p.442.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1911 R. F. German to L. S.Williams,41 1/3 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on June 28, 1911. Book 33,p.623. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1912a Manervia Causey to L. S.Williams, 99acres deeded from S.W. Robertson Survey on January 6, 1912. Book 39, 322. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1912b L. S.Williams to Albert Lott, 99 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on January 6, 1912. Book 42,p. 557.Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office, Bryan. 1914 L. S.Williams to C.J. Konecney, 82 2/3 acres deeded from S.W. Robertson Survey on July 24, 1914. Book 43,p.369.Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1917 L. S.Williams to Jim Carrie, 99 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey for$1000 on October 30, 1917. Book 46,p. 175.Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1918 Sallie N.White to Ed Wickes, 1817 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey for$12,1719 on August 24, 1918. Book 46,p. 626. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1920 Mrs. S.E. Crenshaw to Ed Wickes,200 ac. deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey for$2800 on February 7, 1920. Book 50.p. 389. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1922 Estate of G.E. On to Mrs.Dora Dowling,4 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey by Decree of the Brazos County District Court on April 19, 1922. Book 60,p. 395.Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1923a Dora Dowling and husband to D.Mike,4 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on February 21 1923. Book 60,p.534. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1923b D.Mike to C.J. Konecney, 104 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on February 21 1923.Book 60,p.589.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1924 Rosa Gray German to W.W. Cooner, 187.8 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey for $500 on December 2, 1924. Book 65,p. 634.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office, Bryan. 1925 Jim and Hattie Carrie to Ed Wickes,99 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on January 8, 1925. Book 66,p.224. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1926 W.W.Cooner and Birdie Cooner to M.H. Gossett,trustee for Federal Bank of Houston, 113 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey for$772 on October 19, 1926. Deed of Trust, Book 1,p.273.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1928a C. J. Konecney to A.C.Williams, 86 2/3 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on October 9, 1928.Book 43,p.485. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1928b C. J. Konecney and wife to A. C.Williams,4 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on October 9, 1928. Book 72,p.485.Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 82 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County 1934 Federal Land Bank of Houston to H.R.Brayton and C. C.Hedges, 184 acres deeded from S. W.Robertson Survey for$1400 on November 2, 1934. Book 87,p. 533. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1940 Ed Wickes to J.E.Marsh,2235 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on April 28, 1940. Book 103,p. 279. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1948a H.R. Brayton and C. C. Hedges to John H. Stockton, 184 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey for$4,000 on January 2, 1948. Book 133,p. 301. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1948b Heirs of G.R.Dixon to J. E. Marsh, 100 acres deeded from S.W. Robertson Survey on April 6, 1948. Book 134,p.551.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1949 John H. Stockton and Inez Stockton to J.E.Marsh, 173 acres deeded from S.W. Robertson Survey on April 1, 1949. Book 138,p. 375.Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office, Bryan. 1950 Harry Wayne Williams to J.E.Marsh, 86 2/3 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on August 18, 1950. Book 145,p.534.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1958 Heirs of H. P.Dansby to Tidewater Oil Company, Oil and gas lease agreement concerning acreage from Richard Carter Survey on January 6, 1958. Book 14,p.248. Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1967 J.E.Marsh and Grace Marsh to Henry-B. Clay, 1,336.22 acres deeded from S.W.Robertson Survey on November 30, 1967. Book 266,p.238.Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1971 Heirs of H.P. Dansby to Bert Wheeler's Beverage Stores Inc., 1580.68 acres deeded from Richard Carter Survey on January 26, 1971. Deed of Trust,Book 94,p. 31. Brazos County Courthouse, Clerk's Office,Bryan. 1981 W.D.Fitch to the College Station Economic Foundation, 1,265.37 acres deeded from S.W. Robertson Survey. Book 488,756.Brazos County Courthouse,Clerk's Office,Bryan. Brazos County (Texas) District Court, Civil Minutes 1877 Mary Reed et al.versus Evaline Burton et al. Decree dated September 22, 1877. Recorded in Book S,p.79-81.Brazos County District Court,Bryan. 1922 Mrs.Etta Parsons et al. versus Mrs.Dora Dowling et al. Decree dated March 22, 1922. Recorded as cause no. 9072A,Book N,p.286-287.Brazos County District Court,Bryan. 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Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,Department of Anthropology,Washington State University, Pullman. 1993 Indian Land Use: Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Records. In The White Creek Archaeo- logical Project: Cultural Resources Assessments for the Proposed Texas A&M Wastewater Treatment Plant, Brazos County, Texas, edited by A.V.Thorns,pp. 25-32. Archaeological Research Laboratory,Reports of Investigations No. 13,Texas A&M University,College Station. 1994 The Valley Branch Archaeological Project: Excavations at an Archaic Site(41MU55) in the Cross Timbers Uplands,North-Central Texas. Archaeological Research Laboratory,Reports of Investigation No. 15. Texas A&M University,College Station. 1995 Sediments and Natural Site Formation Processes at 41WT5. In The Anson Jones Plantation: Archaeological and Historical Investigations at 41WT5 and 41WT6, Washington County, Texas,edited by S.B.Carlson. Center for Environmental Archaeology,Reports of Investiga- tions No. 2. Texas A&M University, College Station. 1996 Texas Cooking with Cabeza de Vaca: Implications for Cook-Stone Technology and Past Land Use. Paper presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of the Texas Archaeological Society, San Antonio. 1997 The Upper Keechi Creek Archaeological Project:Survey and Test Excavations at the Keechi Creek Wildlife Management Area, Leon County, Texas. Center for Environmental Archaeol- ogy,Technical Report No. 3,Texas A&M University,College Station. Tous, G. 1930 Ramon Expedition: Espinosa's Diary of 1716. Preliminary Studies of the Texas Catholic Historical Society 1(4): 2-24. Turner,E. S., and T. R.Hester 1985 A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Gulf Publishing,Houston. Tyler, R. (editor) 1996 The New Handbook of Texas in Six Volumes. The Texas State Historical Association, Austin. United States Bureau of the Census 1870 Population Schedules of the Ninth Census of the United States,Brazos County,Texas. Microfilm copies in the Microtext Department of the Sterling C. Evans Library,Texas A&M University,College Station. 1880 Population Schedules of the Tenth Census of the United States, Brazos County, Texas. Microfilm copies in the Microtext Department of the Sterling Evans Library,Texas A&M University, College Station. 1900 Population Schedules of the Twelfth Census of the United States,Brazos County, Texas. Microfilm copies in the Microtext Department of the Sterling Evans Library,Texas A&M University, College Station,Texas. 1910 Population Schedules of the Thirteenth Census of the United States,Brazos County,Texas. Microfilm copies in the Microtext Department of the Sterling Evans Library,Texas A&M University, College Station,Texas. References 95 United States Department of Agriculture 1958 Soil Survey Brazos County, Texas. Soil Conservation Service in Cooperation with Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. Vernon,C.R. 1989 The Prehistoric Skeletal Remains from the Crestmont Site, Wharton County, Texas. Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory, Studies in Archaeology 1. University of Texas at Austin. Walley,R. 1955 A Preliminary Report on the Albert George Site in Fort Bend County. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society 26:218-234. Waters, M.R. 1992 Principles of Geoarchaeology:A North American Perspective. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 1993 Geoarchaeological Investigations of the White Creek Area. In The White Creek Archaeologi- cal Project: Cultural Resources Assessments for the Proposed Texas A&M Wastewater Treatment Plant, Brazos County, Texas, edited by A.V.Thorns,pp. 131-134. Archaeological Research Laboratory,Reports of Investigations No. 13,Texas A&M University, College Station. Weissner,P. 1983 Style and Social Information in Kalahari San Projectile Points.American Antiquity 48:253- 276. Weniger,D. 1984 The Explorers' Texas: The Lands and Waters. Eakin Press,Austin. Whitsett,W.H. and C. J.Jurgens 1992 Interim Report of An Archaeological Survey of Proposed Wastewater Treatment Improve- ments,Texas A&M University,Brazos County,Texas,SRF-3712. Manuscript on file,Texas Water Development Board,Austin. Williams,J.W. 1979 Old Texas Trails.Eakin Press,Bumet,Texas. Wyckoff,D. G. 1984 The Cross Timbers: An Ecotone in Historical Perspective. In Contributions to Cross Timbers Prehistory,edited by P.L. Kawecki and D. G.Wyckoff,pp. 1-20. Studies in Oklahoma's Past No. 12, Oklahoma Archaeological Survey, and Cross Timbers Heritage Association No. 3. Oklahoma Archaeological Survey,University of Oklahoma,Norman. Yantis,J. H. 1984 The Lexington-Marquez Wildlife Unit. F.A. Series No. 23,Texas Parks and Wildlife Depart- ment,Austin. Young,E.L. and M.Traweek 1998 Big Game Research and Surveys: White-tailed Deer Population Trends. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department,Wildlife Restoration Division,Project No.W-127-R-6. c4) t A� P-4 IPJ 4 0, • Table 6a. Previously recorded sites within 9.5 km of Veterans Park and Athletic Complex and Lick Creek Park (see Figure 19 for a map of site locations). SITE EAST NORTH LOCATION SIZE NEAREST WATER ARTIFACTS (QUAD) • 41GM2 77103 3390129 Ferguson Crossing ca. 100x200 m Intermittent stream Possible hearth in north portion 41BZ2 750031 3390062 Chances Store 200x400 yd Turkey Creek, 300 yds Projectile Points: Yarborough, Plainview, Painview (basal), Golongdrina, Clovis proximal section, 2 unidentified 41GM8 771818 3388900 Ferguson Crossing ca. 100x100m Panther Creek 4 flakes, burned rock 41GM16 772597 3388981 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Panther Creek ca. 6 flakes 41BZ16 771857 3385201 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Navasota River Small flakes, charcoal, 2 stones 41BZ17 768200 3390730 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Tributary of Navasota R. Flakes 41GM17 772750 3389243 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Panther Creek 2 flakes 41BZ18 769018 3387189 Ferguson Crossing Tonkaway Lake ca. 6 flakes 41GM18 772885 3384411 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Panther Creek Several small flakes (not collected) 41BZ19 768995 3386611 Ferguson Crossing 2-3 acres Brushy Lake ca. 12 flakes 41GM21 774113 3387268 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Dinner Creek Scraper 41GM22 772895 3385779 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Dinner Creek 1 sandy paste sherd; 5 depleted cores; numerous flakes 41BZ24 771375 3385033 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Navasota River Biface fragment (petrified wood), 2 flakes 41BZ25 768219 3390900 Ferguson Crossing Navasota River ca. 48 flakes, 6 potsherds (mostly sandy paste), 1 point frag(Perdiz?), 1 dart point, 4 bifaces and fragments, 1 depleted core 41BZ27 768189 3391150 Ferguson Crossing Navasota River ca. 30 flakes, 1 large subtriangular biface ti continued Table 6a. Continued. b SITE EAST NORTH LOCATION SI''/i NEAREST WATER ARTIFACTS ti (QUAD) 41BZ28 767134 3389748 Ferguson Crossing >4-5 acres Carters Creek 4 flakes '11BZ29 766652 3389392 Ferguson Crossing Carters Creek distal biface fragment, 8 flakes, 2 possible cores, 1 linear-shaped petrified wood piece-unifacial 41BZ30 768833 3384725 Ferguson Crossing Carters Creek 9 flakes o• 41GM32 771869 3389084 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Panther Creek 4 flakes, discarded 41GM33 771069 3389666 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Navasota River 7 flakes, discarded A 41GM34 772582 3391156 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Panther Creek &Navasota R. Biface fragment, 2 flakes 41BZ38 753015 3388660 Wellborn White Creek 2 hard hammer flakes, 2 possible cores 41GM40 770192 3389190 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Branch of Navasota River 1 arrow point, 1 biface, 5 sherds, 17 flakes 41GM41 771156 3388368 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Panther Creek &Navasota R. 10 Oakes 41GM42 771236 3389244 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Buther Creek &Navasota R. 4 flakes, 1 ovate-acuminate biface, small 41GM43 771289 3389926 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Navasota River &Panther 12 flakes, 1 dart point Creek 41GM50 775681 3382135 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Unnamed creek 6 secondary flakes 41GM51 773519 3383492 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Navasota River 8 flakes, all but 1 flake apparently lost in processing 41GM52 775110 3382250 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Unnamed creek 1 secondary flake, 1 possible core (artifacts lost in transit or processing) continued Table 6a. Continued. SITE EAST NORTH LOCATION SIZE NEAREST WATER ARTIFACTS (QUAD) 41GM53 774696 3381775 Ferguson Crossing 100x65-75 m Much flint and local chert; flake, 1 medial section of triangular stemmed point, unknown type 41GM54 774411 3383326 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Branch of unnamed creek Flakes 41GM55 773612 3383762 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Unnamed creek Flakes 41BZ73 751191 3391990 ca. 100 acres Turkey Creek Flakes 41BZ74 757961 3392046 Bryan, East 40x60 m Carter Creek 41BZ75 767240 3395100 Reliance 30x60 m Wickson Creek 41GM80 776874 3383811 Carlos ca. 20x20 m 42 grave markers 41BZ90 752900 3398640 Bryan, East 30 acres Brazos River 41BZ92 755100 3401300 Bryan, East Undetermined Well on site Historic artifacts (glass, nails, brick, and stoneware) 41BZ93 769980 3383340 Ferguson Crossing Not measured Lick Creek and well on site 41BZ94 767430 3391290 Reliance Undetermined Tributary of Brazos River 1 dart point, 1 undecorated sherd 41BZ98 763560 3386220 Wellborn ca. 100x1.00 ft Tributary of Lick Creek Flakes, cobble, petrified wood 41BZ100 751470 3395340 Bryan, West 28.4x44 ft. City Water Supply 41BZ102 758200 3393140 Bryan, East 100x150 ft. Tributary of Carter Creek Burned rock, charcoal, Caddoan-like pottery, 4 beveled knives ba continued Table 6a. Continued. k.b ct SITE EAST NORTH LOCATION SI%N: NEAREST WATER ARTIFACTS (QUAD) i3 0 41BZ103 767800 3388320 Ferguson Crossing 30 m area Navasota River 1 chert core, 2 interior chert flakes a 41BZ104 766400 3386960 Ferguson Crossing ca. 30 m Carter Creek 5 interior chert flakes, 2 interior chert chips, 1 0 burned quartzite rock fragment o r 41GM117 773833 3383944 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Navasota River 2 cores, few primary decortication flake A (not collected) o 41BZ117 753660 3385040 Wellborn 40x20 m White Creek Sporadic chert flakes n 41GM118 773855 3382448 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Dinner Creek 69 fragment of Ethic debitage A 41GM119 773590 3384818 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Dinner Creek 5 flakes, 1 large primary decortication flake, 5 0 smaller interior flakes (not collected) n 0 41GM120 773773 3384575 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Navasota River 8 fragments of debitage, 1 burned rock fragment, 29 flakes 41GM121 774160 3385000 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Dinner Creek 2 interior flakes, 3 secondary flake, 1 primary flake 41GM122 774921 3385053 Ferguson Crossing Undetermined Navasota River 1 primary flake, 2 secondary flake, 1 interior flake 41BZ124 753920 3387800 Wellborn 30 m dia circle White Creek Debitage and unidentified bone 41BZ125 754120 3387380 Wellborn 150 mx100 m Small Creek 18 small chert flakes, 3 shatter 41BZ126 758460 3394340 Bryan, East 78x112 m Hudson Creek Clear glass, purple glass, brown glass, stoneware, porcelain, brick 41BZ127 755270 