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_- a_ .., ~ ~` • CITY OF COLLEGE STATIOI~I PLANNING :DIVISION ~` ;' ~ / POST OFFICE BOX 9960 1101 TEXAS AVENUE COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS 77842-9960 (409).764-3570 July 13, 1995 MEMORANDUM ~~~ TO: The Plan FROM: Veronicz Jane Kee RE: RURAL With the recent annexation process, staff and council received numerous comments and concerns from_citizens regarding the ordinances and regulations that they may be required to follow once annexed into the City of College Station. A number. of these concerns dealt with those regulations contained within our"current Subdivision Ordinance as well as other codes the City has. Concerns ranged from street standards, water and sewer standards, street lighting policies, fire protection standards, livestock and animal control ordinances as well as'gun control regulations: During the annexation proceedings, Council directed staff to look at the possibility of adopting rural type subdivision. regulations, which. would allow subdivisions similar. to Foxfire and Nantucket to be developed within our new City limits and o look at the application of existing ordinances to newly annexed rural areas: Staff researched this subject and has .divided the discussion into two issue areas; development standards and quality of lfeissues. On June 27, 1995, a focus group meeting was held with several local. engineers, developers and concerned citizens regarding these regulations.. The meeting was to discuss the subject of development standards only and receive input from the group. The meeting was. very productive and several comments and. questions were. raised by the group .regarding staf;,s presentation. A later focus group meeting-,was held to discuss. quality. of life issues and results from this focus group may come to the Commission at a later date. At the Planning and Zoning Commission meeting on July 20, staff will. present these proposed development standards as well as the comments/concerns expressed at the focus group meeting, .Staff would like the Commission's input, which will be forwarded to the Council in August:. This will be in the form' of a report to Council, after which, at Council's direction, staff will begin drafting these regulations in ordinance .form. .:: RURAL SUBDNISION REGULATIONS PRESENTATION NOTES slide 1 '~, HISTORY During the annexation proceedings, concerns were expressed by citizens that there were ordinances and regulations that they didnt want imposed on them. Concerns ranged from the standards required in our subdivision regulations, street, water and sewer standards, to livestock, firearms and other qulity of life i issues. As a. result, Council directed staff to begin looking at our ordinances to see if we could address I, these concerns. .Staff has had two focus group .meetings with local developers, engineers and citizens to '' , hear concerns, discuss them and try to fonnulZte ideas to address them. .~~ \~>-~~ _ slide 2 We found that the concerns could really be broken down into two categories. One being those that are more development related issues - i.e. standards that .are addressed within our subdivision regulations and two, what we coined as "quality of life"issues, ie: livestock, aninizls, firearms, weeds and grasses etc. This everting, we are going to focus on the first area -.development standards. .slide 3 ~, In the presentation this evening I will be addressing 7 areas that have been discussed both internally and ~` ,~ ~>ith the focus group. Some of st7ff s ideas on new standards were recieved well by the focus group and ~~ ~ some proposed standards raised questions and concerns.. The focus group was invited to tonights meeting and some are here this evening. Hopefully, I will touch on all the concerns voiced in the meeting and iIf I i have left any out, i apologize in advance for my oversight. The items you see on the screen are. those that were discussed. Additional concerns, relating more to quality of life issues were expressed at the focus group rtteeting, however, tonight. in the interest of time, we will try to limit our discussion to development issues and to address "quality of life" issues at a later date. For the group members who may have kept notes from our previous meeting, you will note that we have a new category on here called zoning district, ~. ~__ which has replaced "lot size, and setbacks" from our earlier presentation. slide 4 streets - most of the concerns expressed with the street discussion was the desire to have rural type cross sections within the subdivision. In researching this topic staff looked at existing rural type subdivisions to see the quality of streets and cross sections used. The County engineers office was very helpful with maintenance costs and cross sections used in various subdivisions. road condition/cross section slide S -gravel road slide 6 -gravel road slide.? -asphalt -poor subgrade slide 8 -good asphalt slide 9 -good asphalt ~ slide 10 -good asphalt slide 11 -good asphalt i ~, ",1 \- `:.~ . slide 12 - width of roadway parking on street -had to maintain 20' fire lane county standard - 24' width slide 13 - roadway geometry bayou woods -radius ~ 1 Nt ~ slide 14- kyle at ~}JpSieometry - 1 radius ti1~0 slide 15- foxfire curves slide 16 - fo~fire curves slide 17 WATER SYSTEM extension of our public system private systems.- ccn map private wells ~.~ ~~ _,~ i ~~~"- ,, slide 18 FIRE PROTECTION dry hydrants - nfpa 1231 slide 19 - dry hydrant in Sweetwater at lake -one source slide 20 - cistern -another source of water supply for dry by slide 21 - SEWER slide 22 - DRAINAGE c`~~o-"'~ s~~,, slide 23 - minimum ditches -reason for 18" miiumuin -concern raised to not state MUST be 18" F ~. ~ , ~ ~r'`~. ~°°~ ~~~~' ~ ;~~l. ~ a . ~e:~~q~4 ~: s. ~ .~ ~ : i + + ~ b A ib J ° w s' ~ ~ ~ : 4r ~ ~ ~ p >: ~ i„,~ Y ~ ~ d . ~ 7 t R Y ',y~'WJ'`+i4~ ~ k {' n) rel p y ': y y -yy ~ slide 24- ~ ' ~ _" ~ ! poor side slopes,/inadequate soil s,~ab~lization ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ..• "'YY ~" , ~ ~.}"j ~J •i d~4` b P ~[ i t, .~'h A;r \ , 1~. tiJ} , w!~- 4J ~ ~ f a ~ R .. . £ w '„ ~..'~.n r"A ~ a . t ~ _, ~ t .~°'> ~ T~~ Y~ 7l 4 - e . ~'~ y ~ ; # ~ r i~•. .. i t~ ~ ~ ~' , i ~. ~ slide 2S ~3i'21~~« ~' t ~ ~. ' ~.~r,i pW 4 a ,~ ~. , t ~ .. .:~, ~ j , , ~y , . 5 fir., .. . t~ ~~~i'~R ' : ' ~ ~ ~x "' •{~ ~ 1 ~ adec~uat~ grass cover/slopes/depth. ~ `- ~'"' `' :~.,~~,,; ~ ~ ; ": r ~ P ' f ~ r 4% Y Y ~a ~' r ~ 1 ~h. y ~ , 1 r.~ i , t .. ~ " ' ~ , i ~ • ~,''~ ti", r ,, . , r ~ ;~ ~.. slide ~; 7~ j . ~ ~ ~jf~ A ~" i ~e ~.# . ;'~+ " ~ +~ ; Y - ELECTRICAL ;~? ~:~ e ~': -a^ ~ ~ ' , , , , ', c.. ~~.~? ', '"~. slide 28 ,l ~. zoning district - A or AG opeti/niral residential purpose -the district is intended to provide areas for single funily residential development that is rural in character: these developments contain large lots with a'minimum of 1 acre in size. Drainage features, easements, floodplain or other features that'may limit the use of the property for use as a septic field would not count toward the one acre minimum. Areasa should contain a mimimuum of 100 acers and should be develoed a s a single unified development. Areas of less than 100 acres may be considered if adjacent to existing rural residential areas.. process- a prelim. plat or develo}~ment plan showing the layout of the lots, roadways and other iitfrastrure nrust be submitted as a part of the rezoning request. -~ permitted uses: U'^ ' 1 A l~r ~~,~+~ ~ ~ II~I~ ~5'AN%N'~ ~+ 15 ~ IPL 0.FW NAat 0.b WAMN . ~:. ~,pi,r~.e~ ~~ ~"" ~ u ~~~ _.p sw--,~e~~y~is e. SR+azeck~e+y~ 9 I .,, ~._.., A /r ti„ , ~ ~ [ ~1 X1°1 ri,~ro ~r '` --- -- -- _.__ __ __ _ _11Qz- ~Z - -- -- -- _-- -- ___ -- ~ ge d~ on-44~+d~'~ --- - - _ - -- - - ----- -- - ?~ t . ~~ -- ~~ --- -- --- --- -- ~w a ---- ~'_ °~`-- --- ---- -- - - _ U - -- _-__ -- ~ ~-~ single family residences ~ 1 ~c~ ~~ ~.~,~ n~ lxv a- ~OW(, home occupations (~~DIJ~~' pasturage that. is icidental_ barns stables for private animal stock incidental to the re ntial ~~~ setbacks ~ • • • front - 50 feet ~1,~ s ~ ~ ~~~~~ ~~yy rear - 50 feet ~p Q ~ ~!~' • • side - 15 feet s ~ o _---_ i ~~ ~ ~ Z°^~ ~ ~ ~~ ~z~ ~,~r ~~~~ ~,qo-I'Ik`~' 3613 l.a+.a, ,~ ~ ~_... I ~, h~ µ~ s -c~.c.~.-~ w~.~,.+, r r 7®F The subdivider shall require his. construction contractors, with whom he contracts for furnishing materials and for installation of the improvements required under this chapter, and shall himself be required to furnish to the city a written guarantee that all workmanship and materials shall be free of defects for a period of one (1) year from the date of acceptance by the City Engineer. ~ SECTI®N 8: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND 1`Z[NIIvIiJM STANDARDS OF DESIGN 88®A Community Assets In all subdivisions, .due regard-shall be shown for all natural features such as trees, watercourses, historical spots, and similar community assets, which, when preserved, will add attractiveness and value to the property: 8~B Suitability of Lands The Commission shall not approve the subdivision of land if, from adequate investi ations conducted by alt public agencies .concerned, it has been determined that to the best interest of tghe public, the site is not suitable for platting_and development purposes of the kind proposed. Land subject to flooding and land deemed, to be topographically unsuitable shall not be platted for residential'. occupancy, nor for such other uses as may increase danger to health, life, or property, or aggravate erosion or flood hazard: Such land within the .plat shall be set aside for such uses as shall not be endangered by periodic or occasional. inundation or shall not produce unsatisfactory living conditions. 8®C Laree Tracts or Parcels When land is subdivided into larger parcels rather than ordinary building lots, such parcels shall be arranged so as to .allow for the opening of future streets and. logical further subdivisions. If the comprehensive plan of the City requires principal streets to cross the subdivision, the right-of--way .shall be dedicated.: to the. public. 8®D Zonine and Other Regulations No plat of land within the force and effect of an existing zoning ordinance shall be approved unless it conforms to such zoning or other pertinent regulations. 88®E Reserved Strips Prohibited There shall be no reserved strips controlling access to land dedicated or intended to be dedicated to ffie public. 88®F Standards All construction on streets, alleys, or easements shall be designed and constructed in accordance with sectionngineering standards and specifications, and in particular regard for the street regulation Rev. t : ~? 9-14 ,. STEP BY-STEP PROCEDURE FOR SUBDIVISION DEVELOPMENT IN UNINCORPORATEll BRAZOS COUNTY I. Contact: Road and Brge Department and get copy of current Subdivision Specifications. II. A. Make preliminary plan, in sketch form, using current Subdivision Specifications. B. Submit plans to Commissioner's Court. Commissioner's and County Engineer review plans and possibly discuss with developer. C. If developer decides to continue his project, developer prepares a preliminary plat. Review of preliminary plat by Commissioner's .Court. D. If review of preliminary plat shows that it is in conformance with requirements, it will be granted conditional approval. E. Developer is required to get a letter of acknowledgement from Brazos County Health Department. III. FINAL PLAT A. After approval of preliminary plat, owner ..may stake out tract on the ground. B. Bond may be posted to guarantee completion of improvements stipulated and submit same with a final plat for approval of the Commissioners Court. C. Court. reviews proposed final plat, other material or documents. D. Court. grants approval of final plat, or informs developer of additional requirements. E. .After approval of the final plat and bond, developer. may record final plat and. other documents with County Clerk. F. At this time, developer may proceed with development plans and programs, and thereafter, his sale of tracts within the Subdivision. * Note: If owner elects not. to file a construction bond, he shall complete all streets and other improvements and obtain acceptance thereof as provided hereinafter prior to approval of~the final plat by the Commissioner's Court and filing with County Clerk. a~ Step `by Step Procedure for Subdivision Development in Unincorporated Brazos County .Page. 2 ID. CONSTRUCTION. A. During construction, if bond_has been posted, Commissioner's Court and County Engineer may inspect construction. l: if rejected, County shall, on- direction of Commissioner's .Court, proceed to enforce the guarantees provided in County regulations. 2. If good cause..exists an extension may be approved. B. If construction is approved, it shall be evidenced by an instrument. signed by the .County Judge or the-Commissioner in whose precinct the subdivision is located, only after receipt of a certificate of an Engineer that all improvements have met specifications.. * Note: Construction bond is released and maintenance bond is posted before letter of acceptance is issued. V. MAINTENANCE BEGINS A. Owner shall maintain all streets and right-of-way and other improvements for a period of two years after date of acceptance of construction. B. County Engineer's Office. does periodic inspection during this two year period with letters of findings sent to owner and bonder. c. At the end of this two year maintenance period and if such streets and other improvements are in good repair, Brazos County will accept such street. and other improvements for maintenance in the .form of a written document from the County Engineer. * Note: In the event any or all. said streets are not being maintained in a good state of repair, owner will be advised so, in writing, and if after a reasonable time he fails or refuses to properly maintain said streets, they shall then be maintained at the cost and expense of obligees or the bond or cash. .;~ ~' Step by Step Procedure for Subdivision Development in Unincorporated. Brazos County Page 3 i I ~' NAMES AND NUMBERS POSSIBLE CONTACTS REQUIRED County Engineer's Office - Richard F. Vance, P.E., Co. Eng. 409-822-2127 Ray Crow, Eng. Aide Cities: If Subdivision is in Extraterritorial Jurisdiction (ETJ) .Bryan Planning Dept.:- Debbie Johnson 409-361-3865 College Station Planning Dept.- Natalie Thomas . 409-361- 3570 Utilities: General Telephone- Allen Colley 409-825-4772 United Beli- Ga Donaldson ry - - 409. 825 7013 Water: Wellborn Water- Steven Cast 409-690-9799 Wixon Water- Kenn Watson 409-589-3030 Brushy Water- Steven Cast (also) 409-690-9799 Business Development Manager- Don Fazzino 409-776-0627 County Health Dept..- Steve Gonzales 409-361-4454 Highway Dept.: If road connects to a state highway system road. District Engineer Pat Williams 409-778-2165 :' _ ,-- 1.. ,„ r ~~ k ~;t E.1: 1 +„a !::. i~' w~ ='i l.:f !:3 ra 4': ~_.:~ ': ~ .. t ~'° a_r ~ , :f ....1; ~( (.., i,.. t .. . I ... I ... ~ " , ~+~ .1.. d + d.: ~~~ ~ :., ~ !=3 C~M1' - y :. .. } n.y'!i la S. ~5 ra .0. k:.l n_~~~.' ... d.+... 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'1.: ! t, r ~:.5 , '.,E l1 ~ i 1 !!:' l? {. ~ ,~` :::: ~y:~ .!... ~ ~ ? t:i %J ~ ~ ;~ E~3 i.. ~. i,i 1:: ..~.. ,r ?°' i::: e~t I':~ i l... °.:, i t~9 ~' F.J ,:a ~.. (.~ :: ..{.. €_ t1 i.+ i... r' I~' F~ i~~.: ~ ~ !:~ i~:.:a ~:: t k .!. E"` i .i. (.1 i'ai ®~~~ ~~`~ "~ ~ :~~ 2 ~~~~ pal~lA.~e. ? ~----~_~ ,.r----_.~ ,~.,E,,,tr~ _r~, ~~F-,`~. ~G~'~ ~~ date mr/mrs address city RE: Rural Subdivision Regulations Dear...... ~ Please find enclosed a copy of the report on Rural Subdivision Regulation. This packet was presented to Council during the Council Workshop on August 23. Please keep in mind that this report is meant to address new development only. We will be discussing i possible ordinance amendments for existing development at future meetings. I have .also attached a list of those people who have or will be invited to these future meetings. If you know of anyone who is not listed and would like to be included,. please let us know. I can be reached at 764-3 570, please do not. hesitate. to calf if you need any further information. Sincerely, 1 Veronica J. B. Morgan Asst. City Engineer attachments cc: Jane Kee,.. City Planner C • CITY OF COLLEGE STATIOI`I Post Office Box 9960 110Y Texas Avenue College. Station,. Texas 77842-9960 (409) 764-3500 o~ RECEIVED 0~ ~ Q t9 0 ~~: ~ ovember 20, 1995 '~~.~ r ,, 14 Ms. Patricia Merenoff .. '~~~ Bruchez, Goss, Merenoff, Hawthorne, Michel ~~';I 3131 Briarcrest Drive, Ste: 200 Bryan, Texas 77803 Licensm of On-site Sewa e Dis oral S stems RE: Inspection .and g g p y Within College Station City Limits by he Brazos County Health District Dear Patricia: '~ Several weeks ago we discussed College Station's desire to authorize the Brazos County Health District inspect and permit on site sewage disposal systems .within the I' corporate boundaries of the City of College Station. Mr. Gonzalez of the Health District '' has indicated to Ms. Veronica Morgan of our Engineering Department that the Health ',~ District is interested in performing this <service for the City and they both have discussed this issue. ~` Section :366.031 of the Health :and Safety Code `authorizes the TNRCC to ~~ designate a local governmental entity as an authorized agent to implement and enforce '~ ~ rules concerning on site sewage disposal systems. The Brazos County Health District has F been authorized by the TNRCC pursuant to Resolution No. 75-R-4. However, this Resolution does not authorize the Health District to perform here inspections and permitting within College Station City units: I have discussed this matter with TNRCC ~ staff attorney, Mr. Gene Snelson who has informed me that in order for the Health '~I District to perform these services for the City, the District would have to apply to TNRCC for approval.:. I have attached a copy of this resolution for your information. ~'I !~i Hoare off Texas A>;M (iniversity ~~ rrw/caoc-nov9S/sewage f Letter to Ms. Merenoff November 20, 1995 Page 2 Mr. Gene Snelson's telephone number is 512-239-0581. I would appreciate it,if you would discuss this with the Health District and iet me know whether the Health I District will file the application with TNRCC. In the meantime, I will be working on an interlocal agreement for the City and Health District with.. regard to authorizing and contracting for these services. If you, have any questions, please feel free to contact me. Yours truly, Roxanne Nemcik Senior Assistant City Attorney RN:rrw cc Steve Gonzalez Veronica Morgan II ~, ~~ rrw/c:/oc-nov95/sewage ,;~;,;- CHAPTER Encouraging Open Space Design A number of different incentives can be offered to encourage developers to utilize progressive "open space design" techniques when laying ouf their subdivisions. While it is highly preferable that local planning jurisdictions adopt regulations requiring that developments adhere to the. princi- ples of .open space .development. design (OSDD), in .some 'instances such a course may not be politically feasible, at least 'not at the present.. Although making open space development design a basic requirement is not an illegitimate extension of public authority, and although it does not in any way disturb a developer's constitutional right to a "reasonable and beneficial use" of his or her property, in some areas i# may t~lce rnorg time (and further bad experience with conventional subdi- vision .design) before this approach .gains local acceptance.. This .chapter: describes a variety of special incentives and other techniques intended to encourage developers to incorporate open space principles into their proposals. CREATIVE SKETCHES AND SPECIAL INCENTIVES In such cases a less strict-but also less effective- policy is to require that developers simply prepare inexpensive conceptual sketch plans showing how their proposed subdivisions could be laid out under OSDD standards, as set €orth in the zoning code. Just participating in such an exercise may help open a few minds to some' of the possibilities for 'a more sensitive arrangement of roads and buildings. Special .incentives to submit an OSDD layout, such as reduced street widths and center- line radii, waiver of curb and catch basin require- ments (where gross densities are less than four units per acre), and allowing for occasional gradi- ents of 8 to 10 percent, could substantially reduce costs, while not jeopardizing public safety. (See Chapter 11 for a discussion of road standards appropriate for. rural subdivisions.)' This approach is sometimes called "mandatory- voluntary" because the applicant is required to submit an open space sketch plan, which he or she is then free to pursue or reject. Occasionally the services of a local conservation organization (such as a land .trust) can be enlisted to help with the "open space" design. In West Vincent Township in Chester. County, .Pennsylvania, the Brandywine Conservancy Environmen#al Management Center was hired to prepare alternative OSDDs, based on different objectives (i.e., preservation of land for informal recreation, and preservation of the agrar- ian landscape). Both of these alternatives are shown in Figure 14-1,_along with the developer's "by right" large-lot proposal and the result obtain- able using the township's currently weak "clus- ter" option (which provided no real design standards addressing the issues of farmland or rural landscape protection). After many months of further negotiation, the developer eventually agreed to follow a variation of the conservancy's "Alternative .Open Space Plan."' The result is a plan that contains 58 dwellings (40 rural lots, 1D village lots, and 8 attached units), while preserv- irig 62 percent of the parcel as permanent open space, with an extensive trail system. Most impor- ' tantly for the township, the'rural landscape views 226 `', ~~., ~- fk ~,, ~; .: t; ~, ;; z, k' 'i Sw ~ ~l~ 't ~`y,. ~., ~'. .. i *1 ~l i c~x ~. i 4 G. ~, I 4'T '•j'4 '. •~~: ~: •~'. v~v f r' ` ~.y'. id!, . ' ~., ''~° ~~ , t a. ' a•-: ~ ~, ,t ~ - ~:, =: Encouraging Open Space Design 227 Conventional ~ 'By-Right' Plan • 38 units • 3+ acre lots • No open space • No rural character `By-Right' Cluster Plan • 54 units \~ • 1+ acre lots • 52% open space (but fragmented) • line of houses blocks rural views from one ebsting township road 1 ~ ~ • •` 1 • ~ ~ • t • ~'. .,..•t. r Alternative ° Open Space Plan j P~,.~ '°° Final Approved Plan i • 46 units • 26 one acre lots 2°° ~oO • 58 dwellings ~ = • 16-unit village 40 one-acre lots • 4 units on three farms 10 village lots • 68% open space 8'attached units • preserves rural character 62% open space (98 acres) and working farmland Figure 14-1. These sketches illustrate the preexisting situation at Larking Hill in West Vincent Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, contrasted with. the developer's "by-right" checkerboard plan for 38 three-acre lots; a simple cluster of 54 one-acre lots providing 52 percent open space; and a more sophisticated alternative cluster combining estate lots, large suburban lots, and village lots to permanently preserve 68 percent of the parcel as open space. The fifth sketch shows the final approved plan with 62 percent open space and an exten- sive trail system. Source: Brandywine Conservancy, 1992. i 228 Rural by Design: Maintaining Small Town Character from existing public roads will be essentially protected. The open space, which will be jointly owned by a homeowners' association; will be rented to neighboring farmers.. Greater immediate` success was achieved in Grafton, Massachusetts, when the planning board began to think creatively after losing a dose vote on amending the town s ordinances to require two alternative layouts. (conventional and OSDD) for all new subdivisions containing five or more lots. Even ahough applicants would be free to pursue conventional designs i€ they preferred to do so, after evaluating the open space alternative on their sites, certain influential landowners re- mained philosophically opposed to "cluster devel- opment." In a state where atwo-thirds majority vote of residents at "town meeting" is required to adopt or revise' zoning regulations, it is not dif- ficult for objectors to raise a 34 percent minority vote to block progressive measures. Shortly after its defeat at town'. meeting; the planning. board invited leading opponents to at- tend aspecial meeting to discuss their objections to the'amendment. At this meeting it became evi- dent that the .opposition had- not understood the potential benefits possible by applying OSDD principles, and that they were'fearful of the results of thin "unknown" technique. At that point the idea. arose to prepare an alternative; flexible sub- division design fora parcel owned by one of the principal objectors (for which he already had an approved conventional subdivision plan), purely for demonstration purposes.. He readily agreed, and'the board hired three graduate students from the Conway (Massachusetts) School'of Landscape Design to suggest alternative layouts on that 70- acre property and also on another 20-acre rural site in town (Freed;.Goodhue and Speth, T991). Care was taken to involve'the two landowners in the design process, which proved to be' highly successful in helping everyone to understand how the. proposed amendment ~ti-ould work in real situations. The result exceeded the board's expec- tations, with former opponents becoming enthu- siastic allies. The exercise also dearly shaved how the bonus system operates, with 15' percent, 20 per- cent, and 25 percent-density increases awarded if six, nine, or all of the twelve design guiddelines contained in the ordinance were respected. These guidelines address issues such as maintaining open .fields, .preserving scenic vistas, protecting wildlife habitat; retaining. natural vegetative buff- ers around water bodies or wetlands and along watercourses, preserving historic sites, creating adequate recreational areas, designing. effective .pedestrian .circulation (including trail systems), and ensuring that the .common land abuts pro- tected open space on adjoining parcels, where such exists. On one of the properties, 31 acres (43 percent of the site}'.was preserved as open space and road length was cut. from 5,800 feet to 4;700 feet. This was achieved even while accommodating an in- crease in' houselots, from 57 to 68, by using more compact houselots (16,650 versus 40,000 square feet, on average). The open space design included one mile of trails and protected three fields from development (parts of which are suitable for, con- version to active recreational use, such as soccer fields). A' key aspect of the design process was. that it was conducted by persons trained in landscape architecture (as .:required under Grafton s ordi- nance), who prepared'multple ouerlay maps of the site analyzing soils, slopes, wetlands/drainage, legal restrictions,. vegetative cover, site assets, and most desirable house locations. Among the "site assets" identified were open fields, conifer stands, stone walls, outward views, and privacy afforded by wooded areas. The costs of such site analyses are modest when compared to total project costs, and the superior designs produced result in more salable real estate (see. Chapter 16, "Greenways and Buffers'"). Copies of this excellent report; which also contains the text of Grafton's "flexible devel- opment" zoning bylaw amendment (one of'the bet- ter models), are available' from the Conway School of Landscape Design, Conway; Massachusetts. Local governments should consider requiring that subdivision plans be prepared by a .team of professionals that must include landscape archi- tects. Furthermore, site analysis of the type de- scribed above should also be required fir most subdivisions. A modest density bonus (or modifi- Encouraging Open Space Design 229 T -~, a., ~. ..l cation of road standard`s) could easily offset 'any additional costs incurred. Subdivision regulations should .also be amended to provide. guidance to landowners, developers, and site designers, in- forming them of general principles basic to good design.. Such a document .has been published by the Vermont Council on the Arts (Babize and Cud- nohufsky, 1991). Among its recommendations are: • Avoid building in the center of a meadow • Reduce visual prominence by building into woodland edges • Maintain irregular field edges when they occur • Avoid large setbacks from the road if the lot is small or near a village center • Avoid building on north-facing slopes or on ridgelines • Locate septic systems to the south to create a clearing allowing more winter sunshine into the home • Open. up views through pruning limbs and selective tree removal, as opposed to clear-cutting Other site design criteria could address issues such as .avoidance of critical wildlife habitat areas, preservation of significant site features (stone walls, large tree stands, etc.), and providing for road con- nections and trail linkages between current and future subdivisions. Taking the idea of preparing .creative .sketches several steps further, the Natural Lands Trust, of Media, Pennsylvania, has for several years oper- ated a "Community Land Stewardship Program." Key to this program's. success has been its empha- sis on building cooperative relationships between private landowners and local governments. Going beyond the scope of land-use regulation, the trust encourages rural property owners to consider a range of alternative methods that would achieve their financial objectives while also protecting natural resources, wildlife habitats, and working landscapes. These methods include land dona- tions, dedication of conservation easements, lim- ited development, and open space development design. What is .somewhat different about the trust's approach is that it deals with entire rural neighborhoods comprising a number of adjacent landowners, so that the individual plans it pre- pares will protect larger areas and avoid conflict- ing land-use patterns (Clarke, 1992). In these rural neighborhoods the trust's staff devises .integrated strategies involving a variety of different tech- niques for. land conservation, including both "lim- ited" and "open space" development. DENSITY BONUSES Another type of incentive is to offer developers the opportunity to subdivide their land into a greater number of houselots. However, the dif- ficulty here is that unless the financial incentive is substantial, most developers will not be willing to change from their conventional and familiar "cookie-cutter" approach (which is often the only form with which hey have had any firsthand ex- perience). And when incentives become too large it becomes difficult to preserve much buildable land as open space. In addition, there is often pop- ular resistance to "giving" developers any extra units at all, even a modest'percentage increase. These opponents miss. the point: that the result- ing provision of open space is far more important to their community in the long run than the addi- tional public costs associated with a marginal in- crease in the number of new residents living in the subdivision. Once land is checkerboarded into "wall-to-wall houselots," it is nearly impossible to retrofit greenways, trails, parks, and neighbor- hood playing fields into the established pattern. The approved plat, for better or worse, is essen- tially "chiseled in granite." This opposition can be expected and must not be ignored. Experience in rural and suburban New England suggests that the vast majority of devel- opers do not respond strongly to density incen- tives in the typical range of 10 percent to 15 percent. In Concord, Massachusetts, for example, only a small fraction have taken advantage of the volun- tary cluster option that has been a local zoning option for nearly 20 years. In many other commu- nities this option has never been exercised at all. Large density incentives are more likely to be politically acceptable in areas where the legal de- velopment density is very low to begin with, be- cause greater increases can be permitted without severely compromising the rural resource. A re- -„~ 230 Rural by Design: Maintaining Small Town Character Gently adopted zoning provision in the Bozeman area of Gallatin County,. Montana, illustrates this approach. In rural .areas where wand may be split into 20-acre parcels without any. governmental re- view or approval, the city-county planning board is encouraging more compact development by offering up to a four-fold increase in houselots. To qualify for this bonus, subdivided .lots may not exceed one acre in size, and the balance of the development must be preserved `for open space. `For example, as shown in Figure 14-2;100 acres could yield five 20-acre parcels (much too small to farm or ranch in that climate) or twenty one-acre houselots (preserving 80 acres of open .space for rangeland or crops). There is nothing special about - Number of Lots Permitted 18 any of the above numbers. Other areas with simi- lar low-density zoning might prefer to allow a doubling of: building parcels (from 5 to 10) while also allowing these lots to be up to two acres in size (if this is deemed necessary for sales purposes in the local real-estate market). In addition to preserving certain percentages of the parent. parcel as open space, `density bonuses can be used in more sophisticated ways to encour- age other related objectives: In the Conservation Point System devised by Judith Anderson for a small rural township in Charlevoix County; Mich- igan, extra credit is awarded according to a sliding scale that takes into account the length of; shore- line, ridgelands, or public road frontage that clus- 100 Acreage Preserved Per. Cluster Lot Approved 90 16 Cluster with ~- 80 density bonuses 3 14 70 0 ~ 12 60 o d u, - 10 a 50 0 8 ~ .40 a Z 6 ,Standard 30 2D-acre 4, splits 20 2 10 20 40 ` 60 80 100 2 4 _6 8 10 12 ` 14 16 18 ' 20 Parcel Size in .Acres Number. of Units in Open Space Develapment Figure 14-2. Density bonuses often. fail to .achieve heir objectives. because when they are small they' are not used by many developers; and'when they are large they typically defeat their purpose by leaving little oppor- tunity for significant open space preservation. An exception to this rule is illustrated by these graphs, which show that when the base density is exceedingly low to begin with, density. bonuses can be hefty (allowing a four-fold increase in units) while still. protecting an impressive amount of acreage. In Gallatin County, Montana, 20-acre splits are not uncommon, dividing; rangeland into "farmettes" too small to be useful in '.the semiarid climate around Bozeman. By allowing ranchers to build 20 houses (instead of only five) on a 200-acre parcel, but limiting maximum lot size to one acre, eighty acres of rangeland can be permanently. preserved, in a man- nerthat is economically attractive to the landowners. Encouraging Open Space Design 231 I~ tering would protect: from development and visual intrusion. The greater the length of pro- tected :area, the larger. the density credit. Similarly, points are increased when. the preserved land is also opened forpublic access or for park purposes. To buffer existing conservation. lands and to in- crease the amount of contiguous protected acre- age, extra .points are also given in proportion to the length of common boundary between the pro- posed open space and any adjoining parks, nature .preserves, or properties under permanent conser- vation easement, a feature that should be of con- siderable interest to park professionals and local land trusts (Anderson, J., 1992). An alternative to using density bonuses to pro- vide incentives to create more .compact develop- ment :forms is to employ density penalties for squandering nand. in large-lot plats. On the Olym- pic peninsula in Washington, Clallam County officials have adopted `an ordinance that would allow developers to build under currentt densities (one to five. units per acre) only if they cluster. Those rejecting the cluster approach would not be allowed to develop at standard densities, but would be subject to new minmum,parcel sizes of 30 acres (Bowers,1991e). Unlike semiarid Gallatin County, where 20 or 30 acres`is not a viable farm- ing unit, climatic conditions in Clallam enable economic farming to occur on parcels of this size (underscoring the importance of '.drafting. such area requirements carefully, based' on local agri- cultural needs)... (See also Chapter 18, "Retaining Farmland and. Farmers.") A parallel restriction has been adopted for commercial forestland. Regula- tions incorporating a similar'. approach are on the books in another rural county at the opposite end. of the Evergreen State. In Clark County, which borders Oregon, the basic 20-acre agricultural zon- ing contains an option allowing. clustering to pre- serve approximately three-fourths of the farmland or forest resources. on the development parcel. When the cluster. option is chosen, densities are calculated more generously, on the basis of five acres per dwelling, plus two more houselots for every 20 acres of developable land. In other words, in these two Washington counties, the basic choice is between 20- or 30-acre divisions, and cluster- ing a larger number. of homes on approximately three-quarter-acre lots, with 75 percent open space preservation. THE FOLLY OF LARGE LOTS However, it is also equally necessary for rural planners to respond to developers' other reserva- tions about downsizing their houselots to preserve open space. Frequently cited is the belief .that buyers really want to own larger acreages around their homes. In' fact, that is probably what. many prospective buyers dell their agents, not consider- ing the time and costs involved in maintaining .that land, and not. even beginning to think about the greater possibilities for enjoying open space if they were to buy into a development that pooled most of the land into a really large resource area for all the homeowners to enjoy. For many people the .dream. of owning rural acreage turns into a nightmare as they discover their enslavement to maintaining. large pieces of land. Even atwo-acne houselot, if not wooded, is "too .large to mow and too small 'to plow." Com- muters .with .:full-time jobs have little time to look after much more than a basic three-quarter-acre houselot. The oft-expressed desire "to look out my window and not see my neighbor's house" re- flects apsychological need that is sometimes bet- ter satisfied with creative site design and smaller lots. The schematic layout in Figure 14-3 illus- trates how all homeowners can have permanently protected' views over 80 acres of pasture or crop- land, while being .screened from their neighbors on either side by plantings of fast-growing native species. (See Chapter 20, "case example" of Trims's Ridge, Block Island, Rhode .Island, for detailed illustrations of landscape buffers between homes on an otherwise open site.) The critical factor, when trying to provide privacy on an unwooded parcel, is not distance but buffering. This may be effectively achieved through fencing, hedges, or massing of new evergreen plantings. On many of the larger "houselots" (say, from 2 to 20 acres) created in agricultural or ranching areas, much of the land is now growing up into weeds. This is not only unsightly but is sometimes a major problem :for adjacent farmers. In some 232. Rural by .Design: Maintaining: Small Town Character ` Figure 14--3. In this schematic diagram of a cluster plan for<areas ;where base zoning density is vey low, 20 ones ' acre houselots with permanent views'of the rangeland or farmland have been created,. while preserving 80 per- cent of the 100-acre tract as open space. They are accessed from gravel surfaced "country: lanes" or shared drives, constructed #o official standards appropriate for their; light traffic load (see Chapter 11). The alternative would be-to divide his resource into: arge lots or farme ttes, in sizes that would not be viable for commercial production `(but which would succeed in cluttering the countryside,.. despoiling the view; and needlessly. remov- ing another 80 acres. from its traditional rural use). western states, .hundreds of thousands of dollars are likely to roam), .residents may. enjoy conve- are spent annually on weed control, where the nience without nuisance. principal culprit is large parcel residential de- velopment. If every realtor who showed such REDUCING UNCERTAINTY properties were to wear a large lapel pinproclaim- However important it is to inform developers, ing "Beware of what you `set' your heart upon: realtors, and the public aboutthe greater advan- some day it may be yours; `possibly fewer ,well- tages offered by open space development design, intentioned suburbanites would make the mistake perhaps the most critical element in this process of buying multiacreage sites to use supply as involves reducing the' uncertainty associated with houselots. the plan .approval: process 'itself. In most jurisdic- For those who desire extra land for .their horses ' tions, .the cards are stacked plainly in favor of (a frequently cited reason for purchasing such conventional cookie-cutter development; ° and .large lots), a far better solution is at hand. In areas strongly against creative open space alternatives. where.the residential base density is two acres per .Standard checkerboard subdivisions area rela- dwelling, instead of 10 two-acre houselots with no tively easy "by right" proposition where the hur- . place to ride except around one's houselot and dies are few in` number and low in height. The individual stable,lO families could share a 10-acre'.. most unimaginative conventional plan can readily pasture or woodland trail system abutting their 10 clear those hurdles, partly because there is so little one-acre houselots. By locating the stables within to review and' partly because it is' usually. very easy walking. distance (but farther than horseflies easy to meet the basic requirements for such de- 9Q(1(1 fast Encouraging Open Space Design 233 velopments: lot .frontage and area, enough dry soil for a foundation and a septic system, and an access road.. By contrast, zoning and subdivision regulations for. open. space development designs are often loaded with requirements that. are vague., exces- sive, or even counterproductive. Approval is typ- ically dependent upon a "special permit" process where arbitrary and discretionary decision-making is frequently the rule. Such procedures enable re- view boards to reject proposals on poorly .defined grounds, such as "inconsistency with ' neighbor- hood- character" (whatever that may mean). The fact is that board members in some. localities are often more strongly influenced by popular senti- ment expressed at'hearings than by the degree to which a proposal satisfies all the provisions in their codes. Some codes impose excessive requirements, such as public water and sewer connections, when centralized. private facilities would otherwise be possible, or when individual systems could be de- signed to'exceed normal standards. Another times, codes~impose unreasonable and self-defeating de- sign criteria, for example by mandating a 150-foot wide buffer around the perimeter of "cluster" sub- divisions; much more than is typically required for trailer parks, gravel pits, or junkyards! And frequently the. concept of open space development design is entirely `prohibited. by setting .arbitrary limits on minimum parcel size (e.g., 20 acres), or maximum houselot number (20 dwellings, irre- spective of acreage), as is done by an otherwise pro- gressive Virginia county that sets no limits on the scale of conventional subdivisions. Occasionally the restrictions placed on these developments have the effect of stultifying the creative design process, locking site designers into rigid. patterns by limiting the number of houses in any single grouping to six or eight, or by requiring 60-foot deep front .and side setbacks on 30,000 square'. foot lots. In other cases regulations call for each' and every lot to abut the. open space-which leads to some very strange and not particularly beneficial configurations. Other well-intentioned zoning provisions require houselots to be confined to one part of the parcel so that no portion of the preservation area will "intrude between any de- velopment lots:" One basic difficulty in the regulatory world is that so few of the people who write the rules have ever designed. (or built) the types of development that. are being regulated. The key concepts to em- phasize when regulating open space development are flexibility and performance. In other words, if the design works well from. the standpoint of envi- ronmental.. protection, public safety, and rural re- source conservation, "how it gets there" should matter little. To avoid such problems, planners without design experience (and most fall into this .category} should always consult with creative. landscape. architects before drafting rules govern- ing open. space development design. To address developers' legitimate. concerns, and to correct existing abuses, local planning authori- ties should consider incorporating five regulatory reforms: 1. Revise the special permit procedure section of the.. ordinance to state that .all applications that fully meet the requirements established for open space subdivisions will be approved. 2. Conduct a public meeting early in the .pro- cess-at the sketch plan stage-and revise the code language. to state .that all comments must be directly related to the review criteria (thereby discouraging statements of general sentiment, or objections to the fact that current zoning permits certain uses at specific densities in par- . titular districts, which abuttors may disagree with). 3. Replace vague criteria with clearer language, such as .separate design standards for houselots and for the open space. Under the former, the concept of minimum and maximum dimensions for lot frontage and front setback are relevant to ensure a reasonably compact form, with allow- ances for both a maximum percentage of "flag lots" and/or common driveways. These dimen- sional standards should be based upon an un- derstanding of traditional villages within the region, and they should be administered some- what flexibly so that exceptions maybe granted by the planning board without reference to strict variance criteria. Open space standards ', 1 234 Rural by Design: Maintaining Small. Town Character should include requirements pertaining to the quantity of preserved land .(minimum percent- age of total site), its quality: (maximum. percent- age of unbuildable land), and its configuration.. 4. Grant irrevocable approval to the original sketch. plan,. subject o£course to preliminary and final plans fully complying' with all stated re- quirements in the relevant codes and ordinances: S. Eliminate any .arbitrary requirements that would inhibit creative designs that would oth- erwise satisfy the objectives of open space sub-. divisions, unless they -are clearly needed to protect the public health and safety. Replacing vague ordinance language with more detailed: (but not :inflexible) design criteria not only help developers and their designers, but also makes the task of review easier by reducing am- biguity... Additionally, it .provides a benchmark by which a proposal's compliance maybe more fairly measured. Finally, it;helps neighboring.': property owners o understand the legal basis for_ objec- tions, and goes a long way oward meeting con- stitutional tests hat he zoning procedures guar- antee "equal protection under. the laws: 'With such explicit criteria, there is much less chance for dis- cretionary action or special reatment, which may favor local applicants and work against outsiders. ALTERING PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS Education is essential to generate'pubIic support for OSDDs :and to minimize. local opposition to such developments when they are proposed. One of he first tasks that needs to be undertaken is to correct negative predispositions against this new approach to land development and conservation, which is often confused in the public 'mind with "cluster development." Whereas the principal em- phasis in cluster housing (as frequently practiced) has often been on creating denser building areas to decrease the costs of site preparation. and improve- ments (roads,.. utilities, etc.), with residual land leftover for snippets of green space here and-there, the OSDD approach is essentially -the .opposite. Under DSDD a significant percentage of other- wise buildable land is designated as open space from the beginning, in a location .and configura- ton that relates to its ultimate purpose (farming; outdoor recreation, landscape protection, etc:). De- velopment areas are then designed around these natural features. Tt is this philosophical difference in approach that makes OSDD so suitable for use in rural areas, as; well as in suburbanizing regions where residents wish to retain some of the present rural character. People .also need to understand that OSDD is not a devious tool to increase the overall number of houses being built on a parcel, by including wetlands and other unbuildable areas as part of the acreage upon which density is calculated: That OSDD is chiefly a 'technique to rearrange the pattern and distribution of the roads and struc- tures on the site is a point that should be reem- phasized time and again in public. meetings. Calculating density in open space developments must be done in a way that -is fair to all parties: Whether or not density bonuses are .also .offered (and that is`a.quite separate issue), there must be a clear and equitable.method for determining the number ,of dwellings that will be permitted. on individuaLproperties. 