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TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY • TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE • J. E. HUTCHISON. DIRECTOR, COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The tornadoes at Dallas, Texas, April 2, 1957, were
only two of the more than twenty tornadoes that occurred
on this date over portions of Oklahoma, the Texas Panhandle,
and north - central Texas. The Dallas tornadoes were unique
in the hundreds of photographs taken by public spirited
citizens which afforded researchers the first opportunity
to study the complete life cycle of a tornado from photos
of the funnel and related ground damage.
Several of these photographs are shown in this guide
to help civil defense weatherwatchers distinguish early
vortex formation. Permission for use of these photos was
obtained from private photographers (see page 20), all
rights reserved.
Dr. Vance Moyer, Professor of Meteorology and Acting
Head of the Department of Meteorology, Texas A &M University,
who has trained local spotter groups, helped prepare this
material. Jake Canglose, Brazos County Civil Defense
Director, also has contributed valuable assistance.
Acknowledgment is given also to Bob Carpenter, Civil
Defense Director, Comanche, Texas, and Joe Waring, Captain
of Salvage and Rescue, Comanche Volunteer Fire Department,
for permission to use their training material as a part
of this guide. Mr. Waring, also an American Red Cross
First Aid Instructor, has devoted considerable effort to
safeguarding his community against the unannounced arrival
of tornadoes.
William A. McClung
Rural Civil Defense Specialist
Art Sketches by
Bert Green
lc
/A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. The Why of Community Spotter Networks 1
II. Tornado Warning Information 2
A. Tornado Watch 2
B. Tornado Warning 2
III. Tornado Characteristics 3
IV. Tornado Development 5
A. Parent Tornado Cloud 4
B. Early Development 7
C. Formation of the Vortex 8
D. Lowering of Condensation Funnel 9
E. Mature Tornado 10
F. Development Summary 11
V. Reporting Procedures 13
VI. Public Warning Signals 1 4
VII. Some Things to Look For 15
A. Funnel Behind Low Clouds 15
B. Cummulus Mamma Formation 16
C. Twisted Horizontal Funnel 17
D. Secondary Funnels 18
VIII. References lc
IX. Photo Credits 20
THE WHY OF COMMUNITY SPOTTER NETWORKS
Many communities have disaster relief and rehabilita-
tion plans which describe actions to be taken following a
disaster. However, even a few minutes advance warning of
an approaching tornado can give people a chance to escape
to comparative safety, thereby, perhaps preventing casualties
and loss of life. For example, one school superintendent
was quoted as saying that without the timely warning pro -
vided by highway patrolmen and the local civil defense
organization, 300 to 400 children would have been injured
or killed.(1)
Any town or city can be struck by tornadoes. Often
warnings cannot be issued to a community in the path of
a tornado, because of sudden storm development or because
a tornado is not reported promptly. For this reason, each
community should have its own reporting and warning system.
Small communities should make provisions for receiving
storm reports at a location where the town signaling device
is located, such as the telephone exchange or fire depart-
ment.(2) Lookouts should be posted during tornado fore-
cast periods or when threatening storms are reported moving
into the area.
Training weatherwatch personnel is the responsibility
of the local civil defense director. Residents in small
communities or on ranches can provide valuable support
and receive mutual cooperation by offering their services.
This booklet was designed to help spotters recognize a
tornado during its early development and make prompt,
concise reports. Local officials may wish to supplement
these instructions with a local directory and individual
training. A set of tornado recognition slides is available
for use in local training meetings. These slides may be
scheduled through the Rural Civil Defense Office.
The following Weather Bureau, E.S.S.A., publication
is recommended as supplementary information:-'
"Tornado'. (A brochure describing community
and individual precautions against tornadoes.)
-'For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern-
, ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. 20402.
Price- -$.20.