3387880 Wellborn 40x40 m Gravestones continued Table 6a. Continued. SITE EAST NORTH LOCATION SIZE NEAREST WATER ARTIFACTS (QUAD) 41BZ130 756590 3397250 Bryan, East 50x60 m Carters Creek 1 dart point and 2 interior flakes 41GM132 774645 3387035 Carlos 100x100 m Dinner Creek Prehistoric lithic matierial, historic trash 41GM133 773299 3386014 Carlos 400x500 m Dinner Creek Prehistoric lithic matierial, historic trash 41GM134 774991 3386513 Carlos 120x100 m Dinner Creek Chipped stone and historic trash 41GM135 774709 3386562 Ferguson Crossing 75 m oval Unnamed creek Chipped stone and historic trash 41GM140 776721 3386810 Carlos 30x40 m Dry Creek NA(observation of erosional features) 41GM144 774271 3386955 Ferguson Crossing 100x75 m Lamb Spring 41GM146 776642 3383457 Carlos Undetermined Gibbons Creek and tributaries NA (surface scatter of artifacts) 41GM147 775725 3384477 Carlos 40x40 m Unnamed branch of NA(surface scatter of artifacts and features) Gibbons Creek 41GM148 776642 3383457 Carlos 30x40 m Gibbons Creek 41GM150 774280 3386323 Ferguson Crossing 100x 300 m Dinner Creek 41GM152 776630 3383660 Carlos 40 mdia circle Gibbons Creek Misc. historic materials 41GM153 776380 3383820 Carlos 50 m dia circle Gibbons Creek Misc. historic materials 41GM154 776500 3383400 Carlos 40 m dia circle Small ephemeral stream Misc. historic materials 41BZ26 768173 3391020 Ferguson Crossing Navasota River Flakes, mano fragment, core, potsherds, scrapers, bifaces t:1 2 continued A 0 tm Table 6b. Additional information for previously recorded sites within 9.5 km of Veterans Park and Athletic Complex and Lick Creek Park. o b SITE SITE TYPE HISTORIC/ DEPTH OF FEATURES / COMMENTS PREHISTORIC DEPOSITS TYPE n 41 GM2 Open Prehistoric <60 cm Possible hearth in Possible hearth should be examined; surface scatter of a north portion of site artifacts observed; rodent distubance 0 41BZ2 Prehistoric 5-7 ft. 0 41 GM8 Prehistoric Tested; signs of rodent disturbance b A R. 41GM16 Prehistoric Whole hill area should be examined more thoroughly; site area o • in heavy brush and trees; occassional clear places are n grassed; numerous rodent mounds inspected o A 41BZ16 Unknown Prehistoric 2.5-3 ft. Erosion to O 41BZ17 Probably open Prehistoric Obtain permission from landowner on both sides of highway to n co campsite see if site is present in these areas. 410M17 Prehistoric Agricultural disturbance 41BZ18 Heavy brush Prehistoric Difficult to maneuver due to vegetation; flakes recovered from rodent burrow mounds 41GM18 Prehistoric Rodent disturbance 41BZ19 Open Prehistoric Located above Brushy Lake on the Navasota River bottom. Site area relatively level, demarked by 210' and 220' contours 41GM21 Prehistoric Possible site (presence of scraper; should be examined more closely) 41GM22 Prehistoric Rodent disturbance 41BZ24 Unknown Prehistoric 41BZ25 Open Prehistoric Disturbed by gravel quarry, overlooks floodplain, a small unnamed slough; heavily eroded in areas; rodent disturbances continued Table 6b. Continued. SITE SITE TYPE HISTORIC/ DEPTH OF FEATURES / COMMENTS PREHISTORIC DEPOSITS TYPE 41BZ27 Open Prehistoric Quarried; separated from BZ26 by branch or gully 41BZ28 Open Prehistoric Pasture; rodent mounds present; site located on a high sandy terrace overlooking large intermittent tributary 41BZ29 Open Prehistoric Located on same terrace remnant that sites BZ18 & 19 are situated; grassy, sandy hill with rodent burrows 41BZ30 Open Prehistoric Manufacturing debris collected from road cut&part of hill remaining SW of road; hill to NW was densely covered with vegetation and impenetrable 41GM32 Prehistoric Agricultural and rodent disturbance 41GM33 Prehistoric Rodent disturbance 41GM34 Prehistoric Rodent disturbance 41BZ38 Open Prehistoric Recommend for testing; a lot of silicified wood on surface 41GM40 Prehistoric Erosion(human and environmental) 41GM41 Prehistoric Rodent disturbance 41 GM42 Prehistoric 41GM43 Prehistoric Rodent disturbance 41GM50 Scattered lithic Prehistoric debris 41GM51 Scattered lithic Prehistoric Cut bank b� debitage a continued Table 6b. Continued. o 00 b SITE SITE TYPE HISTORIC/ DEPTH OF FEATURES / COMMENTSct h • PREHISTORIC DEPOSITS TYPE se 41GM52 Scattered lithic Prehistoric Cut bank debris x ti o 0 41GM53 Concentration lithic Prehistoric Detailed test; trampling by livestock ' material b 410M54 Lithic scatter Prehistoric 0 41GM55 Lithic scatter Prehistoric Trampling by livestock P a 41BZ73 Wooded, urban dev Prehistoric other material reported from this site includes il Paleo material and Scallron material) to 41BZ74 Ranch Historic <30 cm Roadway Erosion and road building impacts c) 0 41BZ75 Historic Cemetery, Historic 2 graves, 1 intact Outside of project area .z. Church and School (African-american) 41GM80 Burying ground Historic ca. 2 m 41BZ90 Educational Historic 30 cm Historic erosion and foot ball field construction impacts Academy architecture 41BZ92 Historic homestead Historic 30-50 cm Airport construction impacts 41BZ93 Historic cabin Historic Cabin and well This cabin should be properly recorded by an architectural historian and submitted to the NRHP 41BZ94 Probably open Prehistoric Erosion, bioturbation, road construction impacts campsite 41BZ98 Probably open Prehistoric Erosion, agricultural, and livestock impacts; more thourogh campsite surface survey with shovel testing to determine site potential continued Table 6b. Continued. SITE SITE TYPE HISTORIC/ DEPTH OF FEATURES / COMMENTS PREHISTORIC DEPOSITS TYPE 41BZ100 Historic residence Historic Historic architecture 41BZ102 Probably open Late Prehistoric 1.5 ft Possible hearth NA. Site destroyed by development campsite 41BZ103 Lithic scatter Prehistoric 0-50 cm Erosion, bioturbation, pipeline construction impacts; possible transmission line impact in future 41BZ104 Lithic scatter Prehistoric 0-30 cm Erosion, bioturbation, pipeline construction, cleared easement and possible future impact of transmission line 41GM117 Lithic scatter; possible Prehistoric lithic procurement site 41BZ117 Lithic procurement Prehistoric 0-30 cm Erosion, clearing and plowine;future construction of and reduction wastewater pipeline 41GM118 Thin lithic scatter Prehistoric 30 cm Cut bank 41 GM 119 Lithic scatter Prehistoric 41GM120 Lithic scatter Prehistoric 30 cm Covered by reservoir 41 GM 121 Lithic scatter Prehistoric 41GM122 Thin lithic scatter Prehistoric 41BZ124 Open campsite Prehistoric-Historic 0-60cm Erosion, pasture, land clearing, animal grazing, and possible cultivation impacts a 41BZ125 Open campsite Prehistoric 0-35 cm Erosion, bioturbation;fence, utility line, ob and road construction; tree planting 41BZ126 Unknown Historic Erosion, earthmoving for planned park 0 continued Table 6b. Continued. 0 b SITE SITE TYPE HISTORIC/ DEPTH OF FEATURES /TYPE COMMENTS PREHISTORIC DEPOSITS o P,. 41BZ127 Historic cemetery Historic 6 ft. 7 graves Weathering a 41BZ130 Prehistoric 20-30 cm Erosion, tree clearing and development , 41GM132 Open Prehistoric-Historic >100 cm Prehistoric lithic material, historic trash p n o 41GM133 Open or lithic Prehistoric-Historic 20 cm 4 possible hearths Further examination of site 4 scatter o' o 41GM134 Open Prehistoric-Historic 30-35 cm 41GM135 Open Prehistoric-Historic Surface A A 41GM140 Open Prehistoric-Historic 10-30 cm o 0 41GM144 Lithic artifact scatter Prehistoric 15 cm One possible Further examination of possible hearth § prehistoric hearth in `2` SE section of site 41GM146 Large Farm HW Historic 30-40 cm 2 houses (1 possible and home slave quarters), 2 ponds, 1 barn 41GM147 Domestic farm Historic 20 cm Stone pier foundation Disturbed by the construction of an airstrip and structure and cistern entrance road since initial recording of 1979. 