'When ''cluster" develop- merits were first being ,encouraged, during the 1960s, it was not uncommon for municipalities to adopt a simplistic approach to density determina= tion based-upon gross acreage, and this. predict- ably produced some disastrous results. For example, during. that era a developer in Warren, .Connecticut, calculated the number of dwellings by dividing his parcel size by the min- imam lot area-required in his district, as allowed under the zoning current at that time. Because half of his site .was severely constrained by wetlands, the local planning commission realized that clus= tering had enabled the developer to effectively double the density he would ordinarily have been able to build -had. he located the homes on star- dard one-acre lots. Town officials disapproved his application, were immediately sued, lost in court, and promptly repealed'. the clustering provision, convinced that adopting. flexible design tech- niques was the greatest` mistake they had ever made. Rather than correcting the serious flaw in the way'that density was calculated, they elimi- nated the'only practical development design ap- proach that would have allowed the town to Encouraging Open Space Design 235 preserve dry, buildable open space at no ...cost to anyone. As word of similarly bad experiences with clustering filtered around New England, many towns. either decided not to adopt cluster provi- sions at all, or wrote their regulations so that developers could claim no density credit whatso- ever for any wetlands, floodplains, or steep slopes on their properties. It did not. take the develop- ment community very long to figure out that they could easily build more homes in checkerboard subdivisions with standard one- or two-acre. lots than they .could build 'after "netting out" all their environmentally constrained ,lands and basing density on only the remaining portion. The rea- son, of course, is that zoning typically allows the rear portions of conventional houselots to include land that is wet, flood'-prone, or steep. This is not a problem, as long as each houselot contains some minimum area (e.g., 30,000 square feet) that is dry, relatively flat, and suitable for homes, yards, wells, and septic systems. The clearest, cleanest, and fairest method of determining density is through "yield plans; ' which are conceptual sketches of conventional layouts drawn realistically so that everylot meets the standard criteria for frontage, area, and mini- mum percentage of land suitable for homes and yards. In unsewered' neighborhoods, applicants should be required to submit evidence that 10 per- cent of the lots could support septirsystems (with local officials selecting the most dubious lots for testing).: Lots that fail would be eliminated at once, with another 10 percent being tested until all those in the current sample.. pass muster. Proposed streets would also be examined to ensure that they would also meet local standards (particularly in terms of maximum ,gradient). The resultant "lot yield" would determine the number of units permissible in a cluster layout (subject to possible. density bonuses, which might be offered as part of an agreement that` a certain proportion of the dwell- ings would meet local affordability criteria). Developers opting not to prepare conceptual sketch plans demonstrating the density potential of their sites could instead use a "netting-out" formula in the zoning ordinance, which should be carefully calibrated to ensure fairness. In West Bradford Township, Chester County,. Pennsylva- nia, local planning commissioners have field- tested their proposed density formulas through numerous "reality checks; ' applying them to pre- viously approved conventional subdivisions to make certain thaf the percentages they have se- lected for discounting various types of environ- mentally sensitive land would not have produced significantly more or significantly fewer units than .were actually approved in those develop- ments. The goal is to create a set of formulas that will generate new "open space developments" that are density-neutral, compared with conven- tional "cookie-cutter" layouts. Another critical issue involves the question of whether got f courses maybe counted as part of the minimum required open space. Because land for active recreation is a legitimate component of an open space system, a portion of such facilities could quite fairly be included as part of a devel- opment's open space .requirements (whether they be for golfing, baseball, soccer, football, etc.). But it is strongly recommended that no more than half of the dry upland open space be developed for such uses: (If more land is needed for a_course, developers can' usually generate it by clustering their condominium units more closely together.) It is important to retain a balance among the different' types of open space, and under normal circumstances' no less than one-quarter should remain as woodland or pasture, especially in suburban locations where such kinds of open space are.. rapidly disappearing under streets, buildings, and lawns. Developers can be expected to argue that golf courses do in fact constitute open space, but the truth is that they are the exclusive :domain.. of a single kind of recreationist, and that #his "open space" is unsafe for all other potential .users if there is even a single golfer present. With. respect to a recent development, cum golf course, proposal near Chapel Hill, North Carolina, the local Sierra Club observed that "con- sidering golf courses as open space is like calling ketchup a vegetable." Citizens must also be reassured that the open space thus reserved will be permanently pro- -.236 Rural by Design: Maintaining Small Town Character tected; via conservation. easements cosigned by local governmental bodies and by private non- profit organizations (such as land trusts). The two parties can easily prevent easement changes srn- ply by declining any future requests to amend. the document to .allow further development. Concerns. about the effects on property-tax rev- enue also need to be squarely addressed: OSDD is tax-neutral, because it changes neitherthe number of houses nor the total acreage :assessed, unless 'some of-the open space is 'sold or: given to locale government for public park.: purposes-a situation #hat rarely arises. Public uneasiness about septic system installs- tion at perceived ` "higher densities" is :also com= mon. Fortunately, it can be fairly easily shown that he #remendous site design flexibility inherent. in OSDD usually allows for better disposal solutions ..than usually can be achieved with rigid check- erboard lot layouts (see Chapter 13, "Sewage Disposal"). Maintenance and liability issues can also pose 'major obstacles to garnering public support, .but again they. can ,be dealt with to 'most people's satisfaction when certain safeguards and require- merits ..pertaining to homeowners' associations (HOAs) ,are explained (see'the -"Maintenance and .Liability Issues'° section later in this chapter). Finally, the public must begin to realise- that the privacy.. enjoyed by new residents on smaller lots will not be' appreciably 'less than they would experience on larger ones. Rural planners in Mich- gan produced the drawing in Figure 14~ to show. that there. is only a 50-foot difference in house .spacing between. three-quarter-acre lots .with 'a 1:3.3 width to depth ratio (100 feet x 330 feet), and two-acrelots with a similar ratio-l:4 (150 feet X 600. feet). Proper landscaping and "buffering produces greater privacy than an extra 50 feet of separation. The. chief difference between these two lot sizes is in their backyard depth. However, since-that depth is usually about 250 feet on the three-quarter-acre ot, few people would complain :about its inade- quacy. The 500-foot backyard depth on the two- acre-lot is obviously excessive-nearly the length- of two regulation-size football fields laid end to 150' 150' 150` 150' 150' >` ' ~ '~5 0' -1 0 Tw o. Acre Lot s Figure 14-4. The fallacy that large lots are necessary. to ensure privacy in one's home or backyard is wide- spread and deeply ingrained. Simple sketches such as this one, produced by the Livingston County (Michi- gan) Planning Department, can help dispel such myths by showing that two-acre lots often provide only 50 feet: more'distance from neighbors than #hree- quarter-acre lots. The truth is that visual screening (through hedges or fences) is necessary in both in- stances to create backyard privacy,. and that the extra 50 feet of separation is of, little»value if a neighbor plays. the radio or stereo system too loudly. Unfortu- nately, even atwo-acre lot is not very helpful when neighborsare~inconsiderate. The advantage of smaller lots is that, in the accompanying example, nearly nine acres of woods or farmland can be permanently, pre- served, at`no extra cast to the developer or the munic- ipality, while preserving the-equity of the original rural- landowner. end, an analogy'that isparticularly useful to draw because it enables many people to visualize these enormous dimensions more concretely. ;t`; Encouraging Open Space Design 237 It is surprising how much difference terminol- ogy can make, but the public perception of OSDD was considerably improved in two New England towns when their sponsors coined first-name ac- ronyms.. to describe this .technique. In Granby, Connecticut, the advantages provided by the in- herent flexibility of this design approach were underscored by the term "Flexible Residential Development" (or "FRED"). People began to fo- cus upon he natural features that were able to be preserved on the site due to FRED, thereby help- ing to popularize the concept. Not tote outdone, planners in Marlborough, Connecticut, started re- ferring to their new open space zoningprovision as "OSCAR" (for "Open Space Conservation and. Residential"). In addition to drawing attention to the ~ positive aspects. of these ordinance amend- ments, this creative terminology'stimulated public interest°and made discussions more colorful and enjoyable.. COMPARATIVE STUDIES. OF REAL ESTATE VALUES IN OPEN SPACE SUBDIVISIONS VERSUS CONVENTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Another way ofbuilding public support for OSDD is to document. and publicize the positive eco- nomic impact of open space provision upon neigh- boring property .values. While this influence is discussed elsewhere in this book (see Chapter 16, "Greenways and Buffers," and Chapter 17, "The Economics of Preserving Open Space"), it would be appropriate here to describe briefly the results of a research project conducted by the Center for Rural Massachusetts comparing. the appreciation differences for homes in two subdivisions where the chief .distinguishing difference ..was in their layout and open space provision (Lacy, 1990). More .than 800 property sales transactions were examined on 227 homes over a 21-year period, in two subdivisions that were built at nearly the same time in the same. town of the same overall (gross) density, where the homes were very simi- lar in size and original. sales price. The study ex- amined two subdivisions:'in Amherst, Massachu- setts: Orchard Valley (a conventional approach) and ,Echo Hill (a :creative design). Both were built during the late 1960s and early 1970s at an overall residential density of two dwelling units per acre. Homes in both developments contained about 1,600 square feet of floor space, and sold for aver- age prices of $26,300 and $26,900, respectively. In the former, houselots were about 24,000 square feet (one-half acre), while in the latter the lots were half that size (12,000 square feet, or one quarter acre). The principal difference .between the two sub- divisions lay in their designs:.Orchard Valley residents have very little open space (except for a relatively. small amount of unbuilt land around a pond), while roughly half the acreage in Echo Hill has been designed as common open space, includ= ing a large 3.7-acre centrally located playing field (about 200 feet x 750 feet), an extensive woodland trail network,. and two ponds, one of which was developed with a .small swimming area and an adjacent tennis court and baseball diamond (with backstop). The tennis court also serves forbasket- ball games, with hoops and nets installed along its perimeter' fence. After'two decades, homes in each development have appreciated considerably, up to an average price of $134,200 in Orchard Valley and $151,300 in Echo Hill. (see Figure 14-5). However the ap- preciation was 12.7 percent greater in the open space subdivision, where home values rose $17,100 more, on average, by the end of the 21-year study period. It seems clear that people are willing to pay more money for equivalent homes on smaller lots when. other amenities are provided in the neighborhood. TURNING THE TABLES IN PENNSYLVANIA If sufficient steps are taken to encourage OSDD, such as by reducing an applicant's uncertainty and development costs (for example, through stan- dards for less elaborate roads,. as described in Chapter 11), it is possible that these more creative approaches to subdivision design will be pro- posed more frequently, even without density bo- nuses. Anew approach to OSDD recently devised by the Montgomery County (Pennsylvania) Plan- ning Commission shows how very large percent- 238 .Rural, by Design: Maintaining Smail Town Character Appreciation Differences Over`20 Years Between Two Subdivisions Orchard Valley Echo Hill conventional vs. open pace Figure 14-5. The value of neighborhood open'.. space in subdivision design is illustrated in these two graphs of house price appreciation in two subdivi- sions in Amherst, Massachusetts, built. at the same time and at, the same overall density. Although homes in both developments were .very similar in size and.in original sales price, after 20 years the ones in the sub division with smaller lots and 36 acres of common open space were selling for an average of $17,100 more than. their counterparts on lots twice the size. ages of open space (75 percent) can be preserved without offering any density bonuses or' actually requiring such setasides. Called the "Land Preservation District" (or "LPD"), the intent of this modeL,ordinance is to preserve open space and natural lands on devel- opment parcels of 10 or more acres, while also permitting full-equity development in the form of compactresidential areas carefully located and de- signed to reduce their perceived :intensity (Mont- gomery County Planning Commission, 1991). A similar approach had already been implemented in Springfield .Township in neighboring Bucks County, but the Montgomery planners took the basic idea several steps further. Although c~e~=el- opers are not specifically required to follow this ap- proach, the tables have been turned, so to speak, in favor of OSDD, chiefly through an ordinance provision allowing standard two-acre platting only as a conditional use. This course has also re- cently been .advocated in Michigan (Livingston County Planning Department, 1991). In addition to this new twist, LPD also differs from -most previous "cluster" techniques in its hefty 75 percent :open space requirement, which is achieved by reducing .new houselots to 10,000 square feet, just one-eighth their normal two-acre size. Even more compact development can be achieved under this model .through "zero lot-line" homes on lots as small as 6,000 square feet, and by setting design standards for traditional new neighborhoods. with distinctive identities. Crite- ria for these :neighborhoods ,limit their size to 25 dwellings, with each such housing group separated from others by buffer areas. Those with morethan 10>dwellings are. required to provide readily ac- cessible recreational open space at the rate of 1,000 square .feet per dwelling unit; typically in the form of a village common or ..green. `Siting: of these new neighborhoods is also controlled so that .they will avoid sensitive `natural areas (prime farmland, stream corridors, etcJ, and be screened.. from nearby public roads, by being tucked behind, top- ographic features or hidden by preexisting or newly planted. native rees and shrubs set out in a naturalistic manner. In addition to the compact neighborhoods, a limited number of estate lots are also allowed in LPDs. Comprising Apart of the protected open land, these lots must be at least 5,10, or 15 acres in area, depending on whether the total tract is 10 to 19 acres, 20 #0 29 acres, or over 30 acres in area. Standards restrict the building :area, :driveway, lawn, and gardens to a single acre of such estate lots, the remainder of which must be placed under permanent conservation easement to prevent fur- ther subdivision and domestic "improvements" (such as lawn/garden extensions). These lots are also subject to the same locational criteria as neigh- borhood .groupings, that. is, away from sensitive lands and .concealed from public. view to the maxi- mum extent feasible). As explained ,by former county planner Suzanne Sutro Rhees,'the purposes of these estate lots are to help retain working farms Encouraging Open Space Design .239 COMMUNITY BUILDOUT • E~asting Conditions COMMUNITY BUILDOUT • Conventional 2 Aae Lotting Figure 14-6. These three sketches, prepared by the Montgomery County (Pennsylvania) Planning Department, show a rural neighborhood and two alternative future scenarios. One is to become blanketed with wall-to-wall subdivisions, each consisting of a checkerboard of houselots and streets. Another is to preserve large blocks of land, with many open .spaces adjoining one another, through cluster designs on each parcel. Source: Prepared. by Montgomery County Planning Commission, .October, 1990. COMMUNITY BUILDOUT • Lard Preservation District _ __ 240 Rural by Design: Maintaining. Small Town Character and to deal. with local concerns about: continued management of the preserved open space. All dwellings in LPDs (except .estate lots) are required. to be served by a central water supply, either;public or private. Septic waste disposal may be via: individual septic systems, public. sewer, or community systems, typically large absorption fields 'or "spray .irrigation/land reatment" {de- scribed in Chapter-13). Despite the small size of neighborhood dots (10,000. square feet), individual septic systems are: sometimes still feasible if soil conditions are favorable, because filter beds pi- cally do not occupy more than -1,000 square feet of DESIGN STUDY -LANDpRESERVATLON DISTRICT. • Save Farmland land. Since the. drinking water supply is central- ized, lot size is not a critical concern. However, in most areas, filter beds are more likely to be located on `the common or open land behind the down- sized houselots (perhaps under neighborhood park facilities, such as playing fields), in locations specified for such facilities on the final plan, and protected for such use by easements. The sketches in Figure 19-7 :illustrate the con- trastbetween conventional two-acre lots and more compact neighborhoods designed according to alternative LPD criteria to protect farmland or to preserve woodland. DESIGN STUDY -LAND PRESERVATION DISTRICT • Save Woodland ''T~ :~ ~.i t c9 ~oo ~ -~ t~ ~ I. d.a a ~~: / ~ ~. Figure 14-7. Open space preservation priorities vary according to the type of resource that is valued most highly. In wooded regions with relatively few fields and pastures, these open lands are often the areas commu- nity residents would most' like to see preserved. In agricultural areas where. woodland remnants and' hedge- rows are all that remain untilled, their. value°for wildlife habitat could alter priorities so that the preferred sites for new development would "be on the least prime soil, at'the far edge of fields as seen from the public road- way. Source: Prepared by Montgomery.. County Planning. Commission, October, 1990. Encouraging Open Space Design 241 Developers wishing to build large standard lots may file an application for a conditional use per- mit in which. they must demonstrate to the munic- ipality's satisfaction that all the following con- ditions are met: 1) the .parcel is not. suitable for compactly designed "neighborhood development" due to its location, size, shape, or natural features; 2) continued agricultural. use (where applicable) is not. feasible due to the size and shape of .the re- maining farmland, considering the efficient use of farm machinery; .and 3)_ the proposed conven- tional large-lot development would be designed to minimize its visual impact, as seen from exist- ing public roads (specifically discouraging "front- age lots" on such thoroughfares). Its layout :and features must also be consistent with both the com- prehensive .plan.. and the township's open space plan, and the subdivision must not produce a disruptive effect upon existing topography, flood- plains, wetlands, mature woodlands, or other nat- ural features of the site.. .Any: application for development, either under the compact neighborhood approach or the con- ditional use standards, must include a complete. environmental and visual inventory of the site. Also required for approval of the more compact neighborhood development, this inventory in- cludes information. on topography, soils, (suitabil- ity for farming, septic systems, etc.), water bodies, watercourses, wetlands,' floodplains, current land uses, historic/cultural. resources (buildings and other structures), scenic views in to and out from the property, and the general context (outlines of buildings, water bodies, woodlands, pastures, etc. within 500 feet of the parcel, which maybe traced from aerial photos). In other areas where woodlands are more abun- dant and cleared fields are considerably rarer, or in a less suburban context where commercial farm- ing is still a large industry, these model standards would probably take on a somewhat different cast. .For example, criterion three above might include "disruptive effects on agricultural land; ' instead of those on mature woodland, unless the wood- lands contained particularly special features, such as' stands of .rare or mature trees, or significant wildlife habitats. By the same token, .the historic/ cultural resources criterion might be expanded to include. stone walls and abandoned cellar holes in places like New England.. Other variations might be to allow slightly larger houselots of up to 15,000 or 20,000 square feet. In districts where the base density is three or four acres per dwelling unit, such a change would not disturb the overall LPD goal of 75 percent open space protection. However, to maintain a traditional compact village character in the new development area, maximum frontages and front setbacks should be strongly-considered (say, 80 to 100 feetand 15 to 20 feet, respectively). Otherwise, the slightly larger lot sizes could produce a decid- edly suburban appearance. The LPD approach is outlined in a richly illustrated 21-page publica- tion, Land Preservation: Old Challenges, New Ideas, published by the Montgomery County Planning Commission in Norristown, Pennsylvania. MICHIGAN'S "PEARL" "Table-turning" is also occurring in rural Michi- gan, where county planners have devised a model open space zoning 'amendment called "PEARL" (for "Protecting the Environment, Agriculture, and the Rural Landscape"). The PEARL report,. which contains a comprehensive discussion of typical concerns involving open space zoning de- velopments in a question-and-answer format, recommends that. open space zoning be imple- mented by requiring OSDDs in various resource- related overlay districts, and includes a "safety valve" provision that would permit the local plan- ning authority to approve standard large-lot lay- outs in truly exceptional cases: "only where it can be shown that PEARL is .not feasible on the site" (Livingston County Planning Dept., 1991). Such .criteria might include site size being too small, or the impossibility of .providing open space in loca- tions and amounts that are either usable or which contribute significantly to the preservation of the environment, agriculture, or .the rural landscape. In the Michigan example, .houselots are reduced from two acres to three-quarter acre to achieve open space preservation between 50 and 60 per- cent. These lots are not as compact as those pro- vided-for in the LPD approach from Pennsylvania 242 Rural by Design: Maintaining Small Town Character because of the .greater difficulty in obtaining ap- provals for alternative sewage disposal arrange- ments in Michigan and. the expected sales resis- tance to such small lots. in that particularly. rural area. The PEARL approach is thoroughly described in a particularly well-written 70-page design man- ual .published by the Livingston County Planning Department in.Howell, Michigan. "LANDOWNER COMPACTS" Effective planning for conservation and develop- ment. in .rural communities can be accomplished on a neighborhood-wide scale through use of a cooperative technique. known as the "landowner compact " This approach, a variation of one pio- veered by professor Ann Strong: three decades. ago in Plan for the [/alleys (Wallace and McHarg, 1963), enables owners rof adjoining properties to plan their ,separate landholdings as a single :entity in order'to achieve broader conservation objectives, while-also designing the total potential`develop- ment in a more logical and' intelligent manner than could'be achieved on aparcel-by-parcel basis.'Best of all,:it does not require government involvement in purchasing development rights, .transferring development rights, or land' banking, and can usu- ally be .undertaken wherever simple "cluster" or OSDD'-regulations are in .effect. Briefly stated, this technique,.permits. abutting landowners,to plan their combined propertiescom- prehensively, essentially allowing them to erase thee. boundary lines that had formerly 'separated them (Coughlin et al., 1991). Typically they would enter into a joint agreement describing the amount of developable land each party brings to the proj- ect, specifying that net proceeds be divided pro- portionately according to the percentage of the po- tential development contributed by each partner, regardless of the different land acreages involved. For .example,. let us assume #hree landowners (A, B, and C) together control 200. acres, in parcels of 35, 65, .and 100 acres, respectively. Conceptual sketch plans prepared for each property indicate potential development of 30 dwellings on A's land; 30 dwellings on B's, and 40 on C's, taking into account the township's one-acre and two-acre zoning. and various site constraints (wetlands, floodplains, :and steep slopes).. These drawings and. calculations determine each. owner's "share" of the combined project's net proceeds, irrespec- tive of where development and conservation areas are ultimately located. As shown in Table 14-1, the OSDD plan situates all the development on par- cels Aand B (where soil and slope conditions are the most: favorable), caving small parts of A and B and all of parcel C as permanent open space. (See also Figure 14-8.) Parcel C, which includes some of the most scenic and visible features on the three properties, as well as containing the most fertile fields and a handsome stand of mature trees along `a prime fishing. stream, would. have been compromised by any amount of development. High-intensity soil investigations identified large areas' on parcel A as being.. suitable for eptic' systems, and.' several amply sized locations on parcel B for` grouping Table 14-f. Distribution of Potential Di Planned Development:,and Conservation, and N~ _Three'Parcels in a "Landowner Ca A Acreage 35 acres Minimum lot size 1 acre Number•'of potential lots 3Q"lots Percent of potential lots 30%° Planned numberof lots 40 lots Distribution of developed land 30 acres Distribution of conserved land 5 acres Distribution of net proceeds 30% B. 65 acres 2 acres 301ots 30% 60 lots 50 acres 15 acres 30% Proceeds, Utilizing pact" E C Total 100 acres 200 acres ~ 2 acres - 401ots 1001ots j 40% 100% None 100 lots - 80 acres ' 100 acres ' 120 acres 40% 100% ~~: ;. +:~' Encouraging Open Space Design 243 Parcel Parcel Ownership. Sizes, 30 deveL 4 0 units Bevel. units 30 deveL .units Site Attributes most most suitable scenic for but Bevel- develop opment able Plan for Conservation and Develooment 60 deveL. units" open space 40 Bevel. units' Permitted Development Division of Proceeds ' also includes 5 acres of open space *' also includes 15 acres of open space Figure 14-8. Schematic drawings showing the potential fora "landowner compact" wherein three adjoining owners agree on a joint plan for the conservation and .development of their properties. Each receives a share of the net proceeds in proportion to the number and value of units each could develop independently, irrespective of the total acreage owned by each participant (some of which might be severely constrained for housebuild- ing). In this voluntary arrangement, each partner must be satisfied with what he or she gives up and receives in return. individual septic leaching .fields (see Chapter 13 for further information on alternative designs for sewage systems). Creative site design utilizing the landowner compact approach and applying the principles of OSDD could therefore produce an optimum package of conservation and develop- ment for the three parcels. This kind of cooperative approach should be actively encouraged by .local governments and land trusts in situations where OSDD is not re- quired and where significant resource areas (such as a stream comdor) cross individual parcel boun- daries, as illustrated in Figure 14-9. In such situ- ations, where planning boards lack the authority to mandate a cluster layout on each parcel to ensure protection of sensitive but otherwise devel- opable lands (such as ridgelines, stream valleys, prime farming soils, special wildlife habitats, etc.), landowner compacts offer a nonregulatory oppor- tunity that private land conservation groups could 244 Rural by Design: Maintaining Small Town Character Parcel A Parcel B Parcel C Parcel D c~ee 59 lots, 12 along bank of creek Four parcels. planned cooperatively with a "Landowner Compact" t~ :, rt* R• t s rt.x x c~ee ~~~.~~"* Vv ...........:.:... ~ ~. 62 lots, 16' facing creek trail and wildlife corridor alongside. creek. Figure 14-9. Practical advantages of encouraging. cooperation among owners of adjacent parcels include inter- connected street circulation systems and contiguous open space (allowing for longer greenways and footpath networks). In this example, incentives for forming a "landowner compact" include a small density bonus and a 33' percent increase in the number of lots with a direct view of the creek... (plus the marketing advantage of a continuously protected natural area along the water; through which a neighborhood trail could be cut). advocate. In addition to general advocacy, such or wholly within a single ownership (as shown in organizations could .initiate contacts with. abut- Figure 14-10), where there is also little scope for ting property owners, offering their assistance in internally rearranging the development pattern to helping to identify appropriate locations for both avoid impacting. the resource. In other .words, conservation and development, structuring profit- there are situations where OSDD; performed on a sharing arrangements among .the owners, and site-by-site.. basis for .separate parcels, can fail to drafting easements for permanent open space accomplish neighborhood-wide. conservation ob- protection. jectives, even in an incremental way. These are Although useful; in such situations, other cir- cases:. where planning techniques involving multi- cumstances exist where landowner compacts ple ownerships become essential.. would be invaluable. Those involve areas where In such instances,. it is preferable to remove the sensitive but developable resource lies mostly potential development entirely to another parcel I `~ i ~; ~: ~; ,~; 1 l 1 Parcel 8 30 acres, 12 lots Lot size: 1.5 to 2 acres '~ ~~~i~t >~ S\oQes S~eeQ= ~ ~ ~- y ' ~ Qo~~ s lY ~~ ~~ .~ - - - r f ~ e ~ Y ~~ ~, Parcels A and B 60 acres, 30 lots Lot size: approximately 3/4 acre r r .Figure 14-10. These sketches illustrate contrasting .approaches to developing two adjoining parcels, each 30 acres in area. Parcel A contains very few site constraints and could easily be developed into the maximum number of lots permitted under local zoning: 18 lots. Parcel B contains some'steep slopes, a pond, and a small wetland area, but could still be divided into 12 lots. However,. much of parcel B is also covered with some rather special stands of trees, which would be completely unprotected under local regulations: mature hemlock groves around the pond, and. numerous large beeches on the hillside. The landowner compact approach would allow the common boundary between the two parcels to be erased, so that an overall plan could be created for distributing houselots in a manner that would preserve all the important. natural features on .parcel B. The en- tire development of 30 homes could be located on parcel A, together with a natural park/buffer along the pub- lic road, and a ball field in one corner. Net proceeds would typically be divided in a proportional manner between the two owners, for example, 18/30ths (60 percent) for the owner of parcel A, and 12/30ths (40 per- cent) for the owner of parcel B. Parcel A 30 acres, 18 .lots Lot size; 1.5 acres ~" 1 ~ 246 Rural by Design: Maintaining Smail Town Character or parcels (in the sketch in Figure 14-10 it has been transferred to an adjoining .property, well away from the pond, wetlands, and steep slopes on parcel B). To the -extent that such. sites can be identified in the immediate neighborhood and that landowners are willing to :cooperate, the "compact" method provides another tool to .avoid conventional. checkerboard layouts and to pre- serve significant resource areas. When this approach was recommended in the. early 1960s as a way of ',compensating valley- bottom landowners for_the development they would "lose" if new subdivisions were°restricted to higher elevations in two valleys northwest of Baltimore, it was an idea several decades ahead of its time (Wallace and. McHarg, 1963). Fortunately, times are beginning. to change. An excellent example of cooperation: among four ad- joining landowners, which will ..create 'a major development and. a new county park, is currently in the works on a' 605-acre site located about five miles south of Reno,.. Nevada. (See Figure 14-11.) Through .this creative approach to cooperative development, an 80-acre area straddling three: of the four parcels is being dedicated to the county for a much. needed regional recreational facility. In this. instance, the owner of one of the parcels approached three of his neighbors with the idea of working cooperatively on a master plan for all their properties. An important incentive-one that helped. keep the plan on track but which was not a factor in the initial decision to jointly develop the land-was an arrangement with the county to allow the higher density development (for which only one of the parcels was zoned) to be shared by the other three properties. Although the total amount of higher density land-uses permitted under zoning was not increased, it was allowed to be more evenly distributed over the entire tract, in a manner reflecting sound.: planning principles and sensitivity to local site conditions: This was economically beneficial to all four landowners: hree parcels could not. otherwise have been de- veloped with any high-density uses, and the de- velopabilty of the. fourth parcel (which the zoning had designated for such uses) was .greatly limited by some of .the most .challenging physical con- straints- on the entire :tract. The property `owners have an agreement, amongst themselves (the county is not a party) that'.. identifies the value of the increased density they share, compared with the development value .each would have pos- Figure 14-11. In this actual example of a landowner compact involving-fourparcels in Washoe County,"Nevada (near Reno), three of .the properties are bisected by a state highway and a creek that parallels it. These features not. only fragment .the properties; they also limit direct access to them. By joining together for. cooperative plan- ning, each owner'stands to benefit. more than if each one had proceeded independently. The county is a fifth beneficiary, proposed. to receive 80 acres on which it will create a regional park. Encouraging Open Space Design 247 ;~_- r t; ~; y . t '. ~: ~ ~~ J ~ y - i ~.: ~~; ,`~' ~~. n, ,:' sensed had the four properties been developed separately, without any comprehensive planning or cooperation. These values were based upon an analysis of comparable sales in the vicinity. The public will be a fifth major beneficiary of this co- operative action, with the new regional park and a comprehensive trail system becoming possible through he enlightened self-interest of all parties. MAINTENANCE .AND LIABILITY ISSUES protected landscape are apt to be jointly held by all residents of the HOA. (Another possibility is that it be given to a local land trust, but such non- profit groups are increasingly reluctant to accept ownership responsibilities unless a property is ac- companied by an endowment to cover adminis- trative, maintenance, and insurance costs) SUCCESSFUL HOMEOWNERS' ASSOCIATIONS Homeowners' Associations (HOAs) can easily be One of the .greatest worries. that has discouraged structured to achieve open space management more open space developments from being pro- objectives. Two cardinal rules for successful HOAs posed and'approved is a concern shared by many are automatic membership by all property owners landowners, developers, abutters, .and local offi- and legal authority to place. a lien on the property cials: how to ensure continued care and mainte- of any member who fails to pay his or her dues. nance of the open space. When the open space is Although rarely exercised,.this authority is essen- agricultural it may be retained and used by the tial, should be required under the local zoning original farmer, who may later sell it to an abut- ordinance, and should be .provided for through ting farmer or to a young farmer who can afford the "declaration" that is recorded by the devel- only land. with no further development potential. open before any lot. is sold, permanently establish- Or it might be sold to a nursery operation, an ing the rights and obligations of the HOA and the equestrian stable, or a gentleman ,farmer. In some lot owners. cases the developer dedicates the agricultural Another feature of successful HOAs is a rela- open space to a homeowners' association (HOA), tively low dues schedule, attainable. when com- a not-for-profit automatic-membership organiza- mon facilities are kept simple and inexpensive to tion of all the lot owners in the development. The maintain (e.g., trails, playing fields, outdoor tennis HOA then managesthe farm and forest land itself, courts, and ponds for swimming and skating, or (preferably) leases the land on a Iong-term basis rather than chlorinated swimming pools, indoor to a nearby farmer. (For further details, see Chap- tennis courts, and community recreation build- ter 18, "Retaining Farmland and Farmers, and ings). For .example, at Echo ..Hill in Amherst, also several case examples in Part IVJ Massachusetts, where facilities include such low- For parkland and recreation facilities, public maintenance items as woodland trails, atwo-acre ownership is usually not a viable option because grassy common, a pond with a float or raft, two few local governments want to increase their re- tennis courts, and a baseball diamond and back- sponsibilities, and few developers trust the public stop, annual :dues rose from $20 to only $75 per sector to take proper care of these lands. However, family between 1969 and 1993. Being frugal Yan- when protected land fits well into the munici- keen, the residents have steered away from high- pality's framework for open space provision, by cost recreational features,:. and the results of that extending or linking a greenway trail system for philosophy are reflected in the above figures. example (see Chapter 16), and when the associ- Dues also cover premiums on the HOA's insur- ated maintenance costs would be moderate, a mu- ance policy, which shields them from liability tually agreeable arrangement might be possible. suits. Liability is another perennial concern when- In most cases, the protected land remains in ever open space is proposed, but insurance claims private hands. While undeveloped open space on are paid only when there is a judgment against an large "estate lots" in a subdivision would be man- HOA, and in order for such judgments to occur, aged by their individual owners, other parts of the gross negligence needs to!be proved. When a hiker 248 Rural by Design: Maintaining Small Town Character stumbles over an exposed root protruding from a woodland trail because he or she was looking at a warbler up in a red maple, the negligence is the hiker's, .not the HOA's: unlike municipal side- walks, trails are not expected to be perfectly flat and free of .minor obstructions. However, if a swimmer cuts himself severely on a rusty. nail pro- trudingfrom Graft or dock, a case for negligence could be made fairly easily. {For further discussion on liability issues, see the section on "Comprehen- sive Greenway Planning" n.Chapter 16.) It is beyond the scope of this book to cover all the organizational :and legal. aspects that need to be understood to create and operate a successful HOA. Readers. are. referred to the definitive text. on this subject: The Homes Association Handbook, by Byron Hanke et al., originally issued. by the Urban Land Institute in 1964 as its Technical Bulletin No. 50. Last reprinted in 1970, it is available in major reference libraries across .the country. Despite the passage of time, much of its material remains applicable today, and its 350 case studies of resi- dential developments with common open space maintenance by HOAs constitute an invaluable resource. It also contains an extensive section on legal requirements,. including covenants, forms of organization, bylaws, and model forms for articles of incorporation and. the dedication of common areas. Technical assistance on establishing and running HOAs is also available from a national nonprofit group,, the Community Associations In- stitute, 1630' Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, which serves. more than 5,000 HOAs 'across the country. __ ___ __ ~pe~L ' ~ `~ c' ~~'`,,+~ ___- ~T ~=~ ~ :.~, C-~ ~ --S ~~ s~~~ ~~ ~ .: _ ~ ., ~® U.s. e. __ _ C~C.~P~=~rnc-n~ i 4~~S ,~ Cr~Jt~a~C~ ~7~~~ __ _. ~a~e~-! ~s ~ - ~~u,P~~ ~c,~r~~ .~~s~~~~~ CCU®~ t~j P~Q11r1/R~j ~C'. _ ~~- //1/~(~Zl~' ~'~!~Ih /~~~ _4~_ _C~a E'er- ~ ~ _~ ~ - l~l ~l ~~~- ~/ 1~ ~~ rn ~h~ ~ • ~ ~ r ~ G~c. wry ~~~~ss ~ _ ~.-1_, . 9 . • y~ 1 ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r P a f ~!/7r7T~ls~ l~f z"~(` ~6~ .~l~l~ 371 f~@ ~~~ll~~f~ '' ~~~ _ -~ !`..(ST ~f P6~0/~G :,10,5 G+~ f~j/v~~~L,1.5% ~ ~ ~'' N~c~ ~e.v~~ ~~~~ iTg~s i 3ggi ~~L.~ ~tQll~ ~~~1~~ abg-o~S'-~ q55? ~~B b ~`fUlfl •LeJ~z ~S ~1g4G ~an~~ ~l . ~~~ , , ~h~lrs f~~~ ~l~-O~g l i~~s~~~~ ~~~ STa~~(~N~LS ~~~ I~~4 2~$`~s ~~" L~~ P~ mid ~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~D ~-1~~ ~b~ ,~ ~~-~s7.~°,~ ~, ~~g~ ~. g ~ mrrnd ~ S~-~,- `~~~~~~~, cs ~~~~~ ~~~, ~~ 7 so.v ~.~5-I~c~~ cc7 . D ~ I3u ess ~ - ,~ ~ ~o~ ~v ~~~gd ~~~ ~ ~r~~~ ~. ~--7 go ~ __, 0 Regiular Item Consent Item Statutory .Item Item Submitted By: For Council Meeting Of: Director Approval City Manager Approval::. V g5-8o~7 Item Summary: The City allows on-site sewage disposal systems to be installed within the City limits. With rural subdivisions, these systems will become more prevalent within the City. Currently, the County Order precludes the ability for the County. Health Department to inspect or license systems within the corporate boundaries of College Station. This interlocal agreement will allow the County Health Department to inspect and license these systems as a contractor for the, City. This is .similar to the role that the Health Department currently performs with restaurant inspections, with .the prime difference being the method of collection of fees. Under this interlocal agreement, the Health Qepartment-will be responsible for the collection of all fees from those requesting the service. The County Attorney and .the Brazos .County .Health Department have reviewed this agreement and are satisfied with the agreement. -:>, o:~groupkiev serv~cvshtVntlclsw Veronica J B Morgan Asst. City Engineer - \ ./~ J I ', `~_.~ Financial Summary: The County will be .responsible for setting and collecting all fees associated with these permits. Staff Recommendation:Approve the interlocal agreement. City Attorney Recommendation: -The TNRCC has designated Brazos County to inspect, test and license these systems on behalf of the TNRCC. However, an interlocal agreement is required in order to'`authorize the Brazos County Health Department to license: on-site sewage .disposal systems within the jurisdiction of the College Station City limits. Council Action Desired: Approve the interlocal agreement. Supporting Materials: 1. Interlocaf Agreement o~~groupkJev serv~cvsht~ntlclsw BATS"" PROCESS 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 City Secondary Plant Class I Home Aeration Plant Pac"loge ~Iant MLSS means "Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids" or the amount of untreated material in the treatment compartment. This is expressed in ppm (parts per million). In the case of the septic tank, solids are defined as TSS, or Total Suspended Solids. Low BOD • Low SS • High DO 200 150 100 50 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 9 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Septic Tank JET Home Plant Class I Package City Home Plant Secondary Aeration lET Plant Plant Home Plant Package City Class I Plant Secondary Home Plant Aeration Plant City Secondary Class I Plant Home Aeration Plant BOD Averages. BOD means "Biological Oxygen Demand." This is the amount of oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter in the final effluent. This is expressed in ppm (parts per million). SS Averages. SS means "Suspended Solids;' which are fine particles of organic and inorganic matter in the plant effluent. This is expressed in ppm (parts per million). Note: On this chart only higher values mean better performance. How The BATTM Process Works ,t. le. The compact, efficient BIOLOGICALLY ACCELERATED TREATMENTT"^ Plant -which we call the JET BATT"^ Plant -has three compartments. The Pretreatment Compartment, on the left, receives the wastewater and partial ly treats it physically and biologically before it enters the Center Treatment Compartment. In this Center Treatment Compartment, technically referred to as a"bio-reactor'; the JETAerator injects fresh air to provide oxygen and mixing to support Jet's revolutionary BATT^^ process. In this process, huge numbers of microorganisms-called a "biomass"-attach themselves to the submerged JET BAT PROCESS MEDIAT"' These microorganisms provide an extraordinarily rapid and high degree of treatment, converting the wastewater to odorless, colorless liquids and gases. Air from the JET Aerator provides the oxygen required by the microorganisms to complete this process. Mixing insures that all the wastewater inside this compartment comes in contact with the microorganisms for total treatment. After treatment, the center compartment contents flow into the Settling Compartment where fine particles settle and return to the treatment compartment. This leaves only a clear, odorless, highly treated liquid for discharge. As shown in the preceding chart,"The Bottom Line'; chlorination with JET-CHLOR provides additional treatment. The Bottom Line Final Results After Chlorinating BATT"' Plant Effluent With JET-CHLOR 1.7 7.8 100% Overload Results 6.3 This plant was 100% overloaded for 24 days. Here are the amazing results... 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 As you can see, the JET Home Plant re- movesmore organic matter from waste- waterthan any other process. In fact it removes 85.4% more organic matter than aseptic tank. This chart shows that the JET Home Plant removes 57.6% more suspended solids than a septic tank. JET Class I Home Package City Septic Home Plant Aeration Plant Secondary Tank Plant Plant JET Class I Home Package City Septic Home Plant Aeration Plant Secondary Tank Plant Plant What A J ET BATT"' Home Plant Does For You • Revolutionary BATT"' Process eliminates need for an outdated septic tank and all its problems. • No odors. • Eliminates need for sub-surface disposal system, but extends system life where required. • State of the art, technological breakthrough protects your environment. • Increases property value. • Economical to purchase and maintain. • Equipment life, quality and dependability beat everything else on the market. • Best warranty and repair policies on the market. • No owner maintenance needed. The Distributor Behind The Products • Extensive training in the field and at the Jet factory qualifies your Jet distributor to serve you. • Installs and services your JET Plant. • Works closely with health authorities. • A reliable, dependable local business person who has an interest, investment and reputation to maintain in your community. • Leader in the industry for more than 35 years. . The pioneer in the field...established in 1955. Tt?X8S .1e$ $yS$@111S . A completely honest and dependable company which Rt. 2 Box 1260 values its customers and its reputation. Iola, Texas 7786fl .Sells internationally with broad product lines. 409-394-207 • Lowest repair rate in the industry. • Solid company with the best reputation. _ • A company committed since its inception to building the ___ = highest quality products with as much life and as little __ _; service at an affordable price. m~,~:, 0 ® Cleveland, Ohio 44143 • U.S.A. rm JET, JET AERATION, JET-CHLOR and CHLOR-AWAV are registered trademarks of JET INC. 1093 JET lnc. is registering its trademarks with the US. P. T.O. ©MCMXCIII JET INC. • The best known company -highly respected and the leader in both sales and quality. A.R.I. Air Release & Checlc Valves for Wastewater Combination Sewer Valve "SAAR" incorporates a kinetic and an automatic air release valve in one single valve body. It's function in the sewage system is to release air (gases) and to admit air into the lines. The valve's exclusive structure guarantees complete seperation of the liquid from the sealing system and ensuring optimum working conditions. During start up mode, SAAR's large orifice is vital. Designed for maximum release of air and gases, SAAR allowing optimum line flow and reduces pumping cost. The same large orifice allows maximum admission of air into the pipeline to avoid collapse. The automatic air release is activated when line is under pressure. There is a continuous release of entrapped air and gas bubbles. Saar's unique working mechanism is engineered to prevent sewage from coming into contact with the sealing elements, thus eliminating the most common cause of valve malfunction. 1. As pressure rises, both upper and lower floats act in tandem to close the valve, achieving maximum air gap capacity. 2. When pressure drops/changes, the upper and lower floats act independently to open the valve -preventing the water level from reaching the sending element. 3. The conical body is designed to hold the largest volume of air in the smallest possible working chamber. 4. The funnel design of the lower body ensures that no residue sewage matter is left in valve after operation. PART SPECIFICATIONS • Fits 2", 3", 4" and 6" flange connections. • Float, stem -stainless steel • Body - Stee137 (epoxy-coated) • Working pressure - 2-250 psi 1. Drainage Elbow Polypropylene 2. Seal Plug Assembly Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced ~-~ ~~ 3. 4. Float Clamping Steam Foamed Polypropylene Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced 5. Body Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced 6. Cover Steel DIN St. 37 7. O-Ring Buna - N 8. O-Ring Buna - N 9. Slotted Nut Stainless Steel SAE 303 10. Plastic Base Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced 11. Inlet for Flushing 12. Stopper 13. Spring 14. Retaining Ring 15. Bolt and Nut 16. Stem 17. Float 18. Ball Valve 19. Body Steel SCH 40 Acetal Stainless Steel SAE 303 Stainless Steel SAE 303 Galvanized Steel Chromate Plated Stainless Steel SAE 303 Stainless Steel SAE 316 Brass ASTM B-124 Steel DIN St. 37 Kinetic & Automatic Air Release Valve The Combined Air Release Valve incorporates a kinetic air release valve and an automatic air release valve in one single body. The air release valve both releases and admits air, from and into the line. During operation when the line is under pressure, the Barak provides continuous air release. The kinetic air release valve, with the large orifice, releases air at high flow rates during the filling of the line and admits air into the line at high flow rates during its emptying. The kinetic air release valve will function only as long as the line is not under pressure. It will remain closed as long as water flows within the line, during which the automatic air release valve, with the small orifice, will act to release air from the line under pressure. 1. Water is admitted into the line, by either opening a valve or starting a pump. 2. Air is released through the orifice. 3. Water penetrates into the air release valve and lifts the float. 4. A rubber seal connected to the float seals the kinetic air valve, which remains in that position until the pressure in the line is released and atmospheric conditions prevail again. 5. Entrapped air bubbles, carried by the flowing water, rise to the top of the automatic air release valve. 6. The float moves down, opening a small orifice in the automatic air release valve through which the air is released. 7. When the water supply to the line is stopped and the pressure in the line is released, the float with the kinetic seal drops down, opening the large orifice through which air is admitted at high flow rates. PARTS SPECIFICATIONS 1. Body 2. Seal Plug Assembly 2a. Bolts 2b. Plug Cover 2c. Rolling Seal 2d. Plug 3. Clamping Stem 4. Float 5. O-Ring 6. Base 7. Drainage Elbow " Ball valve tap (optional) • Working pressures: 3-250 psi. Testing pressure: 350 psi. • Light, simple and reliable structure. • Body is made of high strength plastic and valve operating parts are made of specially selected non-corrosive materials. • The larger than usual orifice of the automatic air release valve enables large quantities of air to be released and prevents clogging and leaks. • Due to its light weight the valve can be installed in plastic piping systems, as well as heavy duty systems. • The valve is recommended for use in a very corrosive, harsh conditions and industrial applications. • An opening at the top of the valve provides an optional threaded drain connection to direct, or ~ s divert, any overflow during operation. Nominal Weig Size A B C (Ibs • The air release valve is manufactured with a 2" male NPT connection. 2" 73/16" 5" 711/16° 2.2 Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced Stainless Steel SAE 316 Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced E.P.D.M. (Elastomen) Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced Foamed Polypropylene Buna - N Nylon Polypropylene Brass ASTM-B-124 ~qin 11 /4" (Model NR-020) The Check Valve enables flow in only one direction, preventing backflow. Made of engineered plastic materials, it can operate under highly corrosive conditions. The valve includes a plastic flap on which a rubber seal is mounted. The flap is brought to its sealing position against a support. When water flow is started the flap rises and exerts pressure on a spring located outside the main valve body. As soon as the flow stops, the m flap is returned by the spring to its sealing position. Working pressures: (0 - 250 psi) • The use of selected engineered plastic materials permits operation under highly corrosive conditions. • Minimum head loss. Although the force exerted by the spring increases as the flap rises to its open position, its arm becomes shorter. The result is a reduced moment, with a reduction in head loss. As the flap closes, the spring's pressure on it increases. • Interchangeable springs with different moments can be employed in order to reduce surge hazards, without removing the valve from the line. • An external position indicator, connected to the valve, indicates whether the valve is open or closed. • An electric indicator can also be connected to the valve, in order to transmit a signal to the pump when flow starts or stops. • The valve is recommended for use as a foot valve. • The valve is recommended for use in corrosive, harsh conditions, wastewater and industrial applications. PARTS SPECIFICATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. O-Ring Bushing Spring Chamber Spring Position Indicator Stem O-Ring Spring Seat Shaft Hinge Shaft Roller Flap Flap Seal Screw Disc Screw Cover Seal Body Cover Buna - N Acetal Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced Stainless Steel SAE 316 Stainless Steel SAE 316 Buna - N Acetal Stainless Steel SAE 316 Stainless Steel SAE 316 Acetal Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced Rubber E.P.D.M. Stainless Steel SAE 316 Stainless Steel SAE 316 Stainless Steel SAE 316 RubberE.P.D.M. Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced i Air Release & Vacuum Valve The new dual function Guardian provides both air release and vacuum braker to protect your entire pipeline system and lower your maintenance costs! The Guardian Prevents Brolcen Pipelines Dual function design ensures system protection throughout all phases of operation, releasing entrapped air from pipes during their filling and admitting air into the line during emptying -preventing broken pipes due to air trapped inside and collapsed pipes from vacuum. Will Not Close by Air Flow -Only Water! The Guardian cannot be blown shut under normal field conditions of less than 151bs air pressure. Only water will seat the valve. The Guardian's lightweight float and o-ring construction ensures closure even under water pressures as low as 3 psi. Maintenance Free -Corrosion resistant body made of fiberglass reinforced U.V. protected nylon. Maximum working pressure 150psi. Drip tight sealing at low pressures. No need for spare parts! It's as easy as one, two, three! 1. During the filling of the line, the Guardian releases large quantities of air through an opening equal to a large size standard vent. As the water enters, the float rises forcing the valve to close. 2. During normal flow, while the line is under pressure, the valve remains closed. 3. As the line empties, or during any pressure drop, the float drops down and opens the valve. Air is admitted, breaking the vacuum created by the withdrawing water, preventing suction damage to the lines. PARTS SPECIFICATIONS 1. Cover 2. Body 3. Float 4. Disc 5. O-Ring NETAFIM® IRRIGATION, INC. Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced Nylon, Fiberglass Reinforced Buna-N WEST COAST OFFICE: 3025 E. Hamilton • Fresno, CA 93721 • (209) 498-6880 • Fax (209) 442-3119 EAST COAST OFFICE: 548 N. Douglas Ave. • Altamonte Springs, FL 32714 • (407) 788-6352 • Fax (407) 862-0259 YOUR LOCAL DEALER ~,v~ e, Quality Works ,.,~. 12/94 '-~ I`~ The excellent filtration obtained through compressed grooved plastic discs is the outcome of a combination of surface filtration and in-depth filtration, resulting in high-precision filtration and high efficiency. The solids retained on the filter element accumulate at the intersections between the grooved faces of each pair of adjacent discs (see drawing below). The number of intersections on each groove varies between 12 and 32, depending on filtration grade. (See box below.) The turbulence in the varying paths and the large number of intersections create a situation in which the particles are eventually trapped, even if some of them were able to escape the first intersection. Cross Section of Filter Elements COLOR CODE: BLUE YELLOW RED BLACK GREEN GRAY.. MESH SIZE: 40 80 120 140 200 600 MICRONS: 400 200 130 115 75 25 ~~ ~ ~ ~ p ~ ..._ ~_. m_ ~~~- _.. ,~.~,,, ~~-~ ~~ ~.~. _~ ~... ~~_ ~~ e NETAFIM ~,;~~,Quality Works a~ Disc filters can easily be cleaned manually by simply removing the cover and spraying the filter element with clean water. Backflush models (semi- automatic or fully automatic) reverse the flow, forcing clean water from the inside of the disc filter element outward through the grooves, cleaning the filter completely. Extreme conditions and/or very fine filtration of effluent requires backwashing with a combination of water and pneumatic pressurized air. Good Quality Well water -properly maintained well, no presence of iron or magnesium. Average Quality Rivers & Canals -slow flowing, good sedimentation, low biological load. Reservoirs -excellent sedimentation, cold climate. Sewage water -effective sedimentation, complete biological treatment. Bad Quality Rivers & Canals -high biological load. %~~ Reservoirs -hot climate, insufficient sedimentation. ~-~ Sewage water -incomplete biological treatment. Fully Automatic and Completely Assembled Ready for Hook-Up and Immediate Operation ~~i InIeUOutlet 2" Groove Backwash Connection 2" Thread Minimum Backwash Pressure's 50 psi Maximum Working Pressure 140 psi Flow Rate for Backwash"" 33 gpm Backwash Volume per Cycle"" 5.5 gal. Filtering Area 146 sq. in. Filtering Volume 75 cu. in. Weight 15 lbs. Degree of Filtration Microns • 130 115 75 25"" "Good Quality 57 45 32 16 'Average Quality 44 35 24 13 "Bad Quality 29 25 16 9 Inlet/Outlet 3" Groove Backwash Connection 2" Thread Minimum Backwash Pressure" 50 psi Maximum Working Pressure 140 psi Flow Rate for Backwash"~ 66 gpm Backwash Volume per Cycle'"" 11 gal. Filtering Area 292 sq. in. Filtering ,Volume 150 cu. in. Weight 25.4 lbs. "" Finer filtration than 115 micron requires 60 PSI minimum. *'~ Per single fiter at 50 PSI. Flow rate per single filter (automatic model) at various filtration degree and water quality (gpm) " 25m rings require 3 filters or more in a battery. "" Finer filtration than 115 micron requires 60 PSI minimum. "" Per single fiter at 50 PSI. Flow rate per single filter (automatic model) at various filtration degree and water quality (gpm) " 25m rings require 3 filters or more in a battery. STANDARD DISC FILTERS Inlet/Outlet Diameter 1"Male Maximum Pressure 140 PSI Maximum Flow Rate 26.5 GPM* Filtering Surface Area 48.91 SQ. IN. Filtering Volume 26.8 CU. IN. Length of Filter 13 11/16 IN. Width of Filter 5 1/8 IN. Distance Between 6 1/4 IN. End Connections Weight 2.4 LBS. Inlet/Outlet Diameter 2" Male Maximum Pressure 140 PSI Maximum Flow Rate 110 GPM* Filtering Surface Area 148 SQ. IN. Filtering Volume 75 CU. IN.. Length of Filter 19 13/32 IN. Width of Filter 7 5/8 IN. Distance Between 7 7/8 IN. End Connections Weight ~ 13.2 LBS. NETAFlM®IRRIGATION, INC. Maximum Pressure Maximum Flow Rate Filtering Surface Area Filtering Volume Length of Filter Width of Filter Height of Filter Distance Between End Connections Weight Maximum Pressure Maximum Flow Rate Filtering Surface Area Filtering Volume Length of Filter Width of Filter Distance Between End Connections Weight ~~~~~~ ~I~ngelGroaue Maximum Pressure Maximum Flow Rate Filtering Surface Area Filtering Volume Length of Filter Distance Between End Connections (Flanged) (Grooved) Weight Maximum Pressure Maximum Flow Rate Filtering Surface Area Filtering Volume Length of Filter Width of Filter Weight (Grooved) 140 PSI 18 GPM* 24.8 SQ. IN 5.8 CU. IN. 8 1/16 IN. 9 5/8 IN. 5 29/32 IN. 6 IN. 0.8 LBS. 140 PSI 18 GPM* 24.8 SQ. IN. 5.8 CU. IN. 8 1/16 IN. 9 5/8 IN. 9 27/32IN. 6 3/32 IN. 0.9 LBS. 140 PSI 52.8 GPM* 61.4 SQ. IN. 31.7 CU. IN. 14 1/8 IN. 5 1/8 IN. 7 7/8 IN. 4.3 LBS. 110 PSI 350 GPM* 574 SQ. IN. 216 CU. IN. 41 1/2 IN. 17 23/32 IN. 16 IN. 12.8 LBS. 140 PSI 220 GPM* 287 SQ. IN. 54 CU. IN. 25 7/32 IN. 11 13/16 IN 26.4 LBS. 140 PSI 265 GPM* 287 SQ. IN. 54 CU. IN. 25 7/32 IN. 11 13/16 IN. 27.3 LBS. YOUR LOCAL DEALER * Maximum flow recommendation is based on 130 micron rings and clean water. WEST COAST OFFICE: 3025 E. Hamilton • Fresno, CA 93721 • (209) 498-6880 • Fax (209) 442-3119 EAST COAST OFFICE: 548 N. Douglas Ave. • Altamonte Springs, FL 32714 • (407) 788-6352 • Fax (407) 862-0259 NETAFlM Quality W rks 12/94 ~I `~. • BioLine's integral dripper design allows the use of larger I.D. tubing to maintain high emission uniformities over long runs where pressure variations are extreme. • Wide operation pressure ranges from 7 to 60 psi produce uniform dripper flow rates. Uniformity is maintained on steep topography layouts. • Higher emission uniformity improves management of BIOLINE FLOW RATE vs PRESSURE 1.0 subsurface disposal systems. o.s • Netafim's Pressure Compensating Drippers have the lowest Cv (coefficient of manufacturing variability) in the industry. This is a result of Netafim's state-of-the-art manufacturing techniques and extremely high standards of quality control. • Drippers are factory installed at regular intervals, as an integral part of the inside wall of the dripperline, leaving the outside of the tubing completely smooth and seamless. One-piece construction prevents damage to drippers during installation. o.fi o.~ 0.6 o.s 0.2 + or - 5% FLOW RATE FROM 7-60 PSI 0.1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 PRESSURE (PSI) Between 0 and 7 psi, the BioLine Dripper functions as a turbulent flow emitter, ensuring that the nominal design flow is not exceeded at system start-up. • BioLine is both chemical and wear resistant, maintaining its design flow over many years of use. • Subsurface BioLine distributes the effluent at a low flow rate over the entire area, allowing slow lateral movement without percolation or surfacing. - ~~~~'~ Quality Works 1 ~ 1 I , DRIPPER '`'~`"`° DISCHARGE DEPTH WIDTH LENGTH ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~° ° BioLine is an extruded polyethylene GpH (INCHES) (INCHES) (INCHES) MESH SIZE MICRON SIZE tube with patented drippers integrated inside at specific intervals using a 0.61 0.048 0.048 0.610 120 130 special "welding process". The BioLine drippers are pressure o•92 0.052 0.052 0.610 120 1so compensating and provide uniform effluent application. The unique free-floating diaphragm ensures accurate and immediate flow adjustment with variations in pressure. The diaphragm is produced with high quality elastomer to insure. super chemical resistance and durability. The BioLine is a "low profile" dripper with the water inlet located 0.26" away from the tubing wall. Effluent enters the dripper near the center of the tube. This position is vitally important as it prevents sediments from entering through the water inlet, even between application cycles when water is not flowing through the system. The secret to the success of the BioLine is its ability to flush during operation. Particles that may accummulate at the dripper outlet cause a reduction of flow. The pressure above and below the diaphragm equalizes. As this balance of FLUSHING DRIPPER SELF ADJUSTING DIAPHRAGM ~~~ Water temperature inside polyethylene tubing may reach 140°F in field conditions. The BioLine flow rate is not affected by changes in water temperature. Many other pressure compensating emitters experience a decrease in flow rate as water temperature increases. This effect reduces the uniformity of flow and offsets some of the benefits of using a pressure compensating emitter. Changes in water temperature can also affect the Cv of some pressure compensating emitters. This results in a flow rate decrease with increased temperature, and a decrease in uniformity of flow between emitters. REGULATING SELF ADJUSTING DIAPHRAGM DRIPPER PARTICLES ~Qe ~~~ ~~ °' pressure is achieved, the diaphragm is allowed to float freely. Particles are flushed out and the dripper resumes normal operation. This continuous flushing promotes reliable performance and longer life of your system. BIOLINE FLOW RATE vs TEMPERATURE '° __` . _''! TEMPERATURE (DEGREES CELSIUS) 1.0 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° o.s o.s o.~ nz. 0.6 W o.s a ~ 0.4 ~ 0.3 a 0.2 ~- 50° 68° 86° 104° 122° 140° Emission Uniformity (E.U.) is a measure of how evenly water is distributed. A system with a high E.U. produces equal soil ~, loading and minimizes the risk of surfacing. The Co-efficient of Manufacturing Variation (Cv) is a dimensionless measure of how well the manufacturer BioLine Cv-.o4 produces emitters which will perform consistantly s F when tested under identical conditions. 'IN7ERPR~'~~kTION,OF COE~FIGIEt~T ~;F MANU~ACTtJRiNG VAaiABILITX,;~v*,'~ 98 .BioLine 96 ®~' 94 ____i__ Averac 92 I w 90 t 88 I I 86 ---- ~-- -- -- 84 I 82 .04 .OS Cv EMITTER TYPE Cv INTERPRETATION POINT-SOURCE ~i05`, EXQEL~ENT BIOLIne CY=.04 .05 - .07 AVERAGE based on C.LT. testing o7 - .11 MARGINAL .11 -.15 POOR "American Society of Agricultural Engineers, EP405.1 When using pressure compensating emitters Cv is the most important criteria in determining E.U. This graph shows the relationship between E.U. and Cv using two emitters per plant. This graph illustrates the effect of Cv on E.U. with no flow variation. 12 .'6 ~ BioLine EU=96.4% FLUSHING VELOCITY 50 5 -~ 45 5 fA ~• z 40 Very Good Good o"'rs 35 --- --- --- ------ ~ N ~ Poor ~ {tls w LL 30 i ~ t w o 25 i Bad z ° 20 ~ 15 w ~ °C 10 i 5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 D P -LATERAL HEAD LOSS WHILE IRRIGATING (PSI) Flushing Velocity is a very important criteria when designing a subsurface disposal system. Effective flushing avoids slime sedimentation in the tubing and prevents plugging of the emitters. The graph at left shows different flushing velocity, curves using BioLine. To effectively flush a line, the minimum velocity should be not less than 2.0 ft/sec. This is approximately 1.6 gpm of flow out of the distal end of the lateral while flushing. ~~ETAFIM - Z 0 m m n 0 3 m ~ ~ a ~ m a 0 a m w ~ c a m ~' r c D -~ N ~~ ~ ~ ~ r ~~ m ~ ~ ~« o s ~ ~ ~ -- v x ~~ a 3 N O O A O O n C C F C C r m Q ~ c a r r m z ~ « = C C '17 ,..:.. ~,.~ O O N - O A O O A HEAD LOSS (PSI) _ ~ m N - -- -- - -- --- -a a n z z O A W N W 01 HEAD LOSS (PSI) N W ~ C ~ `. N N A W .P N OD r a m D r r m z x n C C F G C r D ~ c a= r r m z ~ ~ p O O N O A O O v .o m v a n z z i,' \/ 11 \_/ ~~~ HEAD LOSS (PSI) .. ,; HEAD LOSS (PSI) ._' Our society faces a constant challenge to maintain and preserve the environment for generations to come. A major issue in pollution control is the treatment and disposal of domestic and industrial wastewater. Netafim, the world's Land Treatment by subsurface slow rate disposal is considered to be an innovative technology which successfully answers the challenge of proper environmental management. Subsurface slow rate disposal is achieved through an underground drip absorption system which allows for minimal drainage of effluent through the ground, with the subsurface strata serving as a huge slow rate bio- filter. This system achieves organic and nitrogen removal while at the same time substantially reducing fecal coliform and facilitating phosphorous fixes to the soil. The loading rate is designed according to soil characteristics with data such as soil restrictive layers, rainfall, evaporation and evapotranspiration rates, and nutrient balances taken into careful consideration. Netafim's subsurface slow rate disposal system for land treatment consists of the following components. L Pretreatment. Wastewater is treated first by conventional methods such as septic tanks or aerobic treatment. Pretreatment achieves physical settling ofmacro-solids and assists in degradation of various pollutants. 2. Pumping and Control. Required to operate the dosing cycles, zone selection, filter backflushing, lateral flushing, flow control and other system monitoring features such as power outages, high water levels and flow variances. 3. Filtration. A fully or semi-automatic Arkal disc filter prevents the solids from entering into the delivery system. 1. Environmentally Friendly. Dripperlines are plowed into the soil. Subsurface application ensures little or no disturbance to existing trees or vegetation and eliminates the problem of offensive odor and aerosol drift outside the disposal field, thus drastically reducing the need for buffer zones. leading manufacturer of drip irrigation systems, has helped answer that challenge with the development of "Bioline" subsurface dripperline for land treatment. A disc filter's set is backwashed on a preset frequency and/ or by sensing pressure differential through the filters. In a case where the pretreatment is insufficient, a slow sand filter may be used in addition to a disc filter set. 4. Pipes and Valves. A drip soil absorption field is divided into zones, with only one zone being activated with each dose cycle. The delivery network includes A.R.I. air release valves that allow air to escape during the filling of the lines, and introducing air into the line at the end of each cycle. 5. Dripperline. A drip soil absorption field consists of polyethylene tubing laterals (Bioline) installed in parallel lines within each zone. "Bioline" incorporates a sophisticated emitter welded inside the tube during extrusion. Emitter spacing is selected by the system designer. Each emitter incorporates an internal mechanism that discharges constant flow of 0.010 gallons per minute regardless of system pressure between 7 and 70 psi. Higher flow rate emitters are also available. Each emitter is impregnated with a biocide (VinyzineTM) to reduce slime sedimentation. The dripperline's distal end is connected to a collecting manifold allowing periodical line flushing. Bioline is generally installed subsurface at a depth of 6 to 20 inches. Arkal Disc 2. Uniform Distribution. The use of "Bioline", a pressure compensating emitter, ensures excellent distribution uniformity and minimizes all risk due to local surfacing. 3. Low Precipitation Rate. A low rate of precipitation allows the absorption field to remain unsaturated and results in continuous biodegration in the soil. The placement of dripperlines in the soil promotes ideal conditions for biological reduction. 4. Intensive Vegetation. Drip Irrigation has been known for years to be the superior irrigation system. The use of a drip system for effluent disposal and land treatment intensifies the vegetation growth, which consumes the nutrients and reduces leakage to groundwater due to evapotranspiration. 5. Use of Marginal Lands. Slow rate release through a self compensating emitter allows for on line control of actual flow with very high uniformity. These control functions allow for the use of marginal land that is not permitted for any other disposal methods. 6. Minimal Operator Dependency. The use of a pressurized delivery system in conjunction with pressure compensating emitters allows for continuing on-line control of the actual flow and ongoing performance verification of the system. Automated network flushing minimizes operator dependency and increases system efficiency. 7. Root Control. Introduction of vegetation control chemicals uniformly through each emitter inhibits root intrusion into the system. Darot Control Valve ~D n~ ~~ ~i ~~~ ~ ~~ w ." BioLine Pressure Compensating ~D ~~ I~ `~% The Dorot Basic Valve can be operated manually through the use of a 3-way selector. Selector options are; C =Close Upstream pressure or pressure from an external source is applied to the control chamber. Initiated by the spring, the diaphragm is pressed down to close the valve drip-tight. O =Open Relieving the water or air pressure to atmosphere from the control chamber causes the valve to open. A =Automatic The automatic port of the 3-way selector is connected to a solenoid, hydraulic relay or pilot, which controls the valve. The common port of the 3-way selector connects the control chamber to either A, O or C, depending on the direction the selector is pointed. 6.0 5,0 4,0 3.0 N ~ 2.0 N N O J a W 2 ~ .o 0,9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 5 z in~~ ~ ~~ 1 i i~° 2" 323 3-Way S®I®ctor c ~,~,1 ~ a 0 A A ~ Common Port ~ c ~ *~ ~s~ ~, r~„ q 4~ Closed 3" 4" c Open 6" 868 8" 10" 12" 16" Recommended Flow Rates & Cu Values (gpm) ~' _ ~ ~~~' Mm 2 2 5 15 25 90 140 220 220 270 350 540 700 ~~ T ~> Max 30 X50'.. a90 ~ ~ 1'35,.~~~250 X390 d50 ~3,0~~`1500 X2000'350.8 480(km'9~00'; ; Quality v~'OT1iS :_ ~ . Cv 18 26 75 110 117 210 260 700 780 930 1460 2220 3030 Engineered to perform reliably under the most challenging conaiTlons, uoror s aeslgn IS ~US~U ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~N~~~-~ ~ r Dorot valves are hydraulically controlled by line pressure or by pressure from an external source. All Dorot valves use direct sealing diaphragms and are constructed with minimal parts - no stem, seals or bearings. The unique structure of these valves allows a straight flow pattern with very low friction loss. 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 z00 ~uu ouu uuu iuuu ~~~~ ~~~~ ~„~JO FLOW (gpm) The flow factor (Cv) is defined for water at 68°F with a pressure differential of 1 psi. ~ Iron & Bronze rlal~es Models Available MATERIALS BRONZE CAST IRON • • - • - ®®- • - • • - ® ®• - O ® B 0 3/4" - i ", 1 i /z" ~ W 3.. .._ ..-. .Z' ... ~ ~., „~:k x~~. w ~ '~. F`i.a,. 'L ~~s. ate ..i m_„.., a u 868, 8",10" 16" (' Denotes ductile iron high pressure model Standard Valve Components The Dorot valve has very few parts and can be easily serviced without being removed from the line. Each e _ , _ . • _ valve has one access •. : ® - :.. port in the bonnet 3/a°-r' (2> > /$~~ ~ /g-- and two or four in -~a~~~~, ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~ Ea ~ ~,~ the body depending 3 4" (4) g 1 /4 ~ 1 /4 On the SIZe. y ,~~,~,~_ _ rw f~ ~ rv~ ~ rn~ ~, ~ ~,~ ~~. ~ ~~,~ . (see chart for details) Diaphragms Dorot valve diaphragms must be selected according to the flow and pressure conditions of the system, INLET PRESSURE(PSI) DIAPHRAGM TYPE AND VALVE SIZE s ,~ ,. High Pressure 35 230,......1 ,',__ '' Soff Diaphram 8 70 I , • The ID number in the circle can be found on the lip of each diaphragm type. • The Soff diaphragm can only be used for on-off function. Composition -Diaphragms for standard valves are made from natural rubber. If unusual operating conditions or highly corrosive liquids are used, diaphragms made from EDPM or Nitrite are available Special Bonnets Temperature -The maximum temperature at which the high pressure diaphragm can operate is: 175 ° F (80 ° C) at 140 psi 140 ° F (60 ° C) at 230 psi. SEAT AGM I~ Standard valves can be converted into special models by replacing the standard bonnet with one of the following; ~~ Position-Indicating Bonnet: offers visual and Mechanical Closure Bonnet: allows both ~ J ® electrical indication of valve's position mechanical closure and throttling. (open or closed), Available sizes: 2"-16". Available sizes: 3"-16". Ix ~~ a~~ ~I =r ' i} I~ ~~. 1 Grooved SHORT BOLT LIFTING HOOK LONG BOLT >~ • ~ BONNET o ° ~ ~ °. ° ° ° SPRING o ~ Plastic and PVC valves offer excellent hydraulic performance and are more \ resistant to corrosive water containing `~ fertilizers or other chemicals commonly used in agriculture. These characteris- tics make Plastic and PVC valves an ideal choice for water control in PVC networks. Plastic valves are manufac- tured with threaded and socket (slip) connections, IleadlosS Chart (Plastic and PVC Valves) 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 ,-. .N _Q h 2.0 N 0 J Q = 1.0 I!, _/i 0.5 FLOW (gpm) '~ Headloss basic valve (fully open) - - - - - Headloss for throttling model Recommended Flow Rates & Cu (gpm) Min. 5 15 25 60 100 Max a 9 a ~0 6 1,~~5 a 24~ ~ ~~~ ce~. X30 ,h Cv 66 83 103 175 250 Diaphragms Maximum water temperature 140° F (60°C) at max. pressure INLET DIAPHRAGM PRESSURE(PSI) TYPE ID NUMBE R I I . :. a Plastic Valve 12 140 1 iJ ` PVC ~~IUe ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ a° e* ~ , . t , , ~ . ~_ ~ ~ , ,. . Models Auailahle All sizes available with throttling feature MATERIALS PLASTIC uPVC 1 t /2", 2", 323 c N EI ~ y a r ,.r > ,,' 4" ~ Plastic & PVC Value Components Simplicity is maintained by offering six models with only two different sets of internal parts. The access ports for all valves are 1 /4", The MT -function provides manual throttling for flow and pressure adjustment (the 3-way selector must be used to close the valve completely), SHORT BOLT _ LONG BOLT - ADAPTER FOR °_ 0 BONNET 3-WAY SELECTOR ° ° ~~ o ° SPRING 0 0 SPRING SEAT \~ ° o ,[7, ~J DIAPHRAGM \~~J ~ BODY m THROTTLING ~ 0 DISC a mo ® `NUT /-PLUG Specifications, Dimensions & Weight 40 50 70 100 200 300 400 700 1000 Specifications, Dimensions & Weight BRONZE IRON Size Length (in) 1 4 1/z 4 5/e 5 7/a 7 8 3/a I 7 va $ 3/8 12 s/s 111 1/a 12 1/2 15 U2 I 1 1 1/a 1 1 7/3 15 3/a 15.3/4 18.7/8 27 22 3/a 29.1/2 .-;, Weight (Ibs.) 2 1 2.2 4 0 5 7 8.5 7.0 10.0 24.6 24.0 27.5 68.0 38.0 48.0 100 110 176 257 344 892 - _..~. , .. . ~_, . ~ ~ ;.a. Chamber Capacity (gal) .Ol Ol 02 .05 .05 .05 .05 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.5 0.16 0.16 0.5 0.5 1.3 1 6 2.6 3 3 • ~IcS§ "I 25 ~L 250 $,; ~, _, ~-_. ;; The pressure rating of the valve depends on the strength of the body, connection standard and diaphragm type. The "component" with the lowest pressure rating determines the maximum operating pressure of the valve, Materials (All Valves) .. - - Nuts, Bolts, Washers Zinc Coated Steel Zinc Coated Steel I Stainless Steel Zinc Coated Steel BS 5216 BS 5216 AISI 304 BS 5216 Bonnet SAME SAME Ordering Guide EXAMPLE: 61 - PR - ( VALVE DESIGNATI®N PREFIX FUNCTIONS B Basic M Manual MT Manual Throttling PR Pressure Reducing PS Pressure Sustaining, Pressure Relief PR/PS Pressure Reducing/Pressure Sustaining QR Pressure Relief 6Zuick Reacting QRSA Pressure Relief and Surge Anticipating FR Rate of Flow Control BC Booster Pump Control DW Deep Well Control 30%GRP SAME 5- I--HP-Y 1 PIL®T SPRING Y Yellow G Green R Red DIAPIiRAGIVI HP High Pressure LP Low Pressure SP Very Low Pressure C®NNECTI®NS T Threaded G Grooved F Flanged MATERIAL s slip A combination of two different functions can be specified. (Example: BC/PR -Booster Pump Control & Pressure Reducing) P Plastic/PVC SIZES: B Bronze I Iron Options CONTROLS: Electric: Specify normally open or closed, pressure rating and voltage. Hydraulic: Order Catalog #61 SHASOC BONNET: Bonnet with Position Indicator: 61-I-(valve size) Full Mechanical Closure: 61-C-(valve size) HOOK-UP: Standard: 1 /4" Poly tubing (3/4"- 4" valves) 3/8" Poly tubing (6"-16" valves) Copper: (Specify and add) 61-COPP-25 (3/4"- 4" valves) 61-COPP-30 (6"- 16" valves) NETAFIM° IRRIGATION, INC. WEST COAST OFFICE: 3025 E. Hamilton • Fresno, CA 93721 • (300) 777-6541 • Fax: (800) 695-4753 EAST COAST OFFICE: 548 N. Douglas Avenue • Altamonte Springs, FL 32714 • (800) 393-1414 • Fax: (600) 862-2059 YOUR LOCAL DEALER - N~~I- Quahty Works 5/95 ~~ Seat 30% GRP 30% GRP 30%GRP 30% GRP JNM -~~~- TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AGRICULT URAL AND INDUSTRIAL SALES AND SERVICE 1516 SHILOH AVENUE BRYAN, TEXAS 77803 - TELEPHONE 409-779-6068 FAX 409-779-6085 July 7, 1995 Veronica Morgan City of College Station P.O. Box 9960 College. Station, TX 77842 Re: Technical Seminar: On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal for Small and Large Generators Dear Veronica: We are writing to introduce you to the new approach for wastewater treatment and disposal that is possible by using. subsurface drip technology. It is an `integration of old treatment principles with modern distribution technology. The leader in this field,. Netafim Irrigation, Wastewater Division, has joined with JNM Technologies, Inc. of Texas to provide you with the technology and equipment necessary: for your success in applying this approach to wastewater reuse or disposal. The enclosed package contains information on this revolutionary improvement to land application of'treated wastewater. In 1964, Netafim. introduced the world to the techr~oioy of drip Irrigation. Today, Netafim is the global leader in manufacturing Driplrrigation and relat?d products with distribution in over 80 countries..:. For the past 31 years, Drip Irrigation has been the answer for farmers who searched for ways to increase their yields through equal distribution of water in the soil In many countries where water is scarce, the typical method of irrigation has been the utilization of treated effluent of varying quality, Netafim developed special filtration systems to meet the needs of this process. This, with ttie common practice of subsurface irrigation, evolved into an innovative land application technology. It was only a natural step for Netafim to challenge the conventional methods of treating and disposing wastewater.. 'Since 1988 Netafim Treatment Systems have .been performing .flawlessly at over 500 sites in 10 states. Netafim has been the answer to disposing effluent in the poorest of clay soils. Existing systems range in size from individual homes to one. million gallons per day municipal wastewater treatment plants. JNM Technologies,_ Inc. (JNM) was conceived by the ?~ Irlcipals of AMS Engineering and Environmental of-Punta Gorda, Florida after consultirra with several manufacturers of irrigation and water treatment equipment. 'The manufacturers. v~rere experiencing difficulties with their products because the end users lacked technical understanding regarding engineered plans, specifications and systems operations. In response, JNM Technologies, Inc. was founded as an independent company providing solutions to' water treatment and water management problems through proper application of technology and ~c~~ai~pmpnt in bath Florida and Texas. JNM Technologies, Inc. is staffed by professional equipment specialists and engineers with-over fifty years combined experience in water handling and tre:~tment.' Their main goal is to provide technical assistance and equipment to the design engineer and end user so that tfae products and methods described in a design are effectively.a .d correctly applied. _ __ The JNM/Netafim team has organized a one day seminar in Austin on August 3, 1995 to bring you more information on the incorporation of subsurface irrigation technology as a solution for wastewater treatment, disposal and reuse. learn the economic and aesthetic advantages of this system. Speakers will include. wastewater scientists, "application engineers, consultants,. contractors and university faculty. Please study the enclosed information on the wastewater treatment and disposal seminar and call (813)575-4416 with your reservation today. PaymBnt can be made. at the door, but reservations must be made now. Don't miss the opportunity to learn more about this applied technology. Special rates apply to federal, state andlocal government employees. if you are unable to attend the seminar at this time buf the information in this package is of interest to you; oryou wish to be included in future mailings; please fill out the enclosed postage paid request card and mail it to us today. i Sincerely, i i James F; Prochaska, PE Roger Penny President Wastewater Division JNM Technologies; lnc. - Netafim Irrigation; Inc: I i i 'i i i ~iET~1FIM TECHN-KCAL SEMINAR ON-SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL FOR SMALL AND LARGE GENERATORS AUGUST 3, 1995 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Austin North Hilton J-35 and Hwy. 290 (Special Room Rates Available) Sponsored by: JNM TECHNOLOGIES, INC. WASTEWATER DIVISION OF NETAFIM IRRIGATION, INC. Registration Fee (includes lunch): $75 Federal, State, and Local Government Employees Free SPEAKERS: Various Speakers on Texas Permitting and On-Site Research Mr. Richard Otis, PE, Consultant, Ayres and Associates Mr. James Prochaska, PE, Application Engineer, JNM Technologies, Inc. Mr. Eric Crawford, PE, Contractor, Zetaflo, Inc. Dr. Marcus Allhands, ~'E, Wastewater Engineer, AMS Engineering & Enviromental Mr. Roger Penny, Application and Sales, Wastewater Division, Netafim Irrigation, Inc...... Mr. Richard Jensen, Director of Public Relations, Texas Water Resource Institute Mr. Bruce Lesikar, Agricultural Engineer, Texas A & M Payment. can be made at the door but FAX YOUR REGISTRATION TODAY. Registration Form for. Technical .Seminar August 3rd -Austin North Hilton. Austin Texas JNM TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 1516 SHILOH AVENUE BRYAN, TEXAS 77803 (813)575-4416 FAX (813)575-2267 Your Name Company Name Address City State Zip Telephone Fax Payment can be made at the door but FAX YOUR REGISTRATION TODAY. ~~ ~~ ~/ET//VC. ~2 OWNER'S MANUAL MODEL J-353 Q HOW YOUR JET. PLANT WORKS Your JET Plant consists of a tahk, a JET Aerator, and JET BAT PROCESS MEDIA."" Your plant uses Jet's new exclu- sive wastewater treatment process called BIOLOGICALLY ACCELERATED TREATMENTT" -BAT"' for short. The tank has three compartments. Arrows on the diagram below indicate the flow pattern and flow direction through these compartments. This plant is NSF rated at 500 gpd. The compartment on the left is designed for pretreatment. This compartment receives the wastewater and treats it physically and biochemically before it passes on to the center treatment compartment. The JET. Aerator injects fresh air into the treatment com- partment to provide oxygen and mixing to support Jet's revolutionary, state-of-the-art BIOLOGICALLY ACCELER- ATED TREATMENT" process. In this process, great num- bers of microorganisms attach themselves to the JET BAT PROCESS MEDIA,'" providing an extraordinarily high de- gree oftreatment asthey convert the wastewater to odorless, colorless liquids and gases. Air from the JET. Aerator supplies the oxygen required by the microorganisms to complete this process. Mixing insures that all the wastewater inside the compartment comes in contact with the micro- organisms for total treatment. The treated contents inside the center compartment then flow into the settling compartment. Here, any fine particles settle and return to the treatment compartment, leaving only a clear, odorless, treated liquid for final discharge. Access 5'-0" Service Access For Pumping Aerator Not For Pumping Grade . ~~ _ _ ._.l ,~ \~\ :.<c .. ~< ~~ ~ Inlet ` (Optional) , , ~1,~ - ~ (M Outlet -- ~ - ~ ~ Weir ~ ~ Flow Line ~ Inlet - __ 1 ~ __ } Outlet ~' 1 ( ( t ~ ( t t ~ Settling ' ~~ --- ~ ~ Compartment , Jet BAT .Pretreatment Process Media'" Compartment Treatment O Compartment Patent Pending The J-353 Plant has been tested to NSF Standard 40, and has a Class I NSF Listing. YOUR JET PLANT PERFORMANCE The least demanding NSF standards are for Class II plants. These standards are 60 ppm BOD and 100 ppm SS. Your NSF tested JET Plant performed much betterthan this in all tests. The next, more demanding standards are U.S. EPA's, which are a maximum of 30 ppm BOD and 30 ppm SS. NSF minimum performance requirements for Class I plants are identical to these EPA standards. Your JET Plant tested well under these 30/30 maximum limits. The strictest U.S. EPA standards for ecologically sensitive areas are 10 ppm BOD and 10 ppm SS. Because these limits are extremely difficult to reach, compliance is not normally required. NSF has no such standards at this time. Your Model J-353 listed JET Plant had an average, including stress testing, of 15 ppm BOD and 12 ppm SS over its entire testing period. CONTROL PANEL- NSF MODEL The control panel is mounted in a visible location so the red warning light on the cover can be easily seen. The red light will only glow if the aerator is not operating. In this event, press the circuit breaker reset button. If the red light continues to glow, call your distributor. Wiring instructions and a wiring diagram are inside the control panel cover. Energy requirements are 115 Volt, 60 HZ. Electrical work must be performed in accordance with the requirements of the National Electrical Code and local codes. NEVER TOUCH YOUR JET AERATOR OR THE CONTROL PANEL WIRING UNLESS THEIR POWER .SUPPLY HAS BEEN TURNED OFF. MODEL J-353 S O 5'-0" 2'-101/4" Access Access Aerator Cover Covers (Riser Optional) Inlet Tee ~ ~ (Optional) ~ ' . ~ 111 . I' Flow Line 4. Inlet Outlet Settling Pretreatment Treatment Compartment ~l Compartment I ~' Compartment P: ,~ • ~.-~- _ _ Jet BAT O Process Media'" Patent Pending This plant does not have an NSF listing but is identical to the J-353 plant except the riser over the settling compartment is optional, the control panel may be a cycled or non-cycled model and. the outlet weir is not included. If the riser. is not used then the tank has a below grade access cover in the same location the riser would be. MODEL J-153 HOW YOUR JET PLANT WORKS YourJET Plantconsists of atank and a,IETAerator. Thetank has three compartments. Arrows in the diagram indicate the flow pattern and flow direction through these compartments. If you have Plant Model J-153, it operates by the activated sludge process. This plant does not have an NSF Listing. The compartment on the left is designed for pretreatment. This compartment receives the wastewater and treats it - physically and biochemically -before it passes on to the aeration compartment. In the aeration compartment, wastewater from the pretreat- ment compartment is mixed with activated sludge and aerated. The JET Aerator circulates and mixes all the waste- water, while injecting. ample air to met the oxygen demands of this aerobicprocess. The treated wastewater inside the aeration compartment then flows into the settling compartment. Here, any fine particles settle and return to the aeration compartment, leaving only a highly treated liquid for final discharge: Access Surface For Pumping 4'-S" Skimmer Service Access (Optional) Not For Pumping Aerator (Optional) Inlet Grade , ~ `~ , (Optionaq ~~ ~~`'~~~~`~ w :. .. ±b ~. ~-~~ Flow Line _ Inlet ~ + - ~- - - - _ _ __ 1 -., ,; , _ Outlet ~ ~ t i i 1 1 1 ~ Tube Setller (Optional) 1 ' I ~ i ~ Settling - - 1 1 f Compartment Pretreatment AERATION Compartment Compartment CONTROL PANELS The control panel may be acycled ornon-cycled model. It is mounted in a visible location so the red warning light on the cover can be easily seen. The red light will only glow if the aerator is not operating. In this event, press the circuit. breaker reset button. If the red light continues to glow, call your distributor. Operational instructions and a wiring diagram are inside the control panel cover. Read the instructions on the inside of the control panel cover. Energy requirements are 115. Volt, 60 HZ. Electrical work must be performed in accordance with the requirements of the National Electrical Codes and local codes. INFORMATION COMMON TO ALL MODELS YOUR JET AERATOR The only mechanical component in your JET Plant is the J ET Aerator - a finely balanced, precision-manufactured pro- duct made under strict quality control standards.. dETVentcap----, Fresh outside air is wadi°ok - drawn into your treat- (opuonaq~. ~~ mentplahYscentercom- '~`'~~•~~•~~''~'~~'~~° %`%`%>%`~` partment by the JET Outside Riser Aerator. The air travels Air Hose (Optional) through the air intake Under round "~ Anti- 9 Rotation vent in the concrete ac- Cable .Block cess cover and moves Gr°ut down an outside air hose, which is connect- . Aerator ed to the aerator. From Mounting FtowLine Casting here, it goes through the aspirator shaft and is injected into the liq- uid to provide the oxy- gen required for the treatment process. Only corrosion-proof stainless steel and PVC plastic parts are used in or near the wastewater. A foam restrictor disc at the top of the shaft controls the foam created by the mixing/aeration process. This disc throws the foam to the sides of the tank, breaks it up, contains if in the tank and protects the aerator. There are two types of JET Aerators - a Standard Model and a Floodproof Model. The Floodproof Model is totally sealed to protect it from damage by water. Jt should be installed where there is a possibility of water damage. The Floodproof Aerator is not designed to operate under water. If it floods, the circuit breaker on the control panel will automatically open, shut off power to the aerator and light the aerator warning light on the control panel. If this happens, it will be necessary for you to press the circuit breaker reset button to start the aerator again. CIRCUIT BREAKER PROTECTION A warning light and a circuit breaker reset button are located on the control panel cover. If there should be an electrical overload, the circuit breaker button will pop out, open the circuit and protect the aerator from damage. The warning light will glow red: when the circuit breaker has opened, indicating that power to the aerator has been cut off. When this happens, pressthe red'button on the panel cdverto reset the circuit breaker: This should start the aerator operating again. If, instead, the red aerator warning light comes on repeatedly, call your Jet Distributor for service. Wiring instructions and a wiring diagram are inside the control panel cover. Energy requirements are 115 Volt, 60 HZ. Electrical work must be performed in accordance with the requirements of the National Electrical Code and local codes. NEVER TOUCH YOUR JET AERATOR OR THE CONTROL PANEL WIRING UNLESS THEIR POWER SUPPLY HAS BEEN TURNED OFF. WARNING BUZZER (OPTIONAL) Your control panel may also be equipped with a warning buzzer. This buzzer will sound when the circuit breaker trips and the aerator warning light goes on, Both buzzer and warning light can be turned off by pressing the circuit breaker reset button on the control panel cover. Normally, this will start the aerator running again. If the buzzer and warning light come on repeatedly, turn the switch in the control. panel to "OFF" and immediately call your Jet Distributor for service. price for a new aerator. This fractional price is determined by the age of the aerator being .traded in.-Every exchanged aerator shall be covered by a new Limited Warranty as then in effect. An additional charge will be made for freight and any missing parts. If a distributor's Inspection/Service Policy is not then in effect, you must pay ariy charges for removal and reinstallation of the aerator. Distributor and .factory prices are subject to change. While Jet cannot promise that such a policy will be main- tained on all future sales, the fact that such a generous exchange program is now offered and has beeh offered for over 35 years is a testimony to the quality built into every Jet Aerator. • FACTORY EXCHANGE AERATORS MEET Nf1M AERATOR STANDARDS! That's why every factory exchange aerator has . NEW aerator warranty! . NEW aerator exchange program! The exchange program age and price start again at the beginning (0 months, 0 years and 0 $$$) -just as it does with a NEW aerator! We don't think you will find this with any other product! Read the warranty here and ask your Jet Distributor for a current copy of the Exchange Program. • FREE 2-YEAR INSPECTION/SERVICE POLICY For the first two years of the 30-month warranty period, your Jet Distributor has agreed to .regularly inspect your JET Plant at 6 month intervals and to provide any service that should be required without a service charge. The trained serviceman thoroughly inspects the entire system -plant, equipment and any options installed. • CONTINUING INSPECTION/SERVICE POLICY After the first two years, you can renew this Inspection Service Policy annually with your Jet Distributor at his then current charge. After your initial or subsequent service policy has expired we strongly urge you to renew. it immedi- ately and continually keep it in force. • LOCAL DISTRIBUTOR YourJET-Plant was installed by your local Jet Distributor. He maintains a stock of parts for maintenance and emergency repairs, His name is on the front of your JET Control Panel TANK INSTALLATION Your Jet installation is the responsibility of your Jet Distri- butor and any sub-contractors he may use. There are a great many details to setting and installing a tank and a great many variables, depending on the type of equipment used. The dimensions of the tank excavation are 6' x 10' x 6` deep. We have given basic installation instructions to Jet Distributors and felt you may be interested in these -they are as follows. Location of the tank must be in accordance with instructions from the health department. In absence of such instructions choose a location which is on ground which will not flood, which provides adequate fall and allows installation of lines which are as short and. straight as possible. The system should be located in an area which provides protection of the air intake from snow, ice or debris which may accumulate. The finished grade must be at least 1" below the manhole. top(s) to permit easy access to the plant. Also, the general area around the plant must be graded away from the plarit to keep water from running into the tank area. As you know there are many considerations in proper installation of a tank and the most important of which is that the tank installation meets the local and state Health Depart- ment's regulations. Some major items are: solid earth pad or sand or small pea gravel pad; seal tank at shop if set in one .piece; seal at job site if delivered in sections; tank level must be within (1") from end to end and side to side; use mastic sealant for sealing risers and mounting casting; seal orgrout inlet and outlet sewer lines to tank; backfill carefully around tank; fill tanks with water. It is important that a-I local and state laws and plumbing codes regarding the plant be followed. Items such as the connection of plumbing fixtures to the tank inlet line, position of inlet and discharge lines, grade and any other aspects of plant or plant related plumbing should be checked with the- appropriate contractors to make sure all work conforms to regulations. ~-`r'r'' ~ JET BAT MEDIATM Plant with all options 10 !~ 2 13 3 74 15 76 TO POWER SUPPLY 77 115 VAC, 60 Hz ~~\~~j~ ,. .~~~?i tz < e Inlet Flow Line 6 8 Outlet t ~ Settling s Pretreatment Treatment Patent Pending ITEM RE '0 DESCRIPTION 16 1 RISER 15 1 AERATOR MOUNTING CASTING 14 1 AISEA COVER 13 1 AERATOR MOUNTING CASTING COVER 12 1 ACCESS COVER (SMALL) 11 1 ACCESS COVERILARGE) 10 1 CONTROL PANEL 9 1 WEIR-OUTLET B 1 JET BAT PROCESS MEOIA•° 7 1 ASPIRATOR 6 1 ASPIRATOR SHAFT 5 1 FOAM AESTRICTOA 4 1 COUPLING -3 1 AERATOR 2 1 VENT CAP 1 1 INLET ASSEMBLY LANDSCAPING AROUND YOUR JET PLANT Most owners plant a lawn over their JET Plant, but you may prefer planting a flower bed or vegetable garden. If you wish, small shrubs or flowers may be planted around the manholes to camouflage them. A bird bath, wishing well, or similar structure can also be put over the manholes. If you do this over the aerator access, drill at least.three 1/2" holes in the side of the bird bath or other structure so the aerator can get the fresh air it needs. Keep the finished grade of your lawn or garden at least 1" below the manhole tops to permit easy access to the plant. REMEMBER TO 1. Check to make sure the outside-air-hose is not bent or kinked if the riser cover has been removed and reinstalled. 2. Press circuit breaker reset button if warning light glows. 3. Call your Jet Distributor if light still glows after you have pressed reset button. 4. Keep final outlet free and clear, if it is in the open position. 5. Keep wet weather safety valve free and clear, if your plant has one. 6. Follow the instructions for tank pumping. 7. Keep finished grade of lawn at least 1" below manhole top. 8. Keep your chlorinator and dechlorinator stocked. 9. Use biodegradable detergents. REMEMBER TO NEVER 1. Never touch the control panel wiring or aerator unless you turn off the power at the main house box and control panel 2. Never remove aerator or attempt repairs yourself. 3. Never alter control panel cycle setting. 4. Never put "undisposables" into your plant (see list). 5. Never plug aerator into electrical wall outlet or into any other power source other than the control panel. TANK PUMPING A JET Plant can go much, much longer than a septic tank before it needs pumping. We recommend thatyourJET Plant be pumped every 3 years, unless local regulations require otherwise. More specific recommendations are not practical, because each plant handles different loads under different conditions. It ispossiblethatcertain installationswillrequire more frequenf pumping. This decision can only be made by the Jet serviceman on one of his regular or special service calls. Tell your tank pumper that your tank is divided into three compartments. 1. Pretreatment - 475 Gallons (must be pumped) 2. Aeration/Center - 600 Gallons (must be pumped) 3. Settling - 125 Gallons (see. instructions in item #5) 4. Only the pretreatment and aeration/center compartments shown in drawing should be pumped. Access to the aeration/center compartment is through the aerator mounting manhole. Access to the pretreatment compart- ment is below grade and its location is shown on the tank sketch. 5. The settling/clarifying compartment on the outlet end of the tank should be thoroughly hosed out through its access cover during pumping. 