-2-
TORNADO WARNING INFORMATION FOR THE SPOTTER
If you spot a tornado or funnel -cloud aloft from a
safe distance, notify your local civil defense representa-
tive immediately. In the event he or his deputy cannot
be reached, contact the local law enforcement agency,
county sheriff's office or Department of Public Safety
headquarters.(3) Use the reporting format on page 13 to
be sure your report is complete. •
TORNADO WATCH (ALSO TORNADO FORECAST)
"60 MILES ON EITHER SIDE OF A LINE FROM COMANCHE TO
WICHITA FALLS." THIS TYPE OF WARNING IS A FORECAST ONLY
AND MEANS TO GO ON ABOUT YOUR NORMAL BUSINESS. KEEP TUNED
TO A LOCAL RADIO OR TELEVISION STATION AND KEEP IN TOUCH
WITH THE COMMUNITY WARNING CENTER.
You may see nothing but sunshine. A tornado watch
simply means storms are possible.
TORNADO WARNING (ALSO TORNADO ALERT)
This is given to all sources, including all police,
civil defense, fire and school agencies. It sounds like
this:
"A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM IS MOVING FROM THE BANGS AREA
IN A NORTHEASTERLY DIRECTION AT A FORWARD SPEED OF 15 MILES
PER HOUR. RESIDENTS IN THE BROWN, COMANCHE AND ERATH COUNTY
AREA SHOULD TAKE PRECAUTIONS FOR PERSONAL PROTECTION AND FOR
PROTECTION OF PROPERTY. THIS STORM CONTAINS TORNADOES AND
IMMEDIATE STEPS SHOULD BE TAKEN."
Civil defense officials should be notified immediately.
Weatherwatch units of civil defense should take station.
Sheriff's units, highway patrol and schools should already
have been alerted by law enforcement agencies, firemen or •
Weather Bureau personnel.
-3-
TORNADO CHARACTERISTICS
Generally, a storm cell containing tornadoes moves
from the southwest to the northeast. However, DON'T
DEPEND ON IT: Tornadoes have been known to travel in
every possible direction. They have been known to stand
still, back up, go forward and then back up along the
same track. They have been known to lash from side to
side. For no apparent reason, they may go forward along
a track, lift and appear on another track anywhere from
50 yards to 1/4 mile to one side, then move back. They
are totally unpredictable in behavior.
Tornadoes are most likely to occur in mid - afternoon,
generally between 3 and 7 p.m. But, they have occurred
at all times of day.
Precipitation is often associated with a tornado.
It generally occurs first as rain, frequently accompanied
by hail just preceding the storm and as a heavy downpour
immediately to the left of the tornado's path.
Tornadoes have been known to cut a path of destruction
anywhere from a few hundred feet to nearly 300 miles long.(4)
The usual track is 10 to 20 miles. Therefore, watch any
known funnel carefully until it dissipates, and then remain
cautious until the storm has passed completely.
If you have no chance to retreat from a tornado, the
best protection is to take cover in an open ditch. You
might attempt to drive away from one, but this is harzardous
since a secondary funnel may form in front of you. Your
best judgment must be used as to whether to take cover or
try to escape.
The noise of a tornado is loud and distinctive. When
nearby, the roar is intense, often described as resembling
the noise of several trains moving through a tunnel. When
the funnel is well above the ground, a peculiar whine may
be heard like the buzzing of many insects or airplane engines.
These sounds may forewarn you of an approaching funnel.
Don't turn in an alarm just because you hear them, but DO
report suspicious noises.
Funnel formation may start several thousand feet
above the earth's surface, and some never reach the ground.
Others touch the ground and rise again. Only the spinning
funnel which reaches the ground is termed a tornado.
-5-
TORNADO DEVELOPMENT
Effective warning depends on early, positive recognition
of the tornado during its formation or soon after its develop -
ment.(5) The following photographs were taken at Dallas,
Texas, April 2, 1957.
The cloud from which the tornado was formed was first
photographed by Clint Grant of the Dallas Morning News.
. Figure I shows the cloud as seen from the campus of Southern
Methodist University. Mr. Grant stated that: "A prominent
dark cloud was going southwest; the cumulus in the black was
boiling." Actually, the wind at the time was generally out
of the south, but the photograph and Mr. Grant's description
confirm the fact that convective clouds were in the vacinity
whereas others described the clouds as being stratified.(6)
Figures II, III and IV show the incipient tornado cloud
about one hour later.