41GM148 Domestic farm Historic House and cistern structure 41GM150 Open campsite Prehistoric 80-100 cm 41GM152 Historic home site Historic 35 cm Chimney fall Bioturbation, weathering, plowing, fence construction; possible future lignite mining continued Table 6b. Continued. SITE SITE TYPE HISTORIC/ DEPTH OF FEATURES /TYPE COMMENTS PREHISTORIC DEPOSITS 41GM153 Historic hone site Historic 0 to 40 cm Bioturbation, weathering, plowing, fence construction; possible future lignite mining 41GM154 Historic home site Historic 0 to 35 cm Chimney fall and Bioturbation, weathering, plowing, fence construction; footings possible future lignite mining 41BZ26 Prehistoric Surface Possible hearth ba b 2 Pt' a Pq A M 4 w Table 7. Artifact provenience information and material type. UNIT I AREA I LOT I LEV I S ELEV I E ELEV I SACK I MATERIAL I COMMENTS I N= I WEIGHT (gm) 41BZ136 1 A 124 1 99.93 100.00 124 Lithic Debitage 1 0.10 1 A 124 1 99.93 100.00 124 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 78 66.50 1 A 124 1 99.93 100.00 124 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 3 11.00 1 A 125 2 99.84 99.93 125 Lithic Debitage 5 0.80 1 A 125 2 99.84 99.93 125 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 91 42.60 1 A 127 3 99.72 99.84 127 Lithic Debitage 15 4.90 1 A 127 3 99.72 99.84 127 Other FCR 10 2.10 1 A 127 3 99.72 99.84 127 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 154 72.10 1 A 129 4 99.63 99.72 129 Lithic Debitage 10 4.70 1 A 129 4 99.63 99.72 129 Other FCR 5 40.00 1 A 129 4 99.63 99.72 129 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 151 188.60 1 A 129 4 99.63 99.72 129 ' Charcoal 7 4.10 1 A 131 5 99.52 99.63 131 Lithic Debitage 8 3.70 1 A 131 5 99.52 99.63 131 Other FCR 3 78.40 1 A 131 5 99.52 99.63 131 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 309.33 1 A 131 5 99.52 99.63 131 Charcoal 1 0.30 a b 1 A 134 6 99.40 99.52 134 Lithic Debitage 12 21.50 m 1 A 134 6 99.40 99.52 134 Other FCR 5 36.80 eti tm continued ti Table 7. Continued. 0\ b UNIT I AREA I LOT I LEV I S ELEV I E ELEV I SACK I MATERIAL I COMMENTS ! N= I WEIGHT (gm) 0 • 41BZ136 Continued 1 A 134 6 99.40 99.52 134 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 181 247.87 ti 2 A 123 1 99.83 100.00 123 Lithic Debitiage Wall Slump 2 0.20 P,• 0 2 A 123 1 99.83 100.00 123 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Wall Slump 1 5.70 b D. 2 A 123 1 99.83 100.00 123 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 40 36.90 C' 2 A 126 2 99.76 99.93 126 Lithic Debitage 5 1.30 D. il 2 A 126 2 99.76 99.93 126 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 59 34.40 tti 2 A 126 2 99.76 99.93 126 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 1 0.20 0 0 2 A 128 3 99.66 99.76 128 Lithic Debitage 9 2.50 z q 2 A 128 3 99.66 99.76 128 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 2 1.90 2 A 128 3 99.66 99.76 128 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 139 66.30 2 A 128 3 99.66 99.76 128 Other Floral Remains 4 0.50 2 A 130 4 99.56 99.66 130 Lithic Debitage 6 1.50 2 A 130 4 99.56 99.66 130 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 105 116.00 2 A 132 5 99.46 99.56 132 Lithic Debitage 9 5.50 2 A 132 5 99.46 99.56 '132 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 127 233.90 2 A 132 5 99.46 99.56 132 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 1 0.60 2 A 133 6 99.36 99.46 133 Lithic Debitage 7 3.80 2 A 133 6 99.36 99.46 133 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 115 331.04 continued • Table 7. Continued. UNIT I AREA I LOT I LEV I S ELEV I E ELEV I SACK I MATERIAL I COMMENTS I N= I WEIGHT (gm) 41BZ136 Continued 3 A 135 1 99.90 135 Lithic Debitage 1 0.70 3 A 136 2 99.80 99.90 136 Lithic Debitage 5 3.20 3 A 136 2 99.80 99.90 136 Indian Ceramics 1 0.70 3 A 136 2 99.80 99.90 136 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 16 6.90 3 A 136 2 99.80 99.90 136 Other Floral Remains Seed 1 0.20 3 A 137 3 99.70 99.80 137 Lithic Debitage 8 2.20 3 A 137 3 99.70 99.80 137 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 137 45.40 3 A 138 4 99.60 99.70 138 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 100 36.70 3 A 139 5 99.50 99.60 139 Lithic Debitage 10 1.90 3 A 139 5 99.50 99.60 139 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 144 51.10 3 A 140 6 99.40 99.50 140 Lithic Debitage 10 1.90 3 A 140 6 99.40 99.50 140 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 138 5.20 4 A 142 2 99.80 99.90 142 Lithic Debitage 9 2.00 4 A 142 2 99.80 99.90 142 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 52 25.40 4 A 143 3 99.69 99.80 143 Lithic Debitage 4 0.80 4 A 143 3 99.69 99.80 143 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 73 31.90 y b 4 A 144 4 99.60 99.69 144 Lithic Debitage 7 1.20 4 A 144 4 99.60 99.69 144 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 137 78.60 ti v continued Table 7. Continued. 00 UNIT I AREA I LOT ! LEV ! S ELEV ! E ELEV ! SACK ! MATERIAL ! COMMENTS ! N= ! WEIGHT (gm) m 0 41BZ136 Continued A A FL 4 A 145 5 99.50 99.60 145 Lithic Debitage 1 0.20 4 A 145 5 99.50 99.60 145 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 1 0.50 0 4 A 145 5 99.50 99.60 145 Misc Unaltered Pebblea 235 5.00 b A 4 A 146 6 99.39 99.50 146 Lithic Debitage 2 1.30 a 4 A 146 99.39 99.50 146 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 299 131.70 a K 14 T2 14 0.00 1.00 14 Lithic Debitage Control#31 2 1.80 il ta 14 T2 14 0.00 1.00 14 Core (sharp edges) Control#31 1 15.80 0 15 T3 15 0.00 0.85 15 Lithic Debitage Control#32 1 2.40 0 16 T3 16 0.00 0.80 16 Lithic Debitage Control#33 4 2.20 17 T3 17 0.00 0.80 17 Lithic Debitage Control#36 3 7.20 17 T3 17 0.00 0.80 17 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#36 1 0.10 18 T3 18 0.00 1.00 18 - Lithic Debitage Control#35 2 1.60 19 T3 19 0.00 0.85 19 Lithic Debitage Control#34 1 0.10 22 T3 22 0.00 0.80 22 Lithic Debitage Control#37 1 0.20 24 T3 24 0.00 0.60 24 Lithic Debitage Control#38 8 2.70 25 T3 25 0.00 0.65 25 Lithic Debitage Control#39 2 0.90 26 T3 26 0.00 0.40 26 Lithic Debitage Control#40 1 0.10 27 T3 27 0.00 0.63 27 Lithic Debitage Control#61 1 0.30 continued Table 7. Continued. UNIT I AREA I LOT I LEV I S ELEV I E ELEV I SACK I MATERIAL I COMMENTS I N= WEIGHT (gm) 41BZ136 Continued 29 T3 29 0.00 0.50 29 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#62 1 0.10 36 T3 36 0.00 0.67 36 Lithic Debitage Control#63 1 0.10 38 BHT1 38 38 Lithic Debitage Control#145 2 0.50 38 BHT1 38 38 Lithic Debitage Control#66 1 4.30 38 BHT1 38 38 Lithic Debitage Control#64 1 0.60 38 BHT1 38 38 Lithic Debitage Control#65 1 1.00 38 BHT1 38 38 Lithic Debitage Control#67 1 2.20 38 BHT1 38 38 Lithic Debitage Control#161 Backdirt 3 4.00 38 BHT1 38 38 Thin Biface Control#156 Backdirt 1 3.00 38 BHT1 38 38 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#161 Backdirt 1 10.10 38 BHT1 38 38 Charcoal Control#68 0.20 38 BHT1 38 38 Other 1 0.20 41 BHT4 41 41 Lithic Debitage Control#69 Backdirt 1 0.80 41 BHT4 41 41 Lithic Debitage Control#43 1 0.30 41 BHT4 41 41 Lithic Debitage Control#47 1 0.40 41 BHT4 41 41 Core (sharp edges) Control#48 1 88.50 y 41 BHT4 41 41 Core (sharp edges) Control#45 1 161.60 2 k. trzi continued ti a Table7. Continued. b UNIT I AREA I LOT I LEV I S ELEV I E ELEV I SACK I MATERIAL I COMMENTS I N= I WEIGHT (gm) y 0 41BZ136 Continued �' 41 BHT4 41 41 Thin Biface Control#42 1 5.30 41 BHT4 41 41 Sandstone FCR Control#41 1 437.60 41 BHT4 41 41 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#46 1 11.30 b A 41 BHT4 41 41 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#44 1 2.90 O" 41 BHT4 41 41 Other 1 3.30 45 T3 45 0.00 1.00 45 Lithic Debitage Control#72 1 0.20 A 47 T3 47 0.00 0.55 47 Lithic Debitage Control#170 1 0.60 y 0 51 T4 51 0.00 0.40 51 Lithic Debitage Control#167 1 0.20 § 52 T4 52 0.00 0.40 52 Lithic Debitage Control#164 2 0.90 57 T4 57 0.00 0.40 57 Lithic Debitage Control#74 3 1.40 57 T4 57 0.00 0.40 57 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 1 1.10 61 T4 61 0.00 1.00 62 Lithic Debitage Control#71 3 0.80 68 T5 68 0.00 1.00 68 Lithic Debitage Control#180 3 0.80 71 T5 71 0.00 1.00 71 Lithic Debitage Control#177 1 2.30 72 T5 72 0.00 1.00 72 Lithic Debitage Control#174 1 0.20 73 T5 73 0.00 0.35 73 Core (sharp edges) Control#171 1 57.50 74 T5 74 0.00 0.60 74 Lithic Debitage Control#168 1 1.70 continued Table 7. Continued. UNIT I AREA I LOT I LEV I S ELEV I E ELEV I SACK I MATERIAL I COMMENTS I N= I WEIGHT (gm) 41BZ136 Continued 75 T5 75 0.00 0.35 75 Lithic Debitage Control#165 1 0.70 75 T5 75 0.00 0.35 75 Glass curved frag Control#165 3 13.60 White, Milk 76 T5 76 0.00 0.25 76 Arrow Point Control#162 1 0.20 77 T5 77 0.00 0.40 77 Lithic Debitage Control#159 1 0.30 80 T5 80 0.00 0.50 80 Lithic Debitage Control#153 1 0.60 81 T5 81 0.00 0.40 81 Lithic Debitage Control#179 1 0.20 82 T5 82 0.00 0.40 82 Lithic Debitage Control#176 1 0.10 83 T5 83 0.00 1.00 83 Modified Thin Flakes Control#173 1 3.90 84 T5 84 0.00 0.28 84 Lithic Debitage Control#70 1 0.30 87 T5 87 0.00 0.80 87 Lithic Debitage Control#73 1 0.40 89 T5 89 0.00 0.50 89 Lithic Debitage Control#75 1 0.20 99 T3 99 0.00 0.50 99 Lithic Debitage Control#175 1 1.60 100 T3 100 0.00 0.55 100 Lithic Debitage Control#172 3 2.20 106 T4 106 0.00 0.70 106 Lithic Debitage Control#58 1 0.20 108 T4 108 0.00 0.40 108 Lithic Debitage Control#178 1 2.10 a 116 T6 116 0.00 1.00 154 Lithic Debitage Control#542 1 0.80 2 116 T6 116 0.00 1.00 153 Lithic Debitage Control#541 1 1.20 to N continued . _ Table 7. Continued. t, :14 UNIT 1 AREA I LOT 1 LEV 1 S ELEV I E ELEV I SACK I MATERIAL 1 COMMENTS I N= 1 WEIGHT (gm) •-• a. 41BZ136 Continued. r> R. 117 BHTA 117 147 Lithic Debitage Control#571 7 4.88 .,. 