6. The pumper should ask the Jet Distributor to remove the aerator for him or tell your pumper to get a copy of Jet's "Tank Pumping Instructions" from your Jet Distributor. Total tank capacity is 1200 Gallons. Because pumpers base their cost on number of gallons pumped, this capacity will help you estimate your pumping cost. LIMITED WARRANTY & SERVICE • 20-YEAR FACTORY EXCHANGE PROGRAM Under this 20-Year Exchange Program, an aerator more than 30 months old can be exchanged for anewly-warranted, factory rebuilt aerator at a fraction of the then current listed 30-Month Limited Warranty Jet Inc. warrants every new JET Aerator control panel, media assembly and any other material purchased from Jet against defective materials and workmanship, under normal service, for 30 months commencing (i) upon date of original installation if a completed warranty card is returned to Jet Inc. within 20 days from the date of installation or within 20 da s after the original. purchaser moves mto the residence serviced bythe aerator or(ii~uponthe date of shipmentfrom thefactory if no warranty card is returned. To make a claim under this warranty you should notify yourJet Distributor or notify Jet Inc. Customer Service Department, 750 Alpha Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44143. Aerators and control panels must be removed and returned to the factory by a Jet Distributor. If any in-warranty repairs are needed, the aerator will be repaired at the factory with no chargge for labor or materials. The purchaser shall assume .all responsibility for freight charges to and from the factory. If there are missing parts; an additional charge will be made. Media assemblies will be repaired/replaced:bytheJet, Distributor at the installation.li in warranty repairs are needed, the media will be repaired/replaced with no charge for labor and materials. The warrahty does not cover standard model aerators and control panels that have been damaged. by water, or aerators and control panels and media assemblies that have been (i) damaged due to disassembly by unauthorized persons, improper installation, misuse, or lightning, (ii) subjected to external damage, (iii) damage due to improper or altered wiring or overload protection or (iv) damaged by failure o follow the suggestions. outlined in the Owner's Manual The warrant applies to the JET Aeratorand does not include any oithe housewiring, plumbing, dyrainage, or any other part of the disposal system. JET INC. SHALL NOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGES CAUSED BY DEFECTIVE COMPONENTS OR MATERIALS OR FOR LOSS INCURRED BECAUSE OF THE INTERRUPTION OF SERVICE OR ANY OTHER SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR IN- CIDENTALDAMAGESOREXP~NSESARISINGFROMTHEMANUFACTURE,SALE USEOR MISUSE OF THE AERATOR. THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER EkPRESS WARRANTIES. ANY WARRANTY IMPLIED BY LAW; INCLUDING IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE (IF APPLICABLE IS IN EFFECT -0NLY FOR THE 30-MONTH WARRANTY PERIOD SPECIFIED ABOVE. ~~OME STATES DO N OT ALLOW EXCLUSIONS OR LIMITATIONS OF INCIDENTAL OR CON- SEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ALLOW LIMITATIONS OF HOW LONG AN IMPLIED WAR- RANTY LASTS, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU). The Company reserves the right to revise, change, or modify the construction and design of the JET Aerator or any component part or parts thereof, without incurring any obligation to make such changes or modifications m present equipment. This warranty gives you specific legal rights; and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state. AERATOR SILENCER (OPTIONAL) Sometimes when a JET Plant is installed nearer than normal to a bedroom window or patio, the sound of the aerator may be audible under certain acoustical conditions. If this situa- tion exists with your installation, a silencer designed speci- fically for the JET Plant is available from your distributor. CHLORINATOR (OPTIONAL) Your JET System may be equipped with a Model 100 JET- CHLOR Tablet- Chlorinator. The Model 100 Chlorinator is constructed of molded plastic and is installed on the dis- charge line. If you have a chlorinator installed on your system, it is important that you read the "Installation and Operation" manual for the model you own. This manual gives step by step instructions for easy operation and maintenance. We strongly recommend you use only JET-CHLOR Tablets. There are other tablets which do not apply enough chlorine to do the job and are not stable. See your local dealer or write Jet Inc. DECHLORINATOR (OPTIONAL) Your JET System may also be equipped with a Model 100 Dechlorinator System. The Model 100 Dechlorinator is installed after the chlorinator on the discharge line. We also strongly recommend you use only CHLOR-AWAY Tablets in your dechlorination system. There are other tablets on the market That just do not do the job, and are a waste of money. See your local dealer or write Jet Inc. OWNER DO'S AND DON'TS THESE ITEMS SHOULD NEVER GO INTO ANY SYSTEM Your JET Plant will handle all wastewater from your home and all items normally disposed of by your home plumbing system. For proper plant operation, never permit these items to pass into your plant.. . • Plastic Products -Rubber Products -Towels and Wash- cloths -Sanitary Napkins -Mop Strings -Paints • Grease...Pourcookinggreaseintoacontainerandthrow away when it is solidified. Never pour grease down. your sink. • Lint ...Lint from automatic laundry "lint cadchers" should be disposed of in thetrash. Neverwash lint down the drain. • Rags and Scouring Pads ...Rags and scouring pads should be disposed of in the trash. Never let them go down the drain. Never flush them down the toilet. Strings, nylon reinforcing and other particles from these items may wrap around the aspirator shaft and hamper its operation. • "Disposable" Diapers ...All diapers can be rinsed out in the toilet. But never flush regular or "disposable" diapers down the toilet. • Water Softener Backwash ...Water softener backwash should not be routed through he plant. We suggest that you dispose of this backwash in some other area, such as a drainage ditch, storm sewer or downspout drainage sys- tem. As a last resort, you may route water softener backwash around the plant and into the plant's final discharge line. Do this only when no other disposal area for water softener - backwash is available. • Paints and Thinners ...Paints (oil or latex), paint brush wash water and. thinners should never be poured down drains. • Household Cleaners and Disinfectants ...Never use extremely strong household cleaners and disinfectants, such as Drano, Liquid Plumber or commode tank sani- tizers. We recommend the use of biodegradable detergents when- ever possible to insure plant efficiency and maximize ength of time between tank pumping. B10-JET 7 610-JET 7 really works! It keeps the pretreatment compart- ment performing at an optimum level and in most cases resolves pretreatment compartment odors if there is ever a problem. Order a bottle from your Jet Distributor or write Jet, Inc. INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE Your JET Aerator never requires regular owner maintenance. No periodic greasing or oiling is ever necessary since all bearings are pre-lubricated. There are a few points around the plant you should check from time to time if you do not take a continuing inspection/service policy with your dis- tributor (after the first#wo years). AERATOR INSTALLATION Do not handle the aerator. Keep children and others away from it. Make it a rule never to remove the aerator yourself because of the danger of bending its shaft. The life of the aerator depends on a straight shaft. There is an electrical hazard involved when handling your aerator. NEVER TOUCH YOUR JET AERATOR OR THE CONTROL PANEL WIRING UNLESS- THEIR POWER SUPPLY HAS BEEN TURNED OFF. Only your Jet Distributor should ever handle your aerator. The -local Jet Distributor has agreed to be avaiable if service is ever needed. Call him. If, in an emer- gency, you must lift out the aerator; be sure to first turn the power "off" at the control panel. Never lift the aerator by the shaft or subject the shaft to any bending, bumping or strain. Never let the shaft contact anything but liquid. If the concrete access cover is ever removed, it is vitally important that the hose be replaced firmly in the vent cap and not kinked. This insures fresh air for proper treatment and prevents damage to the bearings on certain models. See "Aerator Installation" drawing on page 2. Never disassemble the aerator. Never perm it other unauthor- ized persons to disassemble the aerator. It voids the war- ranty. VENT CAP The air intake vent cap in the manhole cover and the screen inside the vent cap must be kept clear and unrestricted to .permit a free flow of air to the aerator. Remove the vent cap to inspect it. If your plant has an outside air hose, check its position (see aerator diagram). The hose must terminate in the vent cap housing, but should not be close enough to the vent l id to restrict the air flow. ALSO, BE SURE THE HOSE IS STRAIGHT .WITH NO BENDS OR KINKS THAT COULD CUT OFF THE AIR SUPPLY. Ifyour vent cap is equipped with a padlock (optional), you will find the key with the control. panel. DISCHARGE POINT If it is in the open, the final outlet of your plant's discharge line must be kept clear. Your Jet Distributor will show you where this discharge point is. WET WEATHER SAFETY VALVE (OPTIONAL) Your plant may have a wet weather safety valve. This is an extra outlet to the surface between the plant and discharge point. It protects your plant from water: damage during very heavy rains when the ground or surface at the normal discharge point cannot accept any more liquid. At such a time, excess water will escape from the safety valve rather than backing up into the tank and house. if you have a wet weather safety valve, it must be kept clear so it can function wheh needed. PLANT RECORD DATE NOTE COMMENTS DISTRIBUTOR Texas Jet.. Systems Rt: 213~x 1260 Iola, T~xa~' 7~g61 .409-394-2507 -_ C ./ET/NC. 750 Alpha Drive • Cleveland, Ohio 44143 • U.S.A. JET, JET AERATION, JET-CHLOR and CHLOR-AWAY are registered trademarks of JET INC. JET INC. is registering its trademarks with the U. S. P. T.O. 693 ~`~~- ©MCMCIII JET INC. _~ ~.- JET/NC. Individual Home Wastewater Treatment Plant ~crr~c t^ ~~ • System"reduces normal household wastewater to dear odorless liquid in just 24 hours. Same process used by central treatment plants. • Recommended by :health officials across country. • 30-month limited aerator warrara y, 20-year exchange program. Distributed by local licensed Jet Distributor. Product of the pioneer and leading company in #ield. Control pollution End septic tank odors Raise health standards ... with a JET Plani WHAT IS A JET PLANT? The JET Pollution Control Plant for individual homes is a giant step into a clean new world -out of the old- fashioned world of the septic tank. The JET Plant is designed to serve homes beyond city sewers ... any- where. In just 24 hours it reduces all household wastewater to a clear odor- less liquid. .septic tanks, especially .where the Developed as a replacement for the water table is high or the soil has poor inefficient septic tank, the JET Treat- percolation. HOW DOES IT WORK? The treatment process - called extended aeration - is a speeded-up version of what happens in nature when a river tumbles through rapids and over waterfalls, purifying itself by capturing oxygen. The JET Plant brings oxygen to the wastewater by injecting streams of air into its under- ment Plant uses the same treatment process most used by large central treatment plants. Jet simply adapts the process to a small compact under- ground installation sized to serve a sin- gle home. Local health. departments often insist on home aeration plants instead of ground treatment tank and bubbling this air through thewastewater. Theair is injected by an electrically operated JET Aerator. A control panel conve- niently installed in the home's base- ment or garage automatically regulates operation of the aerator, which runs only part of the day. The JET Plant is self-contained, auto- matic, odorless. Designed for modern living, it easily handles wastewater from multiple-bath homes with all modern appliances - automatic laundries, dishwashers, garbage grinders. And yet it is a practical plant. It does not cost a fortune to buy, oper- ate or maintain. Most important, it requires lit#le maintenance. The clear liquid discharged by a JET Plant is odorless and colorless. According to some scientific opinion, the high dissolved oxygen content in an aeration plant's oxygen-laden efflu- ent actually contributes to the better- ment of nearby streams, helping support aquatic life.' A Central Treatment Plant In M~noature. The JET Plant is constructer permanent concrete. Its de; porates three separate compartments, each performing a specific function in the total pur- ification process. ® The Primary Treat- ment compartment re- ceives the household wastewater and holds it long enough to allow solic settle to the sludge layer at bottom. Organic solids are here broken down physically and bio- chemically by anaerobic bacteria - those bacteria that live and work without oxygen. Grit and other untreatable materials are settled out and held back. The partially broken down, finely divided material that is passed on to the aeration compart- ment is much easier to treat than raw sewage. This, of course, is the reason for Jet's primary compartment. It's one of the steps that makes it possible for JET Plants to reduce incoming waste- water to a clear effluent normally within the short period of 24 hours. ® In the Aeration compartment the finely divided, pre-treated material from the primary compartment is mixed with activated sludge and aer- ated. The JET Aerator injects large quantities of fresh air into this com- partment to provide oxygen for the aerobic digestion process and mixes the compartment's entire contents. The aerator is mounted in a concrete housing that rises to ground level to give it access to fresh outside air. By injecting air into the liquid, the aerator breaks up the air into tiny bubbles so more air comes in contact with the liq- uid, thus hastening the aerobic diges- tion process. Aerobic bacteria, which are bacteria that live and work in the presence of oxygen, then use the oxy- gen in solution to completely break down the wastewater and convert it to odorless liquids and gases. The aeration compartment has a 50% greater capacity than is required in the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council Criteria. This extra capacity gives a JET Plant a safety factor to handle shock loads from weekend guests, multiple baths, automatic laundries and dishwashers. ® The final phase of the operation takes place in the Settling/Clarifying compartment. In this compartment a tube settler eliminates currents and encourages the settling of any remain- ing settleable .material which is returned, via the tank's sloping end.. wall, to the aeration compartment for further treatment. Anon-mechanical surface skimmer, operated by hydrau- lics, skims floating material from the surface of the settling compartment and returns it to the aeration compart- ment. The remaining odorless, clari- fiedliquid ffowsinto the final discharge line through the baffled outlet. "'Evolution of the Suburban STP," Stanley E. Kappe, Sanitary Engineer, from Water and Sewage Works, Reference Number, 1963. Field-Proven, Accepted. The carefully engineered JET Plant with its advanced treatment process has been providing dependable waste- watertreatment for individual .homes.: since 1955, when Jet pioneered the home plant field. The plant has been field-proven in tens of thousands of installations across the U.S. and in for- eigncountries and has won enthusias- tic approval from health officials, builders and homeowners. JET Plants meet or exceed all criteria for evaluating and testing household aerobic wastewater treatment systems as recommended in the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council.. Report 586. This report gives the results of a study made for the U.S. Public Health Service. The purpose of this study was to develop criteria for evaluating and testing indi- vidual household aerobic wastewater treatment systems. The Veteran's Administration has declared the JET Home Plant acceptable for its insured home loans. In addition, JET Plants have been sold to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Navy, U.S. Post Office and many other state and federal agencies where top quality specifications are strictly adhered to. Health Authorities Want Complete Dependability. Health authorities want complete dependability in a home aeration plant and Jet supplies it! Lots of home aeration plants can look good on the drawing board and in the laboratory, but health authorities need to .know that the plant and the plant backup are completely dependable in the field - year in, year out. Jet's history, product record and policies have convinced health officials that Jet is a plant they can really depend on. 1. THE TESTED, FIELD-PROVEN JET PLANT. • Since 1955. The carefully engineered JET Plant, self-con tained and compact, has been providing homeowners with dependable wastewater treatment since 1955 - a statement no other home plant manufacturer can make. • Consistent, High Ouality Effluent. Tests and field experience have proven that JET Plants produce a high quality effluent under a broad range of loadings and temperatures. • Owner's Manual. Even though plant operation is automatic and the homeowner is required to do nothing about plant maintenance, he is given an informative owner's manual so he will understand the workings of his plant, be aware of its guarantees and warranties, and know the importance, to himself and the community, of keeping his plant in top condition. • Designed by Established Company, Pioneer and Leader in Field. Because of its proven quality and dependability more health authorities and consumers prefer a JET Plant. THE LOCAL LICENSED 2. JET DISTRIBUTOR. He sells, installs and services the JET Plant. ~TNVC. • Reliable Source. JET Plants are sold only through licensed distributors - local businessmen who went through training and intend'to assure the high standards of workmanship and service set by Jet Inc. These businessmen have an interest, investment and reputation in the .community. They have agreed to stand behind their JET Plants. • Factory-trained Distributors. Jet holds a Factory Training Seminar at its Cleveland, Ohio factory several times each year. Attendance at one or more seminars is required of distributors. • Businesslike Backup. The Jet Distributor is trained to keep careful records of installations, inspections and service. He has agreed to maintain a stock of parts for maintenance and emergency repairs. He provides prompt service whenever needed. 3. =JET'S STRONG OWNER _- PROTECTION /ET/NF PROGRAM. Backing OW ER aROrecri°" by the No. 1 com- 30 ~ 20 pany in the industry. • Exclusive 30-Month Limited Warranty. The JET Aerator carries a limited warranty against defective materials and workmanship, under normal service, for 30 months from date of original installation. It will be repaired at the factory with no charge for labor or materials during this period. • Twenty-Year Exchange. Sets a ceiling on aerator replacement cost for 17'/z more years after the initial warranty. expires.. Any aerator up to 20 years of age, regardless of condition, may be exchanged for a newly war- ranted replacement aerator. The price for this exchange is based on the age of the traded-in aerator at a fraction of the then-current list price for a new aerator. • Free Two-Year Inspection Policy. For the first two years of the 30-month warranty period, the Jet Distributor has agreed to regularly inspectthe new plant without charge. No charge is made for labor or service if required during this time. • Continued Inspection Policy. After the initial free two-year inspection policy, the homeowner can take out an annual inspection policy with the distributor for a nominal charge if he wishes. TO SUM UP, OVER 30 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE HAS SHOWN THAT A SOLID HOME WASTEWATER TREAT- MENT PLANT DISTRIBUTED BY A CONCERNED LOCAL DISTRIBUTOR CAN PROVIDE EFFECTIVE, DEPEND- ABLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT FOR THE COMMUNITY. The Aerators with the o es Bair Rate in the Industry! JET'S UNIQUE DESIGN, QUALITY CONSTRUCTION IS INTENDED TO ASSURE MANY LONG YEARS OF LIFE AND TROUBLE-FREE SERVICE. The JET Aerator mixes and This air travelsdownthroughtheaera- throughout the aeration compartment. oxygenates the liquid in the plant's tor, into the hollow shaft and out the As air is injected into the fluid, turbu- aeration compartment. aspirator tubes. The air bubbles are lence is increased and the entire con- then reduced in size by the shearing tents of the compartment are drawn Fresh outside air is drawn into the aera- action of the rapidly turning aspirator into circulation, broken down and aer- tor by the action of aspirator tubes on tubes. ated. Because the air bubblesaresmall the shaft turning in the water. As they These tiny bubbles are dispersed and uniformly dispersed, the JET Aer- rotatethey leave the cavity or pocket in radially. The rapid rotation of the aspi- ator's, oxygen transfer efficiency is the water into which the air is drawn. rator induces circulation and mixing exceptionally high. Two Aerator odls... loo proof tender . Top-of-the-line Floodproof model: Running seals protect this waterproof aerator from any damage by water backing up in tank from flash floods or temporary storm sewer overloads. Eight years of careful research, design, test- ing and field experience went into Jet's development of the Floodproof aerator. The field-proven Floodproof model is a major step forward in home aeration plants and the most versatile home aerator available. Both models have all the • Careful engineering and construc- tion. Everyone at Jet is proud of turn- ing out the finest product in the field. This company pride results in top qual- ity work ...consistently superior aera- tor engineering and construction. • Corrosion-proof or protected mate- rials. Stainless steel or special plastics are used on all submerged parts. Parts above water line are either of similar corrosion-proof materials or are pro- tected by heavy plating or baked enamel finishes. • Corrosion-proof foam restrictor. Protects unit from the foam created by mixing and aeration. It throws foam to tank sides and breaks it up, protecting the aerator. • Ball-bearing construction. Bearings are extra large for longer life, pre- lubricated and permanently sealed for life of the unit ... no greasing or oiling ever needed. • Totally enclosed motor. Especially designed and produced for Jet by one of America's largest motor manufacturers. • Low power requirements. The frac- tional horsepower motor is automati- cally cycled at the factory to run only part of each day. When cycled "on" it normally uses less electricity than most other major household appliances. • "U.L. Listed" cable. Furnished for each installation by Jet Distributor. • Close-tolerance coupling. Automati- cally centers shaft to assure smooth even running characteristics and long life. • Strict production tolerances. Aspira- torshaft and coupling are produced to tolerances within 3/10,000". ese quality features: • Complete testing. Every JET Aerator is thoroughly tested before it leaves the factory. All critical parts such as cou- pling, shaft, bearing bores and jour- nals are inspected before assembly. Every assembled unit is run under actual operating conditions before shipping. • Completely versatile operation. Although the control panel is pre-set at factory to cycle the unit for best results under normal conditions, the setting can be changed by the distributor to compensate for unusual situations. If conditions demand it, the JET Aerator is so sturdy that it can even be run continuously without decreasing its long life. • Quiet operation. All rotating parts are precision-balanced. This, together with the close tolerances that are held, results in an aerator that is practically noiseless and vibration-free. • No adjustment,.. by, homeowner. No periodic adjustment or lubrication by the homeowner is required. • Positive air injection. There's no clogging when the aerator is cycled off or power interrupted. • JET Circuit Breaker. Opens the elec- trical ci rcuit in the event of an overload, protecting the aerator from damage. • Lowest repair rate in industry. Even the finest. mechanical equipment will someday require repair, but over three decades of experience have shown the frequency of repair for JET Aerators is the lowest in the industry. When these infrequent repairs are needed, the local Jet Distributor is there to handle them promptly and professionally. _r ~: ~ Standard "~~_ v^.p '~ Aerator ~`~~ 560S A JET Plant will benefit you & .your envir®nment. • NO ODORS. The most noticeable benefit of the JET Plant is that it elimi- natesthe embarrassing, offensive was- tewater odors that are a problem with septic tanks. • OUTSTANDING TEST RESULTS. During a comprehensive 7-month test- ing program conducted by an inter- nationally recognized foundation, the JET Plant produced an effluent with a median 5-day BOD concentration of only 19 ppm and suspended solids concentration of 25 ppm -average reductions of 89% and 87%. • ENVIRONMENTAL PROTEC- TION. The highly treated effluent dis- charged from a JET Plant is normally colorless and odorless and meets standards of larger plants. This is natu- ral, since Jet's watertight, self- contained plant treats wastewater in the same manner as a central treat- ment plant. Where clay soil, rock, shale or high water tables exist, many homes simply cannot be built without JET Plants. Gross pollution of ditches and streams is eliminated by Jet and, of course, this protection extends to ground water supplies ...especially important to homeowners with water wells on their properties. • EFFLUENT DISPOSAL SIMPLI- FIED. Effluent disposal in any area is controlled by the health authorities. Many authorities have found the highly treated Jet effluent eliminatesthe need for leaching fields orsubsurfacefilters. Most health officials in areas where subsurface disposal is required have found Jet's effluent extends the life of the fields or filters. In a great many areas, Jet's aerated effluent is dis- charged directly to a storm sewer, flowing stream or any well-defined line of drainage. • LARGE CAPACITY. Total net holding capacity in a JET Plant's three- compartment tank is 1200 gallons. Primary Treatment compartment holds 475 gallons; Aeration compart- ment 600 gallons; Settling/Clarifying compartment 125 gallons. • HANDLES ALL MODERN APPLIANCES. Automatic laundries, dishwashers, and garbage grinders present no problems to a JET Plant because of its sophisticated. treatment process and its large capacity. Septic tanks cannot offer this benefit. • AUTOMATIC OPERATION. A control panel automatically cycles the JET Aerator's operation for proper treatment. The homeowner does not concern himself with operation. • DISTRIBUTED BY A LOCAL JET DISTRIBUTOR. The local Jet Distributor, who installs the plant, has agreed to be available if service is ever needed. His name and phone number are clearly displayed on a nameplate attached to the control panel. • NO OWNER MAINTENANCE. Absolutely no periodic maintenance is required by the homeowner. Other than perhaps pressing a re-set button on the control panel in the event of an electrical overload, there is nothing for the owner to do. If ever needed, service is requested by calling the local Jet Distributor. • FREQUENT TANK PUMPING ELIMINATED. In most cases a JET Plant can go five times as long as a septic tank - or longer -before it needs pumping. The JET Plant's prim- ary compartment is designed to pre- treat organic material and pass it on for final treatment, not hold it back as septic tanks are supposed to do. • ONLY A SMALL SPACE REQUIRED. Because of Jet's highly treated effluent (final liquid dis- charge), most health authorities either greatly reduce the requirements for sub-surface filters and leaching devi- ces (commonly used with septictanks) or eliminate the requirement for these altogether. Naturally, this results in a great savings to the home buyer, in both original cost and maintenance. • ECONOMICAL TO INSTALL. Installation cost fora modern JET Plant usually is no more than for the old-fashioned septic tank. In many instances it is even less. • LOW OPERATING COST. The JET Aerator's fractional horsepower motor is automatically cycled to run only part of each day. A JET Plant nor- mally costs the homeowner less to operate than his refrigerator, TV or most other major home appliances. • WARNING BUZZER (OPTION- AL). The plant's control panel may be equipped with a warning buzzer which sounds if there is an electrical overload in the system. • CHLORINATION AVAILABLE (OPTIONAL). Where local regulations require it, a simple effective JET- CHLORTablet Chlorinator can be eas- ilyadded tothe plant. Non-mechanical, the JET Tablet Chlorinator works by gravity flow, uses easy-to-use handle JET-CHLOR Disinfectant Tablets, re- quires little attention other than re- stocking with JET-CHLOR Tablets about twice a year. • TERTIARY TREATMENT FIL- TER (OPTIONAL). Practical tertiary treatment can be provided, where re- quired, by the JET Upflow Filter. The filter is housed in a separate concrete tank through which the plant effluent flows. The effluent receivesfurther bio- logical treatmentfrombacterial growth on the filter medium. In independent tests, the JET Filter produced effluent averages of 11 ppm BOD and 10 ppm SS - reductions of more than 94%and 96% respectively! If chlorination is also desired, a JET Chlorinator can be in- stalled within the filter. JET Obsolete$ the Septic Tank. e. _ Odor no odor smells bad Pumping usually 3-5 years usually 6-24 months Garbage grinder fine causes problems Automatic dishwasher fine not recommended Automatic laundry fine not recommended Multiple baths Biological Oxygen Demand (should be low) fine ' usually 10-40 ppm causes problems •~ usually 200-430 ppm Dissolved Oxygen (should be high) usually 4-6 ppm always 0 ppm Suspended Solids (should be low) usually 9.60 ppm usually 180-380 ppm Coliform Count (should be low) usually under 50,000/100m1; with JET Chlorination, 0-100/100m1 usually over 400,000/100m Note: The above figures for a JET Plant are averages of typical single-family installations using garbage grinders and automatic washers. Questions to ask before choosing a Home Opratinn Dlant_ QU@St1011 JET PLANT OTHER PLANT Is system of an national company? Yes. JET Plants are sold throughout the U.S. and in foreign countries. How does plant rank in home waste-water. treatment plant field? No. 1. Has company had sufficient field expert- ence with its plant? Yes. -The JET Plant is field-proven in terms of thousands of ns a i t llations since 1955. Is the company reputable? Yes. Established in 1955, Jet pioneered development of the Home Wastewater Treatment Plant. Jet is well-regarded by health officials, distributors, and customers. Does plant have simple reliable design? Yes. w Is plant sold and serviced by a depend- able local businessman? Yes. And local Jet Distributors are licensed. Is plant reasonably priced? Yes -about the same or less than a septic tank system, depending on area. Is plant economical to operate? Yes. Must owner perform plant maintenance? No. Does mechanical aerator have long, l i e Yes. JET Aerators have, by far, the lowest maintenance and ow-ma ntenance lif ? repair rate of any plant on market. Does company stand behind its product? Yes. Jet is the only company to give an exclusive 30-month limited warranty and 20-year exchange program. Is the company financially sound enough to stand behind its warranty? Yes.. Check our Dun & Bradstreet rating -we're proud of it. _ ~ s ..: ~ ~~~ ~ ,1 ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ . ,r ~i ~ t ~ , . _ ~ . . I ~ i t ~I~w r x~ .~ - ~~ , _ K-. ~~_ The Company Behind The Products. Founded in 1955, Jet Inc. has become a leader in the wastewater treatment field CHLOR-AWAY Dechlorination Systems, Bio JET-7 Organic Solution, JET Pres- with areputation for quality and dependability. Jet's product lines include Com- sure Dosing, AIR SEAL Diffusers, Lift Stations, Liquid Level Alarms; Controllers mercial Extended Aeration Plants, JET Tablet Feeders, JET-CHLOR Tablets, and a broad range of other wastewater treatment products and equipment. Other JET Products JET Commercial Plants... are available inafullrangeofsizesfortreatmentupto ciency and dependability. Although designed especially for use in JET Tablet 100,000 gallons of wastewater per day. JET Commercial Plants are constructed of Feeders, CHLOR-AWAY can also be used in other tablet feeders: corrosion-free concrete and may be easily expanded to increase plant capacity. BIO JET-7 ... a natural organic solution of seven (7) strains of live, non-toxic JET Tablet Feeders ...Jets patented Tablet Feeders are self-contained tablet bacteria. BIO JET-7 is specifically formulated to correct problems and increase dispensing systems designed specifically for wastewater treatment facilities. operating efficiency of septic tanks and wastewater treatment systems. These compact tablet feeders require little maintenance and are available in four (4) models capable of handling flows up to 100 000 gallons per day The tablet AIR SEAL Diffusers... the only non-clogging, no maintenance diffusers available , . feeders feature non-mechanical design, high strength plastic construction and today! The unique design of the AIR SEAL Diffuser increases plant operating efficiency by introducing large amounts of air to support the aerobic digestion are corrosion-free, chemically resistant, virtually maintenance free and totally enclosed. process, mix tank contents and insure complete treatment: JET-CHLOR Tablets ...JET-CHLOR Tablets provide fast, complete bacteria JET Pressure Dosing ...provides numerous benefits and solves the majorcauses of septic tank disposal field failure. JET Pressure Dosing insures equal distribu- killing power and inhibit bacteria regrowth at the same time. Formulated from pure U.S. made calcium hypochlorite JET-CHLOR Tablets contain at least 70% tion throughout the bed, dramatically-extends disposal field life and eliminates , . available chlorine and dissolveslowly,evenlyandcompletelyforprecisechlorine high repair and replacement costs. delivery. Convenient and easy to use, JET Tablet Feeders and JET-CHLOR JET Products ...Sales ...Service ...Jet's factory-tested products are Tablets comprise one of the most effective wastewater disinfectant systems manufactured of highest quality materials and engineered for maximum pertor- available.. mance and minimum maintenance. Local re resentatives sell, install and service P CHLOR-AWAY Dechlorination Systems ...Exclusive, specially formulated Jet products nationwide and overseas. CHLOR-AWAY Tablets provide unsurpassed dechlorination convenience, effi- Texas Jet Systems Rt. 2 Box 110~J ° Iola, Texas 7~uSl ~/ET/NC. 409-~94.~r.-; 750 Alpha Drive • Cleveland, Ohio 44143 • U.S.A. 792 JET, JET AERATION, AIR SEAL, JET-CHLOR, CHLOR-AWAV and 810 JET-7 are registeretl trademarks of JET INC. ©MCMLXXX J ET I NC: 1910 -.present 1920's -motorbuses trafic lights. - 1922 i. 1928.- detroit builtthe first ramp gbarage I houston -oil producer and la 1 1962 -WATER SUPPLY- 19,000 public Ovate supplies in us serving 150 milion people Now I automoblie promoted a sprawling urban growth channeling of traffic into limited.-access highways la -held together by teh need to provide regional. watersupplies and similar urban services rapid transit undergrounds are now making a comeback at cities trun to theis alternative fo teh multiplication. of superhighways I environmental problems sanfrancisco is preparing to emperiment with arapid-transit line i, ~ ~--~..r''- ~~Q~P, ~~wdEAs~n-- - ~un,~ ~~~ Cfec~e~O Caua.~'~ G'r-~e~ ~ ~ ~ , ~,~~--- ~e., a~-Q.~~ (o, e0o~l 0f. PO CHAPTER . fr Street Des n o g Rural Subdivisions _i OVERVIEW Residentia_I Streets. sed upon the logical. premise - u A;great many of the subdivision street design stan- tfiaC-"thy-°ti sign of a residential street 'should be dards currently used in rural communities were appropriate #o its functions; 'the book begins with .generated decades agoto accommodate large traf- a harsh critique of current practices,. which it fic volumes in huge. tract-housing developments attributes to early .standard-setting based upon built in many metropolitan and .suburbanizing readily available state highway department man- : areas. Rarely have these standards been updated, uals (ASCE, NAHB, ULI, 1990). (In fact, in some or adapted specifically for use in more ruralloca_ atates, such as Connecticut, Virginia, ',and Mon- tions. In setting local standards for new subdivi_ tana, local subdivision street design standards are lion streets, small communities have tended to .still provided by .ahe state Department of Trans- copy the most readily available technical provi_ portationJ Simply.-put, the,major problem has been sions already adopted by their more urban coun- that "public officials and .professional associations terparts without realizing the inappropriateness have often promulgated standards that,,, while rea- of'those regulations to their rural situation. sonable for major,, high-speed thoroughfares, are The result has been .the construction of local inappropriate for local residential streets" {ibid.).. access streets that are typically 50 percent wider THE WIDTH FACTOR ',' than the existing rural collector roads that serve them. Other _problems have involved inflexible One of the most obvious .differences between new and inappropriate. standards for curve designs, subdivision..streets and the rural collector roads gradients, storm-water management,. and pedes- that typically serve them is ,their respective trian circulation. In fact, the typical`subdvision Widths. In the Northeastern states, rural collector road required by many municipalities today is roads that easily handle traffic ,loads of several overdesigned, needlessly expensive to build and thousand: vehicles per day tend to be between 18 maintain, dangerous to neighborhood residents,- .and 20 feet n'pavement width. 'This is true for a problematic for storm-water .management, and number of rural county highways as well. Unfor- decidedly. nonrural in 'appearance. tunately, many of these roads lack. shoukaers, bike lanes, or proper footpaths, serious deficiencies that are gradually .being corrected as traffic vol- AFRESH LOOK umes continue to rise. However,. their two travel To their enormous credit, the .American Society of lanes between 9 and 10 feet wide are very... ade- Civil Engineers, in cooperation with ahe National. quate for the amount of traffic and its average Association of Home .Builders and the Urban speed (30 to 40 mph). After all, the average car or Land Institute, recently issued an :extensively re- pickup is only about 5'/z to 6'/z feet wide, and even wised "second. edition" of its classic handbook, dump trucks and school buses rarely exceed seven 178 }~~~~ '~'' r :4 :: ~ :. :~i ,~~ . ~. ,. q~ ... ~ a - Street Design for Rural Subdivisions 179 ! / feet in width. But as traffic becomes heavier- vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians-the rationale for ~l .widening such collector roads to 24 feet of pave- ment, with gravel'` shoulders and a separate foot- path, becomes compelling. Most subdivision streets, on the other hand, provide only local access for residential purposes, yet they are required to havepaved surfaces wider than the rural .collectors that serve them. Local codes often mandate paved widths ranging from 24 to 30 feet,. and occasionally up to 36 feet for streets serving, _ more than a few dozen homes. Such excessive widths are not justified by the: raf- fic routinely using these streets.; If each' home were Figure it-1. In most contemporary subdivisions, peo- to generate an average of 10 trips per day, three ple usually park in driveways and garages. In residen- dozen residences would create only 360 vehicle' tial areas with low traffic, the occasional car parked. trips.. If .spread 'out over the course of a 16-hour along an 18- to 20-foot.-wide street will, at worst,. cause.. one of two approaching vehicles to slow down, allow- period, this would amount to only one car. every ing the other to pass, as shown in this example from three minutes. Even if two vehicles were on the Malvern, Pennsylvania. Cars'and'trucks should travel same stretch of road at the same time, there would slowly through residential neighborhoods, where there ' clearly be no problem with 18 to 20 feet of paved tends to be many children and pets, but this-occurs width. (See Figure 11-1.) infrequently when roads are lightly traveled and pave- i ~ The rationale'for-wider residential access `streets merits are four to six times as wide as most.vehicles is based` on the notion'' that such streets should (which typically measure less than six feet across). provide for a continuous line of parked vehicles, leaving sufficient room for ordinary #raffc and ~ emergency vehicles to move around them. This is not an unreasonable idea when residential densi- w , / ties. are fairly high, that is, in neighborhoods where there are four. or more dwelling units per acre. When homes are built at such densities, there i is less room for two-car garages and driveways, ; and' many residents and their visitors regularly usethe streets for parking. However, as densities decline so does the need to provide on-street ` parking. Most residents prefer driveways or ga- rages for parking cpnvenience and safety. (SeeFig- ure '31-2J Many visitors follow suit, but traffic problems are not Created when, instead, they park Figure`it-2. Streets as wide as this one in Cranbury, along,,the edge of an ;18-20 foot wide street (they New Jersey, are not only needless, expensive, and ugly, can even .pull part way off the pavement when they are also dangerous because they encourage speed- shoulders are provided instead of curbs). u'S and other antisocial activities (note fire marks in With the relatively low volume of traffic rising the foreground). Few people park in the street because .these Houses all have adequate driveways and garages, most subdivisii~n streets, it is not likely that very ~,hich are more convenient. Ironicall this street is many cars will pass by while the visitor is parked. about 50 percent wider than those'u- Cranbury's highly But even if two vehicles were to approach. a acclaimed historic neighborhoods, which function very parked car from opposite directions, the solution well despite their smaller ors and shorter driveways. a 3'~ ,.~_, c. .~'. , 180 Rural. Design: Maintaining Small Town Character ~.'+ L~, ,~ i~,,t:<. ~; is obvious: one of those approaching vehicles would slow down a bit to let the other. one -pass, as the street is clearly not wide enough to accommo- ,_,_~-,- ~ _,.,...• date. all three vehicles simultaneously (Chellman, 19 ~~ ..1990). In fact, if maximum driving speeds of 20 mph are desired in residential neighborhoods, the occasional parked car. is a real advantage, because it forces vehicles #o slow down as #hey .briefly enter theopposite lane. "Slowing down" is not a bad thing to encourage in residential areas, where children and pets tend to abound. But that is precisely .what does not - happen (because it does not need to happen) when streets are built 26 to 30 feet wide to accom- modate parking lanes in areas where off-street:. parking is provided in driveways and garages. People do tend to drive more quickly on wide, empty pavements than they do on more tradition- ally scaled rural lanes. Our peripheral vision in- forms us that 25 to 30 mph is the maximum corn- fortable speed on residential streets that are about 20 feet wide (especially when planted with rows of shade trees on each side); whereas we can reach peeds of 35 to 40 mph on wider streets before we 9 feef 9 feet sense we are traveling too fast for the _road condi- tions (Greenbie, 1981). The importance of encour- aging slower traffic'. speeds on residential streets Fi ure 11-3. The adequacy of two lanes for residen- can be appreciated from the statistics that stop- ti S access streets, where houselots contain sufficient ..ping :distances. on wet pavements rise from 107 off-street parking in driveways, and garages, is almost feet at 20 mph to 196 feet at 30 mph, a 66 percent self=evident. Yet many subdivision ordinances require increase (Chellman, 1990). paved widths broad enough for one or two parking The Illustrations in Figure 11-3; adapted from lanes (27 to 34 feet wide), regardless of lot size; a ves- two nationally recognized publications, show that tigial carryover from regulations written long ago •,~ not more than 20 feet of pa ehi Ies I nPer ormance streets had tors ommodate largelnumbers of parked sary to accommodate two f cars. Source: Sketches adapted from Performance Streets, Streets, paved widths of 18 feet are recommended Bucks County Planning Commission; 1980 and Perfor- in subdivisions where the average daily traffic mance Zoning (Kendig; 1982). (ADT) is 200 or less (i.e., up to 20 homes), and just two more feet of width are recommended for curb- '~` colle~or--.streets handling up to 2;000 ADT developments with multisonable 1 As the authors ess ~. ~.~ Sucks Countyl,w ning Commission, 1980). In of 16 feet would a rea have ~, , Perforrnnnee Zoning, , ved widths of just 1 nfeeta o several m~les of exis~ing 61foot wide road which `y considered ade uate o local streets sere g p 160 ~e~..(di 1-' 82). Loop roads with up to .are comfortably serving low traffic volume 1980) 40 homes are"a~so-~eluded in this category, because tions" (Bucks County: Pl~ Vl gCi°a hse 1 planninf traffic. will usually. tend to diinribete low density staff hall proposed amending current policies tc over each half of the loop rY Street Design for Rural Subdivisions 181 _~w private subdivision roads in areas of rolling gain to be designed. to the state's less stringent ;~untainous terrain standards: ' By reducing: fit-of-way and pavement' widths, allowing for 'meter curve radii, and permitting slightly steeper dents; earthmoving, disturbance o landforms, ~:. `..tree. removal will be considerably. lessened, droving aesthetics. and reducing environmental pacts. ~_one must strike a compromise'. with local ~~ ..: tiers or public safety personnel on this issue; pproach would be to concede a 24-foot width ~Ythe sand-and-gravel road base, with the 18-fook ~. ved driving surface lined by shoulders three- ~t;wide on each side. Inthe more humid and tem- rate Northeastern and mid-Atlantic'states, these uulders could be topped with 3 inches of-loam d seeded with a hardy, low-growing ground ver such as white clover. In that way, the effec- e;;,width for parking is increased, while the rural tbience is maintained ` (including slower. traffic cede). In hotter and/or more arid regions, at- fictive design solutions might involve specially ~ded ~-gavel (or even. clamshells, in coastal areas). !~t the other end of the scale, where subdivi- 9i1S are intensively developed with small narrow 'and a clear need for on-street parking (such as 'i~ht be built as an extension of a nineteenth- Airy village or small town), local access streets be about 26 to 28-feet. wide for one-side. g, or about 32 to 36-feet. wide where the must acconunodate two parking lanes and F"travel lanes. To the extent that there is a real 'far these parking lanes, they will tend to be ~~ at any given time, and 'the greater street ~~t~,~th will not induce higher travel _speeds (nor u~i~ be so visually unappealing). ~ated to pavement width is the issue of ~~ width, where new subdivision streets are ,. in wooded areas. Occasionally one en- tees local public works directors who' insist ?~nng the entire right-of-way (typically 50 wide). Unfortunately, such officials frequently d, enormous influence' and control As with ement width often .the best approach. is to ~a . tint existing conditions along ;older roads ;give the town its rural character. Those by- {- ways typically manage to accommodate 18-foot pavements, nominal shoulders, drainage swales, and utlitypoles without being clear-cut across the entire right-of--way. By studying the arrangement of these features, and showing their location on a cross-sectional sketch drawn to scale,' one can present the best case for continuing the town's traditional approach (as contrasted with an overengineered solution that is out of step with the existing norm). In areas re- ceiving heavy snowfall, adequate provision must be made for snow'storage,' but #his rarely requires more than an eight-foot wide "snow shoulder" on each side of the 1$'to.20-foot wide access. street, even where .winter .conditions: are particularly se- vere. And because some of fhe snow can be pushed onto .lightly wooded margins, totally clearing the "snow shoulder" is usually unnecessary. THE FORGOTTEN PEDESTRIAN Apart from wider pavements, which encourage higher vehicle speeds, another dangerous condi- tion often unintentionally .created by inappropri- ate design :.standards is lack of provision for pedestrians in new subdivisions. If an excessively broad street.. were reduced in width by five feet, and if this paving material were used to create a sidewalk on the far side of an' 8 to 10-foot wide planting strip (fore shade trees),. there would be a safe place for, children to pull their wagons, wheel their tricycles about, draw .hopscotch boxes, and walk to the homes` of their friends. There would also be a safe place for .parents to push baby car- riages to go for evening strolls around the block, and. to engage in casual. conversation with their neighbors. The social importance of sidewalks has been all but forgotten in suburbia;:: where they have been built only infrequently in recent decades. As one observer from Louisville has notedc "Families get to know one another better when there are side- walks. Without them, it is awkward to take a walk. You feel you're intruding. A man walking along a sidewalk appears to have a purpose; a man walk- ing in the street or across your fronf yard looks suspicious ....Without sidewalks, houses' are just houses. When sidewalks fiie them together with a `'.,J f • ~7, 182 Rural by Design: Maintaining Small Town Character they become part of public safety grounds, for not :requiring much s ~ neat ribbon of concrete, something more: a neighborhood" (Pearce, 1980). more #han this distance` when designing, road 1 curves in subdivisions, where a principal objective +± KINDER BUT NOT GENTLER. CURVES is to discourage traffic from exceeding that speed. ~' of a 1 'n hi hwa ' If we wish vehicles to slow down to 20 mph when 7 1 One of the sadder results pp yl g g y ~ design criteria to residential streets is not only that rounding curves, a centerline radius ,of 90 feet ~; vehicles tend to speed more often, .but also that would be an appropriate .:choice, based upon: ta- ~~ they are given no reason to slow down apprecia- tiles relating centerline radius to design speed, '' j bly when rounding the curves. When curves are published by the American Association of State very gentle, there is little need to touch the brake Highway and Transportation .Officials. In' the .pedal more than very lightly, as all bends have 1920s subdivision in which I grew up, a 72-foot ) °been eliminated' by the subdivision street design radius road curve in front of our house slowed . criteria.' It is not uncommon to encounter "mini- cars to about 15 to 18 mph, which was ideal for {:~ is. 'mum centerline curve 'radu"' (the measurement safety. (See Figures l l-4 and 11-5J `k used to'draw road curves accurately) of 350 feet or A gentler road curve is not<knder to the resi- =~j 450 feet: Occasionally (as in Newtown, Connecti- dents who. live. alongside it, because it enables `~: cut) the minimum distance is 600 feet! vehicles to cruise by more.: quickly. Residential. Since a centerline radius of 140 feet is consid- Streets suggests design. speeds of -just 20 mph for ered adequate for traffic speeds of 25 mph (Chell- both .access streets and subcollectors in subdivi- man, 1991), a good. argument can' be made, on lions. Centerline radii of l00 to 125 feet would be 25' ,. 25 `~ ~ ~ ~;: ~~ ii ~ ~ f ~' {; E >R ~: h~ ~,'° :` p, .~`0`~ Scale in feet 1 /2 acre ~. ~---ter--, 1 /2 acre '; o' so~ too 200 ` Figure 11-4. Many subdivision ordinances require street curves with centerline radii of 350 #0 450 feet, making them so gradual that drivers can round them easily. at 30 to 35 mph. A more'sensible approach would be to set a maximum radius of 150 feet, with thee. norm being more in the range of 90 to 120 feet, to force drivers to oper- ate their vehicles more safely as they travel through our neighborhoods. This would be considerably more gen- ,~ tle than corners at typical residential street .intersections, where the centerline radius is usually 25 feet (with a curbline radius of perhaps fivefeet). Street Design for Rural Subdivisions 183 appropriate >for access streets; far subcollectors this .figure could rise to 150 or 175 feet. Beyond that, :one is inviting faster traffic. With smaller curvatures drivers will have to slow down when they round the bend, or else they will tend to slide sideways on their seats. When one realizes that the longer radii were .originally introduced into the standards to prevent highway users from experi- encing this uncomfortable sliding sensation as they steered into -the curves, one can begin to appreciate how out of place such standards are when applied to residential subdivision streets. The above recommendations apply, of course,. to situations .where streets 'take typical right-angle.. turns.. The exception to this "rule" (of setting max- imum centerline radii) occurs when roads musf -curve gradually because they parallel a curving stream, when they follow thecontours along the base of a large hill, or when for. aesthetic reasons site designers wish to introduce a deliberate me- ander as the road traverses a meadow or field.: (A good example of this can be seen in the site plan for "Dragon Hill," a residential case illustrated in Chapter 20.) Iri such instances it is often desirable to employ "reverse curves," a technique. commonly prohib- ited by conventional subdivision standards, in which road, curves change ,their direction (from right to left, or vice versa) without an intervening straight segment. Although this prohibition. is sen- sible for-roads where vehicles travel 40 or 50 mph, when applied. to residential developments it is just another inappropriate carryover from state high- way manuals. The visual appeal> of deliberately meandering lanes through small rural subdivi- signs is destroyed by such engineering. standards,: which instantly transform them into ..graceless, mechanical. streets. TO CURB OR NOT TO CURB In many rural communities it is likely that. one of the principal reasons .for requiring curbing and underdrainage systems is to elevate construction costs to the point ,where developers will decide not to subdivide, or ,will build only expensive houses from which they can more easily recoup #heir extra costs (larger houses, which will also contribute more tax .dollars to the municipality). ip ' t Several texts on subdivision street design strongly;... , .discourage the use of curbing. The authors of The .Subdivision and Site .Plan Handbook state emphati- cally that "Since curbing intensifies runoff, every opportunity. for a natural drainage system should be encouraged" (Listokin and Walker, 1989). Sim- ilarly, the :Bucks County (Pennsylvania) Planning Commission, in Performance Streets, advises that "Curbs Should': not be provided' unless they are found to be essential for stormwater management; ' citing the example of high density development of four or more units per acre. The only other areas where curbing `appears to .make sense is along steep roads, for example, those with gradients of S percent or more. However, in the .case of steep roads in'rural areas it is still. preferable simply to line the drainage ditches with 4 to 6-inch diameter stone, to prevent erosion and sedimentation. The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection has begun to actively discourage towns from requiring. curbing and underdrains in many new rural subdivisions. One of their concerns is that pollutants from the roadways (including dis- solved salts and waterborne oils) hould not be channelized into receiving streams, but should be .allowed to drain evenly off the road along its entire length, thereby seeping into the ground in a much less' concentrated manner. Figure 11-5. Photograph of a street curve built to, a 72-foot:centerline radius, designed to prevent traffic speeding through this residential neighborhood.' 184 Rural by Design: Maintaining Small Town Character When curbing is required, concrete is normally Vertical Concrete Curb the most suitable material. Asphalt curbing is very easily damaged-sometimes whole sections are deeply gouged or relocated by snow .plows and should generally be prohibited. Granite is ex- 'r ceedingly expensive, :and Belgian block is both costly and visually inappropriate for curbing rural roads (being. essentially an urban street paving material). Curb shapes vary as we1L Vertical curbs (includ- ing ones with' a slight. angle from the `perpendicu- lar) are generally best suited for subdivisions in more central-areas where there-is an established tradition of such curbing. In outlying areas where curbs are considered essential, the most appropri- ate shapes are those that incline back away from the road at a law angle. Several. types exist, includ- Cape Cod Berm ing "mountable curbs" and "Cape Cod .berms." (See Figure 11-6.) Both appear less urban than the .