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HomeMy WebLinkAboutAmended FY 1977 Program Policy & Guidance DCPA TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY WILSON E. SPEIR DIVISION OF DISASTER EMERGENCY SERVICES Director DES -12 M. P. BOWDEN State Coordinator Date October 8, 1976 TO: Addressee FROM: Parks Bowden, State Coordinator SUBJECT: Amended FY 1977 Program Policy and Guidance Attached is the DCPA Amended FY 1977 Program Policy and Guidance dated September 24, 1976, which supersedes all previous material on this subject. This amended Policy and Guidance reinstates the dual -use concept for general preparedness activities. Surplus and excess property participa- tion will continue as it has been in the past. A Bill on surplus and excess property passed Congress on September 30, 1976. Implementation of this new legislation will be provided when received in this office. September 24, 1976 AMENDED FY 1977 PROGRAM POLICY AND GUIDANCE GENERAL The Defense Civil Preparedness budget for FY 1977 is $82.5 million, provided in two appropriations: $65 million for operation and maintenance, and $17.5 million for research, shelter survey and marking. Funds are not interchangeable between the two appropriations. The RSSM account provides for shelter (including NCP), matching funds for EOC`s and supporting systems equipment and research and development; the O &M account provides for warning and detection, emergency operations (including training and education), and management expenses. included within the O &iii is Si million for commuil°Icd- tions systems support (including NAWAS) previously funded by the Department of the Army. In a separate action, the Federal Civil Defense Act has been amended by the 1977 Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 94 -361) to provide statutory authority for use of civil defense personnel, equi pent and facilities to provide emergency assistance when other - than -enemy !caused disaster occurs. The authority in the bill refers to use of civil defense resources for emer- gency assistance and infers that DCPA should support preparedness requirements of States and local governments for other preparedness activities when the facts demonstrate that a mutual benefit for both the Federal and the State or its local sub- divisions results. In his guidance of September 17, 1976, the Deputy Secretary of Defense directed that: - "DCPA must continue to focus primary attention on preparing for enemy attack upon the United States under the authoritiesGf the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950." and; - "The intent of Congress as stated in Section 4 of P.L. 94 -361 is to provide assistance td State and local governments in emergency situations arising from natural disasters. Such assistance may include preparedness type activities when the facts demonstrate that such a mutual plan benefits both the Department [�f DefenseJ; State and local preparedness programs. This will allow the application of civil defense orgInizationai personnel, facilities and equipment to be applied to a common base of preparedness for both nuclear attack and peacetime disasters in s.:.ch priority as we [the Department of Defense ?* may determine appropriate to meet our basic mission." The program orientation and budget authorizatiar will be reflected in the general nature outlined below. In consonance with the FY 1977 appropriation ani:the aforementioned direction, the following policy decisions and relate' operational concepts are being provided. * Parenthetical phrases added for clarity. 2 POLICY All equipment, facilities, maintenance, personnel and administrative costs for which DCPA funds, including Federal matching funds support, must be requested and justified on the basis of their contribution to nuclear attack preparedness. However, personnel employed under the civil defense program may, while in the process of developing an attack readiness capability, give attention to the adaptation and use of locally available operational systems and services for other-than-enemy caused disasters. Facilities, personnel, and equipment, when established within the State or local government civil defense systems and services, will be c °: nc`!red to have a secondary application for other -than -enemy caused disasters. Such preparedness effort and use of resources will not detract from the accomplishment of priority elements of the DCPA approved nuclear attack preparedness work plan. As a matter of practicality, it is expected that all other State and local resources not specifically Federally funded under the Federal Civil Defense program will also be integrated into nuclear emergency plans. CONCEPT The criteria for application and approval of Federal matching funds will be based on a need which is over and above the requirement of govern- ment for normal or day -to -day operations and which will facilitate emergency operational readiness for attack on the United States, and may have common application for other - than -enemy caused disasters. DCPA support through the matching funds programs for facilities,' equipment and maintenance are for the primary purpose of establishing, maintaining and coordinating the following four systems for a nuclear attack preparedness mode at the State and local levels of governments: Attack Warning - Direction and Control - Radiological Defense - and