117 BHTA 117 147 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 1 13.30 gi 117 BHTA 117 117 Other Control#150 1 1.00 •o' 118 BI-ITB 118 148 Lithic Debitage Control#572 1 1.74 o ''. 118 BH'TB 118 148 Other FCR Control#572 1 53.60 Al 119 BHTC 119 149 Lithic Debitage Control#575 3 0.81 54' m 119 BHTC 119 119 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#144 1 4.40 o 119 BHTC 119 149 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 1 13.20 120 BHTD 120 120 Lithic Debitage Control#135 1 0.30 120 BIT1D 120 120 Lithic Debitage Control#143 1 0.40 120 BHTD 120 120 Lithic Debitage Control#137 1 0.40 120 BHTD 120 120 Lithic Debitage Control#130 1 2.40 120 MID 120 120 Lithic Debitage Control#127 1 5.80 120 BHTD 120 150 Lithic Debitage Control#576 6 6.16 120 BHTD 120 120 Lithic Debitage Control#123 1 1.40 120 BHTD 120 120 Core (sharp edges) Control#136 1 32.00 120 BHTD 120 150 Core (sharp edges) Control#576 1 41.80 continued Table 7. Continued. UNIT I AREA I LOT I LEV I S ELEV I E ELEV I SACK I MATERIAL I COMMENTS I N= I WEIGHT (gm) 41BZ136 Continued. 120 BHTD 120 150 Harstone Control#576 1 452.93 120 BHTD 120 120 Sandstone FCR Control#131 1 20.30 120 BHTD 120 120 Sandstone FCR Control#134 1 0.50 120 BHTD 120 120 Other FCR Control#138 1 142.50 120 BHTD 120 120 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#140 1 1.50 120 BHTD 120 120 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#128 1 13.10 120 BHTD 120 120 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#133 1 2.40 120 BHTD 120 120 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#126 1 51.30 120 BHTD 120 120 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#125 1 109.30 120 BHTD 120 120 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#142 1 281.10 120 BHTD 120 120 Other Control#124 1 1.80 120 BHTD 120 120 Other ( Control#129 1 1.70 120 BHTD 120 120 Other Control#132 1 2.30 120 BHTD 120 120 Other Control#139 1 0.10 120 BHTD 120 120 Other Control#141 1 3.60 121 BHTE 121 151 Lithic Debitage I Control#573 1 0.10 y b 121 BHTE 121 151 Misc Unaltered Pebbles 1 2.80 s. to 122 BHTF 122 152 Lithic Debitage Control#574 1 0.51 w continued N Table 7. Continued. b UNIT I AREA I LOT I LEV I S ELEV 1E ELEV I SACK I MATERIAL I COMMENTS I N= I WEIGHT (gm) y 0 41BZ142 A 23 I 2 I 23 I I 0.00 I 0.30 1 23 I No cultural material I I I x '6 41BZ143 z. 0 43 6 43 0.00 0.15 43 Undecorated whiteware Control#169 2 0.50 A 43 6 43 0.00 0.15 43 Glass curved frag Clear Control#169 1 0.40 43 6 43 0.00 0.15 43 Glass curved frag Lavender Control#155 1 0.50 43 6 43 0.00 0.15 43 Wire nails Control#169 5 3.80 A A 41BZ144 y P 46 6 46 0.00 1.00 46 Lithic Debitage Control#151 1 0.70 § g 47 6 47 0.00 1.00 47 Lithic Debitage Control#154 2 1.30 47 6 47 0.00 1.00 47 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#154 1 8.30 48 6 48 0.00 1.00 48 Lithic Debitage Control#157 3 0.50 48 6 48 0.00 1.00 48 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#157 1 1.50 49 6 49 0.00 0.70 49 Lithic Debitage Control#160 1 0.10 50 6 50 0.00 1.00 50 Lithic Debitage Control#163 3 5.30 51 6 51 0.00 1.00 51 Lithic Debitage Control#166 7 10.30 53 6 53 0.00 1.00 53 Lithic Debitage Control#121 1 0.30 67 6 67 0.00 0.85 67 Lithic Debitage Control#51 1 0.40 continued Table7. Continued. UNIT 1 AREA I LOT I LEV I S ELEV I E ELEV I SACK I MATERIAL I COMMENTS I N= I WEIGHT (gm) 41BZ144 Continued. 68 6 68 0.00 0.50 68 Lithic Debitage Control#52 1 0.20 69 6 69 0.00 0.50 69 Lithic Debitage Control#53 1 0.30 70 6 70 0.00 0.50 70 Lithic Debitage Control#54 1 1.30 72 6 72 0.00 0.70 72 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#55 3 3.50 73 6 73 0.00 0.45 73 Lithic Debitage Control#56 1 0.70 73 6 73 0.00 0.45 73 Misc Unaltered Pebbles Control#56 3 2.60 74 6 74 0.00 0.25 74 Lithic Debitage Control#57 2 1.80 112 6 112 0.00 0.70 112 Lithic Debitage I Control#59 1 0.20 76 11 76 I 1 76 No cultural materials I 58 7 58 0.00 0.85 58 Lithic Debitage Control#50 2 1.00 91 7 91 0.00 0.50 91 Lithic Debitage Control#58 2 0.90 92 7 92 0.00 0.40 92 Lithic Debitage Control#148 1 1.40 96 7 96 0.00 0.55 96 Lithic Debitage I Control#149 1 0.06 98 7 98 0.00 0.60 98 Lithic Debitage I Control#122 1 0.20 999 SURF 999 999 Undecorated whiteware I 2 4.20 999 SURF 999 I I 999 Glass curved frag Aqua 1 0.70 ba b 999 SURF 999 i I I 999 Glass curved frag Clear 1 0.50 999 I SURF 999 ' I 1 999 Glass curved frag Lavender I 2 18.70 tv 126 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County N Appendix C 129 Table 8. Metric and non-metric biface data. ( SACK 1CAT IIC112131415161 7 1819 I 101 l 121 13 141 isf 16 , 17 ( 18 19 ( 41BZ136 I41 48 6 1 2 3 1 2 2 44 2 2 2 3 2 1 99 2 26.2 24.0 6.7 5.30 ( 38 49 6 1 1 3 1 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 99 2 3 3 32.7 17.5 6.1 3.00 Table 9. Metric and non-metric core data. SACK I CAT ( ICI 1 12 ( 3 14 ( 5 1 6 1 7 ( 8 1 9 1 10 1 11 I 12 I 13 I 14 41BZ136 41 45 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 21 1 3 1 78.10 44.50 30.15 88.50 41 43 2 2 5 3 3 2 1 21 1 99 2 98.48 47.71 28.09 161.60 73 44 2 14 1 3 1 2 1 21 8 2 1 66.75 36.37 22.28 57.50 12 64 2 14 2 3 1 2 3 21 1 3 2 39.87 31.80 20.22 32.00 14 46 2 14 1 3 1 2 4 21 6 3 1 37.01 26.04 13.61 15.80 150 149-1 2 14 1 3 1 2 4 21 2 3 99 40.86 37.59 33.25 41.80 Table 10. Metric and non-metric edge-modified flake data. SACKI CATI ICI 1 12 ( 3 1 4 ( 51 6 171819 1 1141151 16 1 17 1 18 I 19 41BZ136 I83 ( 47 1 6 1 4 1 141 3 ( 3 1 11 2 1 41 6 1 13 1 99 15 1 11 4 21 9 ( 28.3 1 23.41 5.1 1 3.90 Table 11. Metric and non-metric projectile point data. SACK I CAT I Ic I 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 110 1 11 1 12 113 114 115 116 117 118 I 19 120 121 122 I 23 41BZ136 76 I 50 I 8 17 112131112141 11112199199199199121991312113.719.111.51 10.20 1 130 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County Table 12. Lithic debitage size grade analysis. ISACK I CATALOG I SUB CAT I SIZE 1 N= I WEIGHT I CONTROL NO. 41BZ136 I14 1 1 5 1 1.40 I14 1 2 6 1 0.40 41 2 7 1 0.20 Missing I27 3 7 1 0.30 47 4 6 1 0.60 17 5 1 4 2 7.00 17 5 2 6 1 0.30 I99 6 4 1 1.60 100 1 7 1 5 1 1.40 100 7 2 6 1 0.50 21 8 1 5 2 1.40 21 8 2 6 5 1.40 I21 8 3 7 1 0.10 22 9 7 1 0.20 :_ 15 10 4 1 2.40 16 11 1 5 1 1.30 I16 11 2 6 1 0.50 16 11 3 7 2 0.30 26 12 7 1 0.10 21 13 1 5 1 0.70 I 21 13 2 6 1 0.10 I19 14 7 1 0.10 , 18 15 1 5 1 1.00 18 15 2 6 1 0.70 36 16 7 1 0.10 continued Appendix C 131 Table 12. Continued. SACK CATALOG SUB CAT SIZE N= WEIGHT CONTROL NO. 52 17 1 5 1 0.80 52 17 2 7 1 0.10 51 18 7 1 0.20 57 19 1 4 1 1.00 57 19 2 5 1 0.40 62 20 1 6 2 0.70 Control#71 62 20 2 7 1 0.10 Control#71 106 21 6 1 0.20 _., 108 22 4 1 2.10 I74 23 4 1 1.70 I75 24 6 1 0.70 89 25 6 1 0.20 84 26 6 1 0.30 82 27 7 1 0.10 77 28 6 1 0.30 I68 29 1 5 1 0.40 I68 29 2 6 1 0.30 I68 29 3 7 1 0.10 . • I 87 30 6 1 0.40 81 31 6 1 0.20 80 32 6 1 0.60 72 33 6 1 0.20 71 34 4 1 2.30 38 35 4 1 2.20 38 36 6 1 0.60 38 37 6 1 1.00 38 38 1 4 2 3.40 continued 132 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County Table 12. Continued. SACK CATALOG SUB CAT SIZE N= WEIGHT CONTROL NO. 38 38 2 6 1 0.60 38 39 4 1 4.30 41 40 2 6 1 0.90 41 41 6 1 0.40 41 42 6 1 0.30 41 43 2 1 161.60 73 44 2 1 57.50 41 45 2 1 88.50 14 46 3 1 15.80 83 47 4 1 3.90 41 48 3 1 5.30 38 49 4 1 3.00 76 50 6 1 0.20 41 51 1 1 437.60 29 52 7 1 0.10 = 38 53 3 1 1D.10 41 54 3 1 11.30 41 55 3 1 2.90 17 56 7 1 0.10 75 58 1 2 2 12.40 75 58 2 5 1 1.30 120 60 6 1 0.50 . 