- ,w "~!!~!' r 3 ~ vehicles to more vertical variety. They -also enable . . ~ °1 " . pull out of the travel lane onto the.. grassy verge. `~' (tree planting strip) for short-term parking. Where continuous 'underdrains are need, ed but where curbing itself is not essential, precast .concrete Mountable Concrete Curb gutters with s a slightly concave cross-section are another option. They also: serve to stabilize the edge of the asphalt roadway, and allow vehicles to park on the grassy shoulder that typically abuts them on the far side. The necessity for curbing is .often overstated. When one considers that storm-water drainage is generally not a problem along the many miles of uncurbed country roads that serve most rural com- munities (including many roads that. are now lined > Figure it-6. Where curbing is required, to control with homes built at different times over the last storm water flow, designs with gently sloping profiles are often adequate. Besides being less urban, less in- century or so), it is obvious that. there are' more trusive visually, less prone to"damage, and sometimes natural ways.,,#n handle storm runoff. Broad grassy less expensive, they are also more easily mounted by swales have been used to .great advantage in many emergency vehicles. On Bainbridge Island, Washing- subdivisions, where narrower, deeper ditches are ton, engineers have been-specifying "thickened edges; less appealing. Low spots on one side of the road, amore modest .variation of the "Cape Cod berm" where water would''otherwise be'#rapped, may be where there is just enough upward lift to the pave- ' provided with a drainage grate leading', to a cul- . ment edge to direct storm water into catch basins vest, conducting the. excess water. under the road #o lower land on the other side. In many cases the storm water will tend to seep into the ground'along Curbing actually increases the amount of storm the roadside, unless the soil is heavy and;mperme- water that must be handled because it does not able, or frozen. allow any natural absorption into the soil,... and ~; . ;~ :•w :~. Street Design ,for Rural Subdivisions 185 because it channelizes the water into specific dis- cles, rubbish trucks, school buses, etc.), cul-de-sacs charge points. To prevent this concentrated flow- .should be strongly discouraged. In fact, it would from overwhelming a receiving stream or any cul- help stem the further erosion of interneighbor- vestsdownstream, asecond engineering solution .: :hood 'accessibility if .all future residential streets is often required-to mitigate the problems caused' -were simply required to connect with .other streets, - by the first one (i.e., .the curbing). The second either existing or.planned..: "solution" typically takes the form of a detention Exceptions would of course be granted. if such ,, basin or a retention pond, features that are genes- connections were possible only by filling wetlands, a ally regarded as undesirable by abutting residents. felling a particularly handsome stand.. of mature because they tend' to become collecting areas for trees, or leveling a knoll,' or if such a connection windblown rubbish and breeding grounds. for. nos- would.: create. a shortcut attracting a significant - qutoes. Although drainage ponds are sometimes volume of through traffic through he ubdivsion. ~` inevitable, it is best to avoid' their construction.. In areas lacking any existing or planned streets whenever possible. When their provision is essen- with which to connect, the cul-de-sac should in- ` tial, the least objectionable approach is to design ' elude stubs extending to adjoining parcels in loca- , I'~ them as self-draining detention basins (see Figure tions where future; connections appear to be fea- }:= 11-7). Several well-used neighborhood recreation Bible. Where no vehicular. connection is feasible, areas in .subdivisions in Flossmoor, .Illinois; for: provision should definitely be made for at least a example; also serve as large, flat detention basins bikeway andfootpathconnection.. ~- where storm water is held back for several hours It should be noted that the tendency toward after heavy rains. The grass is mowed regularly, cul-de-sacs originally arose because excessive ~ and a perimeter berm'contains the excess water, street design standards .had created virtual race- h' which is allowed to drain out continuously ways .through residential .neighborhoods. These ~r' through a small "choker" pipe at the-low end of ..potential raceways can be easily: avoided by de- `~ the'playing field (which remains flooded only for signing shorter street lengths with numerous ,~. a matter of hours after major cloudbursts). 'three-way "T" intersections to discourage through traffic,;as is deliberately done in Australia and the United. Kingdom (Chellman, 1991). Traffic speed CUL-DE-SACS AND can also be controlled very effectively by posting = r,: THEIR ALTERNATIVES. "all-way" stop signs, notonly at,four-way inter- Because they interrupt the pattern of connecting ,sections but also at three-way ones.. as well, as streets, thereby ,..decreasing accessibility between is done in many 'new subdivisions in Chester =' adjacent neighborhoods. (for residents, mail vehi- County, Pennsylvania. ,, Water level'. after: cloudburst ~~ . ----- - - , -~-:~„ T, N _ ,~ Slightly sloping ;.pl~}rin~ fteld`~ ~= `, Berg with'. small plps. Figure 11-7. When it is necessary to cvllect and detain storm water within a subdivision, these "basins' should generally be designed. as very broad, nearly flat lawns, with a low berm' along the lower edges, through which runoff is allowed to flaw at a slow rate via small.. outlet'pipes. These self-draining areas. provide excellent places for neighborhood children to .play catch, .throw a Frisbee,. or kick around a football or'soccer ball. Mowed weekly during the warmer''months, and dry on all buf a small number of days each year, these facilities can F help developers meet local recreational needs generated by their subdivisions,:-and to manage runoffn a far i more attractive and useful manner than is usually the case. x 186 Rural by Design: Maintaining Small Town Character Adopting the design recommendations in this chapter will bring the desired level of safety and quiet back to all new subdivision streets, render- ing the cul-de-sac form unnecessary in the major- ity of instances. The developer's frequent desire to set his or her housing group apart, for marketing reasons, on a separate cul-de-sac or nonconnecting .loop, is essentially an antisocial technique and' should not be condoned. There is already more than enough stratification in society today, with out unnecessarily reinforcing it through structural strategems such as exclusive' neighborhood road .systems. Standards for maximum cul-de-sac. length in rural communities are often based on an urban rationale. For example, the ubiquitous 600-foot rule, which is pervasive among subdivision regu- < lations in many communities lacking central water distribution systems, was originally based on the fact that, historically, fire'trucks carried 600 feet of hose line to connect to hydrants typically located h\~~ at cul-de-sac entrances. This standard makes little sense in most rural settings. A more sensible rule ~~ 3U' ~ ~ ;1$'.' hammerhead would. be based upon the number of families that would be at risk if their only access road were to become blocked during an emergency. In Maine the state model subdivision regulati®n requires a second entrance after the fifteenth dwelling unit, but a fairer standard is suggested in Residential Streets, based upon a maximum traffic load of 200 vehicles per day (or "average daily traffic":. ADT)-25 dwellings, with a maximum cul-de-sac length of 1,000 feet. Turning areas at the end of cul-de-sacs may take many forms. The most common one should prob- ably be' allowed only. as a lash resort: the huge paved `circle of asphalt, ypically'measuring well over 100 feet in diameter. For streets with up to a dozen .homes, a simple "hammerhead" or "turning-T" is sufficient (as illustrated in Figure 11-8). When a larger number of homes and vehi- cles are involved, turning loops are highly recom- mended. For visual interest, these loops should be almosf any shape except .perfectly circular (unless the effect of aflying-saucer landing pad. is de- sired). They. should contain, where possible, a trail and c, . ~ f`~~ '. future road ~~.. ~. ~~„ ~:~~~ connection^ about -one-quarter-acr r ~ -- of native vegetationg. ~ ~ ~~~~c , ~-sii+~,.~i~~.,~~ ~e c~~ • 'x '~GtC ~'L4~.y .Cc~e!4a `°7~ C"R Figure 11-8. When cul-de-sacs are unavoidable because it is not feasible to connect them with other streets, developers should be required at leasf to provide footpath or bikeway links with adjoining neighborhoods (ex- isting or future). A variety of design approaches can satisfy vehicular turning.needs while also. reducing asphalt coverage. "Hammerheads" are appropriate for `up to 1 Q or 12 homes, and substantial islands thickly landscaped with native trees and shrubs offer a greener, low-maintenance alternative to completely paved circles (or boring grassy ones that need weekly mowing): __~~< ~f' ~. .Street Design for Rural Subdivisions 187 quarter-acre island of undisturbed native vegeta- tion. In ,village. ettings,<more formal arrange- merits, such as grassy tree-lined commons, would be more appropriate. In New England, the aver- age size of central town commons is. about two acres; but as a focal point in outlying subdivisions, a_half-acre green would be adequate. Where land is at a premium, the next-to-last resort should be a circular cul-de-sac, totally .paved, with a radius of 30 feet. This size is sufficient for large cars and pickup trucks. Other trucks and fire engines. would need. to execute athree-point turn, but that. would not create undue hardships, as most fire fighters in small #owns do not need to dash away; to other fires immediately after extinguishing the first one. STREET CONNECTIONS AND OFFICIAL STREET MAPS As noted above, local governments could, through a simple amendment to their subdivision regula- tions,:.. prohibit further isolation of new neighbor- hoods by requiring #hat new streets connect with the :existing street .network (or be paved to the edge of the property where the parcel abuts a fu- ture development site). Taking this approach one step farther,.. official':. maps could be prepared showing the approximate location of streets, trails, and open space reserves the community would like to see created as each land tract is subdivided. Although some of these possibilities are also dis- cussed in Chapters 15 and 16, it is important to illustrate the desirability of proactively planning future street' links. Despite that fact that most states provide for the adoption of "Official Maps" through their zoning enabling legislation, very few local govern- merits take advantage of this authority. The result is either the absence of good road connections to help spread the increased traffic that inevitably. accompanies continued growth,',or prolonged ar- guments with uncooperative developers who see themselves as having been "singled out" to ,pro- vide land for these special road links. Although "Official Maps" can be very detailed (in the manner of typical'nineteenth-century "town plans" that showed every, street and alley envi- sioned by the town .fathers),. the relatively small number of jurisdictions utilizing this: approach employ it to reserve; rights-of-way for. strategic .links in the arterial road network. Such is the case around Westminster, Maryland,. where the city ..council. and the Carroll County. Commissioners have been reserving such`.rights-of-way since 1968. Based upon a local "Traffic Operations Study. to .Increase Capacity and Safety" ("TOPICS"), about 20 miles of right-of-way have been reserved for connecting roads in the :comprehensive plan' for Westminster and .environs: Some of these links involve major highway construction (such as by- passes), but tither ,segments represent principal streets connecting countyroadssadiating out from the old town center.. Construction responsibility varies according to the type of roadway.. specified on the Official Map. , In the case of subdivision streets that are required #o connect with adjoining public thoroughfares, costs are typically borne by he developer. When the road is to be a major arterial (and.certainly when 'access is to be limited), construction costs are nor- mally shared among various levels of goverrunent. Figure 11-9 shows how a small village could begin to unravel with new cul-de-sac develop- ments isolating themselves-from the surrounding neighborhood, and how the same,growth could be redirected to conform with the traditional inter- connected rectilinear street pattern, based upon the community's ''Official Map." In order to be most effective, such maps should be designed not only to work. around ?natural site constraints (to- pography, wetlands, stone walls, tree lines, .etc.), but should also be based upon_a tax-parcel map showing tract boundaries. (See also the Appendix concerning village planning in Loudoun County, Virginia'.) STREET TREE PLANTING One of the most significant, and often least em- phasized, aspects of neighborhood street design is the planting of shade trees:along each side of new roads. Many arborists recommend planting inter- vals of 50 feet on-center, but closer spacing (25 to 30 feet apart)..creates: an -even more salubrious effect. To improve survival, a mixture of several 188 Rural. by Design.: Maintaining Small Town Character r s ^ ^ ^ ~ • ~ ~ • ~ ^ ^ r ^ ^ ^*~ ^ ~~~. ~~ ^ Figure 11-9. These three sketches show an existing village compared with two approaches to accommodating new development: a typical pattern of unrelated suburban-style cul-de-sar growth around the edges, laid out in away hat begins to unravel the traditional fabric, compared with the logical alternative of simply extending the established pattern of interconnected streets in a manner that reinforces village character. Source: Adapted from Doble et aL, 1992. hardy native deciduous species is preferable, .not only low shrubs or flowering ornamental and co- less than 21h_to 3 inches in diameter at chest niferous trees. in scattered locations on front lawns. height. They should be maintained by the devel- In the absence of public funds for coordinated oper for 18 months (11/2 growing seasons). after street-tree planting, the .very least that local gov- planting, and ensured .with an effective perfor- ernments could do is to require developers to mance guarantee. Species that attain an ultimate plant such shade trees as part. of their street. im- height of at least 50 feet will create a :very stately provements, Rather than adding to their costs, atmosphere in the fullness of dime, and provide such provisions should be tied to reductions in cool shade on #ront lawns and sidewalks during excessive street pavement widths, curb xequire- hot summer months. merits, and so forth. One ofthe sadder details of municipal affairs is One of the best. sources for further information the large: number of small communities thaf .have , is Street Tree Factsheets (Gerhold, 1989), published 'allowed heir once active shade tree planting pro- by the Pennsylvania State University''School of gams to lapse; victims of budget constraints, $u- Forest Resources (generally applicable only in reaucratic indifference, and short-term thinking.. the northern and eastern arts of the country Many such programs,. which had been initiated after World War II in response to federal housing standards. for new subdivisions, were quietly dropped when federal involvement began to fade in the 1970s. It is ironic to drive through some of these towns #oday and see the maples and oaks growing into maturity in these postwar subdivisions where the houses are relatively modest, and then to pass into more recent developments where more expensive homes; sit on larger lots facing. streets without any street trees whatsoever. Landscaping there tends to be .haphazard and often inappropriate, with p , however). One of 'the most inspiring examples of street- tree planting in medium'-sized towns comes from Pottstown, Pennsylvania (pop. 25,000), where slightly more than half ofthe borough's 2,925'trees have been :planted by a local nonprofit group formed in 1983.. Headed by a former borough manager, Trees, Inc. raised about $470,000 during its first five. years, attracting numerous 'large con- tributions from local businesses (in the $10,000 to $45,000 range), plus $100,000' from Philadelphia Electric. In addifion to :planting 1,500 trees, the group regularly trims them 'to remove dying or -t ~, Street Design for Rural Subdivisions 189 low-growing branches, and has donated a $13,000 Positive examples that are,more easy to emulate leaf sweeperto the borough as a goodwill gesture. than Pottstown's arethose of Honeoye Falls, New The energy, commitment, and accomplishments York, and Kent, Ohio. In Honeyoye Falls, a local of Trees, Inc. helped persuade local councillors to service club shares costs- of planting street trees .` reinvigorate the 'dormant Pottstown Shade' Tree with. the village government and with the prop- - Commission. With .fresh blood, the commission erty owner, each party :paying one-third, which , ~; has created. a computerized spreadsheet invento- helps everyone's dollars go farther. And a new t; Tying each.. of the borough`s shade trees (address, rebate program in Kent allows property owners to t' species, diameter; condition, well size, growing receive a maximum of $50 per tree: for up to two ~~ room within the well, sidewalk condition, utility trees (at east one-inch caliper) that they plant. wire location, and specific maintenance needs).. .Funding in the municipal budget covers approxi- As a result of its survey, the commission has quan- mately 300 trees each year. j-; ; tified the need for` larger tree wells, and has put To heighten- public awareness of the beauty of into proper perspective' the common complaint trees, local citizens in Greensburg, Indiana, have. that street'. trees damage'sidewalks (only 2 per- published ASelf-Guided Tree Tour of .,Distinctive. cent were cracked; 2 percent were slightly lifted, Trees. An annotated street map identifies the loca- and 2 percent..were lifted and cracked). Sidewalk tions of 30 noteworthy: specimens of different maintenance costs. pale into insignificance when species that can be found in the community. What ;, compared with the tremendously large offsetting makes than effort all the more special is the fact ~~ values created by street trees (as outlined by the that it :was sponsored by the I-Iardee's fast-food ~. Pottstown Shade.Tree Commission): chain, which went out of its way_to save several ~? • softening the urban environment. with their large'.. trees on thee. site of `its new restaurant in green foliage; Greensburg. Such efforts might help to build pub- ~" • reducing pollution by removing airborne lic support for tree planting programs. The need is .~. dust and particulate matter; great: according to a recent survey by the Ameri- ~: • reducing the greenhouse .effect by removing can Forestry .,Association of 20 cities around .the ~:.,' carbon dioxide; country, only one tree was planted for :every four • cooling air..temperatures in the summer: by that were removed`(Arnold, 1992). ,~" , shading people, buildings, streets; and sidewalks; The value of street trees is being promoted by a , • soothing people's .spirits with their natural relatively new program cosponsored by -the Na- ~~ beauty; tional Association of Home Builders and the • elevating property.. values by .enhancing American Forestry Association. Called Global Re- M neighborhood aesthetics;,.. Leaf for New Communities; the program: presents ='' • providing places for;birds and wildlife, bring- a coveted award-particularly useful in market- ing nature into town; and ng homes to environmentally conscious buyers- ~' increasing neighborhood pride, as people onl}' to those developments that have met strin- `~ ~:; plant flowers in tree' wells and spnice up their .gent review criteria. Af Northridge, developer. properties. Mike Roseobtained'the cooperation of thecity of Vii, In addition, as pointed out by a recent editorial Bowie; Maryland, and Prince George's County to in'the Pottstown Mercury by Tom Hylton, such vary their normal requirements to help him save beautification efforts in cities, towns, and villages more trees in two significant ways: 1) reducing ,' offer an additional benefit: they can help to halt .road width from 30'feet to 22 feet, thereby elimi- suburban sprawl. "Town dwelling is a most envi- natinK eight feet of tree clearing hroughout the mnmentally friendly end sensible way of life. It subdivision; !and 2) allowing slopes to be graded can also be pleasant and enjoyable if we soften at 2:1 instead' of 3:1 (further.reducing the land area ~• asphalt and concrete with lots: of trees and green- that would need to be denuded and bulldozed). "F cry" (Hylton, 1991). Other environmental features include grassy drain- ~`J }^r f 190 Rural by Design: Maintaining .Small Town Character 'a age swales (no curbs and gutters), vegetated traf- hills, ridges, meadows, brooks, native plant or fic islands, and an interlocking network of green- animal species) or to local historic family names, ', =". ways and wildlife corridors (Davis, 1991). buildings, or events. Terms such as "road," "lane;' To avoid future'disfigurement of street trees by "street;' or "way" should be used, rather than pruning contractors hired by utility companies, „„ „„ suburban words such as drive, .circle, .place, new subdivisions should. be provided with under- court, view, vista, manor, or terrace. ground 'electric, telephone, and cable TV lines. New streets adjacenfi to older, village. neighbor- Where it is not feasible (such as n''shallow bed- hoods should relate to that context, and: use tradi- rock areas, where trenches would -have to be 'tional names. such: as "High Street;' "Chestnut blasted),:poles should. be installed along easements Street;' "Grove Street;' 'Trospect Street;' "Church running between adjoining backyards. (This is the 'Street; ' "School Street," and so forth, (presuming location used in many subdivisions developed in that there is a church or school in the;. vicinity). Pennsylvania during. the period between the de- Personal .first. names should be strongly discour- raise of the. rear alley and the late 1970s when the aged ("Barbara Road; ' 'Robert Cirde; ' e.g.), un- state subdivision law was amended to require un- less they are also readable as surnames.("Douglas; ~ dergrounded utilities in new.developments:) Such "Leslie; ""Tracy;' "Thomas;' etc.).: ~ easements. could,.. if desired,. also' be designed to COUNTRY LANES AND serve as greenway paths through these subdivi- DRIVES COMMON signs. (Footpath networks in such ocations area . deliberate, and highly. successful,. feature of the The notion of "country lanes"-meaning nar- , ; planned open space- communities of Radburn in rower roads serving up to a dozen homes,. often Fairlawn, New Jersey, Lake Vista in New Orleans, deliberately finished with a good gravel surface- and Hilton Head Island in South Carolina.) deserves to be reconsidered. All butbanishedfrom Another alternative is to take this thinking one .the rural scene by well-meaning but suburban- step further and provide' rear access lanes (or based street. regulations, such lanes .occupy an "alleys") serving each houselot from the back. important place in the hierarchy of roads in the This is how scores of traditional neighborhoods countryside. Especially in areas where existing were designed in all parts of the country until the public roads are gravel surfaced, it makes good 1930s, as .witnessed by examples as .distant as sense to continue the established .tradition. Winter Park, Florida, Wyomissing, Pennsylvania, Hardly anything could. be more bizarre..than ~ andBozeman, Montana, where driveways and ga- requiring a 30-foot wide asphalt street to serve ~ rages generally face in the opposite direction from twelve homes: on a pair of cul-de-sacs stemming. the homes. These lanes are typically designed for off. an existing public road that is barely 16-feet ,~ one-way traffic 'and, because hey do not attract wide .with pronounced ruts in its dirt surface. through traffic, they are fairly safe for children However, this was exactly what a developer .was playing catch, riding bikes, and so forth. told he must do to receive subdivision approval in one Connecticut town .several years ago.. His. pro- STREET NAMES posal was to construct an 18-foot wide accessroad To .the extent that municipalities.:have set any with a 15-inch layer of sand and gravel topped standards or guidelines for naming new, streets, with 3 incheslof trap rock stone mixed with quarry ,, they usually do not go beyond a prohibition fines to enhance compactibility. It was initially ~ against duplicative or similar-sounding names, rejected because it did not meet the town's official which could be confusing to public safety person- standards. After bringing in his lawyer to argue nel when responding to emergencies. In addition, mcnthly with the planning commission over a n ~ communities should consider encouraging devel- one-year period, the applicant hired awell-know ~ opers to name new rural subdivision streets after rural planner to show slides of various road natural features in the immediate area (such as .widths, explaining their functions and capabili- ~~ °` :,~ tia '~ ties. After seeing the:- slides and discussing .the .:issue extensively, the commission: approved the applicant's proposal, which it agreed .was both adequate and appropriately designed. to fit in with the neighborhood's rural context. It is not uncommon for New England towns to require that any new gravel access, roads be pri- vately,maintaned. This is an unfair practice, be- ~. cause such roads are actually-less expensive to maintain.: than asphalted ones (see Chapter 12, "Scenic Roads," for details). If gravel roads are _ properly constructed in the first place (which "performance guarantees" can ensure), and if they r are appropriate for the scale and location."of a particular rural subdivision, they should be pub- licly maintained, When a'smaller number of` homes is involved ' r` (up to five or six), a slightly .different approach ~~' should be considered:' the common drive. For Street Design for Rural Subdivisions 191 traffic at such low levels the width could be ad- justed to 15 or 16 feet, maintaining the same depth and. type of construction materials.. Common drives require the establishment of a homeowners' association (HOA) to ensure. regular maintenance (further details on HOAs are provided in Chapters 14 and 15). Most .people -will readily contribute their .share of expenses, for few wish to become known as deadbeats to their neighbors, but the HOA, mechanism establishes methods for ensur- ing asteady cash flow to pay for regraveling, grad- ing, snowplowing,, and so forth. Common drives are a particularly useful device in avoiding dupli- cative .access .driveways. to ;adjacent lots, `including back lots (sometimes referred to as "flag- lots' ; "pipestem lots," or "porkchop lots°'). They can be located on easements when necessary #o provide more direct access o interior lots, or they can be restricted to a dedicated right-of-way... .. d 1231-1 i Copyright ©1993 NFPA; All Rights Reserved NFPA 1231 Standard on Water Supplies for. Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting 1993 Edition This edition of NFPA 1231, Standard on Water Supplies for .Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting, :was prepared by the Technical Committee on Forest and Rural Fire Protection and acted on by the National Fire :Protection Association, Inc: at its Annual Meeting held May 24-27, 1993, in Orlando; FL: It was issued by the Standards Council on July 23; 1993, with an effective date'of August 20, 1993, and supersedes all previous editions. The 1993 edition of this document has been approved by the American. National Standards Institute. Origin and Development of NFPA 1231 This text originally was NFPA 25, Recommended Practices for Water Supply Systems for Rural Fire Protection, and originally was developed by the Subcommittee on Water Sup- ply Systems for Rural Fire Protection of the Committee on Rural Fire Protection and Prevention. It received tentative adoption in 1969 and was further amended and adopted in May 1969 as NFPA 25. I-he 1975 edition represented a complete revision of the preaii~us document. This edition underwent a title change to Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fightin,~ and was renumbered NFPA 123T. The 1984 edition represented a complete revision to include both mandatory and a~f~isurc material i~}~e~ ~ ~)tiJ edition was the fourth revision and incurh„r<aic~d ~~,>rne _•~,~nificant changes and additions. The 1993 edition represents a complete revision chat includes both mandatory and advisory material. ~z '=# ~,~ a ~_ i ,~w~.`: ,YF~+ ~L~ 1 ~~ N ~,?y. i.r;; 1231-2 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL. FIRE FIGHTING Technical Committee on Forest and Rural Fire Protection Richard E. Montague, Chair Incident Management Concepts, CA Mary D. Chambers, Secretary Bernalillo Cnty Fire District,. NM Fred G. Allinson, Nat'l Volunteer Fire Council, WA Lee Barkow, USDI Bureau of Land Management, DC Lynn R Biddison, Chemonics, Fire-Trol, NM Randall K. Bradley, Lawrence>Livermore Laboratories, CA John E. Bunting, New Boston Fire Dept., NH Garv L. Buzzini, California Dear. «f Frn-estrv & Fire Protection, CA Hanna J. Cortner, University of Arizona, AZ Duane Dupor, Wisconsin Dept. of Natut~al Resources, WI J. A. Foster, ISO Commercial Risk Services, Inc., AZ Donald C. Freyer, Georgia Forestry Commission, GA Louis G. Jekel, Rural/Metro Corp.., AZ Robert L. Joens, USDA Forest Service, DC Rep. United States Forest Service Ralph R Lafferty, MacMillan Bloedel Ltd, BC, Canada Michael W. Lowder, Bladen Cnty Office of Emergency Services, NC John F. Marker, Firemark Assoc; OR Paul G. Mason, Arkwright Mutual Insurance Co., CT Peter Matulonis, Ansul Fire Protection, CA William M. Neville, Neville-Bro~rn. CA Frederick S. Richards, NYS Dept. of State, NY Rep. FMANA James C. Sorenson, USDA Forest Service, GA Herbert A. Spitzer, Los Angeles Cnty Fire Dept., CA Edward F. Straw, ISO Commercial Risk Services Inc., GA Howard L. Vandersall, Lawdon Fire,Services, Inc., CA Ronald R. Walker, American Forest and Paper Assn:, CA Louis A. Witzeman, Scottsdale Fire Dept., AZ James T. Wooters Mizelle, Hodges and Assoc. Inc., GA Alternates Dennis N. Gage, ISO Commercial Risk Services,_Inc., NJ Robert M. Swinford, USDA Forest Service, UT (Alt. to E. F. Straw) (Alt. o R. L. Joens) William J. Baden,' NFPA Staff Liaison This list represents the membership ¢t the time the Committee u~a~s b¢lloted on the text of this edition. Since thQG time, changes in the membership ~aay have occurred. NOTE: Membership on a Committee shall no[ in and of itself constitute an endorsemeh[ of the Associa-- Lion or anc docunieot developed by the C.ummiuec r,n ~.Iiirh the member sen~e5. Committee Scope: ~hhis Committee shall have primary' responsibility for developing documents on fire pro- teaion and prevention for rural and suburban areas. and forest, grass, brush, and tundra areas. 1993 Edition .:,~ CONTENTS 12 31-3 Contents Chapter 1 Administration ... ... 1231- 4 1-l Scope .... ......... . . 1231- 4 1-2 .:....:........:.. Purpose ... 1231- 4 1-3 General .:................... 1231- 4 1-4 Definitions . .................. 123 T- 4 Chapter 2 Structure Surveys .. ........ 1231- 5 2-1 General _ ..........:....:.... 1231- 5 Chapter 3 Classification of Occupancy Hazard ... ..... ..:.. 1.231- 6 3-1 General ..................... 1231- 6 3-2 Occupancy Hazard Classification Number ..................... 1231- 6 Chapter 4 Classification of Construction . 1231- 7 4-1 General ....:...... , ......... 1231- 7 4-2 Construction Classification Type . 1231- 8 Chapter 5 Determining Minimum -Water Supplies .. .. ..:....... 1231- 8 5-1 General :.......:...::.... , : . 1231- 8 5-2 Single Structures Without Exposure. Hazards ...............:: : .. ...123.1- 8 5-3 Single. Structures. with. Exposure Hazards ...... ........ . 1231- 8 ~-4 Multiple Structures -Single Water Po int ~,~i[h~~ttt i~=zp~sln e Hazards 1231 - ft 5-5 Multiple Structures - SingleWater Po int with Exposure Hazards 1231 - 5-6 Special Fire Protection P-refil~ms 1231 - 9 5-7 Structures with Automatic Sprinkler Protection ...:.............. .1231 - 9 5-8 Structw~es with Other Automatic Fire Suppression Systems .. . . 1231 - 9 5-9 Precalculated Water Supply .1231 - 9 Chapter 6 Water Supply ..:....... • • - .. 1231- 12 6-1 Water Supply for Fire Fighting .. . 1231- 12 6-2 Water Supply Transfer ........... 1231- 12 6-3 Minimum Water Supply.......... 1231- 12 6-4 Accessibility .... ........... 1231- 12 6-5 Identification ................. 1231- 12 .Chapter 7 Reports and Records .......... 1231- 12 7-1 Plans for New Construction and Additions ..................:. 1231- 12 7-~ Reyuircmrnts for the Fire Department ... - 1231- 12 7-3 Requirements for Property Owners or .Occupants ................. 1231- 12 7-4 Smoke Detectors ..... ..... .. .1231- I3 7-5 Changes in Automatic Sprinkler Protection.. ..... ..... 1231 -13 7-6 Retention of Reports .. 1231 -13 Chapter 8 Referenced Publications 1231 -13 Appendix A Explanatory Material .. .. 1231 -13 Appendix B Water Supply ............. 1231-16 Appendix C Water Hauling .....:...1231-32 Appendix D Large Diameter Hose .... .... 1231-43 Appendix E Portable Pumps 1231-47 Appendix F Automatic Sprinkler Protection .. 1231-51 Appendix G Secondary Water Supply .1231-52 Appendix H Referenced Publications 1231-60 Index .... ...................... 1231-60 1993 Edition :.~,; 1231-4 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING NFPA 1231 Standard on Water'Supples for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting 1993 Edition NOTTCE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates explanatory material on that paragraph in Appendix A. Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 8 and Appendix H. Chapter 1 Administration 1-1* Scope. This standard identifies minimum require- ments for watersupplies for fire fighting purposes in-rural and suburban areas in which adequate `and reliable water supply systems for fire fighting purposes do not. exist. 1-2 Purpose. This standard specifies minimum require- ments for water supply for fire fighting putposes to protect property. from fire in areas. where water must be trans- ported from a river, lake, canal, bay, stream; pond, well, cistern, or other similar source of water that is available as suction supply for fire department use. Water obtained by - methods outlined in this standard can be used to supple- ment water for fire .fighting available from hydrants on a traditional municipal-type distribution system.. Likewise, a hydrant served; by a water distribution system shall be per- mitted to be the source of supply for water that is trans- ported to the rural fire area. It is the. intenrof this standard toprovide.and maintain minimum water. supplies for fire fighting purposes. through the establishment of a cooperative working arrangement among the authority having jurisdiction; the fire department having jurisdiction, and the property own- . ers in the jurisdiction. This standard provides minimum requirements, and nothing herein shall be interpreted to mean [hat the authority having jurisdiction cannot. exceed anv or all of these requirements where, in the judgment of such author- . ity having jurisdiction; additional protection is warranted. This standard' is restricted to identifying minimum requirements for water .supplies for fire fighting purposes. Much :information has been included in the appendixes of thin standard concerning rural water supplies, hauling of water, transporting water through large diameter hose, portable pumping equipment, automatic (sprinkler protec- tton, and secondary water supply, any or all of which may comprise a rural "water system." 1-3 General. 1-3.1 The requirements of C',hapters 5 and 6 are perfor- mance oriented and allow the authority having jurisdiction the option to specify how these water supplies .are made available, thereby giving consideration to local conditions and need. 1-3.2 Although the water requirements developed by this standard are performance oriented, it mustbe emphasized that they are minimum in scope. The water available to the fire department, which may come' from a single' water poinE or multiple water points, must be delivered to the fire scene. The authority having. jurisdiction shall be per- mitted to determine that additional water supplies are war- ranted. Appendix G contains secondary :water .supply requirements, useful where [he authority'having jurisdic- tion determines additional water supplies are desirable. 1-3:3 ; Fire apparatus and, associated equipment are important components of the .water transport, process. Many 'alternative.. approaches to fulfilling: this process are provided in Appendixes C, D, and E: Appat atus shill meet the.. requirements uuti,ird itt NFPA 1903, Standard for Mobile Water Supply Fire Apparatus, and other applicable NFPA standards. 1-3.4 Fire. control and extinguishment is probable only where a prompt alarm notification initiates an immediate response, which irrreturn results in effective agent applica- tion confining the fire to the area of origin. 1-3.5 The effectiveness and reliability of fixed fire protec- tion systems is a .documented fact:. Serious consideration shall be given to installation of sprinkler.. systems as out- lined in NFPA: 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems; NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- .and Tiuo-Family Dwellings and Mobile Homes; and NFPA 13R, Standard for. the Installation of Sprinkler Sys- tems in Residential Occupancies Up to and Including Four Sto- ries in Height. 1-4 Definitions. Adequate and Reliable Water Supply. A water supply that is sufficient every day of the year to control and extin- guish anticipated f res in the municipaht}', particular build- ing. or biulding f~r~ncp served h~ the i,ater stippi~°. Approved. Acceptable to the "authority having juris- diction:,, NOTE: The ~~ational FireProtecfion Association does not approve, inspect or certify any installations; procedures, equipment, or materials: nor. does it approve or evaluate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of installations qr procedures, equipment. or materials, .the authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on com- pliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards: In the absence of such. standards, said authority may require evi- dence of proper installation, :procedure oi- use. The author- ity having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or label- ing practices. of an organization concerned with product evaluations which is in a position to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current production of listed items.. Authority Having Jurisdiction. The "authority having jurisdiction" is the organization, .office or individual responsible for "approving" equipment, aninstallation or a procedure. NOTE: 1 he phrase "authority having jurisdiction" is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner since jurisdictions and "approvaP' agenciesvar~°- asdo [heir responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the "authority having juris- . diction'' may be a federal, state,. local or other regional 1993 Edition :?P _ __ s 4` STRUCTURE SURVEYS department or individual such as a fire chief, fire marshal, chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor department, health department, building official; electrical inspector; or others` having statutory authority: For insurance- purposes, an insurance inspection department, rating: bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the "authority having jurisdiction." In many circumstances the property owner or his designated agent assumes the role of the "authority having jurisdiction"; at government installations, ..the commanding officer or departmental official maybe. the "authority having jurisdiction:" Automatic Aid. A plan developed between two or more fire departments for immediate joint response on first alarms. Building. Any structure erected for the support, shelter, or Enclosure vi prisons, aninr~ls, ur propett~ uf~am~ kind. Construction Classification Number. A series of num- bers from 0.5 through 1.5 that are mathematical factors used in a formula to, determine the total water supply requirements for this standard .only. Dry Hydrant. A permanent piping system, normally a drafting source, that provides .access to a water source other. than amunicipal-type water system. Exposure Hazard. A structure within 50 ft (15.2 m) of anotherbuilding and 100 ft2 (9:3 rn2) or larger in area. If a structure is a Class 3 or Class 4 occupancy hazard, it is con- sidered an exposure hazard if within 50 ft (15.2 m) of another building, regardless of size. Fire. Department Having Jurisdiction. The fire department serving the municipality, or any portion. of the municipality, governed by the authority having jurisdic- tion. The authority having jurisdiction and the fire depart- ment having jurisdiction can be the same agency. .Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been attached. a~ label, symbol oi- other identifying mark of an organization acceptable to the "authority haying jurisdic- tion" anil unuerned ~~ ith product evaluation; that main- tains periodic inspection of production of labeled equip- ment or materials and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate standards or perfor- mance in a specified manner. Large Diameter Hose. Fire department hose having an inside diameter of 3t/2 in. (89 mm) or larger. Listed. Equipment or materials included in a list pub- lished by an organization acceptable to the "authority having jurisdiction" and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equip- ment or materials and whose listing states either that the equipment or material meets appropriate standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified manner. NOTE: The means for identifying listed equipment may vary for each organization concerned with product evalua- tion, some of which do not recognize equipment as listed unless it is also labeled. The "authority having jurisdiction" should utilize the system employed by the listing orgiinizzi- tion to identify a listed product. Minimum Requirements for Water Supply. "I'he small- est quantity of water supply suggested for any degree of fire control. In some fires; this supply may be suitable for protecting exposures only. 1231-5 Mobile Water Supply. A vehicle designed primarily for transporting. (pickup, transportation, and delivery) of water to fire emergency scenes to be applied by other vehi- cles or pumping equipment. Municipality. A town, city, county, fire district, or community having powers of local selfgovernment. Municipal-Type Water System. A system having water pipes serving hydrants and. designed to furnish, over and above domestic consumption, a mtntmum flow of 250 gpm (946 L/min) and 20 psi (139 kPa) residual pressure for a 2-hour duration. Mutual Aid. A plan developed between two or more departments to render assistance to the parties of the agreement. Often the request for such aid to be rendered comes onlyafier aii~ initial response has ucen made and the fire scene status has been determined. Normal Living Area -Dwelling. This area shall include typical rooms, such as living.. room,. dining area, parlor, kitchen; bath, bedroom, halls, library, music room, .family room, laundry room, etc., and includes any other areas that are normally heated or cooled plus attic-basement provisions, enclosed parking (garage), and storage areas. Occupancy Hazard Classification Number. A series of numbers ,from three. through seven that are mathematical factors used in a formula to determine total water supply requirements of this standard only. Protected Property. Property protected by a water supply that is minimally adequate in volume and duration and by afire department capable of using this water sup- ply to suppress a possible fire within the property. Secondary (Design) Water Supply. "Fhe estimated rate of flow .[expressed in gpm (L/min) for a presa~ibed time period] that is considered necessary to control a major fire in a building or structure. Shall. Indicates a mandatory retluirernent. Should. Indicates a recommendation car that w'hicli is advised but not required. Single Water Point. The point or site at which water supply; such as a pumper with portable folding tank or dry hydrant, etc., can be located to protect a cluster of build- ings, such as a subdivision or an estate. Tanker. See "Mobile Water Supply." Water Supply Officer (WSO). The fire department officer responsible for providing water for fire .fighting purposes. Water Tender. See "Mobile Water Supply." Chapter 2 Structure Surveys 2-1 General. 2-1.1* The fire dep~u~tment having jw~isdiction shall per- form an on-site survey of all buildings, including type of construction, occupancies, and exposures, ~~•thin the appli- cable jurisdiction to obtain the information needed u> com- pute the minimum water supplies required. At the rime of the on-site survey, a record shall be prepared of available water supplies: T11is information shall be utilized for pre- fire planning purposes as well as by the WSO. 1993 Edition ..>?? 1231-6 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN. AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING 2-1.2 Areas specified in 5-2.1, 5-3.1; 5-4.1; 5-5.1, and 5-6.1 can be surveyed as areas to determine the square footage or cubic footage and square meters or cubic meters of each structure and the. distance. to structural exposure hazards; but without a survey of contents. 2-1.3 These surveys can be combined with fire preven- tion or prefire planning inspections.: Chapter 3 Classification of Occupancy Hazard 3-i General. 3-11 The fire departmenrhaving jurisdiction, upon com- i,~.~:;,~ tl.e sur~~e~specified ira Chap ter. 2, shalldet~rniipe the occupancy hazard classification number from the appropriate sections of this chapter. 3-1.2 Occupancy hazard classification numbers shall not be assigned to any structure nbt surveyed as specified in Chapter 2: 3-1.3 An occupancy hazard classification number shall not be assigned to any building where such building its protected.. by an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with applicable NFPA standards. 3-1.4* Storage of products that are potentially hazarclcnrs fi om the standpoint of increased fire volume, or those haying an explosive nature, exists at many rural locations,and ~i_ich products can exist in sufficient quantities to increase the occu- pancy hazard classification number of the building. 3-2x Occupancy Hazard Classification Number... 3-2.1 The occupancies listed in each section are only examples of types of occupancies for the particular classifi- cation, and these lists of examples shall not be interpreted as being exclusive: Similar occupancies shall be assigned the sameoaupanc~~ hactird classification number. 3-2.2 Where more than one occupancy is .present ii1 a structure, the .occupancy .hazard classification number for the most hazardous occupancy shall be used for the entire structure. 3-2.3 Occupancy Hazard Classification 3. 3-2.3.1 Occupancies in this classification shallbe consid- ered SEVERE HAZARD OCCUPANCIES, where quantity and combustibility of contents are very high. Fires in these occupancies can be expected to develop very rapidlyand have high rates of heat release. (See 5-S.l.) 3-2.32 Where an exposing structure is of occupancy haz- ard classification 3; it shall be considered an-exposure haz- ard if within 50 fr (15.2 m), regardless ofsize. 3-2.3.3 Occupancy hazard classification 3 examples include: (a) Aircraft hangars (bj Cereal or .flour mills {c) Chemical works and plants " (d) Cotton picker and opening operations (e) Distilleries. (f) Explosives and pyrotechnics manufacturing: and storage (g) Feed. and grist mills (h) Grain elevators :and warehouses (i) Linseed oil mills (j) Lumberyards (k) Oil Refineries (1) Plastics manufacturing and storage (m) Saw mills (n) Solvent extracting (o) Straw or hay in bales (p) Varnish and paint manufacturing: - 3-2.4 Occupancy Hazard Classification 4. 3-2.4.1 Occupancies in this classification shall be consid- ered HIGH HAZARD OCCUPANCIES, where quantity and combustibility of contents are high. Fires. in these occu- pancies can be, expected to develop rapidly and have high rates of heat release,.. 3-2.4.2 Where an exposing structure is of occupancy haz- ard classification 4, it'shall be considered an exposure haz- ard if within 50 ft {15..2 m), regardless'of size. 3-2.4.3 Occupancy hazard classification 4 examples include: (a) -Barns and stables.(commercial) (b) Building' materials (c) Department stores (d) Exhibition halls, auditoriums, and theaters (e) Feed stores (without processing) (f) Freight,terniinals (g) Mercantile.. (h) .Paper and pulp, mills (i) Paper processing plants (j) Piers and wharves {k) Repair garages (I) Rubber'~,products manufacturing and storage (m) Warehouses, such-as those used for: " Furniture Genera] storage Paint Paper Whiskey (n) Woodworking industries. 3-2.5 Occupancy Hazard Classification 5. 3-2.5.1 Occupancies in this classficauonshall be consid- ered MODERATE HA7.:~RD OCCUPANCIES, where quantity and ;combustibility of contents are moderate .and stockpiles of combustibles do not exceed 12 ft (3.7 m) in height. Fires in these occupancies can be expected to develop quickly and have-moderately high rates of heat release. 1993 Edition CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION 1231-7 ~„ ..: ~~,... `~ 3-2.5.2 Occupancy hazard classification 5 .examples include: (a) Amusement occupancies (b) Clothing manufacturing plants (c) Cold storage warehouses. (d) Confectionery product warehouses (e) Farm storage buildings, such as' Corn cribs Dairy barns Equipment sheds (f) Hatcheries (g) Laundries (h) Leather goods manufacturing plants (i) Libraries (with large stockroom areas) (j) Lithography shops (k) Machine shops (1) Metalworking shops (m) ''Nurseries (plant) (n) Pharmaceutical manufacturing plants (o) Printing and publishing plants (p) Restaurants (q) Rope and twine manufacturing plants (r) Sugar refineries (s) Tanneries (t) Textile manufacturing plants (u) Tobacco barns (v) Unoccupied buildings. 3-2.6 .Occupancy Hazard Classification 6. 3-2.6.1 Occupancies in this classification shall be consid- ered LOW HAZi1RD OCCUPANCIES; where quantity and combustibility of contents are moderate and stockpiles of combustibles do not exceed 8 ft (2.4 m) in height. Fires in these occupancies can be expected to develop at a moder- ate rate and have moderate rates of heat release. 3-2.6.2 Occupancy hazard classification 6 examples .include: (a) Armories (b) Automobile parking garages (c) Bakeries (d) Barber or beauty shops (e) Beverage manufacturing plants (f) Boiler houses (g) Breweries (h) Brick, tile, and clay product manufacturing plants (i) Canneries (j} Cement plants (k) Churches and similar religious structures (1) Dairy products manufacturing and processing (m) Doctors' offices (n} Electronics plants (o) Foundries (p) Fur processing. plants (q) Gasoline service stations (r) Glass and glass products manufacturing plants (s) Mortuaries (t) Municipal buildings (u) Post offices (v) Slaughterhouses (w) Telephone exchanges (x) Watcli and jewelry manufacturing plants (y) Wineries. 3-2.7 Occupancy Hazard Classification 7. 3-2.7.1 Occupancies in this classification .shall be consid- ered LIGHT HA7.ARD OCCUPANCIES, where quantity and combustibility of contents are low. Fires in these occu- pancies can be expected to develop at a relatively low rate and have relatively low. rates of heat release. 3-2.7.2 Occupancy hazard classification 7 examples include: (a) Apartments (b) Colleges and universities (c) Dormitories (d) Dwellings (e) Fire stations (f) Fraternity or sorority houses (g) Hospitals (h) Hotels :ind motels (i) Libraries (except large stockroom areas) (j) Museums (k) Nursing and convalescent homes (1) Offices (including data processing) (m) Police stations (n) Prisons (o) Schools. Chapter 4 Classification of Construction 4-1 General. 4-1.1 The fire department having jurisdiction, upon com- pleting the survey specified in Chapter 2, shall determine the construction classification number from the sections of this chapter. 4-1.2 For the purpose of this standard, each building sur- veyed shall be classified as to type of construction and shall be assigned a construction classification number. However, no dwelling shall be assigned a construction classification number higher than 1.0. 