Dis- semination of Emergency Public Information. However, certain items of Federal property may be made available on a loan basis, in lieu of fund contribution, to States and communities to supplement the emergency ser- vices or departments of those governments where demonstrated progress has been made in nuclear civil protection preparedness. Due consideration will be given to exceptions such as for those communities just initiating a preparedness program. Federal matching funds to support personnel and administrative costs must be justified on the basis of work requirements for the planning, management and coordination of State and local government preparations -for the protection of life and property from enemy attack. In terns cf the DCPA program this effort includes all things associated with Nuclear Civil Protection Planning (in -place and /or crisis relocation) and the development of the operational capability to conduct such operations. Personnel • 3 employed under this program may, while the process of developing this capability, give attention to the adaptation and use of locally available operational systems and services for other- than -enemy caused disasters. Further it is expected and accept =ed that such personnel will participate in the emergency operations phase of any other -than -enemy caused disaster, to the extent desired or directed by their chief executives. Parameters have been established in DCPA memorandum dated October 10, 1975, to limit the extent to which Federal funds can be used to support personnel who participate in the rehabilitation phase following the "life- saving" emer- gency period. When such authorized emergency activity is of sufficient scope as to impact on the completion of the approved annual program work plan, the DCPA Regional Director will be notified by brief letter which revises the work plan and points out the reason therefor.. This documentation will be readily available at the Regional Office. PROGRAMS A. Personnel and Administrative Program (P &A) The Program Papers will describe functions to be performed and, insofar as possible, specific items to be produced in the coming fiscal year. The DCPA Regional Director must be satisfied that the work elements in the work plan are sufficient, from the standpoint of estimated time and effort, to justify the work years for which funding is being requested. Local subdivision (program areas) workyear authorizations will be based, generally, on categories of population ranges. The chart of staffing (page 43K, CPG 1 -3) provides a guide of workyear support for professional and clerical personnel for various ranges of population to be served. No local subdivision (program area) will be provided P &A support unless at least one -half workyear of effort is programmed by the applicant subdivision. • Travel expenses at both State and local elevels should not exceed 5% of allocation. "All other" expenses should not exceed 12% of allocation. No personnel will be funded in departments or agencies other than the single agency administering the program except the technical functions of RADEF and communications. • The State Administration Plan will be resubmitted by the State and carefully reviewed by the DCPA Regional Director prior to October 1, 1976. No allocation of FY 1977 P &A funds will be made unless the State Administrative Plan.is current and approved by DCPA. 4 • B. Nuclear Civil Protection Planning (NCP) DCPA will enter into contracts with the States to accomplish nuclear civil protection planning (NCP) for potential nuclear attack and to identify requirements for emergency operations in support thereof. Priority will be given to completing the nine prototype plans and the development in each State of a preliminary allocation of risk area popu- lation to host areas for all conglomerates which lie wholly or partially within the State. The State operations plan will be updated or developed to provide the direct and resource support required to accomplish cf•isis relocation on a State -wide basis. • It is the objective of DCPA to develop by end FY 1979 or earlier, if possible, an initial detailed allocation of risk area population to host areas for all conglomerates, to include supporting emergency information materials. As staff time permits, congregate care allocations and associated emergency information materials for use during the relocation mode will be developed for selected host areas. Allocation plans to provide fallout protection for the resident and relocated population during the relocation will be developed. In -place fallout shelter allocation to assure maximum fallout protection far the resident population in the event crisis relocation is not implemented will be updated in these risk areas and host areas. Detailed risk area operations plans to provide for the movement of people to the host areas, support to the hest areas and support of the evacuated risk area will be developed for selected risk areas. • For those program areas where crisis relocation planning is not under way, substantial attention should be given to revising and updating the in -place shelter plan (CSP). The Director, DCPA, will specify the maximum number of planners and support personnel to be employed by each State under the NCP contract. Training of Planners. (See Section on Training and Education.) C. Attack Warning 1. The National