120 61 4 1 2.40 120 62 6 1 0.30 120 63 1 1 281.10 120 64 2 1 32.00 120 65 5 1 1.50 continued Appendix C 133 Table 12. Continued. SACK CATALOG SUB CAT SIZE N= WEIGHT CONTROL NO. 120 66 6 1 0.40 120 69 6 1 0.40 120 71 4 1 2.40 120 72 2 1 20.30 I120 73 2 1 109.30 120 74 2 1 142.50 120 75 3 1 13.10 120 76 3 1 5.80 120 77 2 1 51.30 120 78 5 1 1.40 119 81 3 1 4.40 38 82 1 6 1 0.50 123 98 7 2 0.20 124 84 7 1 0.10 125 86 1 6 2 0.50 125 86 2 7 3 0.30 I126 89 1 6 4 1.20 126 89 2 7 1 0.10 I127 93 1 5 3 3.00 127 93 2 6 4 1.10 127 93 3 7 8 0.90 I128 96 1 6 5 2.30 128 96 2 7 4 0.20 129 103 1 5 3 3.70 129 103 2 6 1 0.70 129 103 3 7 5 0.40 130 105 1 6 3 1.30 continued 134 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County Table 12. Continued. SACK CATALOG SUB CAT SIZE N= WEIGHT CONTROL NO. I130 105 2 7 3 0.40 131 109 1 4 1 1.50 131 109 2 6 3 1.80 ,_ 131 109 3 7 4 0.70 132 112 1 5 3 3.40 I132 112 2 I 6 6 2.30 133 114 1 I 5 I 3 3.10 133 ( 114 I 2 I 6 I 3 0.80 134 117 I 1 2 1 14.70 134 I 117 2 4 1 1.30 134 117 3 1 5 I 5 5.10 134 ( 117 ( 4 I 6 I 3 0.70 134 ( 117 5 I 7 I 3 0.40 135 119 I 6 I 1 0.70 136 121 1 4 1 1.50 136 121 2 5 1 1.10 136 121 I 3 6 I 2 0.50 136 121 4 7 I 1 0.10 137 124 ( 1 5 I 1 0.80 137 124 2 6 I 3 1.00 137 124 3 7 I 4 0.30 138 126 1 5 I 1 0.40 138 126 2 6 I 2 1.10 138 126 3 7 I 9 1.10 139 128 1 6 I 1 0.20 139 128 I 2 7 I 9 1.10 140 130 1 6 I 3 0.70 continued Appendix C 135 Table 12. Continued. SACK CATALOG SUB CAT SIZE N= WEIGHT CONTROL NO. 140 130 2 7 7 1.10 142 132 1 6 5 1.70 142 132 2 7 4 0.30 143 134 1 6 1 0.40 143 134 2 7 3 0.30 144 136 1 6 1 0.30 144 136 2 7 6 0.70 145 138 2 7 1 0.20 146 140 1 5 1 1.20 146 140 2 7 1 0.10 147 144 2 5 4 4.20 Control#571 147 144 3 6 2 1.00 Control##571 147 144 4 7 1 0.40 Control#571 148 146 5 1 1.74 Control#572 149 147 2 5 1 0.90 Control##575 149 147 3 7 2 0.40 Control#575 150 149 1 2 1 41.80 Control#576 1 150 149 2 4 1 3.20 Control#576 150 149 3 5 2 3.20 Control#576 150 149 4 6 2 1.40 Control#576 150 149 5 7 1 0.50 Control#576 151 150 2 6 1 0.30 Control##573 152 151 6 1 0.51 Control#574 153 142 6 1 1.20 Control##541 154 143 6 1 0.80 Control##542 100 7 3 7 1 0.30 Control##172 45 2 7 1 0.20 Control#72 continued 136 Prehistoric and Historic Occupation in Central Brazos County Table 12. Continued. ISACK I CATALOG I SUB CAT I SIZE I N= I WEIGHT I CONTROL NO. I41BZ136 Continued. 24 8 1 5 2 1.30 Control#38 24 8 2 6 5 1.30 Control#38 24 8 3 7 1 0.10 Control#38 41BZ144 46 1 5 1 0.70 48 2 1 6 1 0.30 48 2 2 7 2 0.10 49 4 6 1 0.10 50 8 1 3 1 4.80 50 8 2 6 1 0.30 50 8 3 7 1 0.10 74 11 1 4 1 1.30 74 11 2 6 1 0.60 53 12 6 1 3.00 ---= 51 13 2 4 1 3.60 51 13 3 I 6 1 0.50 51 13 4 I 7 1 0.20 47 14 2 I 6 1 1.30 I68 16 I 6 1 0.20 70 17 5 1 1.30 I69 20 ( 6 1 0.30 73 21 6 1 0.70 67 23 I 7 1 0.40 I112 29 ( 5 1 0.20 I103 30 ( 6 1 0.20 continued • Appendix C 137 Table 12. Continued. SACK CATALOG I SUB CAT SIZE N= I WEIGHT I CONTROL NO. 41BZ146 58 9 1 5 1 0.60 58 9 2 6 1 0.40 92 26 5 1 1.40 98 27 7 1 0.10 91 28 6 2 0.90 96 31 7 1 0.06 L. 00 Table 13. Non-metric lithic debitage analysis for 41BZ136. b SACK CAT SITU CAT MATERIAT. COLOR CHARACTER THERM AT T CORTEX FLAKE TYPE PLATFORM SIZE N= o z.n 14 1 2 3 9 3 1 3 99 6 6 1R. 14 1 1 3 3 1 2 3 6 5 1 e.• 0 15 10 3 3 3 1 3 99 2 4 1 0 16 11 3 1 4 3 2 3 99 5 7 1 b 16 11 3 1 5 3 3 1 4 6 7 1 o 16 11 2 1 3 3 1 3 3 6 6 1 P 16 11 1 1 2 3 1 3 3 6 5 1 r 17 5 1 2 2 3 2 1 4 6 4 1 0 17 5 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 : : 1 0 103 2 2 4 1 18 15 2 1 5 3 3 3 99 5 6 1 18 15 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 6 5 1 19 14 1 3 3 2 3 9 6 7 1 21 13 1 1 2 3 1 3 6 4 5 1 21 13 2 1 2 3 1 3 6 4 6 1 22 9 1 3 3 1 3 1 5 7 1 24 8 1 1 3 3 1 3 99 5 5 1 24 8 1 1 5 3 3 1 3 6 5 1 24 8 2 1 6 3 1 3 1 5 6 1 24 8 3 1 1 3 1 2 99 1 7 1 24 8 2 1 5 3 4 1 3 6 6 1 continued Table 13. Continued. SACK CAT SUB CAT MATERIAL COLOR CHARACTER THERM ALT CORTEX FLAKE TYPE PLATFORM SIZE N= 24 8 2 3 2 3 3 1 99 6 6 1 24 8 2 1 3 3 1 3 6 4 6 1 24 8 2 1 2 3 2 3 99 6 6 1 26 12 1 3 3 2 3 99 2 7 1 27 3 1 3 3 1 2 9 5 7 1 36 16 1 1 3 1 1 4 6 7 1 38 35 1 1 3 2 2 4 6 4 1 38 38 1 3 9 3 1 3 99 5 4 1 38 38 1 1 4 3 1 3 2 1 4 1 38 36 3 5 3 3 2 6 4 6 1 38 37 1 3 3 1 2 3 6 6 1 38 39 1 3 3 1 2 6 4 4 1 38 82 1 1 3 3 2 3 3 6 6 1 38 38 2 1 4 3 3 3 6 4 6 1 41 40 2 1 5 3 3 3 99 5 6 1 41 41 1 3 3 1 3 3 6 6 1 41 42 1 1 3 1 3 99 6 6 1 45 2 1 5 3 3 3 9 5 7 1 47 4 1 4 3 3 1 5 6 6 1 47 4 1 1 3 1 1 4 6 6 1 b4, 51 18 1 3 3 1 2 4 6 7 1 n continued 0 Table 13e Continued. b SACK CAT SUB CAT MATERIAL COLOR CHARACTER THERM ALT CORTEX FLAKE TYPE PLATFORM SIZE N= o r) 52 17 2 1 5 3 • 2 3 9 6 7 1 A a 52 17 1 1 3 3 1 3 3 6 5 1 ' G 57 19 1 3 9 3 1 3 3 6 4 1 F? 57 19 2 1 3 2 1 3 3 6 5 1 b A 62 20 1 1 3 3 1 1 6 4 6 1 o 62 20 2 1 3 3 1 3 3 6 7 1 62 20 1 1 3 3 1 2 99 3 6 1 A A 68 29 1 1 3 3 2 3 3 6 5 1 0 68 29 3 1 3 3 2 3 3 6 7 1 P 68 29 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 6 6 1 71 34 1 2 3 2 3 3 6 4 1 72 33 1 5 3 3 3 9 5 6 1 74 23 1 3 3 1 3 1 2 4 1 75 24 1 2 3 1 2 3 6 6 1 77 28 1 3 3 1 3 6 4 6 1 80 32 1 3 3 1 3 1 5 6 ] 81 31 1 2 3 1 3 99 5 6 1 82 27 1 3 3 1 3 6 4 7 1 84 26 1 10 3 4 3 99 1 6 1 87 30 1 3 3 2 1 4 6 6 1 89 25 1 2 3 1 3 1 3 6 1 continued Table 13. Continued. SACK CAT SUB CAT MA I'ERIAL COLOR CHARACTER THERM ALT CORTEX FLAKE TYPE PLATFORM SIZE N= 99 6 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 4 1 100 7 2 1 3 3 1 1 3 6 6 1 100 7 3 1 3 3 1 2 4 6 7 1 100 7 1 1 3 3 2 2 2 5 5 1 106 21 1 6 3 1 3 1 5 6 1 108 22 1 3 3 1 2 99 1 4 1 120 71 3 2 3 3 1 99 6 4 1 120 78 1 3 3 1 3 3 6 5 1 120 76 1 3 3 2 2 1 4 3 1 120 69 1 2 3 4 3 6 4 6 1 120 66 1 3 3 1 3 6 4 6 1 120 62 1 3 3 1 2 6 4 6 1 123 98 3 3 3 1 3 4 6 7 1 123 98 1 10 3 1 3 9 5 7 1 124 84 3 5 3 3 3 3 6 7 1 125 86 2 1 10 3 1 2 4 6 7 1 125 86 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 6 1 125 86 1 3 2 3 2 3 9 6 6 1 125 86 2 1 10 3 1 3 3 6 7 1 a 125 86 2 3 5 3 2 3 99 6 7 1 a a t . 126 89 1 1 2 3 1 3 9 5 6 1 P* n continued44. N Table 13. Continued. b CO SACK CAT SUB CAT MATERIAL COLOR CHARACTER THERM ALT CORTEX FLAKE TYPE PLATFORM SIZE N= o. • 126 89 1 1 10 3 1 3 1 2 6 1 o a 126 89 2 1 2 3 1 3 3 6 7 1 x 0 126 89 1 1 10 3 1 3 3 6 6 1 0 126 89 1 1 3 2 1 1 99 6 6 1 b A 127 93 3 3 9 3 1 3 4 6 7 1 `O. 127 93 3 3 10 3 1 3 4 6 7 1 Po 127 93 2 1 10 3 1 3 99 6 6 1 A 127 93 3 1 2 3 2 2 9 5 7 1 N 0 127 93 3 1 10 3 2 3 6 4 7 1 ° ,Z- 127 93 2 3 9 3 1 1 99 6 6 1 127 93 2 1 1 3 4 2 99 6 6 1 127 93 3 1 2 3 1 1 99 2 7 1 127 93 3 1 2 3 2 3 5 6 7 1 127 93 3 1 5 3 - 2 1 9 6 7 1 127 93 3 3 9 3 1 1 99 2 7 1 127 93 2 1 10 3 1 3 9 5 6 1 128 96 1 1 10 3 1 3 6 4 6 1 128 96 2 1 10 2 1 3 4 6 7 1 128 96 1 1 3 3 1 2 4 6 6 1 128 96 1 1 6 2 1 3 9 4 , 6 1 128 96 1 1 3 3 1 2 3 6 6 1 continued Table 13. Continued. SACK CAT SUB CAT MATERIAL COLOR CHARACTER THERM ALT CORTEX FLAKE TYPE PLATFORM SIZE N= 128 96 2 1 10 3 2 3 99 6 7 1 128 96 1 1 10 3 1 3 1 2 6 1 128 96 2 1 1 3 1 3 3 6 7 1 128 96 2 1 3 3 1 2 99 1 5 1 128 96 2 1 3 3 1 2 9 1 5 1 128 96 2 1 10 3 1 3 3 6 5 1 129 103 3 3 9 3 1 1 4 6 7 1 129 103 1 3 6 3 1 3 99 6 5 1 129 103 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 6 5 1 129 103 1 1 3 3 1 1 6 4 5 1 129 103 2 1 10 3 1 3 3 6 6 1 129 103 3 1 10 2 1 3 9 5 7 1 129 103 3 1 9 3 1 2 99 1 7 1 129 103 3 1 4 3 2 3 3 6 7 1 129 103 3 3 9 3 1 1 4 6 7 1 130 105 2 3 10 3 1 3 99 6 7 1 130 105 2 3 5 3 2 3 99 6 7 1 130 105 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 6 6 1 130 105 2 1 10 3 1 3 99 5 7 1 a 131 109 2 1 5 3 3 3 3 6 6 1ti D. 131 109 3 3 2 3 2 3 99 6 7 1 P* n continued44. w I-.., Table 13. Continued. b SACK CAT SUB CAT MATERIAL COLOR CHARACTER THERM ALT CORTEX FLAKE TYPE PLATFORM SIZE N= o' 131 109 3 1 10 3 1 3 9 5 7 1 A 131 109 3 1 3 3 1 2 4 6 7 1 x 0 131 109 3 3 1 3 1 3 99 5 7 1 �' O n 132 112 2 3 2 3 2 1 4 6 6 1 b A 132 112 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 6 1 132 112 2 1 1 3 2 2 3 6 6 1 P 132 112 2 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 6 1 A 132 112 1 1 5 3 2 2 99 1 5 1 0 ti 132 112 1 1 3 3 1 3 3 6 5 1 0 z 132 112 1 1 3 3 2 2 99 1 5 1 132 112 2 1 2 3 2 3 99 6 6 1 132 112 2 1 10 3 1 3 99 6 6 1 133 114 2 1 8 3 4 2 99 6 6 1 133 114 2 1 4 3 4 3 99 4 6 1 133 114 1 1 3 3 1 3 2 6 5 1 133 114 1 1 10 3 1 3 1 1 5 1 133 114 2 1 1 3 2 3 99 6 6 1 134 117 3 1 5 3 4 2 99 6 5 1 134 117 4 1 2 3 1 2 4 6 6 1 134 117 4 1 10 3 1 3 1 5 , 6 1 134 117 4 1 10 3 1 3 99 2 6 1 continued Table 13. Continued. SACK CAT SUB CAT MATERIAL COLOR CHARACTER THERM ALT CORTEX FLAKE TYPE PLATFORM SIZE N= 134 117 4 1 5 3 3 2 99 5 4 1 134 117 3 1 3 3 1 3 99 1 5 1 134 117 5 3 10 2 2 3 99 6 7 1 134 117 5 1 2 3 1 2 4 6 7 1 134 112 2 1 3 3 1 3 9 4 4 1 134 117 3 1 5 3 2 2 99 1 5 1 134 117 3 1 2 3 2 3 99 2 5 1 134 117 3 1 3 3 1 2 99 1 5 1 134 117 1 1 9 3 1 2 3 6 2 1 134 117 5 1 10 3 4 3 99 6 7 1 135 119 1 8 3 1 3 3 6 6 1 136 121 1 1 10 3 1 2 3 6 4 1 136 121 3 1 10 2 1 3 99 2 6 1 136 121 2 1 2 3 2 2 99 3 5 1 136 121 4 1 2 3 4 3 6 4 7 1 136 121 3 1 3 3 1 3 99 4 6 1 137 124 3 1 8 3 1 3 6 5 7 1 137 124 3 1 1 3 1 1 99 6 7 1 137 124 1 1 10 3 1 3 99 1 5 1 137 124 2 1 5 3 2 3 3 6 6 1 ba 137 124 3 1 10 3 1 3 • 3 6 7 1 n continued • ON Table 13. Continued. b SACK CAT SUB CAT MATERIAL COLOR CHARACTER THERM ALT CORTEX FLAKE TYPE PLATFORM SIZE N= o • 137 124 2 3 9 3 1 3 9 6 6 1 o 137 124 2 1 10 3 1 3 9 5 6 1 x K U 137 124 3 1 5 3 1 3 3 6 7 1 ' 138 126 3 1 5 3 2 2 99 1 7 1 b Q 138 126 3 1 10 3 2 3 6 4 7 1 o 138 126 3 1 2 3 4 3 99 6 7 1 P, a M 138 126 3 1 3 3 1 3 9 5 7 1 A 138 126 3 1 6 2 1 2 3 6 7 1 0 138 126 3 1 10 3 1 3 99 3 7 1 0 z o 138 126 3 3 9 3 1 3 9 5 7 1 138 126 1 1 10 3 1 3 9 2 5 1 138 17.6 7. 