The photographs in Figures II and III were taken about
five minutes apart. The funnel shaped whisp had completely
disappeared by the time the second photograph was taken.
In Figure IV, the base of the cloud is ragged, indicating
considerable differential air motion.
t
� ray
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ir
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r
0
FIGURE II
-6—
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3:
FIGURE III
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FIGURE IV
- 7 -
Figure V shows the cloud a few moments later. Although
most people would not have identified it as a tornado, some
damage already had occurred at ground level (Figure VI).
" a
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FIGURE V
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FIGURE VI
-9-
Figure VIII shows debris being carried upward even though
the condensation funnel was off the ground as much a 750
feet.
,
.
a
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„ .- r At ' * '''
•
FIGURE VIII
-10-
Figure IX shows the tornado in its ma t u re stage. Although
the width of the tornadic winds was onl 60 f eet at most loca-
tions, the w o f damage caused b y flying debris usually
exceeded 100 feet.(6
0
em u "'
� e
e
z.
FIGURE IX
-11-
Certain features of the Dallas Tornado are well worth
remembering.
All witnesses of the parent tornado cloud described it
• as being small but quite distinct. The first evidence of a
funnel was a small "knot" protruding from the cloud base.
Two other knots also appeared and finally merged into one
funnel. The condensation funnel was visible throughout the
storm usually extending about half way from the cloud base
to the ground (Figure X). The shape of the tornado varied
from a concave -cone to an elephant trunk and finally to a
thin rope -like structure. During dissipation, the funnel
divided and formed a second funnel approximately one and
one -half miles east of the Dallas tornado. The two gradually
diverged and the second funnel later caused damage north of
Dallas.(6)
4 44101.
s
FIGURE X
-12-
In its mature stage, the tornado left a path of complete
destruction.
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FIGURE XI
-13-
REPORTING PROCEDURES
If you actually spot a tornado, your report must be
accurate and specific. The Civil Defense Director needs
to know:
1. WHETHER IT IS IN THE AIR OR ON THE GROUND (TORNADO
OR FUNNEL ALOFT).
2. LOCATION - -BE VERY ACCURATE ABOUT THIS. GIVE FULL
INFORMATION AND ESTIMATE DISTANCE FROM TOWN.
3. GENERAL DIRECTION OF TRAVEL.
4. ESTIMATED SPEED OF TRAVEL. (Most of them move
from 35 to 50 mph. However, some have ranged
from stationary to 68 mph.)
5. LIFE OR PROPERTY DAMAGE HAZARD. If you have seen
property damage, state so and whether or not you
have reason to believe there is serious injury.(7)
DON'T LOSE YOUR HAD
REPORT A FUNNEL ONLY IF YOU ARE SURE THIS IS WHAT
YOU SEE. Many cloud bases are ragged in ways that, when
viewed from certain angles, make them appear to be tornadic.
REPORT EVERY POSITIVELY IDENTIFIED TORNADO AND ITS
ESTABLISHED TRACK. Even though the projected track is
outside your area of responsibility, a warning must be
issued to other areas that are threatened.
KEEP YOUR STATION AS LONG AS YOU CAN. IF YOU MUST
LEAVE TO TAKE COVER, DO SO. IF YOU LOSE SIGHT OF THE FUNNEL,
ADVISE THE DIRECTOR.
KEEP CALM AND USE GOOD JUDGMENT:
REMEMBER
A MISTAKE OR LOSING YOUR HEAD DOESN INVOLVE ONLY
YOU. MANY PEOPLE DEPEND ON YOUR INFORMATION. INACCURATE
OR FALSE REPORTS MIGHT COST THEIR LIVES. BE RIGHT THE
FIRST TIME.