Warning System (NAWAS) has been reconfigured by the elimination of U2WC at Denton, Texas, August 1., 1976. The Regional warning circuits have been reconfigured so that the National Warning Cer:er (at Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado) normally will control Region 5, 6, 7, and • 8 circuits and the Alternate National Warning Center (at Olney, Mary lane) normally will control Regions 1, 2, 3, and 4 circuits. Both Warning Centers also will retain capability to control -the entire !A'VAS. • The NAWAS capabilities in no way have been degraded by this reconfiguration. • • 5 The National Weather Service, NOAA, has been given the option of paying for NAWAS service at Weather Service Offices or having the service eliminated, except that key NOAA offices will continue on the NAWAS system as part of the Federal element of the National Warning System. Hcwever, DCPA will not arbitrarily degrade the weather warning function and capability of NAWAS until and unless an equivalent acceptable alternative solution is found. 2. Insofar as Federal funds are available priority will be given to approval of applications to support the following functions and systems in the order listed below: (However, the addition of a significant risk factor From other-than-nuclear-attack n attack h r s y be i ,. DCPA 1 a:. Vvr � � V��� .net C.(l f.tn -i�u �. � eat -4 �, bta \.h IlUtal l�> may VU /15 1 C1 el C_ _ JVf n Regional Directors in approving project applications.) • A. Financial assistance will be provided to develop State warning systems whereby attack warning information can be effectively dis- seminated to State agencies, local government level and through the mass media to the public. B. Financial assistance will also be provided for recurring and maintenance costs for State warning systems. C. At the local level financial assistance will be provided: (1) for means to disseminate the attack warning information to jurisdictions in high risk areas not having direct access to NAWAS; (2) for outdoor.warn- ing devices within high risk areas where the population may be subject to the direct effects of nuclear weapons; (3) for links between EOC's in high risk areas and commercial or public service broadcast stations. Limited sup- port will be given to low risk areas for interconnection between the EOC • and commercial or public service broadcast stations for attack warning dissemination. D. Financial assistance for recurring and maintenance costs will be provided for local attack warning systems in jurisdictions in high risk areas where the population may be subject to the direct effects of nuclear weapons and in low risk areas for the interconnection between the EOC and commercial public service broadcast stations for attack warning dissemination. E. Financial assistance may be provided for outdoor warning equipment as well as recurring and maintenance costs for local warning systems in areas of relatively high risk to natural disasters, even though the area may be at low risk to the direct effects of nuclear attack. 3. Regular broadcasting of the Decision Information Distribution System (DIDS) prototype was terminated on May 28; 1976. The system has been mothballed in a maintenance condition which will permit the transmitter to be reactivated for operation upon 30 notice. Maintenance of security, grounds and facilities will be funded commensurate with safeguarding the .6 government's investment, to include rcgvla.r reactivation for a 24 -hour period every 60 days. The siren receivers will be left in place. All other receivers will be picked up and placed in storage. D. Direction and Control 1. Available matching funds will be given priority to extending EOC coverage at the State and State area level and for extending local EOC coverage in areas of high risk from direct weapons effects and in near- by low -risk areas. The overall N l �f r t that tJ limited r } \v im . i �. 5: ..:: 1 ffle vtie�ai i i�l�..ei�., Is �llat. the IUPIuJ GVdi iu'tii2 :... .... U for development of EOC's at the State, State - Area, and local levels from which operations can be directed for support of survivors in high -risk areas should they suffer direct weapons effects. To implement this intent, the following general priorities will be observed in use of funds for EOC construction; (a) State EOC's; (b) State -Area EOC's providing direction and control for a high -risk area and part or all of its associated host area; (c) fallout - protected local EOC's near high -risk areas, from which operations can be directed for support of survivors in the high -risk area; (d) local EOC's in high -risk areas, which provide some degree of blast protection, and (e) other areas where potential fallout from nuclear attack may be expected. Matching funds applications for equipping EOC's constructed with FY 1976 or prior -year funds will be applied in the same priority order. DCPA will continue to provide technical advice and assistance to all j risdictions, on EOC construction and on modification of existing structures to provide suitable protection for an EOC. 2. Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) protection will be strongly encouraged for State and local communications systems. At the local level, priority will be given to the provision of EMP protection to communications systems in high risk areas and their associated host areas. 