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February 1960 :1 i Reprinted by _ 1 I OFFICE OF CIVIL AN DEFENSE t MOB LIZA�TION i CONTENTS Page Introduction - 3 Basement Shelter, Existing Construction- _ 4 Basement Shelter, New Construction 5 Underground Shelter 6 Aboveground Shelter 6 Blast and Fallout Shelter, Aboveground _ _ _ 6 Appendix 8 DEFINITIONS Radioactive fallout is particles of earth and Protection factor —The combined effects of debris drawn up into the fireball and result- barrier shielding and 'geometry shielding re- ing mushroom shaped cloud of a nuclear ex- sult in a shelter "protection factor ". This plosion which become radioactively contam- term is used by technicians to express the inated, and later fall back to earth. relative reduction in the amount of radiation Radioactivity is the emission of radiant en- that would be received by a person in a pro - ergy, alpha, beta, and gamma rays, by the tected location, compared to the amount he disintegration of the nuclei of atoms. would receive if he were unprotected. For ex- ample if a shelter has a protection factor of Shielding There are two methods df shield- 500, an unprotected person would be exposed ing from fallout radiation: barrier shielding to 500 times more radiation than someone in- and geometry shielding. side the shelter. Barrier shielding is the placing of a mass Wythe —Each continuous vertical 4 inches or between the fallout field and the individual. greater section of thickness of masonry. The heavier the protective barrier, the greater Overpressure For nuclear blast design, the the barrier shielding effect. 1 first important decision that must be made Geometry shielding is determined by the is the level of blast pressure that is to be re- extent of the fallout field affecting an in- sisted by the structure. This pressure is spoken dividual, and /or his distance from it. 2 of as "overpressure ", or the excess of pressure weight per unit surface over normal atmospheric pressure due to the Mass thickness is the wei g p passage of the shock front. area of a barrier, usually expressed in pounds per square foot. See Table II, which indicates Reflected pressure When the blast wave commercially available wall thicknesses for strikes a surface, such as that of a structure, equivalent mass thicknesses of several ma- a reflected pressure results which can be more terials. than twice the value of the peak overpressure. 1 "Fallout Shelter Surveys: Guide for Executives," Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, October 1959. 2lbid. 2 INTRODUCTION Radioactive fallout respects no person and no place. There is not a home in America that could not be affected by fallout after a nuclear attack. Shelter from fallout is the greatest single protection for you and your family. The Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization published last year "The Family Fallout Shelter" booklet MP 15. That pub - lication contains plans for five basic fallout shelters. The Structural Clay Products Institute of Washington, D. C., has prepared the booklet "Clay Masonry Family Fallout Shel- ters" in order to provide the public with five additional plans for basic fallout shelters which can be built in or near your home. OCDM technical officers have reviewed and found that it meets OCDM standards for effective shelter. Each of these shelters provides protection from fallout radia- tion of a nuclear bomb. They also can protect your family against natural disasters such as hurricanes and tornadoes. This booklet demonstrates again that there are means of pro- tection against fallout —if you do something about it before disaster strikes. LEO A. HOEGH Director Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization BASEMENT SHELTER, EXISTING All types of fallout shelters have general re- CONSTRUCTION quirements. They include (1) amount of fall - You can provide your family with substantial out protection or shielding, (2) arrangement protection against fallout radiation with a of the entrance, (3) ventilation, (4) radio re- minimum of difficulty and at reasonable cost ception, (5) lighting, (6) housekeeping prob- lems, (7) sanitation, (8) food, (9) medical with a clay masonry basement type fallout supplies, , 10 utensils, and (11) the size of shelter. Basement shelters generally are the pp (10) ) least expensive type that will provide substan- the shelter itself. tial protection. The basement shelter (shown Each shelter should be designed to accommo- in various stages of construction in figs. 1, 2, date the occupants of the household. The 3, 4) can be built at a cost of about $300 by Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization a "do- it- yourselfer" with the help of a neigh- (OCDM) recommends that family shelters bor in about 2 week -ends. However, it is rec- provide a minimum of 10 square feet of floor ommended that a regular building contractor area and 65 cubic feet of volume per person. be employed for the job. The approximate The entrance into the shelter should have at building time for a contractor is 32 man- least one right -angle turn to reduce radiation hours. intensity inside the shelter. The design of the shelter makes it useful also Ventilation is provided in this type of base - as a hobby shop, darkroom, snack bar, or ment fallout shelter by vents in the wall and storage room. Besides fallout protection, the by the open entrance. A blower may be in- shelter provides refuge from natural disasters stalled to increase comfort. such as tornadoes and hurricanes. However, As soon as the shelter is built, a check for it is important to remember that the primary purpose of this shelter is to protect your fam- radio reception must be made. Radio recep- ily against the deadly effects of radioactive tion is cut down by the shielding necessary fallout. to keep out radiation. It probably will be necessary to install an outside antenna to re- If the shelter is to serve a dual purpose which ceive CONELRAD broadcasts. requires a serving window, it will be neces- During occupancy, OCDM recommends pro - sary to install a lintel over the opening. vision for continuous low -level lighting in the Enough loose wall units must be available shelter by means of a 4 -cell hot -shot battery near the serving window to fill it in an emer- to which is wired a 150 milliampere flash - gency. light -type bulb. This device will furnish light Shelves may be constructed along the stud continuously for about 10 days. A flashlight wall using 1" x 8" boards. In general, the or electric lantern should be available for shelter should be located in the basement those periods when brighter light is necessary. corner where the floor is farthest below the Where the shelter is to have a dual - purpose level of the outside ground. peacetime use, it is desirable to have an elec- It is best to avoid areas having outside win- tric light fixture installed. This source of light dows. If it is necessary to build in this area, and power may be available during a fallout any windows in the basement walls must be emergency since, in many areas, commercial filled with solid units or filled hollow units electric service may be maintained. of the same thickness as the basement wall This basement -type Family Fallout Shelter itself. If a window is located in a window may be built in a newly constructed house as well completely below grade, it may only be well as in an existing house if the owner so necessar* to cover the window well with desires. Construction of this basement shel- boards when an emergency arises and pile ter requires the knowledge of what tools and filled sand bags on top of them. materials are necessary. One must also know 4 the quantity of materials needed to complete 9. Allow walls to cure 24 hours prior to the structure. Table V furnishes a list of installation of shelter roof. tools required for the construction of the 10. Nail 1" x 8" board across joists and "Basement -Type Clay Masonry Family Fall- out Shelter." Table VI furnishes a list of alternately stack on 4 courses of brick to make up the roof. Stagger the brick materials required. so that vertical joints are not above One method of building this shelter is out- one another. ` lined by the following steps: 11. Repeat step No. 10 until roof is corn- 1. Trace the outline (guide lines) of the plete. shelter walls on the basement floor. Brick is an excellent material that can be 2. Lay a course of 8" x 8" x 12" clay tile, used for the construction of fallout shelters. conforming to ASTM Specifications If brick is used for the construction of the C34, Grade LB in l -inch mortar basement shelter, step number 3 is eliminated. joints, along the guide lines on the Figure 4 shows a basement shelter built of basement floor. The mortar shall con- brick. tain 1 part cement, 1 part lime or lime putty, and 6 parts sand. It shall be BASEMENT SHELTER, NEW mixed with a hoe in a mixing pan for CONSTRUCTION a period of 3 minutes with the amount of water required to produce the de- New construction furnishes the home owner sired workability. with an opportunity to erect a fallout shelter immediately adjacent to his basement. It will 3. Fill the tile cells with pit -run sand. provide excellent protection against fallout 4. Provide ventilation holes in the second radiation. This shelter is built as an extra course by turning 2 tile units on their room in the basement and would add approxi- side as indicated in figure 2. mately $500 to $700 to the total cost of the 5. Repeat steps No. 2 and 3 until desioed house. Figure 6 is the line drawing for the wall height is attained. Notch out tile Basement Shelter, New Construction. in top course to take 2" x 6" joists. On the basis of current Office of Civil and Three courses of brick may be used in Defense Mobilization criteria, this shelter has lieu of final course of tile. (See detail a protection factor of 1,000 or more. on line drawing, fig. 5.) This shelter can have multiple uses. It can 6. Place 2" x 4" plate on the floor along the wall to receive 2" x 4" studs. At- serve as a refuge from natural disasters such tach plate to wall with 1/2" bolts, 2' - as tornadoes and hurricanes. 