1993 Edition a•;: 1231-8 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL.FIRE FIGHTING 4-1.3 Construction .classification numbers shall not be assigned to any structure not surveyed, as specified in Chapter 2. 4=1.4 Where more than one type of construction is present in a structure, the higher construction classification number shall be used for the. entire structure. 4-1.5 Where a buildingis located within 50 ft (15.2 m) of the surveyed building and is 100 ft2 (9.3 m2) or greater in total area, the building hall be treated as an exposure, with the .water requirement as calculated in accordance with this standard multiplied by 1.5. 4-2* Construction Classification .Type 4-2.1 The constriction classificationslisted in this stan- dard have .been simplified for quick use. Where a more complete definition is needed, refer to NFPA 220, Standard on Ty~ies of Building Construction, or the local building code. 4-2.2 Type I (FirerResistive) Construction - Construe- . tion Classification Number 0.5. A building constructed of noncombustible materials (reinforced concrete, brick, .stone, etc., and having any metal members properly "fire- . proofed"). with. major structural members designed to with- stand collapse and to prevent the spread of fire. 4-2.3 Types II and IV (Noncombustible) and Heavy Tim- ber. Construction -Construction Classification Number 0.8. A building having all structural members (including walls, floors, and roofs) of noncombustible. materials and not qualifying as fire-resistive construction.' :Also, heavy timber construction in which walls .are masonry,. columns are 8-in. (20.3-cm) .wood .supports, floors are 3-in. (76-mm) tongue-and-grooved plank, and roof decks are 2-in. (51-mm) tongue-and-grooved plank. All wood beams and girders are 6 in. (15.2 cm) wide and 10 in. (25:4 cm) deep. 4-2.4* Type III (Ordinary) Construction -Construction Classification Number 1.0. Arty sti~uctut~e hay ink exterior walls. of masonry, or other noncombustible material, in which the other structural members are wh,~lly or partly of wood or other combustible material 4-2.5* Type V (Wood Frame) Construction - Construc- tion Classifieation.Number 1.5. Any structure, other than dwellings, in which thestructural members are wholly or partly of wood or other combustible material and in which the construction does not qualify as ordinary con- struction. Where a dwelling is classified as wood frame construc- tion (that is, having structural members wholly or partly of wood or other combustible material), a construction classi- fication number of 1 A shaIl be assigned: Chapter 5 Determining. Minimum Water .Supplies 5-1 General. 5-1.1 `I"he fire department having jurisdiction for struc- tural surveys~specfied in Chapter 2,after completing the survey and determining he construction. classification .number and the occupancy hazard classification number, shall compute the minimum.. water.. supply, in gallons {liters), needed for the structure under its authority. As the water supplies 'developed by this standard are minimum and in many cases are or will be suitable for exposure pro- tection only, the authority having jurisdiction shall review the calculations to see that adequate flows are available to meet the needs indicated. by the preplans. 5-2 Single Structures Without Exposure Hazards. 5-2.1* .For single structures with no portion ofany'unat- tached, structural exposure hazard within 5Q ft (15.2 m), unless it is smaller .than .100 ft2 (9.3 m2), the minimum water supply, in gallons (liters), shall be determined by the total cubic footage (ms) of the structure, including. any attached structures; divided by the occupancy hazard clas- sification n>>mher determined from Chapter 3, and' multi- plied by the construction classification number determined from Chapter 4; or Table 5-9(a) shall be'referenced. MINIMUM WATER SUPPLY = Total ft3 (m'),of Structure x Construction Classification No. Occupancy Hazard Classification No. 5-2.1.1 The minimum water supply required for any structure, without exposure hazards, shall not be less than 2000 gal (7570 L). [See Table 5-9(b).]' 5-2.1.2 The minimum water supply, as determined. for any structure specified in 5-2.1 and 5=2.1.1, shall be avail- able on the fireground at, and the fire department shall be capable of utilizing the total water supply at; the rates spec- ified in Table 5-9(c) 5-3 Single Structures with Exposure Hazards. 5-3.1* For all single structures with unattached. structural exposure hazards closer than 50 ft (152 m) to any, portion of the dwelling and larger than. 100 ft2 {9.3 m2), the mini- mum water supply; in gallons (liters), shallbe determined b~ the tcual ~ uhiZ {ooiage (mi) of the structure, including any attached structures, divided by the bccupancy;hazard classification number determined from Chapter 3, multi- plied by the construction classification number determined by Chapter 4, and multiplied by 1.5; or Table 5-9(a) shall be referenced. MINIMUM WATER SUPPLY = Tonal fi.~ (m') of Structure x Construction Classification No: x b.5 ' Occupancy Hazard Classification No. 5-3.1.1 The minimum water supply. required- for a single structure with exposure hazards spectfied in 5-3.1 shall not be less than 3000 gal (11 355 L). [See Table 5-9(b).] 5-3.1.2 The minimum water supply, as determined for any structure specified in 5-3.1 and 5-3.1.1, shall be avail- able on the fireground at, and the fire department shall be capable. of utilizing the minimum watersupply at, therates specified in Table 5-9(c). 5-4 Multiple Structures -Single Water Point Without Exposure Hazards. 5-4.1* For all multiple. structures with no portion: of any unattached structural exposure hazard within 50'ft (15.2 m), unless it is smaller than 100 ft2 (9.3 m2}, the_mnimum 1993 Edition _ •'_ a. DETERMINING MINIMUM WATER SUPPLIES 1231-9 ~3 =' r` water supply, in gallons (liters), shall be.determined by the total cubic footage (ms) of the structure, including any attached. structures, divided by the occupancy hazard clas- sification number as determined by Chapter 3, multiplied by the construction classification number determined by Chapter 4; or Table 5-9.1(a) shall be referenced. MINIMUM WATER SUPPLY = Total fts (m~) of Structure x Construction Classification No. Occupancy Hazard Classification No. Where structures are 'close enough together that they may be served from a single water point,. the water supply shall be computed from. the' structure: having the largest minimum water supply requirement. 5-4.1.1 The minimum water supply required for multiple structures specified in 5-4.1 shall not be less than 3000 gal (11 355 L): [See Table 5-9(b).] 5-4.1.2 The minimum water supply, as determined for any structure specified in 5-4.1 and 5-4.1.1, shall be avail- able on the fireground at, and the fire department shall be capable of utilizing the minimum water supply at, the. rate specified in Table 5-9(c). 5-5 Multiple Structures- Single Water Point with Expo- sure Hazards. 5-5.1* For all multiple structures with unattached strut- rural exposure hazards within 50 ft (15:2'm) of any portion of the structure and larger than 100 ft' (9.3 m2), the mini- mum water supply; in gallons (liters), shall be determined by the cubic footage (m3) of the structure, including any attached std ~tciurr~~. divided by the occupancy lazardclas- sification number determined from Chapter 3 multiplied by the consi r uctivrl classification number determined from Chapter ~; and multiplied by 1.5; or Table 5-9(a) shall be referenced'.. MINIMUM WAT EK S iPYL]' _ Total ft' (m') of Structnre x Construction Classification No. x 1.5 Occupancy Hazard Caassificauon No. 5-5.1.1 The minimum water supply required for multiple structures specified in 5-5.I shall not be less than 3000 gal (11 355 L). [Sec fable 5-9(b).] 5-5.1.2 T'he minimum water 'supply, as determined for any structure specified in 5-5.1 and 5-5.1.1, shall be avail- able on the fireground at, and the fire department shall be capable of utilizing the minimum water supply. at, the rate specified in Table 5-9(c). 5-6 Special Fire Protection Problems. 5-6.1* This starrdard is not intended to provide details for calculating an adequate amount of water for large spe- cial fire protection problems, such as bulk flammable liquid storage, bulk flammable gas storage, large varnish and paint factories; some plastics manufacturing and storage, aircraft hangars, distilleries, refineries, lumberyards, grain elevators, large chemical plants., coal mines, tunnels, sub- terranean structures, and warehouses using high rack stor- age for flammables or pressurized aerosols. For suggested protection, consult appropriate NFPA standards. 5-7 Structures with Automatic Sprinkler Protection. 5-7.1* For any structure protected by an automatic sprin- kler system that fully meets the requirements of NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems; NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Mobile Homes; or NFPA 13R, Stan- dard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occu- pan~ies Up to and Including Four. Stories in Height, the fire department hay-ing ju tx'~;un ,}r.All be permitted to wai~~c any requirement for additional water supply required by this standard. (See Appendix F.) 5-7.1.1* The water supply for: automatic sprinkler sys- tems meeting the requirements of NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, contemplates the use of outside hose lines; therefore, this water supply shall be available to the fire department outside the structure for manual fire fighting purposes. 5-7.1.2 Automatic. sprinkler systems meeting the require- ments of NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, shall, in all cases, be provided with a fire depart- ment connection as described in NFPA 13. 5-7.2 For a structure protected by an automatic sprinkler system that does not fully meet the requirements. of NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, and NFPA 13D, Standard forthe Installation of Sprinkler Systems in. One- and Tzuo-Family Dwellings a.rad Mobile Honaes, or NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation. of Spri~ak.ler Systems in Resi- dential Occupancies Up to and Inch~.ding Four Sto7zes in Height, th'e fire department having juris~_licti~m shall he permitt<°d to reduce the minimum ca(ei ~uj;pl' ~ t't,tiirc~tl b~ [hip si,u~ dard,for fire fighting pui pules, in Sections ~ 2, 5-3, 5-~, or 5-5, whichever is applicable. 5-8* Structures with Other Automatic Fire Suppression Systems. .For any structure fully or partially protected by an automatic fire suppression system other than as spea- fied in 5-7.1, the fire department having jurisdiction shall determine the minimum water supply required. for fire fighting purposes. 5-9 Precalculated Water Supply. Table 5-9(a) provides a quick method for determining the water requirements sug- gested by this. standard for structures without exposures.. For structures with exposures, multiply the water require- ments developed by Table 5-9(a) by 1.5. Example: A farm storage building housing a barn (occu- pancy hazard classification 4) of ordinary construction (construction classification number 1.0) with a cubic area of 160,000 fts (4480 m~j) will produce. using ~hable 5-9(a), a water requirement of 40,000 gal (] 51 400 L). 1993 Edition :>ii S 1231-10 w 0 k a~ O _C O U ~~Cr h _~ •~ C.' 0 U q ,v x ~. a 0 U 0 A 0. 0. ~_ i. a~+ 3 .~ /-, b 67 4~i a .`_°, o~ u H WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING --~ rn o on o f v~ .• a~ m c~ o i` ~ .. o m cn o r b ... rn cfl ch o r s .-~ rn, cD m o r es .-~ rn ca r ~ m w o .n r cr co w o u~ r cr m ~r o ie, i`. ev oo v~ o n ~+ i ~n t` ev oo w o .n r cr m ~nw w .. O. oo ,n <r cu ..: o m r ~ ~ cr ,... o m-. i` ~n w cu .~ o w.i` anw cv .. o 0o i` .c ~ ci i i - " ' ' r- c a u > . co cp n v oa ai o ~ ci ci ai v~ .ci. ip n ao 00 m o .-: ci ai v~ d+ ,ri co r ao Ci o. o .: ci cri ~.. _ ...~ cvcr cr c~.cr c~ crc~.cr cv cnch ch a-, chc~. 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O C O C O 'C C C C O O O O O O O C O C C O O O O O O O O O O O C O O O O O C O C O G C O O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C O O O .n O u7 O ' ' lfi J O µ ~ O~ C 7 C~ O~ O~ C >n O~ C~ O .f] O~ O .n O ~] O u7 1~ O Gu ~ 1~ O Lei .n i~ O CV ~ f~ O CI u~ 1~ O Cf u7 l~ O GV .n 1~ O GV ~ t~ O CI u7 1~ O x O Gu cn u~ CG 1~ x C GV cn .['; Cp l~ ~ O .-~ CI c'1 ~ G r aOO LV 4C1 u7 Cp T x O .. ^ ._ .^ .- .~ .--. '-. GV N CI LV ~ GV ~1 >V Ch Ch crI Ch c'] ch cn c'J d' V' V'. d' C' V' ~' <F in ~i-o~rCK:ro~nfc~fo~ni`oc~ro~nro~ro~no~nfo~n ~cOO~cDO nmocnoo~oo~coo~o0onm0onoo~ncoo~coc~n cooo- - o m , ;cooa;coo..~coo~ c~cpccncDOC~cDOcn.coo~ncoo~ncoc~cooo x c0 .n a; ..~: o c0 ~D .n ~ -~ o x cO .n cri f. o x c0 u'I c'1 .-~ o x cD >n ~ ~: o W c0 tin ch - q , ~n~cofxa~oo-~clonw.n.ncofxrnoo--c~~~.n~ncorxo~oo.^cuo cn. <1 cr cn a~ cu ~ . c , .^~^.^._. ._,^_.-. ,- ^cu cu cv cu cu cr cv cu cl wcu ~ '. ~ o0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 0.0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o c o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ' ' o .n O ~n 0 .[ ; O ~n 0 .n C . O .n O'.n C .n 0 7 C .n C .n C ~n 0 7 0 !n O ~n 0 tin i o o . ~ C~ ` cv_ n i`ocu.nroN,r,fccu,r,~cci ~~ow.n>`ccu~rocu.nf ~ c'; o c,~ nr W [~ c^. c L Lu x - r m cCJ Gu x ~ - t cn o cD CI ~ ~; -- A C' C ~ . e' ~ r,~ x~xc:~ 1-xxc~oo -LV Or v. -' - - - - - - - - - - pl w cv OI cu N ci ~ ci t~ cr: C 1~ ,.•~- C r ^^ C r ~' C f. M o r c~ C f r f x C r~ O r c-: C f c.: ^. 1~ .0~0 &i K:c~ ~^ c nc~iccccnc.o - c = M ~: ~ u~ ~. x ~x ~~ox x~- -~v ...x o- ~ O ~ c- ~~ ~ s_ w ~ r~ - x c ,. _, 1~ ~ ~- r 1 ~ G C G ~ ~'C.~ ~~ ~ occcc~ oco cocccc c_ coocccco000° ~ >, ~ ~~ W cc c c c c ccoccoc~occcc c ctl U ~ ~ 47 ~ U L (!'~ U ~n O 7 'C 11] O r C v C C C C u .'~ O ~] O ~n O O cn G f O ~1 ~ f G cu .n [~ C w f C f C ci .r N r G cd v „~ vi v x q .~ ~ , , r O i v, n i~ ~ ^ cl cu cu w ~ . . , ~:- T -r ~~. r c., 's .... ~: r r r 1~ x x x x o C: c c .~ + ~ U ~ U C} n. `v a N T a ~ .. x ~ o a~ II >_ w O 7 a ~ v x f ~, II c Z v; 1231-11 1993 Edition _ay% 1231-T2 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING Table 5-9(b) Minimum Water Requirements (Examples) 6-3 Minimum Water- Supply. ,The minimum water. sup- ply from whatever source or combination of sources .shall Minimum Water meet the requirements of Chapter 5. Paragraph Type of Occupancy Requirements (gallons) 6-4* Accessibility. Water supplies for fire fighting ptxr- 5-2.1.1 Single Structures Without E o H d 2000 (7570 L) poses. shall be accessible to fire fighting. equipment. The fire department having jurisdiction shall determine, as art xp sure azar s p of its property survey,.. maximum safe load limits of road- 5-3.1.1 Single Structures 3000 (11 335 L) ways, laneways, and bridges, and' determine. accessibility with Exposure Hazards during various dimatic conditions. 5-4.1.1 Multiple Structures 3000 (11 335 L) 6-4.1 Any means of access shall be constructed in actor- - Single Water Point. Without Exposure Hazards dance.:with NFPA 1141, Standard for .Fire Protection in . Planned. Building Groups. 5-5.1.1 Multiple .Structures 3000 (I1 33.5 L) - biugle ~~ arcr S-5 ldexuihcatiaxi. :~,i appropriate sign shall be erected Point with<Exposure at each water point identifying the site for fire department Hazards emergency use. (See B-1.2.11.) Table 5-9(c) Minimum Capability of Fi re Department to Chapter 7 Reports and ReCOrdS Transport and to Use Wa ter. 7-1 Plans for New C t i nd . ons ruct on a Additions. Rate Water Is Available to Fireground and 7-1.1* Where'. the appropriate governmental entity has Fire Department's building laws that require ,plans to be submitted fore review Total Water Su 1 pp y Capability for before buildin construction is started, the plans shall be g Re wired q Using Water submitted to thefire de artment for review and a royal. p pp (gallons) (gym) 7-1.2 Where no buildin l i l r g aws ex st or p ans a e not up to 2499 (9459 L) 250 (946 L/min) required for review, the fire departmentshall request the 2500 to 9999 (9460 L to 37 849 L) 500 (1893 L/min) cooperation of the property owner(s) in voluntary compli- .10,000 ro 19,999 (37 850 L ro_75 699 L) 750.(2839 L/mini ante with provisions of this standard 2b,000 or more (75 700 L) ~ 1000 (3785 L/min) . 7-2 Requirements for the Fire Department. Chapter 6 .Water Supply 6-] Urater Supply-for Fire Fighting l~hc> ~catPr ~nppkie ten firr hgluuig purp~~xa, as 5pc~cihed in Chapter 5, can be supplied li-om naturalbodies of water and constructed sources of water.: Natural bodies of water are defined. as bodies of water contained by earth. r>nly and include ponds, lakes, avers, streams, bays, creeks, springs, artesian wills, and irrigation canals. Constructed sources of water incli'tde aboveground tanks, elevated gray-ity tanks, livestock water- ing tanks, cisterns, swimming pools; ~~~ells, quarries, mines, reservoirs, aqueducts, mobile water supplies; and hydrants served by a-water system. (See Appendix B.) 6-1.1 The surface at the water access point shall be ade- quate to support heavy vehicles at .all times of ''the year. Provisions shall be made so xhat such water suction points are visible and usable in all weather conditions, including heavy snow or brush conditions .and mud slides. 6-1.2 If a dry hydrant is located .close to vehicular traffic, suitable. barriers shall he constructed to protecCfire fight- ers, equipment, and the dry hydrant. 6-2 Water Supply Transfer. 7~heu ansfer of water fi~om a water source to the scene of the fire caai be lane bya num- ber ofdifferent methods. These methods include mobile water supply shuttles;. pumper relays using large diameter. (normally 3r/~-in: (89-mm) or greater] hose, pumper relays, portable piping; irrigation piping and ditching, heli- copters, railroad tank cars, etc (See Appendixes G, D, rznd E.) 7-2.1 The fire'. department having jurisdiction for prop- erty surveysspecifiedin'Ghapter 2, after completngthe sur-vev and' ccimputing the minimum water strppl~ required, shall notify, in writing, the authority ha~~ing juris- diction of the results of the surveys and the .minimum water supplies required". In all. cases, the building(s) own- er(s) shall be advised of the minimum water supply required. Fire department personnel. shall. be available to citizens for appropriate consultation. 7-3 Requirements for Property Owners. or .Occupants 7-3.1 The property owner shall notify the authority hav- ing jurisdiction in writing before any structures are erected or any alterations are made to any .existing structure. that will increase the total cubic footage (m3) of the structure. The .property owner shall provide. the authority having jurisdiction with complete written plans and drawings of any proposed structure, including all measurements, construction, intended occupancy, and a description of contents. 7-3.2 The property owner or occupant shall. notify;. in writing, the authority having jurisdiction before any changes are made in the contents of a structure or occu- panty of a structure, other than residential occupancies, that would materially affect the occupancy hazard classifi cation number as specified in Section 3-2. The property owner or occupant shall provide the authority having juris- diction with a complete written report of contents' or occu- pancy changes: 1993 Edition _ _ ;,;, ~_ y.... ~.,'" >~ REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS/APPENDIX A 1231-13 7-4 Smoke Detectors. 7-4.1* Each family living unit shall be provided with smoke detectors as required 'in NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. 7-5 Changes in Automatic Sprinkler Protection. 7-5.1 The .property owner or occupant shall notify the authority having jurisdiction in writing whenever any alter- ations are made that cause any change to an automatic sprin- kler system :covered' in Section' 5-7. The property owner or occupant shall provide the authority having jurisdiction with a complete written report of alteratrons to any existing sprin- kler system or of installation of a new sprinkler system. 7-5.2* The properr~~ rncner or occnh2nr shall promptly notify the authority having jurisdiction whenever any auto- matic sprinkler system or other automatic suppression sys- tem or portion of any system is shut off or is to be out. of service for any reason. 7-6 Retention of Reports. .The fire department shall file all plans, reports, and surveys by .street address and shall retain a copy of all reports specified in this standard. Chapter 8 Referenced Publications 8-1 The .following documents or portions thereof are ref- erenced...within this standard and shall be considered.part of the requirements of this document. The edition indi- cated for 'each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance ~f this document. 8-1.1 NFPA Publications.. National Fire Protection Asso- ciation, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box .9101, Quincy, MA 02269 910.1. NFPA 13, Standard fo~i the In.etallation of Sprinkler Systems, 1991 edition. NFPAI3D, Str~~zda7d jor the hzst<~llati~i~t of .tipnuklF~ 5s~~ten~ in One- and Tz~~o-Family Dtuellings .and Mobile Ho~n.es, 1991 edition: NFPA 13R, Standard for the 17astallation. of Sprinklers S~~stems in Residential Occupancies up to and Including Fou~~ Stories in Height; 1991 edition. NFPA 72, National Fire AlarmCode; 1993 edition. NFPA 220; Standard o~z Types of Bu.ildi72g Corzst~°u.cti.on, 1992 edition. NFPA 1141, Standard for Fire Protection in Planned Build- ing Groups; 1990 edition. NFPA 1903, Standard for Mobile .Water Supply Fire Apparatus, 1991 edition. Appendix A Explanatory Material Th~~ Appendix i~s ~rzol n prod o~ ihr ieq?drvnivnl~ o~tJais .>V~FY.9 docuanent, bul is vtizrt~cded for i.nfo7~nntz~~z p~t~ipgses oil} A-1-1 In some areas, ~~~ater supply systems have been installed for domestic water purposes only. These systems can be equipped with hydrants that might not be standard fire hydrants, with availablevolume, pressure, and dura- tion of flow being less than needed for adequate fire fight- ing purposes. Where such conditions exist, this standard and appendix should be applied in water supply matters. A-2-1.1 Information needed to compute the minimum water supplies that should be collected during the building survey .includes: (a) Area of all floors, including attics, basements, and crawl: spaces.. (b) Height between floors or crawl spaces and in the attics from floor to ridgepole. (c) Construction materials .used in each building, includ- ing walls, floors, roofs,'ceilings, interior partitions, stairs, etc. (d) Occupancy (occupancies) of buildings. (e) Occupancy (occupancies) of yard areas. (f) Exposures to buildings and yard storage and dis- tai~cesbet~reen them. (g) Fire protection: systems -automatic and manual protection systems, hydrants, yard mains, and other. pro- tection facilities. (h) On-premises water supplies, including natural and constructed sources of water. A-3-1.4 In addition to the storage of products that are potentially hazardous from the standpoint of increased fire load, farm properties. present. certain inherent dangers to the rural fire fighter that are not contemplated by the urban fire fighter. Storage of products that are potentially hazardous to fire fighters from the standpoint of increased fire volume., exploston, and toxicity exists at most rural fire locations. These hazards include: (a) Bulk storage of petroleum fuels, more frequently fuel oil; but often gasoline and propane. While some tanks are underground, many are aboveground and often located within 50 ft (15.2 m) of farm buildings. (b) Many farmers use and store .blasting agents such as dvnamite;~ often extended with ammonium nitrate (the lat- ter of ~?reater explosive impact per unit weightl. (c) Nearly all farms use and store different pesticides. Some of these chemical compounds give off very toxic fumes while burning. Two compounds that are safe where used independent of each other may be very hazardous to the fire fighter where mixed together in a fire situation. (d) Localized problems also exist in corn growing areas; for example, anhydrous ammonia is stored and used in large amounts during the early growing season. The rural fire department needs to work with the farmer to reduce the fire and life potential hazard of these products by storing them safely. However, fire fighters of the rural fire departments should know the potential haz- ards presented by the products and the appropriate fire fighting precautions to betaken. The department member- ship should be aware of the hazards listed in (a) through (d) by means of the survey of the farm by the WSO or other inspector,. and appropriate measures hould be taken to protect. the. membership of the department from poten- tial hazards. A-3-2 The occupancy hazard classification number is a mathematical factor to be used in :calculating minimum water supplies. The lowest occupancy hazard classification number is 3 and is assigned to the highest hazard group. The highest occupancy hazard classification number is 7 and is assigned to the lowest hazard group. 1993 Edition ,?i: 1231-14 WATER. SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING A-4-2 The constrtction classification-number is a mathe- matical factor to be tised in, calculating minimum water supplies. The "slowest. burning" or lowest hazard type of construction, fire-resistive; is construction .classification number 0.5. The fastest burning or highest hazard type of construction, wood. frame,. is construction classification number 1:5. All dwellings should be assigned a construc- tion classification. number o£ 1.0 or lower: where. construc- tion is noncombustible. or fire-resistive. A-4-2.4 .Due to-cost savings, many Type III (ordinary) and Type V {wood frame). constructed buildings can .have .wood trusses as a lightweight pre-engineered framing system used in the roof and floors. As long as the integrity of all members of the unit is intact; the unit is a, stable building item. How- ~~.~c~i~- hi~nti~ht not betheca~~~ifoneofthe outer mF~r~hcrs is destroyed or damaged. If this happens during a fire, the roof or floor supported by, the unit can be weakened to the point where it will'be unsafe to support fire fighters. Another weak; point found in the lightweight pre- engineered'truss during a fire is the joint formed by metal gussets. The use of metal gussets has reduced the cos[ and increased production of wood. trusses; however; the metal gussets might not retain their strength and integrity where exposed to heat or fire: Therefore, during the survey of the buildings for water requirements, fire prevention, or prefire planning purposes, the fire department should be aware of .such structural fire fighting hazards, ake appropriate steps to make all fire fight- ers aware of the condition, and plan alternate fire tactics: A-4-2.5 See A-4-2:4. A-5-2.1 Single. Structures Without Exposure Hazards. Examples of calculating minimum water supplys Residential: Dwelling: 50 ftby 24 ft; 2 stories, 8 ft each; pitched roof, 8 ft 'fi om attic floor t~~ ridgepole;. ~ ood frame construction. _,~J x "=1 =' 1200 ~fi ~i Height = 8 + 8 + 4* = 20 (li) 1.200 x 20 = 24;000 (ft~j) Occupancy hazard classification number? (See 3-2.7.) .Construction classification number 1.0, frame dwelling (See 4-2.5.) (24,000 _ 7) x 1.0 = 3429 gal. Minimum water supply = 3429 gal For Sl Units: 1 f[ = 0.305 m; 1 ft' = 0.092 m2; 1 ft~ _ 0.028 m3; 1 gal = 3.785 L. *For .pitched roofs, calculate half the distance from attic floor to ridgepole. If a structure is of occupancy hazard classification num- ber 3 or 4, it is considered an .exposure hazard if within 50 ft, regardless. of size. (See 5-3:1.) For a .dwelling„.the construction classification number is no larger than 1.0: Commercial: Farm equipment shed: 12i ft x 100 fr, .height 14ft; 1 stoty; flatroof; Noncombustible construction. 7 25 x 100 = 12:500 (fi') Height 14 (ft) 12,5ao x 14 = 175,000 (ft') Occupancy hazard classification number 5 (See 3 2.5.) Construction classification number 0.75 (See 4-2.3.) (175,000 - 5) x' 0.75 = 26,250 Minimum water supply = 26,250 gal For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m; 1 ft2 = 0.092 m2; 1 ft3 0.028 m3; 1 gal = 3.785 L. If a structure is of occupancy hazard classification num- ber 3 or 4, it is considered an exposure hazard if within 50 ft, regardless of size. A-5-3.1 Single Structures with Exposure Hazards. Examples of calculating minimum water supply:, .Residential:, Dwelling 50 ft x 24 ft; 1 story, 8 ft high; pitched roof, 8 ft from attic floor to ridgepole; brick construction and '.exposed on one side by a frame dwelling with a separation of less than 50 ft and with-areas greater than. 100 ft2: 50 x 24 =.:..1200 (ft2) Height = 8 + 4* = F2 (ft) 1200 x 12 =, i4,400(fr-`l Occupancy hazard classification number 7 (See 3-2.7.) Construction classification number 1.0, brick dwelling, (See 4-2.4:)' (14,400: - 7} x 1.0 = 2057 Since the dwelling is exposed by a frame dwelling, mul- tiply by the. exposure factor of 1,5 2057 x 1:5 = 3086 Minimum water supply = 3086 gal For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m; 1 ft2 = .0.092 m2; 1 ft3 = -0.028 m3; 1 gal = 3.785 L. *For pitched roofs, calculate half the distance from attic floor to ridgepole: If a structure is of occupancy hazard classification num- ber 3 or 4, it is considered an exposure $azard if within 50 ft, regardless of size. For a dwelling, the construction classification number is no larger than 1.0. A-5-4.1 Multiple Structures -Single Water Point With- out Exposure Hazards. Example of calculating minimum water supply: .Assembly: Church: ]30 ft x 60 ft;height 25 ft to ridgepole('15 ft from ground to eaves, with pitched ridgepole 10 ftabove the eaves); brick construction with. fire-resistive constructed office building .within 40 ft of church. 130 x 60 7800 (fr) Height = 15 + 1 ~M = 20 ft 7800 x 20 = 156,000. (ft3) Occupancy hazard classification number 6 (See 3-2.6.) Construction classification number 1.0 (See 4-2:4,) (156,000 = 6), x 1.0 = 26,000 As church is exposed by a brick office building, multiply by the exposure factor of 1.5 26,000 x 1.5 39,000 Minimum water supply 39,000 gal *For pitched roofs, calculate half the. distance from attic floor to ridgepole. The fire-resistive office building: Office building is 175 ft x 100 ft; 2 stories; each floor ] 0 Ft; ~,-ith a flat roof. 175 x 100: 17,500 (ftz) Height. = 10 + 10 = 20 (ft) 17,500 x 20 = 350,000 (fr3) :Occupancy :hazard classification. number 7 (See 3-2.7.) Construction classification 0:5 (See 4-2.2_) (350,000 - 7) x 0.5 = 25,000 Minimum water supply = .25,000 gal i'` ` 1993 Edition APPENDIX A As this is a multiple. structure location served from a-sin- gle water point with the supply. computed from the struc- tare having the larger water supply requirement, the church will control the water supply requirement. Water supply for church = 39,000 gal Water supply for office _ 25,000 gal Therefore, the' church' has the larger water supply requirement. Minimum water supply for these multiple structures = 39,000 gal., For SI Units: l ft = 0.305 m; 1 ft2 =0.092 m2; 1 ft3 0.028 m3; 1 gal = 3.785 L. A-5-5.1 Multiple. Structures -Single Water Point with Exposure Hazards. Example of calculating rtiininium water supply: A row of five dwellings, identical to the residential occiz- pancy in A-5-2.1; except. one has a brick barn measuring 80 ft by 40 ft located 35 ft from the dwelling. The barn is larger than 100 ft2 in area and is closer than 50'ft to the dwell- ing. Therefore; the minimum water: supply for this dwelling (3429 gal) should be'multiplied by 1.5 for the exposure. 3429 x' 1.5 = 5144 gal if the dwellings and barn are to be protected by the same water supply, as is likely:, the water supply should be calculated, on the structure that requires the largest mini- mum water supply, which is the barn in this case. Thus, if the barn 'has no hay storage and is 25 ft in height to the pitched ridgepole, and the.. ridgepole is 10 ft above the eaves, the calculations would be as follows: 80 x 40 = 3200 (ft2) Height'.= 15 + 5* = 20 (ft) 3200 x' 20 = 64,000 (fi'j) occupancy hazard classification number 4, for the barn with no hay storage (see 3-2.4.) Const~ action classification number is I.0 (See 4-2.4.) ;F;-1.(~n0 - a) x 1.0 = 16,000 .16,000 ~~ x 1.5 (for exposure hazard -the dwelling) _ 24;000 Minimum water supply = 24,000 gal If a structure is of occupancy hazard classification num- ber 3 or 4, it is considered an exposure hazard if within 50 ft, regardless of size. For SI,~Units: I ft = 0.305 m; 1 ft~ 0.092 m~; 1 ft~ 0.028 m j„ 1 gal = 3. i 85 L. *For pitched roofs., calculate half the distance from attic floor to ridgepole. Farm equipment shed, identical to commercial occupancy in A-5-2.1, except with cone-story, pitched-roof dwelling measuring 50 ft by 25 ft located 45 ft from. the equipment shed. The dwelling is larger thane 100 ft2 in area and is closer than 50 ft to the equipment shed.. Therefore, the. minimum water supply for the equipment shed (26,250 gal) is multi- plied by 1'.5. 26,250 x 1.5 = 39,375. (gal) Minimun water supply = 39,375 gal The total water supply for the dwelling is: 50 x 25 = 1250 (fr)~ Height = 8 + 4 = 12 (ft) 1250 x 12 = ] 5,000 (ft;) Occupancy hazard classification number 7 (See 3-2.7.) Construction classification number I.0 (See 4-2.5.) (15,000 _ 7) x 1.0 2143 gal 1231-15 For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m; I ft2 = 0.092 m2; 1 ft3 = 0.028 m3; 1 gale = 3.785 L. Since the :equipment shed requires the larger minimum water supply, if these two buildings were to be protected by the same water supply, that minimum water supply would be 39,375 gal. If a structure. is of occupancy hazard classification num- ber 3 or 4, it is considered an exposure hazard if within 50 ft, regardless of size. For a .dwelling, the .construction classification number is no larger than 1.0. A-5-6.1 The fire department having jurisdiction should consider the number of fire streams needed to control a potential fire in such an occupancy, multiplying the estimated total application rate in gpm by a liberal estimate of the time in minutes (60 minutes or more) .necessary to control and .extinguish. the fire. A review of appropriate NFPA standards is suggested, as properties having special fire protection problems': are beyond the scope of this standard on rural water,supplies. (See G-I for additional information on fire flows.) A-5-7.1' It is the intent of NFPA 13D, Standard for the Instal- lation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dzoellings and Mobile Homes, and NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies Up to and Including Four Stories in Height, o provide additional life safety as the primary goal, with property protection as a secondary goal. NFPA, federal agencies, and. private organizations are united to provide the research and to develop sprinkler protection for residential occupancies at a low cost. Researchers have developed a new sprinkler head for the residential system that has a uniform discharge .density and quick response capabilities. The reports from those areas that have adopted NFPA 13D for dwellings, apartments, mobile homes, hotels, and motels show promise. A-5-7.1.T The fire department should employ measures to supplement the sprinkler system to .ensure adequate water and pressure for efficient operation of the sprinklers and should use care not to "rob" water frgm the supply for the sprinklers to supply hand lines. (See Appendix F.) A-5-8 Other automatic suppression systems could include foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, etc:, installed in part or in all of the structure. A-6-4 Accessibility to water supplies should incorporate whatever features necessary to ensure the ability for year- round travel, taking into consideration local climatic condi- tions and topography. The state Department of Transportation (DOT), in most cases, can provide the fire department with a computer printout showing safe load limits for bridges located within the boundaries of any city, town, county, or fire district, etc. This information has proved invaluable to a number of fire departments in checking bridges used to carry fire equipment. (See B-6 and B-7 for further information on access to water supplies.) A-7-1.1 Where a subdivision or other "planned building group" is proposed, it should be in accordance with NFPA 1141,. Standard for Fire Protection in Planned Building Groups. Fire and municipal officials having jurisdictional author- ity in areas where structures interface .with wildlands should establish and enforce protective measures in accor- dance with generally accepted principles and applicable NFPA standards. 1993 Edition 1231-16 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND. RURAL FIRE FIGHTING A-7-4.L Smoke detectors-work and are needed. In any given year, statistics reveal that well over 50 percent of all persons killed by fire die in residential fires. The encour- aging news is that. current estimates indicate that smoke detectors are in .approximately 75 percent of the nation's homes. (See,NFPA 72, NdtionaZ Fire Alarm Code:). The pr- mazy concern of the standard is with- life. protection, .and many water-hauling fire departments have developed pro- grams to promote'the installation; mainEenance, and test- ing,of smoke detectors as' a first'step' in saving life and property through early detection.. Early detection of a fire will go a long way toward reducing the water requirements needed for-fire fighting purposes .and reducing the water necessary for awater-hauling fire department to transport. x_7.5.2 11'lien the fig c ~ep,~. t::,::t is advised of a ~rria- kler system impairment,"every effort should be made-to restore the protection to service as quickly as possible. In some cases, the property owner might be able to provide a makeshift arrangement or to secure apart that will enable the restoration of the system, either completely or with only a very. small number of sprinkler heads out of service during restoration. Appendix B Water Supply. This A~ipendir is not a dart of the requirements of thzs NFPA document, buds indzeded for information ~iurposes only.. The following numbering system is not intended to cor- relate with the standard. B-1 Water Supply. B-I.I General. The fire fighter pperating without a water system. with hydrants (or with a very ]~imited number of }wdranrs) has two means ~~f` getting water: (1) from supplir5 on the hreground, ~~~hich may be constructed or natural, or (2) from supplies transported to --the scene. This appendix discusses the variety and potential of these sources. B-1.2 Water Supply Officer (WSO). Many progressive rural. fire departments depend on a WSO. The work. of a properly trained and equipped WSO makes it possible for the officer super~~ising .the actual fire attack to plan it nn the basis of reliable water supply information, to coordi- nate the attack with the available water supplies, and to help prevent the confusion inherent in fighting a major fire when. the chief. officer at the scene--.must divert too much personal attention from the attack to'the logistics of backing it up. B-1.2.1 .Duties of Water Supply Officer (WSO). The. ..officer is designated to provide sufficient water at the fire site, to plan availability of additional water sources, and to determine ~yater requirements. at the various locations over the district- The WSO should maintain and even carry a complete set of files, which should include cards showing waterpoints and lists of automatic and mutual aid mobile water supply apparatus. available. Modern ~ technology in optics and computers makes it feasible for even a relatively low-budget department to reduce this data to microfiche or photographic slides, which can be maintained in the fire >;: alarm. communication center. and taken: to the ..scene of every fire and used on small, even hand-held., viewers. The WSO is basically,-the individuaLwho implements the water supply prefire planning. As the WSO visits neighboring fire' departments, a list of all apparatus, equipment, and personnel available to he officer's department should be developed. At this. time, arrangements can be developed where certain apparatus and personnel will respond under an automatic aid agree- menr (first-alarm response).: or a mutual aid agreement (called as needed), dependingon the needs of the depart- merit. These needs will be dictated,:of course, by the. nature of the structure(s) involved. B-1.2.2 Duties at Fire. ,AE the `fire scene, the WSO becomes the rural equivalent of the water department rep- resentative who responds to major municipal _ fires. The WSO's duty to maintain continuous fire treams in rural areas is frequently a very complicated task involving setting up several. water hauling facilities; assembling water- carrying equipment of automatic and mutual aid depart- ments, calculating, estimated arrival times of mobile water supply .apparatus, and having a through knowledge' of avatlable water supplies throughout a wide area of fire department jurisdiction. B-1.2.3 Communication Coordination.. In water .supply operations, efficient radio communication'is absolutely nec- essary: To develop and sustain large .fire flow requires. the use of several water sources as well as several drop tanks where water may be dumped, Therefore,-goodradio com- munication is necessary in readily directing. mobile water supplies so that time is not lost at the fill. and the dump points. To obtain this level of mobile water supplies effi- aency, a radio frequency separate from. that used for: the fire ground operations needs o be assigned to the, WSO and the water supply site anal the mobile water .supply apparatus. The WSO also needs to have .efficient commu- nication ~,~ith the incidenrcomm.u~dei. 8-1.2.4 Duties Before theFire. Before the fire, theWSO participates in the prefire planning and in calculating the fire flow requirements for the various buildings in the area under. the department's jurisdiction. To satisfy these water requirements, the WSO should survey the district and the surroutding areas for available .water for firefighting purposes. Water supplies might exist on the property to be'protected or-might need tote trans- ported. The. WSO should develop preplans and see that the fire department is kept aware of all the water supplies available to the entire area. This means close coordination between the. WSO and. the fire' department. training officer and assistance in joint water supply training sessions with neighboring fire departments. The WSO should make periodic inspections of all .water supplies -and structural changes. in the department's jurisdiction. The WSO or designee must meet with property owners and secure their .permission to use the water supply (see 8-1:2.6), to develop an all weather road to the supply (see B-6) and to install dry hydrants (reeB-~). The installation of roads to or dry hydrants in navigable water or wetlands might. require. a permit fi-om appropriate local,_state, or national agencies. Fire departments should contact these groups early in the planning process to avoid violations of the law. t 1.993 Edition APPENDIX B If called upon, the' WSO should be available to consult with the owner in the design of a water source on a prop- erty to be protected. B-1'2:5 Water Source Cards. A recommended practice is to prepare individual water source ..cards for each .water point. This is a job that lends itself ideally to computers. There may be one or more water. source applicable. to a given potential fireground. In additiomto the. computer, Ehe water sources should be noted on a master grid map of .the: area. Thus, the grid map will' show the index location of water source cards on which pertinent data will be noted. This data should include type of source (stream, cistern, domestic sys- tem, etc), point of access [100 ft (30.5 m) north of barn, etc.], gallons available .[flows minimum 250 gpm '(946 L/min), 10.000. gal (37.850 L.) storage.. etc.], andanv particular prob- lem such as weather condition or seasonal fluctuations that can make a source unusable. It is good practice to attach a photograph of the water point to, the card. Also, it is advisable to note an alternate source. .These water source cards should be used as the basis of regular inspections to make sure the source continues to be available and to note any `improvement or deteriora- tion of its usefulness. A program to develop additional sources as needed, including water sources for new con- structionas it evolves, should be an ongoing program in an .alert organization. 8-1.2.6 Water Usage Agreement. -The WSO should make' arrangements ~~~ith the :owner of water supplies before a fire .develops. Such. agreements. should be made in writing in close cooperation with the municipal, town, or county attorney. Also, itis highly desirable that the agree- ment be reviewed by a representati~~e of the highway. or the county road de_pai,tment or other persons who will build, service, and maintainthe access road to, the supply, includ- ing such fixnctions as snow plo~~~ing in certain areas of the couna-~. The propert~~ o~~ner .also should have a cop. oC the agreement thszi h.,< hu ~~ u~erl h~~ ~c~~eral fiu~ depart- ments ~,~ijth the a~pru~al t;f their tutznty or town attorney. (See sample v~ater usage agreement.) B-1.2.7. Water Map. .Each ~ti'SO should maintain a map showing the location and amow~t of water available at each water site. A copy,of this map should he located in the fire alarm dispatcher's headquarters where such an alarm facil- ityisavailable aid should be carried on at least one. pumper and the chiefs car and by the bVSO. Any problems that are encountered at the supply should be recorded. B-1.2.8 Inspection of Water Supplies. It is the responsi- bility of the ~1~S0'to make inspections of all water sources available as often as conditions :warrant and to note any changes in the facilities. This is particularly true during adverse weather conditions, such as droughts, very wet periods, .:heavy freezing, and following snowstorms. B-1.2:.9 Reliability of an Impounded Supply. For an impoundedsupply, cistern, tank, or storage facility, the quantity of water' to he considered available is the mini- mum available [at not over 15-ft (4.6-m) lift] during a drought with an average 50-year fi~equency (certified by a registered professional engineer). "I•he maximum rate of flaw is determined by testi~ig, using the pamper(s), hose arrangement, and dry hydrant normally used at the site. "1231-I7 Sample. Water Usage Agreement I, We the undersigned owner(s) of a' lake. or pond located. at do hereby grant the Anytown Fire Department permission to erect and maintain, at Its, expense, a dry hydrant and access roadway to said lake or pond to be utilized for emer- gency fire. suppression purposes. All other. uses of said pond or lake shall be after notifica- tion and permission of the owners.. The :Anytown Fire Department shall be responsible for any and all damages to property. resulting from- fire department exercises, This -contract can be cancelled at any time by written notice thirty days in advance to xhe Anytown Fire Depart- ment located at Scott and College Koad, Anytown, t~.S.A. Owner Date President Anytown. Fire Department. Owner Date Secretary Anytown Fire Department Chief Anytown Fire Department B-1.2,10 Reliability of a Flowing Stream. For a supply froma flowing stream. the quantity to be considered avail- able is the minimumrate of flow during a drought with an average 50-year frequency (certified by a registered prufes- sional engineer). The maximum rate of flow is determined by testing using the pamper(s), hose arrangement, and dry hvdrant normally used at this site. B-1.2.11 Sign. The ~1'SO should ensure. that an appro- priate sign is erected at each water point identifying. the site for fire department emergency use and including the name, or a number, for the water supply. Letters and num- bers should be at least 3 in. (76 mm) high, with a 1/2-in. (13-mm) stroke and reflective. B-1.2.12 Water Operations. The WSO and- the training officer, in conjunction with the fire chief, should develop standard operating procedures for hauling water to fires. The standard operating procedures should be put in motion for all structural fires, however, they can be discontinued after the officer in charge has evaluated the fire and deter- mined thatwater hauling capabilities will not be needed: B-2 First-Aid Fire Protection Using On-Site Water Systems. B-2.1 General. The individual domestic water supply system provided in many rural homes and business estab- lishments, if properly equipped and maintained, is an 1993 Edition 1231-IS WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING effective "first-aid fire extinguisher." For. large establish- menu, an elevated: water storage .tank or reservoir con- nected to hydrants and standpipes could provide substan- talfire streams as well. B-2:2 Domestic Water 'Systems. In order for domestic (farm.) water. systems to provide some degree of reliability in case of fire, the .pump or pumps should be placed in a fire-resistive .location. The electric power supply should have the maximum protection from deenergization by fire or other cause. In some cases, sfandby power: and pumps can be justified. B-2.3 Delivery of First-Aid Fire Protection. For first-aid fire protection to be effective, every portion of the dwelling and outlying buildingsshould be'within`reach of a hose stream. lhis mightrequire'someadditional pipelines beyond those needed for other purposes. A garden hose long enough to reach any point in a structure ts'often vahz- able for fire fighting use. Care should be taken. so that water is drained from hose or pipes that could 6e subject to freezing weather. B-2.4 In-Depth Fire Protection. To provide for in-depth fire protection,. three types of water .supplies might be needed: (1) first-aid via the .domestic water system; (2) a bulk water supply at the property, which may be a stream, pond., elevated tank, ground-level tanks, or cistern; or (3) an area system of static water supplies with drafting points and means for transporting the water to the fire site. Alter- native power supplies should be considered. B-3 Natural. Water Sources. B-3.1 Streams. Streams, including rivers, bays, creeks, and irrigation canals, can represent a continuously flowing source of substantial .capacity. Where considering water frgm Rowing streams as potentials water sources; the fire dehartnte~it should consider-tfie following factors: (a} 17n~c~i~~rg Capacity: The stream should deliver water Sn capacities .compatible with those outlined in the water requirements of this standard. (See Chapter ~.) (b) C;lt~n.atic Characteristics. Streams that deliver water throughout the year anal arenot susceptible to drought are desirable forfire protection. However; where such streams are apt available, a combination of supplies inight be nec- essay}. In many sections of the country, streams cannot be relied on during drought seasons. If the stream is subject to flooding or freezing, special evolutions might be neces- sary to make the stream usable under such conditions. Similar. circumstances might exist during wet periods or when the ground. is covered with snow. {c) ,Accessibility. A river. or other source of water might not be accessible to the fire department for use during a fire. Distance and terrain from the all-weather road to the source should be such as to make the water readily avail- able. In some cases, special equipment should be used to obtain the water. (See B-6 and Appendix E, Portable Punaps.) Where roadways are provided to the water supply, they should beconstructed in accordance with B-6.2. (d) Calculating Flow of a Streama. A simple. method for estimating the flow ofwa[erinacreek is to measure the width and depth of the creek. Drop a cork or any light floating object into the water, and determine the time it takes the cork to travel l0 ft (3. L m). To obtain. complete accuracy, the .sides of the. creek should be perpendicular, .the bottom flat, and the floating: object should not be affected by the wind. Where the sides and bottom'of the tream-are. not uniform, the width and depth can be averaged. Example: A creek that is 4 ft {1.2 m) wide and 6 in. (15.2 cm} deep. The flow of water is such; that it takes 45 seconds fora cork to travel 1 ft (0.3 m). Therefore: W x D x TD .cubic feet ft3'(m3) of water' where: W =width = 4 ft• (1.2 m} D =depth 6 in. (15:2 cm) = 1/2 ft (0,15 m) TD =travel distance 10 ft (3:1 m) T = timein seconds = 45 sec 0.00223 ft3/sec - 1 gal 4 (1.2 m) x I/2 (0.15 m) x 1Q (3.l m) = 20 ft3 (0:56 m3) of water The cork takes 45 seconds to flow the 10-ff (3.1-m) distance. ft3 of water/time = ft3/sec (m3 water/time = m3/sec) 20/45 _ 0.444 ft3 of water/sec (0.558/45 = 0:0124 m3 water/sec) 0.444/0.00223 = 199 gpm flowing in the creek (0.0124/ 0:00223 _ 5.56 L/min). For assistance in more accurately determining stream flow, contact the state Department of Natural Resources, Soil Conservative Service, or county agent. B-3.2 Ponds. Ponds can. include lakes or farm-ponds used for watering livestock, irrigation, fish culture, recre- ation, or other purposes while iseiving a secondary func- tion for fire protection. Valuable information concerning the design of ponds can be obtained fi-om county agricul- tural agents, cooperative extension offices, county. engi- neers, etc. Mostt of the factors listed in B-3.1 relative to streams are pertinent to ponds, <<vith thefollowing items to be considered: (a) Minimum annual. level should be adequate: to meet water supply needs of the fire problem. the pond serves. (b) Freezing of a stationer} water supply, contrasted with the flowing stream, presents` a greater problem. (c) Silt and debris can accumulate. in a pond or lake, reducing its actual capacity, while its surface area and level remain constant. This can provide a deceptive: impression of capacity and calls for at least seasonal inspections. (d) Accessibility should always be considered: Many recre- ational lakes are provided` with access by roads, driveways, and boat launching ramps and are available for fire. depart- ment use. Some. large ,lakes, formed by a dam on a river, might have been constructed for such purposes as to'geijer- ate power, for flood control, or to regulate xhe flow of a river. During certain periods of'the year (droughts; drawdowns, etc.), such bodies of water can have very low water levels. The water under such conditions might. not be ..accessible. to the fire department for drafting by the fire department pumping unit, even where a paved road, :for boat launching, has been provided and extended into the water at normal water levels for several feet or meters. Under such conditions, other pro- visions should be made to make the water supply fully. acces- sible to the fire department. 