3. Priority funding for recurring maintenance and service charges will be given to high risk areas and their host areas for communications equipment supporting the Direction and Control System. 4. In lower priority, and as funds are available, matching funds may be provided to support procurement, maintenance or services related to mobile or portable radios, mobile communications vans or associated equip- ment, but only for equipment to assure interconnection between ECC base stations and related communications systems of operating departments or services. 7 E. Radiological Defense Contracts with the States will provide for the retrofit, operational testing and necessary maintenance and calibration of radiological instru- ments; and the training of Radiological Monitors (RN's), Aerial Radiolcc cal Monitors (ARM's), Radiological Defense Officers (RDO's) and qualified in- structors for all categories, exclusive of the management of the hone study course. These contracts will also provide for assistance to localities in planning, implementing and exercising RADEF systems, including participa- tion in the On -Site Assistance (OSA) process. Specific priorities for FY 1977 will be as follows: 1. Instrumentation a. Retrofit of CD V -715 survey meters. b. Operational testing of approximately 25% of instruments in the field. c. A selected sample of instruments meeting operational tests in the field will be returned to State shops for testing and calibrating. The two year maintenance and calibration cycle for operational instruments and four year cycle for shelter instruments will be discontinued for FY 1977 as provided in memorandum • for Regional Directors of July 14, 1976, subject: "Radiological Defense Program Guidance for FY 1977 ". d. Other alternative, cost effective procedures will be considered. 2. Plans, Procedures and Exercises a. Support of planning, development of procedures and exercises will be provided as an incidental function to the other RADEF related activities when such support can be provided without detracting from the accom- plishment of contracted instrumentation and training workload. b. Emphasis to be given to the RADEF aspects of NCP planning. c. Plans for the crisis distribution of all instruments stored at State level. 3. Training (See Section on training and Education) 8 F. Emergency Public Information During FY 1977 management emphasis will be placed on further development of Emergency Public Information dissemination systems and procedures for State and local operational areas. G. Training and Education 1. State Educational Contracts DCPA Regional Contracts with States for Civil Preparedness Education acid /or for Civil Preparedness University Extension p;:rp: : :._:s will be terminated NLT September 30, 1976, with all such termination costs funded from within current contracts. For FY 1977, each Region is authorized to negotiate one contract per Region not to exceed $60,000 for all costs including salaries and travel to provide professional instructor(s) for civil defense training. Contractor will be responsible to the Regional Director. Instruction to be conducted will be as specified by the Regional Director and will include Career Phase I and Career Phase II Courses and be in support of State Level Seminars. The Budget Execution Plan will reflect such fund support. Under no circumstances will this contract be oriented to or support State educational programs for primary or secondary school students. 2. State Seminars DCPA will provide funding support through the State Seminar contract procedure for the following type conferences and_ training: (a) Nuclear Civil Protection Planning, (b) Local Public Officials, (c) Plans and Operations Workshops, (d) Emergency Operations Simulations Exercises, and (e) Basic and Advanced CD Management Workshops. State Seminars may also serve as the vehicle for conducting Career I and Career II courses within the DCPA Region. As a minimum one seminar per State will also be conducted to analyze the Program Status Report including the Evaluation Summary related to the State and to plan for progressive correction of deficiencies. The DCPA Staff College will be responsible for supporting the Regions in the development of and dissemination of necessary lessen plans and training materials for State Seminars. (Additional guidance will be issued periodically.) 3. Nuclear Civil Protection Regions will be responsible_ for the conduct of training to insure that each NCP contract planner receives a minimum of one week formal 9 training on NCP where the full two -week course is not deemed appropriate or available. Regions must assume for planning purposes that DCPA Staff College personnel will not be available to assist in NCP training beyond October 1, 1976. The Director, DCPA Staff College in conjunction with the Assistant Director for Plans and Operations will develop the necessary training curriculum including instructional material. 