0" on center, and 4 inches from each This shelter can be made blast resistant by end of plate. providing a blast- resistant, heat - reflective 7. Attach studs with l " bolts to existing door at the entrance. This shelter design al- basement wall at the center and 1 foot ready has some inherent blast resistance (ap- from each end of the studs. Nail 2" x proximately 5 -7 psi blast overpressure). It 4" joist support to studs. may be necessary, however, to provide in- 8. Place 2" x 6" joists into position and creased wall strength depending upon the toe -nail them to 2" x 4" studs and sup- desired design overpressure. A competent en- port. Brace them in position with 2" gineer should be employed to design this x 4" blocking. shelter to provide the additional stability. 5 UNDERGROUND SHELTER This shelter will provide exceptionally good An underground clay masonry fallout shelter protection against fallout at a cost of about can be built by a contractor for about $800 $900 to $1,250. This shelter has a protection to $1,200, depending upon the entrance used. factor of 250 to 1,000, based on OCDM Figure 7 is the line drawing for this shelter. criteria. The shelter will provide excellent fallout pro - tection. It has a protection factor of 1,000 BLAST AND FALLOUT SHELTER or more on the basis of OCDM criteria. ABOVEGROUND Reinforced Brick Masonry (RBM) is em- The line drawing (fig. 7) shows the shelter ployed in making the family shelter shown with earth mounded over the roof. This shel- as figure 9 resistant to blast as well as fallout. ter can be built into an embankment or This aboveground shelter provides excellent entirely below grade. protection against the ravages of hurricanes This shelter also provides excellent protec- and tornadoes in addition to its radiation tion against hurricanes and tornadoes, and shielding. Most generally this type of shelter can easily be made blast resistant by provid- is built in regions where water or rock is close ing a blast- resistant door at the entrance. It to the earth's surface, making it impractical already has some inherent blast resistance to build underground. (approximately 5 - 7 psi blast overpressure). It may be necessary, however, to provide A family in this shelter would be protected greater stability depending upon the design from a nuclear explosion of 20- megaton size overpressure. If a blast shelter is desired, it as close as 5 miles from ground zero. The is recommended that a competent engineer radiation protection factor of this shelter is be employed. approximately 600 - 700, based on OCDM criteria. ABOVEGROUND SHELTER The exterior walls of the shelter are con - z An outdoor aboveground fallout shelter can structed of two walls of brick masonry, 1 be built of clay masonry units. Most general- foot apart. One wall is a 10 -inch RBM wall ly this type of shelter is built in regions where and the other is 4 inches of brick tied to water or rock is close to the earth's surface the RBM wall with non - corrosive metal ties making it impractical to build underground. spaced as indicated on the drawing (fig. 9). The exterior walls of this shelter are con- The space between the brick is filled with structed of two wythes of brick, 1 -foot, 8- compacted pit -run sand or gravel. inches apart. The space between the brick is The roof is a 10 -inch slab of reinforced con - filled with compacted pit -run sand or gravel. crete upon which is poured 10 more inches The two brick wythes are tied together with of fill concrete, making a total roof thickness non - corrosive metal ties as indicated on the of 20 inches. The door is blast resistant and line drawing shown as figure 8. heat reflective, able to withstand a blast over - The roof is a 6 -inch reinforced concrete slab, pressure of approximately 10 pounds per having a brick parapet wall. Upon this slab square inch. is placed two coats of hot asphalt waterproof- Blast and fallout protection is provided by ing, then 16 to 20 inches of pit -run sand or this shelter at a cost of approximately $1,200 gravel fill. to $1,700 dollars. 