1993 Edition (~~ APPENDIx. B 1231-19 B-3.3 Other Natural Sources.. These might include springs and artesian wells. Individual springs and occa- sional artesian water supplies exist in some areas .and, again, while generally of more limited capacity, can be use- ful for water supply, subject to reasonable application of the factors listed for ponds and streams. In many cases, it might be necessary to form a temporary natural pool. or form a pond with. a salvage cover, for example, to collect water for the use of the fire department where using a spring or an artesian well. B-4 Developed Sources of Water. B-4.1 General. The developed sources of water supplies adapted for fire fighting are limited only to the innovative. nature of the fire department. They range from 1cisterns, J V~lll)lllllrg pUUls, lIUd111CJ, 1L n]CJ, dtltUllla Lll Jl„-1111;1C1 J~J- tem supplies, stationary tanks, driven. wells, and dry hydrants, to situations :where fire fighters have drafted water out of the basement of a burning building into which it was pumped only minutes before. to fight the fire. B-4.2 Cisterns. Cisterns are. one of the ,oldest sources of emergency water supply, :both for fire, fighting and drought storage. They are veryimportant sources of water for fire fighting, domestic consumption, and drought stor- age in many ruraLand beach areas. Cisterns should have a minimum usable volume as determined by the authority having jurisdiction, using the methods described in Chapter 5 of this standard, and there is no real limit'to the maximum capacity. A cistern should be accessible to the fire apparatus or other pumping device but should be located far enough from 'the hazard that personnel and equipment are not endangered. The water level of a cistern can be maintained by rain- fall, water pumped from a well, water hauled by a mobile water supply, or by the seasonal high water of a stream or river. The cistern can present a freezing ,problem since its surfacr is ~~Eten relatively inaccessible andlthe water is stag- n,uu th~r ineehod Ior minimizing Ireezi~;~g is to use a drv h~~drant protruding into the water at a,.point below the local frost line. Cisterns should be capped for safety, but they should have openings to permit .inspections and use of suction hose when needed. [See Figures B-4.6(e), B-4.6(f), and B-4.3 Protection from Freezing. If a dry hydrant is not installed in a cistern, then, depending'on local conditions, a heavy pipe or a pike pole can be adequate to break an ice formation. In fact, the weight of the suction hose itself cam be sufficient, provided there is no danger of damaging the strainer; the hose, or hose threads. There are several methods of providing an ice-free sur- face area iri a cistern or other water source. These include; but are not limited to: (a) Floating a log or a .bale of hay or straw, etc., on the surface of the water. (b) Placing a partly filled, floating barrel on the surface of the water. B-4.4 Guide to Cistern Capacity. A ready guide to the capacity of cisterns with vertical sides is provided in Table B-4.7. B-4.5 Construction of Cisterns. Construction of cisterfs is governed by local conditions of soil and material avail- ability., Practical information can be obtained from local governmental departments or agricultural agencies. Some engineering considerations. to be used. in design- . ing cisterns include: (a) Base, walls; and .roof should be:designed for the pre- vailing soil conditions and for the loads encountered where heavy vehicles are. parked adjacent. (b) If groundwater conditions .are high, the cistern should not float when empty. (c) Suction piping should be designed to minimize whirlpooing. !dl ~'~'nr piping shrn~lrl b~ ofsufficient size. Maintenance factors to be considered by the fire depart- ment include the danger of silting, evaporation or other low water conditfons; and the freezing problems previously discussed. B-4.6 Cistern Specifications. Some governing bodies, where water.systems are not available and. water for water- hauling fire departments is inadequate, require developers to provide- cisterns with .all subdivisions that are con- structed. As each cistern can provide fire protection for a number of buildings, the necessary capacity is rather large and represents a substantial investment. The following are specifications for cistern design and construction used by one governing body. [See Figures B-4.6(a) through (h).] 1. Cisterns. should be located no more than 2200 feet (671 m) truck travel distance from the nearest lot line of the furthermost lot. 2. The design of a cistern should be trouble-free and last a lifetime. 3. The cistern capacity should be 30,000 gallons (] I3 550 L) minimum. a~~ailable through the suction pip- ing s. stern. 4. The suction piping system should be capable of delivering 1000 gpm (3800 L/min) for three quarters of the cistern capacity: 5. The design of the cistern should be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction. for approval prior to con- sa-uction. All plans should be signed by an acceptable reg- istered professional engineer. 6. The entire cistern should be rated for highway load- ing,. unless specifically exempted by the authority having junsdicton. 7. All drawings are for estimating purposes only and are not intended for use as design. 8. Each cistern should be sited to the particular loca- tion by a registered engineer and approved by the author- ity having. jurisdiction. 9. Cast-in-place concrete should achieve a 28-day strength'. of 3000 psig (20 700 'kPag). It should be placed with a minimum of 4-in. (] 0.2-cm) slump and vibrated in a professional manner. 10. The concrete should be mixed, placed, and cured without the use of calcium chloride. Winter placement and curing should follow the accepted American Concrete Institute (ACI) codes. 1993 Edition 1231-20 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN'AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING 11. All suction-and fill piping should be American Society Town right-of-way - for Testingrand Materials-(ASTM): Schedule 40 steel. All vent min. 20 ft I - piping should be ASTM Schedule 40 PVG. with glued joints. from cistern Gravel ~ 12. All PVC piping. should .have. glued joints: shoulder - - - 13. Thee 8 in. 'x 5 in (20.3 cm x 1.2.7 cm) eccentric 00000000000000 reducer is available from suppliers. I o o 0 14. The final suction connection should be a minimum 0 I o° o O o of 4i/2 in. (11.4 cm). It should be capped> ` ° 0000000000000 ~ ° °0 Nearest edge - 15. The filler pipe siamese should have 21/2-in. (64-mm) - - - of National Standard female threads with plastic caps. Suction fitting pavement 16. The entire cistern should be'completed and 22-24 ft from pavement .inspected before any backfilling is done. 17. All backfill material should be screened gravel with Not to scale nostoneslarger than 11/din: (38mm) and should be cqm- Figures-4s(a) eistero site: patted to 95 percent ASTM-:1557. 18. Bedding for the cistern should consist of a mini- mum of 12 in. of 3/4-in. to l l/2-in: crushed, washed stone, compacted. No fill should be used under stone. Detail A Detail B Detail C Detail D o 19. Filler ptpe siamese should be 36 m. (91.4 cm) above final backfill grade. 20. Suction pipe connection should be 20 in. to 24'in. 30,000-gallon capacity (51 cm to 61 cm) above the evel of the graveLwhere vehi- See specifications and other cle wheels will be located when cistern is in use. drawings for details - 21. Suction pipe should'be supported either to top'gf NoFto scale-components shown tank or to a level below frost. forillustration only 22. Base should be designed- so that cistern will :not Detail E float when empty. Min. 12 in. of 3/4- to i 1/2- in. washed stone 23. Perimeter of tank at floorjwall joint should be (compacted) as base under cistern sealed with 8 in. (20.3-ctn) PVC waterstop. Figure B-4.s(b) cistern. 24. After backfilling, tank should. be protected by fenc- ing or large stones. 25. Backfill over the tank should be: (a) 4 ft (l2 m) of fill; or (o) the top and highrst 2 Et ((1.6 m) of sides oi~ cis- This level Bugscreen within pipe tern should be insulated with vermin-resistant foam insula- 36 in. above lion, and 2 ft (0:6 m) of fill: final grade 8-in. Schedule 40 PVC (c) All backfill should extend 10 ft (3.1 m) beyond the edge of the cistern, and then have a maximum 3:1 24 x 24 x 1/4-in. steel plate slope, loamed and seeded. anchored 4 corners 26. Bottom of suction pipe to pumper connection should not exceed 14 ft (4.25 m) vertical distance. PVC extends through concrete mortared in 27. Pitch of shoulder. and vehicle pad from edge of Not to scale ' .pavement to pumper suction connection should. be 1 to 6 percent downgrade:.. Figure B-4.6(c) Detail A -..vent pipe. 28. Shoulder and vehicle pad' should be `of sufficient length. to permit convenient access.. to suction connection This level ~ Dbl 2 1/2-in. Nat'l Std Thread. when pumper is set at 45 degrees to road., 36 in. above clappered siamese. (plastic cap) final`grade 29. All construction, backfill, and .grading material 4-in. Schedule 40 steel pipe should be in accordance with proper construction practices 24 x 24 x 1/4-in. and acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. steel plate anchored 30. All horizontal suction piping should slope slightly at comers Pipewelded to plate' uphill toward pumper connection. 31. Installer is responsible for completely filling cistern until accepted by the aiithgrity having jurisdiction. Pipe extends through concrete mortared in (Specifications furnished by the New Boston Fire Department, NeW BOSCOn, NI-I.) Figure B-4.6(d) Detail B -fill pipe. 1993 Edition APPENDIX B 1231-21 32-iri: manhole l with locking device ' - Grade level _-__ Padlock to be-acceptable in fire department Not to scale Figure B-4.6(e) Detail G -manhole. Cap Fitting List from Cap This level 4 1/2-in. Nat'l Hose Threatl 20-24 in. Adapter with cap above road 15-in. min. 5-in: Schedule 40 nipple level at vehicle 8 x 5-in. eccentric reducer wheels when 8-in. welded 45° elbow cistern in use Piping 8-in. nipple as needed support 8-in. welded 45° elbow All pipe Schedule 40 steel 8-in. riser clamp welded to pipe o - o Roof Not to scale Figure B-4.6(f) Detail D -upper suction pipe. Roof 8-in. Schedule 40 steel pipe .Anchors to be set at 4 corners and to be min. 1-in. threaded stocK 4 x 4-ft 1/4-in. 2 supports to be i -in. steel anti-vortex plate stock and 6-10 in. from pipe 6 in. off bottom welded to pipe ~~ i ~~ -Pipe sleeve Floor ~ ~Anchor .Support Not to scale Figure B-4.6(g) Detail E -lower suction pipe. 8-4.7 Guide to Circular Cistern Capacity. A ready guide to the capacity of cisterns with vertical sides is provided in Table B-4.7. A formula for calculating the storage capacity of a rectan- gular cistern is the same as the formula for "pool capacity." (See B-4.8.2.) Table B-4.7 Cistern Storage Capacity Inside Diameter in Feet Storage Capacity per Foot of Depth 6 (1.8 m) 212 gal ( 802 L) 7 (2.1 m) 288.. gal (1090 L) 8 (2.4 m) 376 gal (1423 L) 9 (2.7 m) 476 gal (1801 L) 10 (3.0 m) 588 gal (2226 L) For SI units: 1 ft' = 7.48 gal of water; I fts = 0.02832 m' ,--, Lid handles ~ in 2'/rin. Inspection - - withplug Well lid of 4-in; pre-cast; reinforced concrete or steel sized to fit well v Welded elt Local fire dept. hard Collar welded to ~ suction threaded fitting pipe 3 in. overlap and cap Ground level ~ Ground level L----- -- -----J ~-~~ Well 25-30 ft deep generally dug with 6-in. lightweight well orange peel-type casing, extended to clam shovel within 18 in. ofbottom of well n ^_ - , Inletio be screened, if required: Bottom 10 ft of well to Local conditions. b o ° o ° ° ° o be perforated casing. 0 0 must be o ° o ° ° ° °o No perforations for considered in ° ° ° o ° ~ o ° cisterns. ~ all clases. o ° o ° ° ° ° ° o ° ° ° ° ° o ° o Standard irrigation ° o o ° ° o ° ° ° °', well casing ~- 6 in. min.--~I Figure B-4.6(h) Typical well, (cistern) with dry h ydrant installed. Same design unable foncistern if bottom of casing is not perforated. For usable water depth, see $-4.7 warning: WARNING: Reference is made to water depths in cisterns, swimming pools, streams, lakes, and other sources in a number of places in this appendix. It should always be remembered that the depth with which the fire fighter is concerned is the usable depth. In a cistern, a bottom bed of .gravel protecting a dry hydrant inlet, for instance; reduces the usable depth of the area above the gravel. B-4.8 Swimming Pools. Sv,~imming pools are an increas- ingly common source of water for fire protection. Even in some areas with normally adequate hydrant. water sup- plies, they have been a factor in providing protection, such as in cases in which water demands have exceeded avail- ability because of wildfire disasters, etc. They provide an advantage in that they are sources of clean water, but have major drawbacks. due to the weight of fire department vehicles and poor accessibility for large apparatus. There are some. areas of the country in which swimming pool dis- tribution is better than hydrant distribution. If the WSO intends to use a swimmingpool as a supply of water, it is a good practice to develop these water sources through working with property owners and preplanning. B-4.8.1 Pool Accessibility. If fire department accessibil- ity is considered with the design of the pool, a usable water supply should be available to the fire department for sup- plying direct hose lines or a sow-ce of water for mobile 1993 Edition 1231-22 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING water supply filling. Most swimming. pools are built in areas requiring security fencing or walls, and these can complicate accessibility. Fences and walls can be designed for fire depart- mentuse or, depending:on construction, can be enteredforc- ibly. In most cases, a solution to,the problems of accessibility can be achieved through preplanning and might call for long.. lengths of suction hose, portable pumps, .dry hydrants, syphon ejectors, or properly spaced gates. Portable (or float- ing) .pumps designed for large volume delivery at limited pressures deliver. water to portable folding tanks or fire department pumpers and are frequently ideal where access}- bility problems exist. (See E-1.2.6.) A swimming pool located virtually under the eaves of a burning house can be a very poor location from which to pump if there are problems of fire exposure to the work a~~a, ~~~.Pu~iipii,g Isom a iiciglrt~uiiiig p„~l; if it ts~iu~e enough, or setting the water-hauling program in motion is frequently preferable to pumping from the pool of 'the burning house. (See Figure B-4.8.1.) r ~ '~ >~ ~~ r ~ ~~ ~` -~ ~ ,k ~F~~'~~°Z - i ~,~~~} ~_: , .~.-~ - - 3` _ _~.:,~ ~:c~ . r,~ ~-~ ~ 4` r.' >.,.~ . .. f _ ..,,~.,~,a Figure Q-4.ti.1 Yool accessibility. Where plans are made before a fire, it might not take elaborate preparation to use a swimming pool asa water supph. B-4.8.2 Pool Capacity. A short-form method of estmat- ing pool capacity is: "L x \1' x I) x 7.5 gal (100Q L) =estimated capacity in gallons (litres). where: L =length in feet (m). W =width in feet (m). D =estimated average depth in feet, from water line in feet (m). NOTE: These dimensions shotald be estimated car rounded off if pool is of stylized construction. 1 ft3 watei _ 7:5 gal (1 m3 _ 1000 L) Consideration should be given for providing more suction hose on fire apparatus responding in areas dependeru on swimming pools. Fast rigging of such suction hose den-lands special training. Using.long lengths of hose over walls and other obstacles typical of swimming pools demands. tech- niques other than .those. used for drafting from ponds or streams. Adequate: prefire planning requires knowleci~e of individual pools so that the method of obtaining water :u the property is known. Lightweight or flexible-type suction hose can. be advantageous for this purpose.. B-4.8.3 Care in Use`of Pools. Care must be".exercised to be sure structural damage .will not be done to a pool and the surrounding area if the water is used for fire fighting. Lightly built cement, Gunite®, or poured .concrete pools can present danger of structural damage,. cracking, or col- lapse when drained. There is a further possibility hat a pool in extremely wet soil will tend to float. upwards when drained; therefore:, it may be necessary to refill the pool as soon as the fire is under control and mobile water supply apparatus can be released from fire' duties. Some pools are compacted earth covered by a plastic surfacing or' light-gauge metal: panels placed against such ~ n-r6 r~r a tpe(i~ll fill-. Snt"h ~,~nl~ can collapse internally if emptied. It might be possible to use: a limited portion of such. water sources but not possible to tzse the entire depth apparently available. It might be prudent hot to use these pools at all. Another consideration is whether the ground surround- ing apool will support the weight of a .fire department vehicle without collapsing.... The WSO should study and know the various pool limitations within the area served by .consulting with the builders: and 'installers of these pools. B-4.9 Livestock Watering Ponds and Tanks. Many farms have livestock water tanks and other similar facilities. If the owner is aware of the water needs for the farm's buildings. for fire fighting purposes, such tanks and ponds should be so .sized as to be adequate. in volume for both farm and fire department use --and so located as to be readily available to the fire department. Tanks should be placed on the'edge of the barnyard and on a side accessi- ble to the fire department; with the pumper or pump tak- ing suction through a connection on the tank. or by suction hose. These watering tanks and ponds are .often filled and maintained fu~llbv ~ pump operated by a windmill or by an electric- pump. Where a well fitted with an electric pump is used for irrigation or industrial use, the fuses can be pulled for peri- ods of time when the farmer or plant does not need the water supply. Therefore; the fire department should carry fuses for all of the pumps in the district, and .provisions should be made for an' electrician or a power company employee or individual knowledgeable of pumps to respond on all alarms of fire. B-4.10 Sprinkler Systems. In some rural areas, .the only large water supply. might be storage provided for use of a sprinklered building. The supply might be from an under- ground water distribution system,. a pond or suction tank with pumps, an elevated tank, or a combination of these.-In many cases, preplan arrangements can be made to use the water. This is particularly true if the. property owner is con- tacted before installation of sprinkler protection; as it might be necessary to increase the capacity of the storage or to install a hydrant that is accessible to the, fire department and connected to the private yard distribution system. Extreme care should be exercised in the use of water sup- plies provided for sprinkler protection. A certain amount of water should be retained in .these systems for minimum sprinkler protection. A careful study and preplan should be made to determine such use. 1993 Edition ~~'~` \i .._ APPENDIX B Some states and_ municipalities might have special ordi- nances requiring sprinkler protection for certain proper- ties such as nursing homes. -Frequently;: the water supplies for these systems are minimal and are. from pressure tanks of limited. capacity. Where this is the case, it is suggested that the fire department not consider such supplies in their planning, as the rural fire department should take care that it does not disrupt the protection. at such a' property. (See Appendix F for additional information on sprinkler systems.) B-4.11 Driven Wells. Wells and well systems are becom- ing increasingly popular. as water supplies fot-fire. fighting purposes at industrial properties, shopping .centers, subdi- visions, and farm houses located in rural areas beyond the reach of a municipal water distribution system. L~ ~u cas ~~ith suitable. sail conditions, fur instaa~ce, thvsc of a very sandy nature, it might: be possible to use driven wells or water jetted wells to obtain water for fire fighting. These wells are; in essence, pipes; usually with perforations about the base to permit entry of water, driven into the .ground. From the threaded .pipe head (or a fitting attached to the body of the pipe) a pump connection can bemade to .draft water much as from a well hydrant. A high ~~ atertable~ is a prerequisite to using this method. Fire figh tug units in areas conducive to this'technque should have the necessary equipment for such installations: Some states and local governments have regulations or licensing requirements in order to construct a well. Such restriction w611 probably increase in the future. B-5 Dry Fire Hydrants. B-5.1 General. As the installation of_rura] dry fire hydrants using constructed or natural water sources increases, an understanding of the planning, permitting; design a iteria, ;and. construction. processes becomes evi- dent. _A ,rrategically placedrural dry firehydrant system, with all-~~elther road access, significanr]v reduces water point ,t-up time and turnaround time to the fireground, in'r(~r o~e< the Hfe safen° of the fire fighter, and can reduce insurance costs.', [See Figure B-S.I (a).] B-5.2 Planning and Permits. The planning, permitting, and design processes should be completed before the actual construction ..can begin. Planning should involve all affected agencies and private concerns so a coordinated effort can be undertaken. Sonic factors to consider in determining the need and locations for a dry fire hydrant system are: (a) Current and future population and building trends. (b) Property values protected. (c) Potential for loss. (d) Fire history of the area protected. (e) Current water supply systems: (f) Potential water supply sources -constructed or natural. (g) Cost of project. (h) Other factors of local concern. B-5.2.1 Permits. Permits to install a dry fire hydrant should be obtained -from the authorities having jurisdic- tion, which can include local, state, and federal agencies, such as zonng,water authority; environmental protection, resource departments, agriculture and conservation dis- tricts, among others. ~ti t • ';. ~` ..~-- K ~* :. ~ ` ~~ '~.:~~ ~ ;~ i r~` ~ ,~ 1231-23 - ~ +. 'r " °~~~~ ~ ~v ~t;. ~;; h~ -.., ~ ~ ~ i ; ~ ~ ,~". ,_ ~.. ; i.y . _. :~a B-5.3 Dry Fire Hydrant Design. Local topography, cli- matic conditions, and. access to materials will, among other factors, determine. the design characteristics of each instal- lation. Distance to the water combined with the difference in elevation. between the hydrant head and the water source, and the desired .gpm (L/min) flow, will affect the pipe size that needs to be used. All installations should be a minimum of 6-in. (152-cm) pipe. With longer lateral runs and higher volume' gpm (L/min) .flow, S-in. or 1 Q-in. (20.3-cm or 25:4-cm) pipe sizes can become necessary. Local preferences and experience, .along with access to materials, will determine the type of pipe and fittings best suited for the job: In some parts of the country; brass and bronze caps:.and steamer connections, along: with iron, steel, and bituminous-cement pipe and fittings are being used for hydrant materials, [See Figure $-5.3(a).] However, in many parts of the country, schedule 40 or 80 PVC pipe, fittings, and connections are becoming more common. ['See Figure B-~.3{b).] Many fire service -mariufacturers are now offering premade and preassembled PVC suction screens, hydrant heads, and supports that come ready to! attach to the pipe. [See Figure B-5.3(b).] .Steamers should be fire department's hard suction hose size. and thread type. B-5.3.1 Design Criteria. The design 'of dry-fire hydrant installations has been carefully planned'. to incorporate sev- eral desirable advantages that tend to bring the installation of the PVC dry fire hydrants within the personnel and financial resources of a large number of rw-al fire depart- ments or property owners: The 'design criteria 'are listed here tosimplify the umderstanclin'g o£the design of the dry fire hydrant. llesign Criteria for Dry Hydrants. (a) It is recommended that all dry Hydrants be con- structed of 6-in. (15.2-cm) or larger pipe and fittings. 1993 Edition Figure B-5.1(a) Dry hydrant. 1,231.-24 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING 4'/z" Cap-steamer /hose connection All- ~ Nipple 4'/z" steamer to 6" pipe thread weather - ~ 6" elbow (90° or 45°) road I : I 24" ~ _-6" or larger riser /oi-a~i _' --~--- - - -- - ~ --Ground line 20'.maximum ~ ~~ 10' or less Frost-free depth ~ preferred Water level. '~ Thrust block > - = 2' Elbow (90 or 45°) 6" or larger pipe 6" screen Exploded view of dry hydrantcohstruction Figure B-5.3(a) Dry fire hydrant construction using iron, steel, or PVC pipe.. (b) Only schedule' 40 or heavier PVC should be used in PVG systems. (c) All exposed PUC or metal..surfaces`anti all under- ground metal surfaces should be:primed"and painted to prevent deterioration of the material. ' (d) A minimum number of 90-degree elbows, preferably no more than two, are suggestedao be used in the total system. It, might be desirable to have awide-sweep elbow installed at the bottom of the riser where the lateral run connects. In the event of a broken-off hydrant connection, this could permit sections of 2t/2-in: (64-mm) suction hose to be inserted down the 6-in. (15,2-cm) pipe to the water and would permit drafting'to continue, although at a much reduced rate of flow: Awde-sweep elbow can be con- structed using two 45-degree elbows grid a 2-ft (0.6-m) length of pipe. (e) .411 connections should be clean and the appropriate sealing materials used according co manafacturer's specifi- cations so as to ensure all joints are airtight. (f) Strainers or screens can be handmade by drilling 1000, 5/IS-in: (8-mmJ holes in length of pipe and capping. the end with a removable or hinged cover: Remember to leave a solid strip of pipe approximately4in. to 5 in. (102 cm to 12.7 cm) wide along one side to acr as a baffle to prevent whir pooling during periods of low water. (g) In areas where frost is a problem, the design should ensure that no frost will ever reach the water in the. pipe. There are two ways to accomplish 'this: (I) bury the pipe below the frost line and mound up the soil. over the pipe and around the rise; or (2) place an insulating barrier, such as styrofoam, between ahe pipe .and. the surface . to .prevent the frost from reaching the water in the pipe. Placement of the suction screen in the body of water should be deep enough to ensure that ice will not reach the screen.. In such cases, divers .might be needed to assist in proper screen. placement. (h) Thrust blocks should be considered at the elbow joint both to resisrhydraulic forces and to steady the instal- lation in unstable soils. B-5.3.2 Useful Depth of Water Sources. Careful note should be made of the fact that installation of dry fire hydrants, as noted in B-5, calls for care in measuring water Stainless Conical steel strainer snap ring Stainless steel clamp .~ Snap-on: °°888888 ~~ cap 1" O:D. pipe 90° Stainless steel _ - wire rope Dry hydrant head #227 : Strainer support (Specify 90°; 45°, or straight and 4~/z", 5'; clamp#230 or 6" NH male thread) •::::iF.F.•::::::E'rEEi'iii t :::::........ .:: 6" PVC dry hydrant stramer 6" bar~ef strainer #224 #234 (for horizontal installations) (for vertical installations) Suction Hose Adapters NO PARKING a FIREbEPT. NO Long-handle Long handle Long-handle Reflective signs quick connect female to male double female 6" x 12" self- #225Q NST thread swivel adhesive (specify size #225FM NST thread label #229L 4"-6") (specify',sfze #225DF t2" z 16" 2'/2'-6") (specify size aluminum sign 2Yz'-6") (less post) #2295 ° ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ilil~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ° t 0 ft flex-suction hose (clear) #226 (specify hose diameter 4", 5,"'or 6" and NH threads orquick-locking couplings) Figure B-5.3(b) Commercially available di•y fire hydrant components. (Courtesy of Wisconsin Dept. N¢tur¢I Resources) storage capacities. The useful depth of a lake with a dryfire hydrant installation, for instance, is from the minimum foreseeable low-water surface level to the top of the suction strainer, note to the bottom. of the lake,; and: must be not less than 2 ft (0.6 m) of water. This becomes a very important point where hydrants are installed on a body of water affected by tide. or on a lake that is lowered xo maintain the. flow of a river during .drought conditions;_to„generate power, or that freezes. over. Pump suction requires. a sub- mergence below the water surface of 2 ft (0.6 m) or more, depending on the rate of pumping, to prevent the forma- tion of a vortex or whirlpool.. Baffle and. antiswtrl plates should be added to minimize .vortex problems and', allow additional water use. The vortex. allows air. to enter the pump, which can cause the loss of the pump prime. There- fore, pumping. rates should be adjusted as the water level is lowered. This factor should be .considered-by the, water control officer.. when estimating the effective rate at which water can be drawn from all suction. supplies. 1993 Edition F: `AISPENDIX B B-5.3.3 Design Worksheet and Charts for PVC Dry Fire Hydrant Installations.. The following worksheet (see Figure B-5.3.3) and charts [see, Figures B-5.33(a), (b), (c)]`can be used to assist in the design of a dry fire hydrant instal- lation. These charts-will help determine the size of pipe aiid fittings that will be needed to flow the capacity of the ptimps,beng used at the hydrant site.. The charts are for PVC pipe. Charts are available for- other types of ..pipe material Some factors to considei-,in designing-the dry-fire hydrant are: (a) Static lift should not exceed 10 ft to ,12 ft (3.i m to 3.7 m), if possible. This is dead lift and cannot be overcome by enlarging the pipe. size. Keep the .static lift as low as possible. (b) Total head loss should not exceed 20 ft (6.1 m), or the pump might not supply its rated gpm (L/min). If using portable pumps on the dry fire hydrant, :keep total head loss as low as possible. How to use the charts:. (a) Add the total length of straight pipe to be used at the site (screen + lateral run -+ riser =STRAIGHT PIPE). Write this down on the design worksheet at step 1. (b) Using Figure B-5.3.3(a), add up the number of feet of straight pipe equivalent-for all fittings used to make up the. hydrant (elbows + hydrant adapter + any reducers = STRAIGHT PIPE EQUIVALENT FOR FITTINGS). Write this down'.on the design worksheet at step 2. (c) Add the numbers from step 1 and step 2 together to obtain the TOTAL STRAIGHT PIPE EQUIVALENT of the hydrant. Write this figure down on the. design work- sheet at step 3. (d) Determine the desired maximum gpm (Llmin) hydrant flow. Usually this would be the pumping capacity of thepuinp or pumper. usedatthishydrant. Write this figure down drr,th'e design worksheet. at step 4. (e) Lasing Figure B-5.3.3(b), determine the head loss due'to friction per I00 ft (30.5 m) of pipe (number from step 3) based on :the gpm (L/min) from step 4. If there is over or under I UO ft (30.5 m) of pipe equivalent (from step 3), adjust head', loss from the chart. Example:. TOTAL STRAIGHT PIPE,EQUIVALENT is 75 ft (22.9 m) and the desired volume iS 1950 gpm (7441 L/min) - head loss from the chart ',is 20 ft/100 ft (6.1 m/30.5 m) of pipe. For this run, there would be a head loss of 15 ft (4.6 m) [20 ft (6.1 m) x 75 ft/1!00 ft (22.9 m/30.5 m) = 15 ft (4.6 m)]. Write this figure down as HEAD LOSS FOR PIPE AND FITTINGS'on the design worksheet at step 5. (f)- From Figure B-5.3.3(c); figure the head loss due to friction in the suction hose to be used ' on the hydrant. Write this down' on the design.. worksheet as SUCTION HOSE. HEAD LOSS at step 6. (g) Next; 'determine static lift. This is the vertical dis- tance from the water's surface in the hydrant pipe (use the lowest water level as it will represent the maximum lift needed) and the pump or pumper intake. Write this figure down on the design worksheet as STATIC LIFT at step 7. Try not to exceed 8 ft to 10 ft (2.4 m to 3.I m) if possible. ..1231-25 Remember - this is a vertical measurement and repre- sents "dead" lift. (h) 'Add the answers from steps 5, 6, and 7 together on the design worksheet at step 8. This is the TOTAL HEAD :LOSS. Do not exceed 20 ft to 25 ft (6.1 m to 7.6 m) of total head loss. at the pump intake; otherwise, all the pump capacity will be used for suction (or lift), and the pump might not flow its rated:capacity. Design Worksheet FIRE DEPARTMENT DRY FIRE HYDRANT LOCATION Step 1 Screenlength Lateral run length Riser height Straight Pipe = _ Step 2 Use Figure B-5.3.3(a) to fill in the following values: Hydrant adapter Reducer Elbow Elbow Elbow Elbow _ Straight Pipe Equivalent for Fittings = Step 3 Straight Pipe + Straight Pipe Equivalent for Fittings = + _ "Fotal Straight Pipe Equivalent .Step 4 Desired GPM flow = (Rated pump capacity] Step 5 Using answers from Steps 3 and 4, use Figure B-5.3.3(b) to determine Head Loss for Pipe and .Fittings. Head Loss for Pipe and Fittings = Step 6 Using Figure B-5.3.3(c), determine suction hose head loss for length of suction hose used to connect thepump to the hydrant. Suction Hose Head Loss = Step 7 Static Lift = Step 8 Add the answers from Steps 5, 6, and 7 together to get total head loss: #5 + #6 + #7 = Total Head Loss If Total Head Loss is greater than 20 to 25 ft, the pump might not be able to flow its rated GPM. Figure B-5.3.3 Design worksheet. 1993 Edition J<231=26 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING PVC, Pipe Diameter 2.5" 3.0" 4.0" 5.0" 6.0" 8:0" 10.0" 90° Elbow, Standard 6.5 8.5 11.0 14:0 r 16.0 22:0 27.0 90° Elbow, .Medium Sweep 5.5 7.0 9:5 12.0 14.0 18.0 -22.0 90° Elbow, Long Sweep 4.5 5.5 7.0 9.0 11.0 ' 14.0 18.0 45° Elbow 3.0 4.5 5.0 6.5 7.5 10.0 13.0 Hydrant Connection Reducer (8" x $") 3.5 Source: H¢ndbook of PVC Pipe.. Fnr .SI units' 1 in =. 254 c-m: 1 ft = 0.30.5 m. Figure B-5.3.3(a) Straight pipe equivalents for fittings (in feet). Pipe Size 3" 4" 5" 6„. 7" 8„ 10" GPM 100 2.4 0:6 0.2 0.1 200 8.6 2.1 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.1 250 13.0 3,2 I.1 0:5 - 0.1 0:1 300 18.2 4.5 1.5 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 350 24.2 6'.0 2.0 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 400 30.9 7.6 2.6 1.1 0.4 0.3 0,7 500 46.8 11.5 3.9 1:6 0.8 0.4 0:1 600 65:6 16.2 5.5 2.2 1.1 0.6 0.2 700 .87.2 21.5 7.3 3.0 1.4 0.7 0.2 -750 99.1 24.4 8.3 3.4 1.6 0.8 0:3 800 111.7 275 9.3 3.8 1.8 0.9 0.3 900 138.9- 34.3 1.1.6 4.8 2:3 1.2 0.4 1000 168.8 41.6 14.1 5.8 2.7 1.4 0.5 11-00 201.4 49.7 16.8 6.9 3.3 ].7 0.6 1211(1 `t36.7 58.4 19.7 8.1 3.8 20 0.7 1300 274.6 6 i .7 22.9 9.4 4.4 2.3 0.8 1400 314.9 77. i 2fi.2 10.8 5.1 2.7 0.9 1500 357.7 885 29.8 12.3 5.8 3.0 1.0 1600 403.2 99.5 33.6 -13.8 6.5 3.4 1:2 1700 451.1 111.3 37.6 15.5 7.3 3.8 l:3 1800 501.5 123.7 41.8 172 8.1 4.2 1.4 1900 554.3 13.6.7 46..1 19.0 9.0 4.7 1.6 2000 609.5 150.4 50.8 20.9 9.9 5:2 1.7 2100 667.2 .164:6 55.6 22:9. 10.8 5.6 1.9 2200 727.2 179.4 60:6 24.9 11.8 6.2 2.1 2300 789.6 194:8 .65.8 27.1 12.8 6.7 2:3 2400 854.4 21-0:7 71.2 29.3 13.8 7.2 2.4 2500 921.4 227.3. 76.7 31.6 14.9 7.8 2.6 2600. 990.9 244.4 82.5 34.0 16.1 8.4 2'.8 2700 1062:6 262.1 ' 88:5 36.5 17.2 9.0 3.0 2800 1136.6 280.4 94:7 39.0 18.4 9.6 32 2900 1213.0 299.2 101.0 41.6 19.7 10.3. 3.5 3000 129].6 318.6 107.6 44.3 .21.0 10.9 3.7 For SI units: IGPM = 0.0631 L,isec. Figure B-5.3.3(6) Head loss (ft per 100 ft of PVC pipe). The charts are for PVC schedule 40 pipe. Other types of pipe material have similar charts that should be consulted when other pipe is used. Hose Size 11/2°- 21/2° 4" 41/2„ 5" 6" GPM ' 100 84.1 7.0 - 0.7 0:4 -0.2 0:1 200 303:6 25.3 2.6 1.4 - 09 0.4 250 459.0 38.2 3.9 ' : 2.2 L.3< 0:5 300 643.3 .53.6 5.4 3.1 1.8 0.8 350 855:9 71.3 - 72 4.1 ' 2:4 ' 1.0 400 1096.0 91.3 9.3 5:2 3.1 1:3 500 1656.9 138.0 14.0 7.9 4.7 1.9 600 > 2322:4 193.4 :.19.7 1 L 1 6:6 2.7 700 3089:7 257.3 26.1 14.7 8:8, 3.6 800 3956;6 329:5 ' ' 33:5 18.9 11.3 4.7 900 4921.0 4099 41.6 23.5 14.] 5.8 1000 -- 5981:4 - 498.`1 50.6 - 28.5 ---- 17.1 7.0 1100 7136:1 594.4 60.4 _ 34.0 20.4 8.4 1200 8383:8 698.3 71.0 40.0 24.0 9.9 1300 9723.5 809.9 82.3 46.4 27.8 11.4 1400 11153.9 929.0 94.4 53.2 31:9 13.1 1500 12674.2 ::1055.6 1072 60.5 ..36.2 14.9 1600 14283.3 1189.6 , l 20.9 68.1 40.9 16.8 1700 15980.5 1331.0 135.2 : '76.2 45:7 18.8 .1800 17765.0 1 X79.6 150.3 84.7 50.8 .20.9 1900 .19635.9 1635.5 166.2 93.7 56.1 23.1 2000. 21592.7 1798.5 182.7' 103.0 61.7 .25.4 2100. 23634.7 19'68.5 10.0 1 12.8 67.5 27.8 2200 25761.2 2145." 218.0 .122.9 73.6 30.3 2300 27971.7 23'29.8 236.7 133.4 80.0 32.9 2400 30265.7 2520.8 256.1' 144.4 86.5 35:6 2500 32642.5 2778.8. "'.76.2 155.7 93.3' 38.4 2600 35101.9 2923.7 297:0. 167.5 100.3 41.3 2700 .37643.1 3135.3 ' 318.5 179.6 107.6 44.3 2800 40265.8 3353.8 340'.7 192:1 115.0 47.4 2900 42969:6 3579.0 363.6 205.0 122.8. 50.6 3090 45753.9 3810 9 .387 1` `~l 8.3 130.7 53.8 For SI units 1 G{'!~9 a nli I ( per, Figure B-5.3.3(c) Head loss (ft per ]00 fr o€hard rubber suction hose). B-5.3.4 Step-by-Step. Installation Procedure for a Dry Fire Hydrant. (a) Check for any, underground or overhead utilities before digging. Contact the, appropriate authorities, e.g., water, power, telephgne, cable, gas, etc (b) Using a backhoe or excavator; dig in the .trench starting at the point where the suction screen will be placed in the water. (c) Maintain a uniform level trench cut;all the way from the screen location xo the. point. where the iser_begins. (d) Assemble the horizontal run and vertical riser por- e tion of the hydrant (screen, lateral rum; and riser) and place into the trench and water sotarce as one piece: (e) Sinkt}~te screen end and alkwa theassembly to sink intothe bottom of thetrencli. IT IS CRI7-"]CAL THATA"'1- NO TIME ~SHOLtLD ANYONE BE ALLOWED INTO OR CLOSE TO THE`TRENCH.'1T IS N07 NECESSARY: (f) When certain the suction sa een is placed correctly, start backfilling the trench at the riser (keeping the riser pipe vertical) and backfill out into the water, being careful not to cover the suction screen. 1993 Edition ^-_ `~,.:. ?,PPENDIX B (g) Mound and tamp the dirt slightly, as settling will occur over time. Mounding the dirt will also help to keep frost away from the water in the pipe. (h) Place a cement block or use a commercial or manu- factured strainer supporrunder the suction screen to sup- port :the screen off the bottom. If the installation is in a fast-moving waterway, several blocks or supports might` have to be attached to the screen to prevent the current from moving the screen. The pipe and screen will also have to have special protection from any debris washing down the stream and hitting the pipe or screen. (i} Cutoff the vertical riserand attach the hydrantconnec- tion, making sure that the top of the hydrant connection is below the bottom of the pump intake. It is important that the pump intake remain slightly above the hydrant connection t~ prevent, an air lock in the suction line. (j) Set the guards and hose supports. Level, seed, and mulch the area to prevent erosion. (k) Test pump the hydrant. B-5.4 Maintenance of Dry Fire Hydrant. These facilities require. periodic checking, testing, anal maintenance at least quarterly. Checking and testing by actual drafting should be a part of fire department training and drills. Thorough surveys should reveal any deterioration in the water supply situation in ponds, streams, or cisterns. Particular attention should be given to streams and ponds. They. might need frequent removal of debris, dredging or excavation of-silt, and protection from ero- sion. The hydrants should be tested at least annually with a pumper. Back flushing, followed by a test at a maximum designed flow rate, with records kept of each test, is highly desirable. Tests of this kind wilt not only verify proper con- dition but also keep the line and strainer clear of silt and the water supply available for any fire emergency. The p~nid should be maintained as free of aquatic `n'iu~~tli :~s pussii~le. At times it might bc~ neccs,an to drain 1231-27 the pond to control this growth. Helpful information~is available from such sources as the county.- agricultural extension agent or the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Inspections should verify safety procedures such as posted warning signs and the availability of life preservers, ropes, etc. Particular. attention should be given to local authorities' regulations governing .such water points. It is important' to consider appearance of this water point.. Grass should be kept trimmed- and neat. The hydrant should be freshly painted as needed. The cap can be painted a reflective material to improve visibility during, emergencies. All identification signs should be approved by the Department of Transportation prior to installation if they are to be located on the right-of-wa}' or are subject to ~ratc la~~s V'eger<ttion should he cleared fora minimum 3-ft (0.9-m) radius from around hydrants. B-5.4.1 Maintenance Record for Dry Fire Hydrant. It is suggested that a record of inspection be maintained with a separate card on each dry fire hydrant. (See Figure B-5.4.1.) B-5.4.2 Map .and Location/Detail Drawing. An official record should be kept of all pertinent information recom- mended for each dry fire hydrant area. An example of one type is Figure B-5.4.2. The record will provide invaluable information whenever the need for. such is required. B-5.5 Pressurized Dry Fire Hydrant Sources. There can be two types of pressurized dry fire hydrants-those flowing through a dam (or dike) and those coming from an uphill water source emptying at a point downhill from the source. Although the water source uphill can be of extreme advan- tage when flowed to a downhill source, a major disadvantage could lie in die burying of the pipe below the frost level. For a pressure hydrant, the pipe should be sloped downhill to the hydrant riser and be fitted with a gate valve. Where. the sup- ply line passes through the dike of a pond, anti-seep collars shcnild he array hed ti> the pipe t~~ prc~~ent i1°ater from seeping; ~ntd i lr~rnielin~ ,,~~~ide it:c pipe. 1993 Edition 1231-28 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING Location and-Directions: Depth.. of Water Above Intake t Date Date Depth Amount - Dry Hydrant of Insp. By of Water',. of Water Available2- Condition of Water3 Erosion' Tests Flow° Weed Control' Road Condition8 Sign9 Remarks10 Figure B-5.4.1 Maintenance record for dry fire hydrant. ' Depth of water from the surface to top o£ strainer. 2 Amount of water available calculated from surface to at leasi 2 ft (0.61 m) above top of strainer. ~ Condition of water will cover any time, the deterioration of which over a period of time will reduce [he water available. Special attention should be given to such items as silting, debris, aquatic growth, etc Erosion covers the area around the hydrant, accrss road. and bankz>Fthe "'a[er supply. pest is recorded by noting pumper usecJ for the test, .thereby indicating that the dry hre hyd~ ant was back flushed and that the end cap is in place, screen clear of anv stoppage, and supportsand/ur gavel is in place.Any problemsthar land [o be corrected are recorded under "remarks." 5 Flow is the recordof the actualtest of .the hydrant in gpn~ (L/min) following the dcpartment~s standard operating procedure for testing dry fire hydrants Care shouldbe takeia to usethe same test procedures during each test. Wecd control should be according to the deparuneni s SOY. Grass should be a inured. Cheiiaicals are not recommended for the control of weeds, however, where chemicals are used,the records should be complete as to the chemicals' and process used. ~ Road condition used to note condition of roadway, drainage, etc "Sign will show intormationpertaining to accuracy and clarity of information on sign. Was it repainted or replaced? 10Kemarks to be used to covergerteial information about the dry fire hydrant as found at the time,ofinspection. 1993 Edition nrrEND>x s 1231-29 'j l to N _~ 0 m (~ U 4_ ~ O C O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C ' O . ~- ~ L C ca p i1 L o c U ~ p In ~ U n d ~ a o o ~ c ~ ~ - ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~. O m ~ n C ~ ~ N ~- ~ ~ v ' m a~i U U m ~ 3 ~ ' ~ U '6 C 7 ( J ( ~ ~ ~` ° c N x (n n 0_ ~ L T C f6 a C C C C ~ c0 Cn 2 c0 co cD co (~ c~ N N ct1 cU w tD cO ~ U7 ~ d N J N N O r O ~~ ' ~ m~ ~ N r O n CO N M O N j (h - E p O I ~ C .C _ ~ Cep) ~L . ~ ~ N 7 ~.OI o w ~ O o C . I O C d p_ ~ O ~ T C ~ i m {f- - ~ ~ ~- s QncD ~ I v d ~% s33ma~ 3Eo-o-°33' o °-o E E a~ a~ ~ ~ .~ ..- 7 ~ 1] S] ooo,~Em;as C = N 3 ~a~m~X"-~~ O .N..N .- (0 > > -~ C Cn (n (n ~ ~ Q.Q ~_ ~ O. '. Z bfl C '~ C C O ti ~ O ~ ~ y .- U N ~ ~ w "O R ~' O ~ / / o A peoa lzunoo paned '" ~ W O .~ o c O ' x ° ' ~ I ~ - 6 O ~ o ~ °' v a ~ o 0 c X ~~ o o_ m ~ -o 1~ ~ ~ o o ~ m > _ o °' 1A ~ X ~ ~ L ° l O. ~ '~. Cq ~ ~ ~ ~ V c ~ ~ J > N ~ c W 3 -o c . Q O 3 Q a Z ~ m _ O sUw!"1 ~11~ awo ~ c _° O z QJ / ~ 0 ~ 0 p m c> =o ~ ai m o N ~ ~ N Y Cy ~ ~ g m m ° J Caa' z b~`~ 9 ° io ~ ~ v 0 0 I ~~ ' ~ o r f _ o m E rn ~ w u~ ~ Sri c rn ch ~ r ~ N C'3 LLI / ~ o ~b 0 (~ \~ ~ 0 o o in rn 1993 Edition 1231'-3O WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING B-5.6 Variations in Dry Fire Hydrant Design. There are numerous adaptations to the basic ..design of a dry fire hydrant. These have been developed to overcome local or regional problems .and can have applications over a laI•ge geographical area.. [See Figures 8-5:6(a) and (b).] .~ ~., .f w ~ ~ f"~~y ~ 4 T ~ fir.. i_~~1~5q ~ r- `N 'y~j.~~ .~ 4 ~. Fit ~I y~ it ~ ~t`h1...1 ~ ~ ~ .9.~,i i~` I "_"'. ~V J/ ~. r.. 'iy,y ` ; ' L ~ ~ d~, ~. Ky ~ r{~ ~ ~ ~ ,~ ~ ~ ''y Figure B-5.6(a) A dry fire hydrant innovation has eliminated the top 90-degree or 45-degree elbow on each hydrant. (Photo b~~ No.hunta I/olunteer Fare Deparinaent, NC) -° ~' ~~-- ~ t j ~ "~ _ .~ .1 ~~ ` t. _,; ,., , `~i ~ -~ ~ ~~' '`t'v £ e, ~ 4~ `Y } _~ ,:1 Y ~ } f:~ ~ 7 ^;~ 1 ~ l~ 1, ~ ~~ .. _~~ Figure B-5.6(b) Hard suction hose is connected to the pumper. The driver maneuvers the truck as the Ere fighter walks the suction end of the hose to the dry fire hydrant. An "O" ring in the p}astic "L" provides a right fit and allows the operator to draft. This is a quick and .simple method to connect the pumper to a dry fire hydrant. It is critical. [hat a .good seal be obtained with the "O" ring to prevent any air leakage, or the pump will. fail to prime. Dry fire hydrants can be installed in areas where the frost line would freeze the +vater in the hydrant pipe. This system was designed tip inject air into the hydrant and dis- place the waterto pteyent hcezing ~tiith the~~<ucr dis- placed below the frost line, the hvdrani would be usable year-round for draping purposes.~~ir is itijecied into the hydrant until it babbles out of the suction screen. or the air pressure gauge no longer .rises. This low-pressure ait should not cause a safety problem, but all personnel should be advised [o remove the h~~drant cap slo~ull~ to prevent any possible injury. The air gauge should be checked periodi- ` catty to be sure the water remains displaced in the hydrant. [See Figure B-5.6(c).) moo` ~o Frost line ' "~ O-OO Op ~~op Figure B-5.6(c) Air injection frost-proofing system (developed by Wascott Volunteer Fire Department, WI). Install an air pressure gauge and air chuck in the cap of the hydrant by drilling and tapping into the metal. The chain for the hydrant cap will have to be removed. Use Teflon® tape. on the threads of the .gauge and chuck. This method has the advantage that ifthe chuck or gauge is damaged, it will not .effect the airtight integrity of the hydrant while drafting; because the cap is removed. [See Figure B-5.6(d).] Hydrant cap ' Air chuck O Pressure gauge Figure B-5.6(d) Cap design for air injection system. Normal water level Suction q5° elbows screen ~~ ,~ Lateral pipe to 12 in. to 16 in. \ ~ hydrant riser and head Silt, muck, or sandy lake bottom Figure B-5.6(e) Offset. screen installation (developed by Weyerhaeuser Volunteer Fire Department, WI). 1993 Edition APPENDIX B B-6 Access to Water Supplies. B-6.1 General. The fact that an adequate'water supply is in sight of the main road does not ensure that the water can be used for. fire. fighting purposes. Many times, it is necessary that a suitable approach be provided to reach within 10 ft (3:1' m)' of the water supply. This should be done and the department .trained in the .use. and limita- lions of the water.. supply before; a fire occurs. A suitable approach might call for a roadway. However; at some sites and in some areas of the country; it might not be necessary. .that. a roadway be constructed,. due: to soil conditions. Other sites mighralready have roadways provided or pave- ment installed, with the construction of an entranceway- or a gate .necessary to provide access to the water supply. C~th~~ sacs can be leached by foot unl) u~.u ~att.i~c~~5;t:i;c that a path be constructed and maintained so that portable pumps can be carried to the site. Each. site should be eval- uated by the WSO'to determine the best .way, .within the fire department's means, for-using the water supply. B-6.2 Roadway Access. Most. artificial:lakes .are con- structed with heavy earth-moving equipment. In order for the property owner to construct a roadway for fire depart- ment use; `{he WSO should make the property owner aware of the needs of the fire department while the heavy equipment is still on the job: Table B-6.2 details consider- ations that should be kept in mind when planning: access. Table B-6.2 Recommendations for Roads to Water Supplies }n'idth ~ Roadbed - 12 ft(3.7 m) T read -- 8 ft (2.4 m) Shoulders - 2 ft (0.6 m) :~]ignme~ii: .Radium centerline curvature - 50 ft (15.2 m). Gradient Maximum sustained grade - 8percent. Side Slopi^<~ (}Il cut and fill slopes to be stable foi~ the soil insalced. I)ruii.,g~~ lin~l . rul~crts: or grade Shp; .u xll ~Irainage- ~~ ~~a~ passings. Roadside ditches deep enough u, provide drainage. Special drainage facilities (tile, etc.) at all seep areas and High-water- table areas. Sw tar ~~ ' 1-reaunent asrequired for year-round [rave]. Erosion (unitol: Meascnes as needed to protect r~,iad ditches, cross drains, .and cut and fill slopes. Turn,uotind: Turuarqundshould be designedao handle the equipment of the responding fire depart- men[. with a minimum diameter of 90 ft (27.4 m). Load Carrying Adequate to carry maximum vehicle load Capacity:,'. expected. Condition: ' Suitable for all-weather use. B-6.2.1 ' While the roadway to the water supply is being developed', consideration should begiven to providing a 90-Ft (27.4-m) di~rmeter au-naround for the mobile water supply apparat~~s. C~'here conditions at the supply do not make a turnaround feasible, a large underground pipe. n,ansmissipn line coin be laid from the ~~°ater supply to the highway and the mol~~ile water supply apparatus f?lled on the highway right-of- v=ay. However, a tunaaround or looped .facility will still need to be pro.