4. Radiological Defense Radiological Defense training will be conducted at State and local level within funding levels provided in the Budget Execution Plan. RADEtraining s F requirements be funded through or as an adjunct to the �. J.. r rem s may l f uun Maintenance and Calibration contracts or by separate contract as the Regional Director may deem appropriate. All training funded under such contracts will be conducted by professionals fully qualified in RADEF training. First priority will be the training of RDO's in Program Areas where none exist and where the RADEF system does not meet the standards of CPG 1 -5. Radiological Monitor Instructor capability should be developed at the local level. This should be the RDO, if possible. RM and ARM training will be conducted only for personnel having emergency assignments under State and local plans and where deficiencies exist. No resident Radiological Defense Training will be conducted by the DCPA Staff College in FY 77. The Staff College will continue to manage the HS -3 Hone Study Course for RM training in consonance with the Director's guidance of June 4, 1976, (copy attached as Attachment 1), and will pro - vide instructional materials as required. 5. "Your Chance to Live" A. Priority I For FY 1977 (school year 1976 -1977) DCPA will provide Student Textbooks SM 3 -12 "Your Chance to Live" and associated Teacher Instructor Guide (IG 3 -12) for the 7th, 8th or 9th grade levels where civil preparedness education is mandatory under State, county or city law or ordinances. For FY 1977, maximum use will be made of existing usable SM 3 -12s and IG 3 -12s. Regions will advise all States that manuals should be retained for use in subsequent FY 1977 courses and in FY 1978 (school year 1977 - 1978). Commencing with FY 1978 (school year 1977 -1978) costs for printing SM 3 -12 and IG 3 -12 may have to be assumed by individual States. B. Priority II For FY 1977, where civil preparedness education is not mandatory under State law or county or local ordinance, DCPA will provide SM 3 -12s and IG 3 -12s only as funds can be made available and only after 10 all requirements in Priority I are met. Maximum use will be made of exist- ing usable SM 3 -12s and IG 3 -12s. Regions well advise all States that manuals should be retained for use in subsequent FY 1977 courses and in FY 1978 (school year 1977 - 1978). Commencing with FY 1978 (school year 1977 -1978) costs for printing SM 3 -12 and IG 3 -12 may have to be assumed by individual States. C. Teacher Workshops Commencing with FY 1977, Teacher workshops will not be funded by DCPA.. Total funding responsibility for such workshops rests with the appropriate State, county or city. 6. Resident Courses - DCPA Staff College A. Career III and Career IV For FY 1977, Five (5) resident Career III (30 students per course) and Two (2) resident Career IV (30 students per course) will be scheduled and conducted at Battle Creek by the DCPA Staff College. For these resident Career III and Career IV courses, DCPA will finance stu- dent travel and per diem costs on a 50% basis. B. Industry - Business Emergency Planning The Director, information Services in coordination w th the Director, Staff College, and the r "assistant Director for Plans and Operations will schedule and conduct three (3) Industry /Business Erergency Planning Courses during FY 1977. One will be conducted at the Staff College, one on the .lest Coast and or on the East Coast. DCPA will not provide financial assistance for student travel or per diem for the above three I /BEP courses. C. Home Study Program In FY 1977 DCPA will administer three Home Study courses as follows: HS - Civil Director /Coordinator HS -3 Introduction to Radiological Monitoring HS -6 Civil Defense, USA Participation in the above Home Study Courses will be in accord with the Director's June 4, 1976 memorandum, copy of which is Attachment 1. 11 D. Other courses may be required ,nd approved by the Director, DCPA. H. Contributions Project Loan Program This program will provide equipment support for Direction and Control, Attack Warning, Radiological Defense and Emergency Public Informa- tion systems, and civil defense administrative offices. Equipment new on loan may continue as long as the property is needed for the purposes for which acquired. Beginning October 1, 1976, new loans for State and local emergency services will be authorized on a selective basis to those States and communities which have achieved progress in dove i opi riy a site l ier and the basic essential systems listed above. Financial assistance for rehabilitation, transportation, conversion and installation will not be authorized during FY 1977, except for essential equipment installed in EOC's. This may be supported by matching funds supporting Direction and Control Systems (Supporting Systems Equipment). I. Surplus Property Surplus property for civil defense purposes will be continued sub- stantially as in the past until such time as legislation now pending in Congress is acted upon. Financial assistance for transportation rehabilitation, installation and service charges will not be authorized during FY 1977. J. Shelter Marking and Stocking During FY 1977 management emphasis will be placed on development of procedures (plans) for crisis shelter marking and shelter stocking. How- ever, limited Federal funding will be available for marking of shelters in Couut fforce areas during FY 1977. These funds will be used to install the initial increment of shelter signs for previously unmarked, identified shelter facilities in risk and host areas associated with Counterforce targets, and to repair or remove signs from previously marked buildings, as appropriate. Shelters marked will be those designated for us in local NCP plans. K. Emergency Water Supply Equipment This program will be phased out prior to October 1, 1976. Water Supply Equipment has been offered to the States on a long term loan basis; the States to bear the cost of transportation to a State warehouse. °CPA will not match funds for warehousing, maintenance or operation of equipment on loan. All equipment is scheduled to be removed from present warehouses prior to September 30, 1976. 