6 CV - L d ir / V - - ; , t �. y���x �x �� � I i i i i �\\\\\\\\\\\ 1 e 7 AfFIN,13 //' \',.',(:;' W / frf � � �� I �A ii� �iir , 'W Nvo ( I �,�0 / ! % I WA ••/ / / r , ' r rrrrrrrrrrr � r il It ii� / � / � /�� i y iii� �� 'd /Mill 4y � • i �r,.rr -�f� c > f L ■ 4010 11111°1 _ M > ��� t `.\.\J\a\ if w---- .4,* Abrff pv. .......1 j 'r /14"ftirefikilm ri■AjgAtt,: # ,, ,040 1 1, 1111■__\■ o S' " Air. :ice � ® �i%� � �/ 4 _ :./ rk Iyr / / / / : / fff 44r \ WI i m, AII AI g'Ar 7 1 _ APPENDIX CONTENTS Page Fig. 5— Basement Shelter, Existing Construction 9 Fig. 6— Basement Shelter, New Construction 10 Fig. 7— Underground Shelter - _ 11 Fig. 8— Aboveground Shelter 12 Fig. 9 —Blast and Fallout Shelter, Aboveground 13 Table I— Radiation protection factors 14 l i Table II— Equivalent mass thicknesses 14 Table III — Relation of overpressure to distances from ground zero 15 Table IV— Description of shelter protection categories 15 Table V —Tools required for building Basement Shelter, Existing Construction 16 Table VI— Materials required for building Basement Shelter, Ex- isting Construction 16 Note: Larger scale drawings of figures 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 may be obtained through your local civil defense organization, or from OCDM, Battle Creek, Michigan. 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CC a 1\ \ � Z a a i „4 2 :g5: U I \ o0o Z 3m rt. \ \': .?.i s `` 0 a \ ` • \ J I 1 O 1 :CCppCii 'Cii f Nee LLp a s ,,. •,' � \ az ' H jj:: 37 \ ii i .: lal Ei ¢ � 0 - Z = �I • J � w H \ ( \' \ WON W a O • o \ I m I .01-x '' • \ `m JO m mQ( z ') \ }� \ O_ � SON �' ['1 Z 3 1 a . lo ggiiitANI \ I \�Y %•.J::CQ N a S / \ . \ I ''1 � . In >; x f LL 1 . w gx \ f „0-,b \ a \ \ • I. sq? f `\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \: \ \ \` \ \ \ \ \. ° �\ „0 - I • • \r 0. 4 0 1 a N a _ J N „b - ,I 1 CC Q KI J J W xw . o3 1- w> 13 TABLE I.— Radiation Protection Factors (For Small Aboveground Shelters) Roof Mass Thickness, psf 100 150 200 250 300 400 0 12 15 15 15 15 15 tn 25 a- 40 45 50 50 50 cu ,� 0 0 40 85 115 140 145 150 U N H 0 50 130 230 335 385 415 i I 3 0 55 160 345 670 910 1110 55 165 500 1670 5000 than 5000 TABLE II.— Equivalent Mass Thicknesses (lb. /sq. ft.) Wall Thickness In Inches 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Si CLAY BRICK (Solid) _ I CINDER BLOCK (Solid) HAYDITE BLOCK (Solid) _ LIGHTWEIGHT BLOCK (Solid) _ CONCRETE BLOCK (Hollow) I (Filled) I STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE (Hollow) _ _ I (Filed) _ I CINDER BLOCK (Hollow) I (Filled) _ I LIGHTWEIGHT BLOCK (Hollow) I (Filed) I 0 2 4 6 6 10 12 14 16 Wall Thickness In Inches 14 TABLE III. — Relation of Overpressure to Distances From Ground Zero* (For a Typical Surface Blast) Overpressure Distance From Ground Zero (psi) 20 kilotons (atomic) 20 megatons (hydrogen) 40 1,500 ft. or 0.38 mi. 15,000 ft. or 2.8 mi. 20 1,900 ft. or 0.36 mi. 19,000 ft. or 3.6 mi. 10 2,700 ft. or 0.51 mi. 27,000 ft. or 5.1 mi. 5 4,000 ft. or 0.76 mi. 40,000 ft. or 7.6 mi. lL 2 8,000 ft. or 1.52 mi. 80,000 ft. or 15.2 mi. I s "The Effects of Nuclear Weapons " —U. S. Dept. of Defense, 1957 Fig. 3.94a, page 109. TABLE IV.— Description of Shelter Protection Categories* Pr factoron Shelter examples 1,000 or greater. OCDM underground shelters. Subbasements of multistory buildings. Underground installations (mines, tunnels, etc.) 250 to 1,000. OCDM basement fallout shelters (heavy masonry residences). Basements (without exposed walls) of multistory buildings. 50 to 250. OCDM basement fallout shelters (frame and brick veneer residences). Central areas of basements (with partially exposed walls) of multistory buildings. Central areas of upper floors (excluding top floor) of large multistory buildings with heavy exterior walls and floors. 10 to 50. Basements (without exposed walls) of small 1- or 2 -story buildings. Central areas of upper floors (excluding top floor) of large multistory buildings with light exterior walls and floors. 2 to 10. Basements (partially exposed) of small 1- or 2 -story buildings. Central areas on ground floors in 1- or 2 -story buildings with heavy masonry walls. Less than 2. Aboveground areas of low buildings, in general, including residences, stores, light industrial buildings. * Based on current OCDM criteria. 15 ¥ f E.-( o r \ % / § d d d 0 § / % / \ \ k § ) k / / / $ 2 M C \ § _ , � � \ OA el / p.:1 » • / // 0 E / 7 q - - \ A k / / A m . k u 2 § $ / / \ ƒ 2 « « \ \ $ 5 g / >4 4 c ` ` Q / ) 2 g k • / \ / 0 / . k k « A \ / % % 4 \ k \ 0 • ) k k k x % "0 / u E. A \ % % ,--1 f § 8 \ / / Z g 4 $ 4 ( / . . • /� bA \ d � / 0 / 0 / ; § \ t t \ A � , Z / ( Q % 03 % 0 ° o ��® ƒ U t ■ t 2 © Q f k k E g ° �~ « ° a 2 § k \ / 2 •§ § 2 f e § 7 \ �ƒ / : \ / § / ° P ® 0 \ \ 7 ..0 al \ u 0 § \ 7 '} / ° 0 % / / \ \ \ \ $ n ccI / © 2 ] 9 ] % 3 § ( 3 \ cl _ ƒ \ / ) / R % H \ \ $ m 2 \ \ \ k. y q 2 2 2 3 3 .- : , !6 __, PRINTING _»m0 0-543946 . \ »