1 3 3 2 '3 99 6 6 1 138 126 2 1 2 3 1 3 3 6 6 1 138 126 3 1 10 3 1 2 9 5 7 1 138 126 3 1 1 3 1 3 9 5 7 1 139 128 1 1 3 3 1 3 4 6 6 1 139 128 2 1 3 3 2 1 4 6 7 1 139 128 2 1 10 3 1 2 4 6 7 1 139 128 2 1 10 3 2 2 6 4 7 1 139 128 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 7 1 139 128 2 1 10 3 1 3 6 4 7 1 continued Table 13. Continued. SACK CAT SUB CAT MATERIAL COLOR CHARACTER THERM ALT CORTEX FLAKE TYPE PLATFORM SIZE N= 139 128 2 1 8 3 2 3 9 5 7 1 139 128 2 3 9 3 3 2 4 6 7 1 139 128 2 3 9 3 2 3 9 5 7 1 139 128 2 1 10 3 1 3 3 6 7 1 140 130 2 1 10 3 1 2 99 2 7 1 140 130 2 1 3 3 1 1 4 6 7 1 140 130 1 1 10 3 1 3 1 2 6 1 140 130 1 1 10 3 1 3 3 6 6 1 140 130 2 1 5 3 2 1 6 4 7 1 140 130 2 1 3 3 1 3 1 2 7 1 140 130 2 1 10 3 1 3 4 6 7 1 140 130 2 1 1 3 2 1 99 2 7 1 140 130 2 1 5 3 2 3 99 2 7 1 140 130 1 1 8 3 1 3 9 5 6 1 142 132 2 1 8 3 1 3 6 4 7 1 142 132 1 1 10 3 1 3 3 6 6 1 142 132 2 3 9 3 2 1 99 6 7 1 142 132 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 6 1 142 132 1 1 5 3 2 3 6 4 6 1 a 142 132 2 1 9 3 2 3 1 5 7 1 a. 142 132 1 3 1 3 1 2 4 6 6 1 P• n continued 44. v oe Table 13. Continued. b SACK CAT SUB CAT MATERIAL COLOR CHARACTER THERM ALT CORTEX FLAKE TYPE PLATFORM SIZF N= o 142 132 1 3 9 3 1 2 1 2 6 1 o 142 132 2 1 3 3 1 3 99 6 7 1 ti' b 143 134 2 1 5 3 2 2 3 6 7 1 0 c 143 134 1 5 3 3 1 5 6 6 1 b A 143 134 2 1 10 3 1 3 1 2 7 1 o 143 134 2 1 10 3 1 3 9 5 7 1 P 144 136 2 1 1 3 1 2 99 1 7 1 p A 144 136 2 1 3 3 1 1 9 5 7 1 8 n 144 136 2 1 2 3 1 3 3 6 7 1 o 144 136 2 3 9 3 1 3 3 6 7 1 144 136 2 1 3 3 1 3 9 5 7 1 144 136 1 1 2 3 1 3 6 4 6 1 144 136 2 1 4 3 4 3 99 6 7 1 145 138 2 1 6 3 1 3 99 2 7 1 146 140 2 1 3 3 1 3 1 2 7 1 146 140 1 1 3 3 1 3 99 2 5 1 147 144 3 1 3 3 2 3 99 2 6 1 147 144 2 1 3 3 1 3 6 4 5 1 147 144 2 3 9 3 1 3 99 6 5 1 147 144 2 1 3 3 1 2 6 4 , 5 1 147 144 2 1 4 3 2 3 6 4 5 1 continued Table 13. Continued. SACK CAT SUB CAT MATERIAL COLOR CHARACTER THERM ALT CORTEX FLAKE TYPE PLATFORM SIZE N= 147 144 4 1 3 3 1 3 6 4 7 1 148 146 1 5 3 3 3 6 4 5 1 149 147 3 3 9 3 1 3 99 6 7 1 149 147 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 6 7 1 149 147 2 1 2 3 1 3 3 6 5 1 150 149 5 1 3 3 1 2 99 5 7 1 150 149 4 1 3 3 1 2 3 6 6 1 150 149 3 1 3 3 1 1 99 1 5 1 150 149 3 1 9 3 1 3 3 6 5 1 150 149 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 6 4 1 150 149 4 3 1 3 1 1 6 4 6 1 151 150 2 3 10 3 1 3 3 6 6 1 152 151 1 3 3 1 3 1 5 6 1 153 142 3 2 3 2 2 99 2 6 1 154 143 1 6 3 1 3 1 5 6 1 continued ba b m n ti Table 13. Continued. tm 0 41BZ144 SACK CATALOG SUB CAT MATERIAL COLOR CHARACTER THERM ALT CORTEX FLAKE TYPE PLATFORM SIZE o z.n 46 1 14 4 3 4 3 99 2 5 47 14 14 6 3 2 2 1 2 6 x M 47 14 2 4 3 2 2 99 2 6 Z.1,• O 48 2 2 3 5 3 2 1 3 6 7 'ti 48 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 4 6 6 0 48 2 2 14 2 3 4 2 4 6 7 P 50 8 3 3 1 3 1 2 9 5 7 A 50 8 2 10 6 3 1 2 3 6 6 A N o 51 13 4 1 5 3 2 2 4 6 7 P 51 13 2 14 5 3 1 1 4 6 4 § 51 13 3 14 10 3 1 3 3 6 6 53 12 14 3 3 1 2 3 6 6 67 23 14 5 3 2 1 4 6 7 68 16 99 2 3 1 1 99 6 6 69 20 14 5 3 1 3 9 5 6 72 19 14 5 3 2 1 4 6 6 72 19 14 5 3 2 1 4 6 6 73 22 14 3 3 1 2 4 6 6 73 22 14 5 3 3 1 5 6 6 74 11 2 14 1 3 1 2 99 2 6 103 30 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 6 112 29 1 3 2 1 3 6 6 5 continued Table 13. Continued. 41BZ146 SACK CATALOG SUB CAT MATERIAL COLOR CHARACTER THERM ALT CORTEX FLAKE TYPE PLATFORM SIZE 58 9 2 14 3 3 1 2 3 6 6 58 9 1 14 5 3 2 1 4 6 5 91 28 14 3 3 1 1 4 6 6 91 28 1 5 3 2 3 4 6 6 92 26 14 3 3 1 2 99 5 5 96 31 1 3 2 1 3 3 6 7 98 27 1 5 3 1 3 6 4 7 ba R. r) ti tm The Tonkawa Tribe Page 1 of 1 The Tonkawa Tribe A small but notable delegation of 10 members was that of the Tonkawa, who call themselves Tichkan-watich, 'indigenous people'. Although the mere remnant of a people on the verge of extinction, the Tonkawa are of peculiar interest from the fact that, they are made of a distinct linguistic stock, and are the only existing cannibal :., �` �J tribe of the United States. Historically they are the sole representatives of the Indians v of the old Alamo mission, where the massacre occurred that practically wiped out their = tribe. :�,, V.; `:- '` Living originally in southern Texas,the Tonkawa _" j /' . experienced all the problems that come to a vagrant and outcast people until they were finally gathered, in 1859, on f;,y`, < what is now the Kiowa reservation. Their village is located on the south bank of the '; �: Washita,just above the present Anadarko. The other tribes hated them for their -;, R cannibal habit and also for the assistance which they had given the troops in various t- tt\ border campaigns. These tribes took advantage of the confusion resulting from the , xs , outbreak of the rebellion to settle old scores, and joining forces against the Tonkawa, 1` . -- surprised their camp by a night attack on October 23, 1862, and massacred nearly half ` . the tribe. Since then their decline has been rapid, until there are now but 53 left alive, on lands allotted to them in eastern Oklahoma. Their chief, Sentele, alias Grant Richards, a former government scout, accompanied the party. (pictured right) To see more images from the Indian Congress, visit the Indian Congress Photo Gallery. This collection includes over 500 photographs of Native Americans, including portraits of individuals, group photos of families and photographs of various activities. The library also has the original "Secretary's Report" from the TransMississippi Exposition. This document includes a section on the The Indian Congress by Mr. W. V. Cox, Secretary of the Government Exhibit Board. It also contains the Report of Captain Mercer, manager of the Indian Congress. Return to theTribal Delegates Menu © 1998 Omaha Public Library TSI http://www.omaha.lib.ne.us/transmiss/congress/tonkawa.html 8/22/2005 Handbook of Texas Online: TONKAWA INDIANS Page 1 of 4 SH1a t, ti About it P.e rs _Starch Contac;, G ing LInks, FAQ oln a > Tin t y.` = HANDBOOK7. /O�' TEXAS I__ 4, : 1 format this article to print ;',3 `K( 11 TONKAWA INDIANS. The Tonkawa Indians were actually a group of f);gi()\: : 1„ independent bands, the Tonkawas proper, the Mayeyes, and a number of smaller groups that may have included the Cava, Cantona, Emet, Sana, I ' L` Toho, and Tohaha Indians. The remnants of these tribes united in the early , .\t i- ;;;, t s eighteenth century in the region of Central Texas. The Yojaune Indians, i. ,, ; who were actually a Wichita tribe,were absorbed by the Tonkawas in the second half of the eighteenth century. The name Tonkawa is a Waco term t it°',' `i'N meaning "they all stay together." Traditionally, the Tonkawas have been t.; ,,,' 1.., regarded as an old Texas tribe, but new evidence suggests that the Tonkawas migrated from the high plains as late as the seventeenth ' ' century. In addition, the Tonkawas proper might have been only a small E 11 element of the fragmented tribes that migrated to Texas. Although this might explain the apparent lack of connection between the Tonkawa language and any of the surrounding tribes, it also raises the question of classifying components traditionally regarded as Tonkawan. Little is known of the social or political organization of the Tonkawas prior to their consolidation. Each band apparently elected a chief to lead them, and it is probable that during wars additional war leaders were chosen. After consolidation, the Tonkawas chose a tribal head chief Maternal clans were the basic unit in Tonkawa society. Children became members of their mothers' clans, and men lived with their spouses' clans. Because each clan saw itself as a family unit, marriage within the clan was discouraged. Anthropologists term the Tonkawa kinship arrangement as a Crow system of nomenclature, which stemmed from the brotherhood within each clan. As in many other Indian tribes,the Tonkawas practiced levirate, whereby a brother would marry his deceased brother's wife. If the deceased had no brother, another male from his clan, usually the son of a sister, would perform the duty. As a result, any such male was designated a "brother," regardless of the generational difference. The children in that situation would logically call both their