-14-
PUBLIC WARNING CIGNALS
The signals to be used to draw public attention to
a peacetime emergency, such as tornadoes, flash floods,
seismic sea waves, shall be a 3 to 5 minute steady tone
on sirens or horns. In addition to action determined by
local officials, the signal means "Listen for essential
emergency information." This signal differs from the
National Attack Warning Signal which is a 3 to 5 minute
wavering tone on sirens or short blasts on horns or other
devices, repeated as necessary. This signal means an
attack against this country has been detected and that
protective action shall be taken immediately.*
SIGNALING DEVICES
A community should use whatever signaling devices
are available. If a fire siren is all that is available,
an attempt should be made to devise a signal distinctly
different from that used when proceeding to a fire. One
example would be the use of several sirens or horns sound-
ing simultaneously at full strength.
*Office of Civil Defense Memorandum for State and Local
Civil Defense Directors, December 1, 1565.
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THE OFFICIAL DESIGNATION OF THIS PECULIAR CLOUD FORMATION
IS CUMULUS MAMMA.* THE BOTTOMS OF THE CLOUD ARE MARBLED
DUE TO DOWNWARD CURRENTS OF COLD AIR INSIDE. CLOUDS OF
THIS NATURE ARE OFTEN OBSERVED IN THE VICINITY OF TORNADOES
AND VIOLENT HAILSTORMS. HOWEVER, THE PRESENCE OF SUCH
CLOUDS GIVES LITTLE WARNING OF THE APPEARANCE OF A TORNADO,
SINCE THEY ARE GENERALLY NOT FORMED UNTIL AFTER A STORM
CELL HAS BEEN PRQDUCED.(8)
*Previously called "cumulus mammatus." (See Glossary of
Meteorology, 1959, p. 355.) R. Huschke, ed., Am. Met.
Soc., Boston.
- 18-
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FUNNEL IN FRONT OF LOW CLOUDS
TORNADOES ARE OFTEN OBSCURED BY CLOUDS AND DUST. NOTE THE -
"HORIZONTAL" FUNNEL TO THE RIGHT. IT IS RARE THAT A TORNADO
CELL WILL HAVE ONLY ONE FUNNEL IN IT. YOU SHOULD WATCH
FOR MORE THAN ONE, EVEN THOUGH ONLY ONE IS ON THE GROUND.
REMEMBER TO WATCH FOR THE SECONDARY FUNNEL.
-19-
REFERENCES
1. Harry Estill Moore, Tornadoes Over Texas - A Study of
Waco and San Angelo in Disaster. Austin: University
of Texas Press, 1958, p. 28.
2. United States Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau,
E.S.S.A. Community Tornado Safety. Washington:
Government Printing Office, 1960.
3. Thomas G. Hollmig, "Tornadoes...Dark Clouds of
Destruction," Texas Agricultural Progress, Vol.
12, No. 1, pp. 12 -14, TAP423, Winter, 1966.
4. Snoden D. Flora, Tornadoes of the United States.
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958.
5. United States Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau,
E.S.S.A. It Looks Like a Tornado...An Aid for
Distinguishing Tornadoes from Other Cloud Forms.
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1959.
6. Walter H. Hoecker,_et. al. The Tornadoes of Dallas,
Texas, April 2, 1957. United States Department
of Commerce, Weather Bureau, E.S.S.A. (Research
Paper No. 41). Washington: Government Printing
Office, 1960.
7. Joe Waring, "Tornado Warning Information for the Spotter."
Comanche, Texas (mimeographed).
8. George F. Taylor, Aeronautical Meteorology. New York:
Pitman Publishing Corporation, 1941, p. 392.
-20-
PHOTO CREDITS
Figure
Clint Grant I
Dallas Morning News
E. H. Lace II
Burleson, Texas III
Clint Grant IV
Dallas Morning News
Carl A. Poynter V
4024 Swiss Avenue
Dallas, Texas
Photo Damage Survey VI
Texas A &M Research Foundation
E. H. Lace VII
Burleson, Texas
Bill Winfrey VIII
Dallas Morning News
Joe Laird IX
Dallas Morning News
Bill Winfrey X
Dallas Morning News
Photo Damage Survey XI
Texas A &M Research Foundation
1