12 L. Emergency Services Due to the limited DM budget for FY 1977 matching funds will not be available for acquisition or maintenance of equipment in support of the civil defense functions assigned to State or local government emergency services. ,. • c<'\11//,'>,,,_ , DEFENSE CIVIL PREPAREDNESS AGENCY WASHINGTON. D.C. 20301 j .4. ;. - June 4, 1976 MEMORANDUM FOR DIRECTOR, DCPA STAFF COLLEGE SUBJECT: DCPA Home Study Courses - -Civil Defense, USA (CD USA(HS -6)); Civil Defense Director /Coordi- nator (CD D /C(HS -1)),; Introduction to Radiolo- gical Monitoring (RM(HS -3)) Effective immediately and until further notice, you are authorized to grant enrollment in the DCPA Home Study Courses outlined above only wherein requesting .enrollees are (1) State or local government civil defense (prepared- ness) directors; (2) staff personnel of State and local government civil defense (preparedness) offices; and /or (3) individuals who have a legal civil defense assignment within the Federal- State -Local structure and have been so certified by the civil defense director concerned. All requests exclusive of the above three categories will be referred to me for decision. (::)Fje...m Jo n E. Davis Director Distribution B(HgDivDirs) G(F1dDivDirs) ATTACHMENT 1 �� , . c--,,, U f °'7 ` 3 7ii6 -19-10 A REPORT TO LOCAL DIRECTORS FROM GEORGE L. JONES, PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE DIRECTORS FOR DISASTER PREPAREDNESS The news is all good. At a meeting last Wednesday at DCPA National Headquarters represented by our association and USCDC, the final draft of FY 77 DCPA Program Policy and Guidance allowing dual -use concepts was worked out. As earlier reported, revised guidance from D.O.D. allowed DCPA to expand their involvement into general preparedness activities where such would offer mutual preparedness advantages and would compliment and further the carrying out of the primary mission of nuclear attack preparedness. Said differently, a second- ary mission of general emergency preparedness is now recognizable under the law. What this means to all of us is the opportunity to put the past behind us and to proceed in harmony toward a better program. The interdependent partnership of state, federal and locals has at least been re- established. Each of us must recognize though, that such a relationship depends on mutual trust and respect of the others needs, position, views and efforts. We have learned from sad experience what happens when the partnership gets out of balance - we all lose. I ask each of you to guard the gains that we have made by further strengthening the partnership and by not allowing small issues to divide and fester. The three partners will never agree on all matters. But those things we can agree on should be a base for building. Disagreements should be fought out privately like gentlemen and mutual respect is the key. Our net gains have been small. We really haven't improved our program, rather we have just turned aside a crisis that would have caused our program to dete- riorate. With less funding than prior years, we are challenged to improve our program with efficiency rather than money. Such will be difficult but essential if we are to get the support needed to build the program into the one our nation needs and deserves. The opportunity is here. The Congress is on record with their interest in our program and the executive branch has now demonstrated their willingness to work things out. With such opportunity, our future depends largely on our ability to show that we deserve a future. A few essentials seem to be: Revitalizing public support and interest by engaging in activities that will have public appeal and support. Reducing administration and increasing our ability to be operationally effective. Realistically setting goals and programs to achieve them which take into account the public support necessary to grow, in addition to those elements that are essential but which will never have much public interest. Rather than itemize the changes in the Policy Program Guidance here, it will be better to receive them through the regions. The net effect is that we have gone back to most of the dual -use concepts of a year ago. However, priorities to accom- plish the primary mission have been established and must be taken into account. - 2 - We owe the members of Congress that have helped us a tremendous thanks. I hope that each of you will pass on the appreciation of all of us to the Representa- tives and Senators with whom you have been working. If a special recognition is called for by our association, please advise your Regional Vice President. Letters from the executive committee or special awards are certainly possible. I have asked our secretary to convene an executive committee meeting at a con- venient location as soon as possible. It is my intention to resign as President of NASDDP at that meeting so that a fresh team can carry on the momentum of this spring and summer - Harold Crain will be in touch with you.