biological father and his "brothers" "father." The same kinship relation carried over to the female side of the family where sororate,the practice in which a sister married her dead sister's husband, was practiced. Following this same pattern, when a man died his property was distributed among his siblings' children, rather than to his own in order that the property might stay within his clan. Orphans became wards of the mother's clan. The system was designed to insure that widows and orphans would be cared for. Little is known of the Tonkawa life cycle. Shortly after birth, a piece of wood was tied to the baby's head to flatten it. The children learned the trades of their respective sexes as they grew. The sparse knowledge of http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/TT/bmt68.html 8/22/2005 Handbook of Texas Online: TONKAWA INDIANS Page 2 of 4 Tonkawa marriage customs seems to indicate a lack of emphasis on the ceremony. Death rites apparently received the greatest attention, at least in existing written records. When a person neared death, his or her friends would gather and form concentric rings around the dying, chanting and swaying until the individual passed away. The deceased was then buried, along with many of his or her prized possessions. Like other plains Indians, a horse was sometimes shot over the grave of a prestigious warrior. The band mourned for three days, relatives more deeply than others, and then carried out a four-day smoking ceremony that was meant to purify those contaminated by death. This ceremony also allowed the society to realign and reintegrate itself following the loss of a member. The Tonkawas were initially enemies with the Apaches,probably because the latter pushed them from the buffaloq°plains. When the Comanches and Wichitas migrated southward and began to pressure the Apaches, the Tonkawas allied themselves with the new arrivals. A number of Tonkawas apparently joined the northern tribes in their raids on the San Saba Mission in 1758. Early in the nineteenth century, the Tonkawas apparently changed their alliances, becoming enemies with the Comanches and allies with the Apaches. The Tonkawas had a plains Indian culture, subsisting on the buffalo and small game. When the Apaches began to push them from their hunting grounds,they became a destitute culture, living off what little food they could scavenge. Unlike other plains tribes, the Tonkawas ate fish and oysters. They even attempted to farm, without apparent success, in the late eighteenth century. As the buffalo dwindled,the Tonkawas supplemented their food supply with dogs, horses, and practically every other available mammal except wolves and coyotes, the latter apparently exempted for religious reasons. They also gathered and ate a number of herbs, roots, fruit, seeds, acorns, and pecans. When Anglo settlers moved into their region, pecans became an item of barter. The Tonkawas wore little clothing. Children often went entirely nude. Adult males wore a long breechclout, supplemented with buckskin or bison-hide moccasins, leggings, and robes as the weather demanded. Women wore short skin skirts,with additional accoutrement as weather dictated. Males wore earrings, necklaces, and other ornaments of shell, bone, and feathers, and both sexes tattooed their bodies. Women often painted black stripes on their mouths, noses, and backs, and they painted concentric circles around their breasts, from nipple to base. In aboriginal days the Tonkawas lived in short, squat tepees covered with buffalo hides. As the buffalo became scarce, brush arbors, resembling the tepee in structure but covered with brush branches and grass, replaced the buffalo- skin tepee. Still later,these structures were replaced with simple flat- topped huts covered with brush. Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vacaq`'may have been the first European to encounter the Tonkawas during his trek through Texas, but it was the French at Fort St. Louisgv that gave the first definite information concerning the tribe when they mentioned the Mayeye Indians in 1687. Alonso De Leon'sq"" expedition in 1690 began the period of regular http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/TT/bmt68.html 8/22/2005 Handbook of Texas Online: TONKAWA INDIANS Page 3 of 4 Spanish contact with the Tonkawan groups. Between 1746 and 1749 the Spanish established three missions for the Tonkawas on the San Xavier (San Gabriel) River, closer to their homelands. The Tonkawas suffered several devastating epidemics and Apache raids during the life of the missions. By 1756 the Spanish abandoned the San Xavier missions in favor of the ill-fated Santa Cruz de San Saba Mission for the Lipan Apaches. Following Tonkawa participation in the destruction of San Saba, the Spanish regarded them as enemies. Not until 1770 did the Spanish attempt to reestablish cordial relations with the Tonkawas. During this time, an Apache captive named El Mochogv rose to prominence within the Tonkawa tribe. The Spanish disliked El Mocho's influence among the Tonkawas, for he had played a conspicuous role in the attack on San Saba. As a result,the Spanish bribed several other Tonkawa leaders who agreed to assassinate the undesirable El Mocho. Unfortunately for the Spanish, an epidemic killed El Mocho's rivals, and the Spanish reluctantly agreed to deal with him,recognizing him as the "capitan general" of his tribe. In 1782 El Mocho met with the Apaches in an attempt to form an alliance with the tribe. The alliance apparently failed, primarily because of El Mocho's ambition to become the leader of the combined tribes. His continued harassment of the Spaniards caused them to revive their plans of assassination, and in 1784 they murdered El Mocho during his visit to La Bahia.q`'After the murder of El Mocho,the Tonkawas and Spanish settled into a period of uneasy peace, occasionally disrupted by transgressions on both sides. Relations with the Mexicans apparently followed a similar pattern. The arrival of Anglo-Americans, Stephen F. Austin'sq'colonists in particular, apparently ushered in a period of cordial relations. The Tonkawas often aided their new Anglo allies against the Comanches. At some point in the early nineteenth century, Tonkawa relations with the Comanches had soured, and the Tonkawas had become allies with their former enemies,the Apaches. The Tonkawas remained staunch allies of the English-speaking settlers in Texas. They continued to help the Texans and later the United States during their wars with other Indian tribes. In the 1850s the Texans set up a reservation for the Tonkawas and other tribes on the Brazos River in Young County. Some Texans, however, who were distraught over recent Indian raids attacked the reservations and killed many of the residents. In 1859 the Tonkawas were removed to a reservation in Indian Territory. When the Civil Warq`'began, the United States troops withdrew, and a group of Delaware, Shawnee, Wichita, Caddo, and other tribes attacked the Tonkawas, killing approximately half of the 300 natives. The survivors straggled back into Texas where, after the war, Governor J. W. Throckmortonq° asked the legislature to donate a league of land to them, as well as supplies. Eventually, most of the Tonkawas settled in the vicinity of Fort Griffin, where they continued to serve as scouts for the United States Army until the end of the Indian wars. Fort Griffin was abandoned in 1881, and in 1884 the surviving Tonkawas and a few associated Lipan Apaches moved to a reservation in Indian Territory. In that year there were ninety-two Tonkawas, including a few Lipans. By 1937 this number had dwindled to fifty-one. In 1951 the http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/TT/bmt68.html 8/22/2005 Handbook of Texas Online: TONKAWA INDIANS Page 4 of 4 Tonkawas had intermarried with Lipans and other Indians or whites to the extent that they were no longer distinguishable as a separate tribe. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Frederick Webb Hodge, ed., Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (2 vols., Washington: GPO, 1907, 1910; rpt., New York: Pageant, 1959). Indian Tribes of Texas (Waco: Texian Press, 1971). Kenneth F. Neighbours, "Tonkawa Scouts and Guides," West Texas Historical Association Year Book 49 (1973). William W. Newcomb, The Indians of Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1961). Jeffrey D. 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