~ided at t}ie fill point on the right-of--way. 1231=31 B-6:2.2 Bridges Used as Water Points. Im some states, a fire departmenrcannotuse abridge to park a mobile water supply while`it is being filled, thereby blocking traffic on a road.' However, the fire department might be able to use the -water source by moving the fill point off of the bridge to the right-of--way, Therefore, `the department needs to check''with the state Department of Transportation. and abide by zhe appropriate.laws governingthe srtuation. B-6.3 -Dry Fire Hydrant with Suction Line. In some cases.,. it may be desirable to install a dry fire hydrant with a suction line in lieu of an access road: This can be true in marsh or swamp areas. In this case, the fire .department will have access to the .hydrant from the shoulder of the main road.' So as not to block the road during pumper operations, a suitableparking, area orr tiie shoulder oI the road should be provided. Bastc recommendations in Table B-6.2 can be useful in the design of such an area so that pumpers can be used efficienEly and safely.. B-7 Bridges.. B-7.1 General.' Tt is expected that the general condition of the bridges' in most states is poor. A large number of these bridges are very :old, and many that were built for farm-to-market-type' use. are now in urban areas with greatly increased traffic loads. The condition of the nation's. bridges was brought to the public's attention in the late 1960s, when the collapse of a large bridge' received headline reporting from the news services. Furthermore, 'it became evident that many of the states did not provide complete bridge. inspection and maintenance programs. B-7.1.1 Federal Legislation. As a result of this bridge failure, the Federal Highway Act of 1968 was passed, which required, among other things, that. all states, counties, and cities receiving federal high~~~ayiunding iirtpletnent a pro- gram to inspect each bridge in the fcderall~ funded s~+stem every two ,years: Additional bridge collapses prompted amendment of this law in 1976 to include all bridges on the public roads system. B-7.1.2 Bridge. Inspection Programs.. During the last Few years, a number of states have set up bridge inspection programs, and-the current 'safe tonnage is being. posted. Oyer the entire country, a large number of bridges have been restricted to below the legal weigh[ limit for which the road and bridge were originally designed. One state with over 15,000 bridges reports that 50 per- cent of all its bridges are now posted below the. original maximum load limits, and 25 percent of these',bridges are unsafe for use by a fully loaded school bus or normal fire department equipment. B-7.1.3 Repair Programs. Highway departments are doing what is possible with the money available,to improve bridge safety.. Priority is given to bridge upkeep on pri- mary roads, with bridges on less-traveled roads having to take what is left. Some highway deparpnents are upgrad- e ing or raising the tonnage on their bridges as much as pos- sible through repairs; however, many cannot be brought up to standard without complete rebuilding. Most states do not have money available for such an overhaul. program. 1993 Edition 1231-32 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING In some states; the state highway .department. has con- sulted fire. officials,, explained the situation, and required that the fire:. department list the unsafe bridges in-order of their importance to the fire service. The highway depart- meats then attempt to upgrade these. bridges on the basis. of fire department priority. B-7:1.4 Effect on the -Fire Service. The long-range nature of the bridge problem makes it a `matter for serious consideration when planning purchases of apparatus. Mobile water supply size must be restricted to volumes that will not cause overloading. ' Whether or not a fire service is held financially respon- sible for damage to a bridge< depends `on state -law;.how- ever, agood policy for every rural fire department is to check the bridgcload restriuibns belure purchasing anew piece of apparatus: The lighter the equipment, the more bridges the department can use. B-7.1.5 Fire Department Responsibility. The fire department should check every bridge in its response dis- tricts; both primary response and mutual aid, to ensure that .all bridges will safely carry the fire department load. This ..might .not be the overwhelming task it appears: In view of the.. current use of computers by .state,. highway departments to inventory their bridges, 'load .limits should be readily available.:. The fire department will need to make whatever special provision is indicated' to protect an accessible area ,by an unsafe bridge. For example; providing temporary station- to-house equipment in the isolated area,. using a pumper .taking suction from the river to pump..water,across the bridge through large hose lines, or servicing the area from another station that has a safe bridge to the area or, even better; does not have. to'use a bridge to respond. " B-8 Preplanning Water Supply. b-8,l Preplan~a;~~. Strticnires ~ci(l~ir ~hc district ~~f responstbilitti° ul ~hehr e department should be Surveyed in accordance with Chapter, 2. The eater requirement should be calculated; and the type and amount of equipment that should respond on f rst-alarm should be designated. The response of fire apparatus, in conjunction with capacity of mobile water supply apparatus, travel distance to haul .water, and the valvme of water supply, can then be arranged so that a.constant flow to~equal the water flow requirements is obtained. The procedure should be veri- fied under training conditions prior to-a fire emergency. This .training exercise should include the spotting of equip- mentto protect the fire property and the exposures, explo- ration of the water sources, designation of fire lanes or routes, and' review and modification of the operations to meet unusual conditions: Aircraft and aerial photographs can be every helpful in the survey of static water availability. Such photographs are usually available from the county agricultw-e department oi- the county office of planning and zoning. Ti~pographi- 'cal maps from the United States. Geological Survey also can beof value in thissurvey. However,the value shouldbe determined bvthe datethat the map wasmade ~r revised, since an out,of=date. map canprove to be ~of Tittle value. Once sites. are located, they need tobe prepared For use according to the recommendations of this section. Appendix C Water Hauling This Appendix is not apart of the requirements of this NFPA document,. but -is included for, nform¢tion purposes only. C-1 Moving Water by Mobile Water Supply; C-1.1 General The fire service has always experienced fire control difficulties in isolated areas: The difficulties. have been many and varied, but one` of the' big factors is the lack of an adequate water supply. An adequate amount. of water for control and extinguishment is a major consid- eration of most rural fire chiefs and influences the major-- ty of their fire fighting decisions. A portion of the training of the rural fire department emphasizes the need for the cgnservauon of the meager watersupply thatisavailable in many areas. A limited water supply condition at a working fire in a rural area challenges all phases of fire. fighting. Therefore, this appendix discusses the procedures for moving water in' those areas where there are no municipal-type water"distri- bution systems with fire hydrants. ' If the water supply is a dry fire hydrant, a lake, a cistern, a swimming pool, etc:, some means must be :provided for transporting the water from the supply to the fire. Most :fire departments use afire department pumper having'a pump capacity of 750`gpm (2842 L/min) or more and hav- mg a minimum 500-gal (1895-L) tank. As`this vehicle is always assigned' to the supply,. some departments. provide it with little .equipment .beyond the pumps, the necessary hose for loading, and some precon- " netted hand lines. Several departments report that 'they have developed water supplies where the pumper is actually. driven into shallow water at the water' supply:-0thers have developed a trailer ~a~ith a pump, and the trailer is pulled to the water supply Srill orherdepartments have receivedgood service tionr a pern'rztnenti~~ installed pump ar (he suppl}~._ Over the years, rural departments depending on"hauled water have tended to utilize any .means that .will carry water and have exercised a great deal of ingenuity, to make it work. Recently, there hasbeen a -trend in fire .depart-. menu in rural areas to use "standard'.'. pumpers and mobile eater supply apparatus sa~ith tanks in the 1000- to I500-gal (3785- to 5078-L) range:. Significant, progress has been made in such mobile water. supply apparatus tech- niques as loading, unloading, and maintaining a continu- ous fire stream, .based on the fire flow study, during the entire fire fighting operation. Mobile water supply apparatus are. necessary for most rural departments and can be a big asset. to a department having a weak municipal-type water system. While specially built and designed mobile water supply apparatus are ideal, many fire chiefs are facing fires without adequate- . standard equipment. Since the. job of putting out fires will require, on occasion, water.-carrying capacity far above. normal capability, a sound mutuaLoi- automatic .:aid pro- gram is necessary and far superior to makeshift .equipment that is not designed for emergency service and is .unsafe: In bui ding and buying nonstandard apparatus, utmost care should be exercised to consider safety and: serviceability of the equipment as well as the safety of the 'membership 1993 Edition AYYENDIX C of the department. A department that ;depends on an assortment of mobile water supply apparatus: designed pri- marily for other use might need expert assistance m check- ing the equipment for safety before putting it in service. 3f satisfactory service is to be obtained from mobile water supply apparatus, the size of chassis necessary. to safely carry the load, the horsepower of the engine necessary to perform on the road .and at he fire site, the .completed vehicle's weight distribution, and the, gear train combina- tion best suited for the operation in that specific locale are factors that should be carefully. considered in the purchase or construction of the apparatus. The. apparatus compo- nents, such' as baffling of tank and center of gravity, are just as important as the engine, axles, and other drive line ~~rn~~hni~enrs ~i~d should not he overlooked. Some fire departments, where their pumpers are equipped with large booster tanks, have retrofitted these .pumps with a dump system. C-1.2 Purchase or' Construction of a Mobile Water Supply Apparatus. In the purchase or construction of a mobile water supply apparatus,. it is necessary that careful atten- tion. be given to ensure that engine, chassis, baffling, cen- ter ~f gravity, and brakes of adequate specifications are obtained. NFPA 1903, .Standard for Mobtile Water Supply Fire Apparatis, covers mobile water supply apparatus, and it is suggested that this standard be carefully followed. The tank should be properly constructed arrd baffled. Particu- lar .attention should be paid to flow rates to and from the tank Consideration should be given to discharging the mobile .water supply apparatus to the receiving vehicle, portable tank, or`other equipment as rapidly as possible to get'back on the road and. bring another load. of water to the'fiieground. Some departments are installing very large dump valves with. gravity flow; while. other departments are providing a dumb ~~ith a jet dump arrangement to -edn~e the emptying nme 1 ~~ rain t~~ ~>~~ tr.rz~°1;~~1 ~~c.;ther i~> 1>e encrnmtered. and bri.clge and ~oada>ndiii~~n, ahquld be considered in buying car building safe mobile water supply. apparatus. It is suggested that, for a mobile water. supply apparatus with a capacity greater .than 1,500ga1 (5678 L), it might be necessary tc~ utilize a semitrailer or tandem rear axles, depending ~on tank size and chassis characteristics. Consider- atie~n should be given to utilizing limited slip differential or ~t11-~~heel~'drive capabilities. Certain types of chassis might not provide afe carrying capabilities, and a dangerous vehicle could "result from assembly. Safe, reliable equipment that at least meets the minimum standards is a must. It is .further recommended that the maximum water tank capacity for'mobile water supply apparatus should not exceed 4,800 gal.. (.18,168 L) or 20 tons of water. In some cases,. it might even be found that the cost. of two smaller mobile water supply apparatus will be little more, if any, than the`cost of one large mobile water supply: The mobil- ity, cost of upkeep,state weight restrictions, and highway bridge weight restrictions can convince many rural fire departments of the need to restrict the weight of their mobile water supply. The weight of the vehicle plus the load carried should not he greaterthan the rated capacity of the tires. Each load-bearing tiro and rim of the apparatus .should carry a weight not in excess of the recotilmended load for 1231-33 truck tires of the size used, as published by the fire manufac- turer's rating, when apparatus.is loaded. Compliance should be determined by weighing of the. loaded. apparatus. C-1.3 'State Regulations. Regardless of rear axle configuration, definite consider- ation should be given to the state legal weight per axle requirement. All states have single-axle weight: limits, which, are imposed solely due to road surface conditions and longevity of highways. Although axles are. designed to carry their rated weight, and vehicle and fire department planners can specify precise chassis requirements to fall within the safe tolerances of total ..vehicle .operation and weight,. this still does not legally permit the fire apparatus to exceed the state's legal weight rating per axle. Since some single-axie weight iaui;g~ air 26,000 lb (11,778 I;g), the consideration and attention paid to state single-axle weight.: limits can become quite significant. The use of dead (or dummy) axles'serves only to reduce the weight per axle load (on weighing scales). In no man- ner does 'it allow the engineering parameters of motor, transmission, drive shaft, brakes, etc., designed for the .gross" vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of the chassis to be functional: Using a nonworking: axle for load-carrying pur- poses does not make aroad-safe chassis. C-1.4'' Mobile Water Supply. In general terms, mobile water supply vehicles are units. made for specific water- hauling requirements. In some wildland areas, where fire fighting is off the road .and up steep grades, a 200-gal (757-L) slip-on unit is a .mobile water supply. East of the Mississippi River, there is a trend in fire departments in rural'.-areas to use mobile water supplies in the 1000-gal to 1500.-gal (3785-L to 5678-L) range. Inn flat areas west of the Mississippi, fire departments successfully use mobile water supply apparatus with capacities of 3000 gal to 5000 gal (11 355 L to 18 925 L) and occasionally more. In many parts of the country, terrain .and bridge and road r~e~~~ht resu~ictir~tis limit the caparity ul mobile ~~~~ater supplies to the 1,000-.gal to 1,500-gal (3785-L to 5678-L) range. (See B-7.1.) However, the ..department operating mobile water supplies withcapacities of 1,000 gal (3785 L) or more will normally find'' it easy to meet minimum water requirements outlined in this standard where water sup- . plies are,readily available. It is desirable to have mobile water supplies ofsimilar fill and discharge capability. and equal water-carrying capaci- ties to prevent them .from "stacking" at the fill and dis- charge points. C-1.5 Tank Baffles. Some consider the age-old problem associated with tank baffles or swash partitions as the weak- est and 'most dangerous area of fire engine and mobile water supply design and construction. Considerable improvements. have been made in .baffles since the advent of the computer age. Poor baffling lias been responsible for many accidents and accounts for a number of deaths throughout the country. each year.'. Therefore, careful con- sideration should be given to baffles by the designers and builders. of the tanks. C-1.6 Plumbing. It is important to have an outlet of ade- quate size to empty the tank. The reason is evident when the time needed to empty a 11600-gal (6056-L) mobile water sup- ply apparatus by gravity flow is considered. (See Table C-1.6.) 1993 Edition 1231-34 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING Table C-1.6 1600-Gallon Mobile. Water Supply (Tanker) Gravity Flows Outlet in Inches Discharge Time;im Minutes 21/2 (65 mm) 20 :41/2 (11.4 cm) 7 6 `.(15.2. cm) 5 10.(20.0 cm) i2/3 12 (30.5 cm), 1.,1/2... turn coupling,' or some type of flexible hose: with a quick discharge, specially designed large. diameter fill pipe; or a rapid-fill device that drops into the tank fill opening, thus providing. quick breakaway' from the' fill supply. C-1.7 Weighf Distribution. Weight distribution is all- .important in the handling of a heavy piece'of fire appara- tus and'should be properly designed into the unit and then verified by actual weighing 'of each' axle: `Only a slight change in the`load carried or the distribution of the-'load 'h Adequately sized. plumbing is' also important in those mobile water supply apparatus equipped with a pump with a jer dump arrangement. Many jet dump mobile water supply apparatus are capable of dischar~irim at the rttr of 1000 gpm (3785. L/min) or more. Proper venting is a prerequisite for filling and emptying tanks, but it is imperative for rapid filling and discharging of tanks. There must be adequate provision for air to_be driven from'the tank when it is being filled with water and for air to enter the tank when that tank is being emptied. It is recommended that, as a minimum, the vent .opening should be four times the cross-sectional area of the inlet. Inadequate venting can result in the tank being bowed out- ward when it is- being filled rapidly, or in impairing .the discharge. flow when emptying. An S in. x Sin. (20.3 cm x 20.3 cm) vent extending approximately 12 in. (30.1: cm) high is an adequate vent size. Also, a 3-in. (76-mm) overflow pipe is suggested in NFPA 1903, Standard for Mobile Water Supply Fire Apparatus.. This overflow pipe located in the vent pipe area has worked very well for a number of depa~cments to,provide an important venting source when. the vent top is closed. Adequate.pump-to-tank plumbing size is also essential to provide for rapid discharge of water from a mobile water supply through its pump. Mam pieces of fire apparatus ~irc in,,ervice that cannot deli~~er the full ca}~acity of their pumps from their tanks because of undersized tank to- pump plumbing. In a mobile water supply operation in .which the emphasis can be placed on rapid low pressure emptying of a tank, this can be a major limitation of efficiency. Of major concern, in awater-hauling system involving mobile water supply apparatus, is the, fact that the mobile water supply might not be completely filled aC the source of water or water supply or completely emptied at the fire. Some mobile water supplies are so designed that as little as 10 gal (38 L) of water is left in the tank while others can have 100 gal (379 L) or more. - Applicable NFPA standards such as NFPA I903, Stan- dard for Mobile Water Supply. Fire Apparatus, contain data on .adequate .plumbing. Many departments are now exceeding the nominal pipe siie requirements for their pumps in order to .overcome friction loss and increase their capabil- icy to rapidly empty a tank by use of the.. pump. C-1.6.1 Fill Line Couplings. Often; time wasted at mobile water supply fil} locations. is due to difficulties in coupling and uncoupling the threaded couplings between fill pumper and the mobile water supply::. If this is the case, considerable time can be saved by using either a quarter•- mlg t cause the design hmtts of the truck to be exceeded and turn a safe vehicle into an' unsafe vehicle. Figure C-1:7 provides information. as to .data necessary to figure accurate weight distributonand how to use this data to make the weight distribution calculation. Bt_~ IF-BBC->IF---CE BBC- CE A O E CA-~I<-AF O -->O~- ~~.~0+~~~ O+ O+ FH ~BA-~ ~WB--->I AF~ B' iA' WB--~' BBC =Bumper to back of cab BA _ Bumper to centerline of front axle CE =Back of cab to end of frame CA = .Back o£cab to:centerline- of-rear .axle or tandem suspension AF =Center of rear axle to end of frame FH =Frame height BL =Body length FA =Front axle weight RA =Rear axle weight I3 = Bode ~~-eight - ~h'eight of .complete bo~h~ io be installed on chassis PL _ Payload weight -Weight of commodity to be carried A =Distance from centerline of rear axle to centerline of body or payload Centerline of body (at 1/~ body length) WB =Wheelbase distance -Distance between centerline of front and rear axle or tandem suspension. Terms: Chasis -Basic vehicle cab, frame; and running gear Curb Weight -Weight of chassis only Gross Vehicle Weight- Rating (GVWR) -Total of curb, body;: and payload weight The weight carried by the front and rear axles cart be calculated from the following fol-mulas: (B + PL) A WB = FA (Front Axle Weight).., (B + PL) - FA = RA (Rear Axle Weight). Figure C-1.7 Weight distribution for mobile water supplies. 1993 Edition APPENDIX C Data required pertains to "as is" weights of the chassis to be used, dimensions of the chassis, and weights to be placed on the chassis. "As is" weights are best determined by weighing the chassis, witk separate weights obtained. on front and rear axles. If the unit has dual rear axles, they should be weighed together. In some cases, .particularly in using a new chassis, this data can be obtained from the agency providing the chassis; but it should be noted that such items as changes in fire size, lengthening, shortening, or reinforcement can alter such standard factory-provided data, and'it is consequently preferable to weigh the chassis upon starting construction planning.. Dimensional-data is easily obtained by use of a tape mea- sure or carpenter's ruler. Again,. it mighrbe available from the source pro~~iding t.hc chassis but should be verified. The weight of the body to be added to the chassis is pri- marily acombination of the steel and other materials. used in the body, the'. water in the tank. itself, and.the compo- nents added to that basic list. These include such items as any reels., hose; or miscellaneous' equipment planned. While it is not necessary to make an individual'calculation for. minor-items (minor in terms of weight), it`s certainly important to calculate weight distribution of items of a few hundred pounds or more. This appendix does not attempt to provide complete infor- mation on mobile water supply construction or the weight distribution of such a mobile water supply. The: chassis man- ufacturer's recommended weight distribution.. - generally expressed as a .percentage of total weight, .including both chassis. and the weight placed on that chassis for front and rear axle(s) is'a prudent guideline for the final weight dis- tribution desired. Component weights should be obtained from the. manufacturers of those components Steel weights should be obtained from the steelyard providing the material. C-1.8 Turning' Radius and Wheelbase. A'n importanY consideratiuri iii mobile water Supplyshuttle operations is thcarea a~<ul~able(or turning. Since the m~ibile gate: sup- . ply might b'e called on to reverse directionor to~maneuver for position atthe water source. or the fire site, 'a multiple of striall .single-axle mobile water supplies with 12-in. .(30.1-em) quick dump or 6-in. (15.2-cm) jet dumps might actuallymgvemore water to the fire location than longer wheelbase tractor trailers and dual tandem axle mobiles water supply apparatus. C-1.9 Nonwater :Mobile Water Supply Modification.. Spe- cial care should be used when modifying a mobile water sup- ply. built for one, purpose to be used for another purpose, such as the prevalent practice. of adapting. an oil tanker as a mobile water supply apparatus. The majority 'of oil or gaso- line tankers are. constructed to carry a volatile liquid whose. specific gravity. is-less than that of water. When utilized as a mobile water supply apparatus, the weight may exceed the manufacturer's '.permissible gross vehicle weight limits. For this reason, it'might be prudent to reduce the tank's size to avoid undesirable effects on weight distribution. However, in .doing so, special attention should be paid to the problem of altering the center of gravity, which makes the vehicle's cor- nering characteristics more hazardous .Special attention should be paid to the baffling of such mobile water supply apparatus, and the truck should be .rejected if it does not meet the demands of cornering, braking; and acceleration required by the fire service. 1231-35 Other special considerations: A stainless steel milk tanker might be made out of very light gauge metal with no baffling and be difficult to baffle crosswise and lengthwise: The steel used in gasoline tankers will corrode extremely fast due to the uncoated interior of such tanks. In addition, the steel used is -not of the copper-bearing or stainless type used in most fire apparatus tanks. ` Aluminum fueI:oil tanks have been found to be subject to corrosion from chlorinated water. and corrosive rural water supplies. They can have a life expectancy less than that of steel if not properly coated and protected. There is an inherent danger in modifying gasoline tankers -that of an explosion. All gasoline tanks should be thoroughly steam-cleaned before modifications requir- ing welding are undertaken. Gasoline and milk .tankers .are usually designed to be filled with the product each morning for distribution of that product during the day under normal traffic conditions rather than emergency conditions, as is the case with fire` equipment. It is not necessary for an oil tanker or milk tanker to .stand in the station fully .loaded day after day. Weights of Various Fluids Milk - 8.5 Ibs/gal Water - 8.3 lbs/gal Gasoline - 6.2 lbs/gal For SI units: I Ib = 0.454 kg; 1 gal = 3.785 L. C-1.10 Driver Training. An important consideration fre- quently overlooked by the rural fire department is that of driver training. There are few people trained to drive a tractor-trailer combination under emergency- conditions, and the firedepartment planning to use oneshould be trained. Even a 2- or 3-axle vehicle used as a niubilc• ~~ ater supply will probably have driving characteristics hig~hh unlike other apparatus, and driver training is a must. Individual state operator licensing requirements should be met. C-1.11 Calculating Water-Carrying Potential. Two pri- rnary factors to be considered in the development of tank water supplies are: (1) the amotmt of water carried on ini- tial responding units and (2) the amount that can be con- tinuously delivered thereafter. A number of fire departments have developed water- hauling operations to the point where they have a maxi- mum continuous flow capability (a sustained fire flow) of 1000 gpm to 2000 gpm (3785 L/min to 7570 L/min) at the fire scene. This requires several mobile water supply appa- ratus to haul such large quantities of water, with a devel- oped water source near the fire site. To improve the safety factorby reducing congestion on the highways, the depart- ments often send the mobile water supply apparatus to the water source by one road and use another route for the mobile water supply apparatus to return to the fire scene. Therefore, the ame for the department to travel from the fire to the water source (Tt) might be a difFerent time than the travel time back to the fire (Tz). The reduction of con- gestion on the highway provides for a safer operation and can increase the actual amount of water hauled. 1993 Edition 1231-36 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING An appropriate formula to calculate he maximum con- tinuous flow: capability at the fire~scene is: T _ 0.65. + XD Where: _ V Q - 10% T =Time in minutes'af average one-way trip travel' .. A + (TI + T2) + B D =One-way distance. Where: Q = Maximum continuous flow capability in gallons Where an apparatus is equipped with'an adequate , per minute (L/min); engine, chassis; baffling, and brakes, a safe constant speed ,, V = .Mobile water supply capacity in gallons (L); ,, -, of 35 mph (56:3 kph) can generafly be maintained nt level ~ A = Time in minutes (for the mobile water supplies) terrain, in light traffic, and on an adequate roadway. W todrive 200 ft (61 m), dump water into :a drop here conditions will not permit this speed; the average , tanks, and return 200 ft {61 m) to starting point; safe constant speed should be reduced. Tl - Time in minutes (for the mobile water supply) to Using an average safe constant speed of 35 mph (56.3.: kph). travel from fire to water source, calculated' by the fn,-m,~l~ T, 6 F~5 ~ ~T4: tent/ Tnbh <' 7 I1 ~~.p 60 60 ~ _ T2 - Time in minutes for the same mobile water sup- _ avera e safe constants eed 35 m h 1.7t/ g P P .ply to travel from water source back to fire cal- , cula[ed by the formula T2 - 0.65 + XD2 [see NOTE: The factor :0.65. represents an acceleration/ 'Table C-1-11(b)]; deceleration factor constant developed by the Rand Corp. B Time in''minutes (for the mobile water supply) to Precalculated values of "X":using various speeds in mph drive 200 ft (61' m), fill mobile water supply at have been inserted into the-above formula, (T = -D.65 + water source, and return 200 ft (61 m)'to start- XD) as follows: ing point; -10% = Amount of water supply (mobile water supply Table C-1.11(a) capacity) considered not available due to spillage, underfilling, and incomplete unloading. The d umping. time (A) and filling time (B) for the for- T = 0.65 + 1.7 D Constant Speed of 35 mph T _ 0.65 + 2.0 D Constant Speed of 30 mph mina should be determined by drill and by close study of T = 0..65 + 2.4 D Constant Speed of 25 mph water so urces- Equipment does riot have to be operated T = 0,65 + 3A D ConstanrSpeed of 20 mph under e mergency conditions to obtain travel time (T), as T = 0.65 + 4,0 D Constant Speed of 15 mph ~ this is ca lculated using the following equation: For st units: Imph = 1.609 km/hr.' Table C-l.l l (b} Time Distance Table Using an Average Safe Constant Speed of 35 mph, T = 0.65 + 1.70 D Distance (Miles) "Time Distance Time (Minutes) (Miles) (Minutes) Distance Time Distance Time (Miles Mi ( nutes) (Miles) (Minutes) 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.82 2.6 5.07 0.99 2.7 5 24 5.1 9.32 7.6 13.57 i 5 2 ,! 0-3 . 1.16 2.8 5.41 . 9-49 7.7 13'.74 5:3 9.66 7 8 13:91 0.4 0.5 1:33 2.9 5.58 I -50 3.0 5:75 . 5.4 9:83 7:9 14.08 5 5 0-6 1.67 3.1 5.92 . 10-00 8:0 14.25 5.6 10.17 8.1 14 42 0.7 0:8 I -84 3.2 6.09 2.01 3.3 " 6 26 . I 5.7 10.34 8.2 14.59 L 5:8 0.9 . 2.18 3.4 6.43 10.51 8.3 14.76 5:9 10:68 8.4 14.93. 1.0 1.1 2.35 3.5 6.60 2.52 3:6 6:77 6.0 10.85 8.5 fy:10 1-2 2.69 3.7 6.94 6:1 11..02 8.6 15.27 6:2 11.:19 8.7 15.44 1.3 Y:4 2.86 3.8 7.11 3:03 3 9 7 8 6.3 11:36 8.8 15.61 1.5 . .2 3.20 4.0 7.45 6.4 11.53: 8-9 15.78 6.5 11.70 9 0 15 95 1.6 1.7 3:37 4.1 7:62 3.54 4:2 7:79 . : 6.6 11..87 9.1 16:12 6 7 1 1.8 3.71 4:3 -7.96 . 2.04 9.2 l fi:29 6.8 1'2.21 9.3 16:46 1.9 2.0 3.88. 4.4 8.i3 4.05 4.5 8 30 6:9 12.38 9.4 16:63 7 0 2.1 . 422 4.6 8.4 7 . 12.5,5 9-5 16:80 7. ] .12.72 9:6 16 97 2.2 2.3 4.39 4.7 8.64 4..56 4:8 8 81 . 7.2 12.89 9.7 I T.14 7 3 2.4 . 4.73 4.9 8.98 . 13.06 9:8 1; 7:3 L 7.4 13.23 9.9 17:48 2.5 4.90 5.0 9.15 7.5 13.40 10:0 17:65 For SI units : ]mile = 1.609 km. 7993 Edition APPENDIX C These formulas make it possible to plan water availabil- ity at any point in an area. As an example of how to calcu- late' the -water available from a supply where the water must be trucked to the fire scene, consider the following applications'of the formula: If tank capacity (V) is 1500 gal (5678 L), .the time (A) to fill the mobile water supply with water is 3.0 minutes and the time (B) to dump the mobile watersupply load of water into'a portable. tank is 4:0 minutes. The distance- (D1) from the fire to the water source is 2.10 miles`"(3.38 km). As the mobile water supply returns by a differentroad, the distance (D2) from the water source is 1.80 miles (2.9 km). First, solve for Tl, the time for the mobile water supply to travel from xl~ie fine to the ~~ ater source and, then, frn- T.. the time. for the mobile water supply to travel from the water source back to the fire. Due. to .good weather and. road conditions; the average mobile water supply speed going from the fire to the water source: is 35 .mph. (5.6.3 kph.). .Therefore: T = 065 + XDI X = 1.7 D1 = 2.10 miles At a constant speed of 35 mph: Tl -0.65+ 1.7 D1 T1-0.65+1,7x2.10 Tt - 0.65 + .3.57 T1 4.22 minutes [Also see Table C-I.11(b).] At a constant speed of 35 mph (56.3 kph), a mobile water supply traveling 2.1 miles (3.4 km) will take 4.22 minutes. Due to traffic lights, the average mobile water supply speed between the fire and the water source is 30 mph (48.3 kph). Therefore: T 0.65 + kD, At 30 mph; ' - ='i 2.0, D2 ' 1.80 miles Tz 0.65 + 2.0 D~ T~ .0.65-~2.0x 1.8 T~_0.65+3.60 T2 4.25 minutes Substituting in the formulas V - 10% Where: Q = Maximum continuous flow capability in gpm with V = 1500 A = 3.0 T1 = 4.22 T2 = 4.25 B = 4.0 ' 1500 Q_ -10% 3.0+(4.22+4.25)+4.0 _ 1500 _ 10% Q 3.0+8.47+4.0 _ 1500 _ 10% Q 15.47 Q = 97 - 10% = 87 gpm maximum continuous flow capac- ity available from this 1500-gal mobile water supply. For SI units: ]mile = 3.609 km. 1231-37 To increase the maximum continuous. flow capability of a mobile water: supply, any of the following changes can be made: (a) Increase ,the capacity of the mobile water supply (b) Reduce the fill time (c) Develop' and provide additional fill points, thus reducing travel time (d) Reduce the .dump time. With rural fire response distances normally being very long, the number and size. of mobile water supply appara- tus available to the department is of paramount impor- xance. This information will assist the department in calcu- lating the probable mobile water supply volume that will be available at varinns fire locations. Equally important in increasing the maximum continuous flow capacity of a mobile .water supply is to reduce the .distance between the source and the building or fire. This can be accomplished by increasing the number of water supplies and/or the drafting points.. (See Figure. C-1.11.) ~." „" ~~= `~'~t~ ~4~ ~ s` _ a ~~ ~ ~~; _- ;. p ~~u ~, S .~ ~~ ~.; ~~' Figure G-1.11 One way to increase water-hauling capacity is to reduce the fill time of the mobile water supply.: Here is one type of quick coupling that can help to reduce the fill time. C-1.12 Discharging the Mobile Water. Supply. During water-hauling operations; mobile water supply. dump/fill rates directly. affect the fire flow capabilities established at the fire scene. Local needs usually determine mobile. water sup- ply configuration and the water-hauling protocols adapted. A wide variety of off-loading and filling systems are currently in use. Some departments prefer to pump off their .water into portable tanks, while others utilize a nursing type of opera- tion. An increasing number of fire departments are incorpo- rating the .use of large dump valves or jet-assisted dump arrangements. To decide which system is best requires an evaluation of effectiveness,., efficiency, and overall compatibil- ity with other segments of the water delivery. During a comprehensive evaluation, many factors should be considered. Travel distances, .operating site location, and topography greatly affect water-hauling titrnaroitnd time periods. Usually, the most significant time can besaved dur- ing the filling and discharge~~segments ofthe shuttle opera- tion. Normally, greater quantities of`water are made available as filling/discharge rates ino~ease. Of curse; increased quan- tities should be logistically supported by ample water. source locations and tanking vehicles. ~~ d `` ` ; G #• 1 ;r.:=, 1993 Edition 1231-3H WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBLJRBAN AND RURAL FIRE. FIGHTING As with other segments. of firegi•ound operations, strate- gic preplatlriixlg is, vital to water-hauling evolutions. Pre- planning and practice reduce unnecessary actions and minimizeunsafe practices.: For example; a properly estab- lished dump site should eliminate or substantially reduce the need to back vehicles (an act that .not only requires precious time but causes 33 percent of all vehicle acci- dents). The use of flexible discharge tubing or side dumps in conjunction. with properly set-up dump sites can often eliminate the necessity of backing. Because two of he key periods for saving time during water-hauling operations: center around mobile water sup- .ply, filling and discharge,.. many .fire ..departments .have incorporated the use of large gravity. dump valves or jet dump valve arrangements. C-1.12.1 Mobile 'Water Supplies Equipped with Large Gravity Dumps. "Ahumbe'r of rural fire departments have increased the size of their gravity discharge dumps` to reduce the time necessary to 'empty other water-hauling mobile water supply apparatus. Gravity dumping with dis- charge valves of 10 in. (25:4 cm), 12 in. (30.1 cm), or larger are often used. It should be remembered. that dump valve discharge rates will vary',as the: depth of the. water in a `given tank decreases. Adequate air intakes and tank baffle cuts should be provided, or inefficiency and possible tank damage can result. To check the efficient} oC a clump sv.s- tem, actual`weight tests should becondncted to determine discharge rates. C-1.12.2 Mobile Water Supplies Equipped with Jet- Assisted Dumps. Basically, a jet is a pressurized ~~~ater stream u~cdto increase the ~'el~ciiv ofa tai ~cr volnntc of wafer. that is flowing'by~gru~ii~ thnnibh ,i ~nen ,ize dump valve.The water jet principl<~ used to rspct ~~~iter Irani mobile water supply appar~ih~s has also, hcrn effectively applied to several other deg-ices that can ri,msfcr eater between portable dump tanks,_lill nir,bil~~ 1~:uf-r Supply apparatus from static water soiinces; end- reduce. ~;n~ai~n losses at draft. Wa[ei- jets properly installed iii the di~- charge piping of a mobile.. water.. supply or, fire apparatus can more than double theirwater-hauling efficiency. Effec- tive jet-assisted arrangements have exceeded a` 1000-gpiti (3%85-L/min) discharge rate when using 6-in. (15.2-cm) discharge piping and valve:.Pumps supplying: such je arrangements should be capable of delivering a minimum of 250 gpm (946 L/min) at 150 psig (1034 kPag). However, some departments. have obtained good results with pumps that deliver flows at ess than 150 psig (1034. kPag) where larger discharge openings are provided': The size and design of the jet nozzle and the diameter and length of the dump valve p>ping directly affect unit efficiency... C-1.12.3 Traditional In-line Jet-Assist `Arrangement.. Figure C-,1;12.3(a) illustrates how the traditional jet is installed. Asmooth-tipped jet nozzle is usually supplied. by a pump capable. of delivering atleast 250 gpm (946 L/min) at 150 psig (1034 kPag). Nozzle jets range in size from 3/4 in. fo lI/4 in. (1J mm to 32 mm). The diameter of the tip will be determined by the capacity of the pump being used and the diameter of the discharge piping and dump valve. The installation of a jet dump requires answers to sev- eral important questions. In what location will the dump .prove to be most useful; the side. or the back?.Will the fixed piping need to be 11/2 in. (38 mm) in diameter or 2 in: -r A I Jet nozzle , N K 1 in. or larger Baffle (typical) - ~ Pump capacity 250. gpm Discharge outlet with at 150 psi or greater quick-opening valve (min: of 6 in. discharge is iecommended) Figure C-1.12.3(a) Traditional .internal jet dump. (51 mm) in diameter? What is the preferable location for the jet, in-line or at the rear of the tank? The answers to .these and other questions should be resolved before con- struction begins.. In the interest of site versatility, many departments are utilizing lightweight flexible discharge tubes equipped with quick-lock or quarter-turn couplings. Such-tubing arrange- ments allow rapid discharge of water to either side of the vehicle and reduce the. need for hazardous backing at the dump site. The rate of discharge wiltbe governed by the size of the dump valve and piping, which can range ,from 4 in., to I2 in. (10.2 cm to .30.1 cm). Normally; a 6-in. or 8-in. (.15.2-cm or 20.3-cm) diameter dump configuration per- mits adequate flow capaci ies where water jet systems are employed, Again, it is stressed that adequate-air exchange and water flog, passages should be provided fora jet- assisted dump arrangement to function ..properly.. Tanks can collapse where air exchange is restricted. Lack of ade- quate gravity water flow to the jet area will -also adversely affect the discharge efficiency of t11e water-hauling omit. lthnu~h some authorities recommend that the nozzle of the in-line jet be up to 6 in. (15.2cm) from the center. of the discharge opening, other effective designs have included placement of the nozzle inside the discharge pip- ing. Figure C-1.12.3(b) details how the traditional jet. arrangement can be externally added to an existing dump valve. A shortlength of 1 t/2-in. (38-inrri) hoseis attached to the female coupling on 'the jet device. The length of-the added dump piping can be anywhere from 2 ft to 4 ft (0.6 m to 1.2 m), depending on whether. or' not a flexible tube is utilized during the dump process. 1 1/2-in. or 1 3/4-in. female coupling Female coupling for I ~ __~ Jet nozzle (inside) dump connection - 2 ft to 4 ft ridged piping .Figure G-1.12.3(b) Traditional external jet dump. 1993 Edition ^ .~t~t>ENntx c 1231-39 To properly operate, a jet should be able to produce steel plate ~ between 50 pstg and 150 psig (345 kPag and 1034 kPag) 12 in.w x 1o in. H (1/2 in.) Tank pressure, Higher pressures normally increase .operational = -__ effectiveness. The diameter of the jet 'selected should ` be = _ _ _ = _ = Threaded tlanges-steel appropriate for the capacity and' pressure capabilities of 1-in: z 1 v2-in. a bolt Holes the pump being utilized: Also important is the-size of the Steel plate Bolts piping and valves that. make up .the jet dump System. 8 in. H x 8 in. W (1/2 in.) 61/2 in. x 3/4 in.-10 External. jets. do have several. advantages over .internally y-1a in: ^ ^ fixed units, particularly in terms of system maintenance. s in. we a2s1 -1 I Disadvantages might include the need to .provide for ade- Grinneu or equal quate air exchange during waterflow, moretime for the 1-1a in. ^ ^ initiat setup to affix appliances, the 'restriction of move- a meet around the vehicle:, and the general appearance of such extensions. ~;-],12.~i Perirhnral ~et-Assist Arrangement. The Distance as tight N peripheral application of jet-assist nozzles has proved ~ as possible ` ._ - highly effective: This approach. utilizes two or -more jets 1 in. x as° ~ _ installed in the sides of the discharge piping. just outside 3 the quick dump valve. In addition to the reported dis- Jet insert _ __2_in.piping - - charge advantages of peripheral jet streams, the externally - _ fed system is easier. to plumb and has fewer maintenance from the 30 d -__ ~ 2in. - -- egrees problems. The jets, installed 25 to piping wall, contact more surface area of the discharging ~ water, thereby increasing .water discharge efficiency. Because the water is drawn through the dump' valve, less 3/a-in. to 1-in. welding sin. or longer reducer, black steel turbulence.. is created,' and `the eddy effect often present (18 in. to 20 in. preferably) 30° 30° with traditional. in-line jets is overcome. Nozzles made of or less or less welding reducer pipe fittings work very effectively as jets. Flow rates of 200 'gpm (7570 L/min) have been obtained using a 300 gpm (l 136-L/min) .pump to supply two 3/4-in. (f9-mm) nozzles in a 6-in. (15.2-cm) dump .valve con- ~ represent a . figuration.~Figtir-esG1.12.4(a) andC-1.12.4(b) Topview typical installation: C-1.12.5 ether Jet-Assis[ Devices. Innovative fire orga- NOTE: 6-in. (15.2-cm) NST, 6-in. (15.2-cm) Stortz, or 6-in. (15.2-cm) Sell with quick-lock lugs or other quick-connect coupling recommended. ca nizations~havr I>itr syphonsand jet-related devices to good p use;. 5~)rlu' ~~ I,}r~~ns Use OnIV water level differential CO Figure C-1.12.4(a) Peripheral jet-assist installation. transfer ~~.~tcr tn~in one tank to another. Normally con- . sn-uctecl ~~i I'V'l, I>ipe, such stiphons ~trc placed between portabt~~ t.rnk~ to equalize wate>, leyels:Transfer ~s initiated by, fillnr~~ the l ;-shaped tubing with water, placipg the caps 12 in. w x 1o in. H (v2 in.) - on-the trtbing .until it, is put in place, then removing. the ' steel plates x s in. (v2 in.) s in though caps to ,illow water flow. Such an arrangement, . useful, hay ofteu' proved too slow for .the type: of transfer Tank ope~ati~~n~ rcyuned. A modification of the syphon transfer ~ - 2in~ piping using .t jeCwas developed and has proved useful to ma~nyd<~l>artnretits. Although 4-iri.`(L0.2-cm) PVC and alu- ~ 1 in. I, r~ ~ minunr pipnr~ have been used for such devices, 6-in. ~ ('15.2-cml units u.,ually are more practical. Using ~a t/2-in. ~ ~ ~_ I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ (13-mm) jet nozzle supplied by a It/2-in. (38-mm)'hose makes ~ _ _ _____ _ _~~ possible rr°tnsirr Mows of 500 gpm (1900 L/min). Some Nozzle 3/a in. to 1 in. I I ~ i I ~ I I e departments mercl,y add the jet to a length of 'suction. CSee rs , I I ~ welding,reduc ~ Figures (;-l 1' ~(u) rand GI.I2.5(b).] ? tot/2 in.L~ ~J to 20 in ->~ s in Syphon, a t e commercially available that use the jet prin- . . i ciple and ,rte. in some cases, supplied by 2t/2 in. (64-mm) n. Ouick~onnect 31/2 coupling hose. Tbc~c rle~'ices are used ro remove water,. from base- recommended Handle meet areas ur increase. water supply to file department pumpers In-line jets have also been developed to reduce. suction - 22 v2 in. losses during dt afting operations. In-line and .peripheral - - 2a in. - ----> jets supplied by 11/?-in., l~t/~-in., or 2t/2-in. (38 mm;44-mm, side view or 64-mm) hoselines can increase the output Capacity of a CeIltl7fug21 pump at drafC Up t0 40 perCellC. The jets are Figure G-1.12.4(b) Peripheral jet-assist installation. 1993 Edition 1231-4O WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING placed at the intake and at every 10 ft (3.1 m) of suction in use. jSee Figure G1:12,5(a).] The design characteristics of strainers used during such application should ,permit ade- quate water' flow capacity:. Some departments. have devel- oped ajet system for delivering water from a static source to mobile water '.supply apparatus through 4-in. or 6-in. (10.2 cm or 15.2-cm) lightweight pipe. This supply piping concept is used to fill mobile' water supply apparatus through their discharge gates or via top ,loading or large inlets capable of filling .mobile water supply.. apparatus at the rate of 1000 gpm (3785 L/min) or greater. 4 in. or_6 in. aluminum o. Y~astic rip;n~ Hones 2-in. miniclearance with adequate space or screen size to allow flow but restrict blockage by drop tank material Figure C-1.12.5(a) Jet-assisted transfer syphon: C-1.12.6 Testing Dump Valve Capacity. Departments using large gravity dump valves or jet-assisted dump valve arrangements need,to determine the flow rate at wht:h they can dump and..fill each .mobile water supply in use. Generally accepted. procedures for determining flow capac- ities have been .suggested and should be accomplished as follows:* (a) Weigh the mobile water supply without any water on board.: (b) Again weigh the mobile water supply when it has been completely filled with water. (c) Using only gravity, off-load the mobile water upply for 1 minute. tdl Ren-eigh the m~bilr ,~ ~rr~. ~,~~,=~h~anddetermine the gal (L) 011=loaded by gravity. (e) Again refill. the mobile water supply and weigh it. (f) Off--load the mobile water supply for 1 minute using the jet arrangement. (g) Reweigh the mobile water supply and determine the gal (L} off-loaded via the jet. ' (h) Make a comparison of the gal (L) used by gravity and those depleted using the jet. (i) Once again, fill the mobile water supply and weigh. it. (j) For 1 'minute; off--load the mobile water supply by opening the gravity dump and pumping through a 2?/2-in. (64-mm) discharge. (k) After weighing the mobile water'supply, determine the number of gal (L) off-loaded by pumping and dumping. An effective jet-assisted dump arrangement should pro- duce at least twice the volume that would be expected when off-loading by gravity. A good: jet arrangement will exceed the. volume experienced .during the dumping and. pumping test.: Whether using large ,dumps or jet,dump arrangements, turnaround d~,pp times and ease of opera- tions should be the primary ,considerations. C-1.13: Portable Drop Tanks. There are, generally, three types of drop tanks: (1) the self-supporting tank, (2) the fold-out frame tank, and (3) a high-sided fold-out tank for helicopter bucket-lift mobile water supply service. The self- supporting tank is built with the sides reinforced to sup- port the water inside the tank. The fold-out frame-type tank is similar to a child's wading pool - an open tank supported by a steel frame -and is the most common in fire service use.. Tanks are available .with an inlet and/or outlet built into the side of the tank: Capacities of drop tanks normally run from 1000 gal to 2500 gaL (3785 L to 9463 L) with 1500-gal to 2000-gal (5676-L to 7570-L) tanks as the more .popular. The addition of the drop tank for "stockpiling" water has yielded highly desirable .results. This stockpiling allows for the continuous operation of low- volume supplies and creates a source from 'which a pumper can .draft for supplying hose lines in a direct fire attack: [See Figures C-1.13(x) and (b).]' *General procedure referenced from Larry Davis, Rurdl Fzrefzghting Operations Book II, Chapter l5, page 342; IFSFI, Ashland, MA; 1986. t ,. 1993 Edition Figure C-1.12.5(b) Modified hard suction jet syphon. Qr - . . 1 APPENDIX C Figure C-1.13(a) Portable drop tanks should be simple to seYUp. Note the portable tank compartment (door open) on the mobile water supply. (Photo by Nahunt¢ Volunteer Fire Department, NC) :~ x~} ~Q l (+~[ r 4 - ~ ,~' } y Figure C-1.13(b) Each mobile watersupply should carry a portable tank that is 40 percent greater than the capacity of the mobile water. supply. Note the strainer that minimizes whirlpooling and allows departments to drafr to a depth of I in: to 2 in. (25 mm to 51 mm) in the portable tank.. C-1.14 Use of Portable Drop Tanks and Mobile Water Supply Vehicles. The development of the portable drop tank ~r portable folding tank and the jet-assisted dump or large gravity dump to assist the mobile water supply in quickly discharging its load of water has enabled many rural fire departments to utilize isolated water supplies and, for the first time, to obtain sufficient water for effec- tive fire fighting. The'following is a brief outline of how the system is being employed by some departments. When. an alarm of fire is received, equipment is dis- patched on a preplanned basis determined by such factors as fire flow needs; hazards involved, water supply a~~ailable, etc. (See Chapter .5.) A minimum of one mobile water supply and one pumper respond to the fire, and the pumper begins the fire attack with water from its boostertank. The first responding mobile water supply can .act. as a nurse unit or can set up a portable drop tank and begin discharg- ing its load of water into the drop tank. With the use of a jet-type pump, discharging through a 5-in. or 6-in. 1231-41 (12.7-cm o1- 15.2-cm) discharge pipe, or a large 12-in. (30.5-cm) quick dump .valve, the water in the mobile water supply can be transferred to the portable. drop tank at a rate of approximately 1-000 gpm (3785 L/min). A short piece of aluminum pipe with an `L" on one end gives the mobile water supply the flexibility to discharge into the drop tank with. the mobile water supply backed up to the drop tank or with the drop tank located on either -side of the mobile water supply. As soon as the mobile water sup- ply has emptied its load, it immediately heads to the water supply. In the meantime,- another fire department pump- ing unit has responded to the water. supply, connected to the water supply, and primed its pump. When the empty mobile water supply arrives at the water supply, the pumper is ready to fill the mobile water supply. The refilled mobile water supph~ returns to the fire site, dis- charges its water, and the cycle is repeated. It is suggested that it is more efficient to fill one mobile water supply at a time rather than to fill two or more mobile water supply apparatus at a slower rate. Also, if all mobile water supply apparatus in the departmenthave..'the same capacity, they will not "stack up" at the source of supply or the fire while waiting for a large mobile .water supply to be filled at the source or to discharge its water at the fire. Although pre- planned, each step of this hauling operation is under the direction of the WSO, and local conditions can dictate vari- ations in this basic system. As additional mobile water supply apparatus arrive at the fire site and dump their water, they fall into the water- hauling cycle. It might be'rrecessary for the WSO to open up additional water supply points with additional pump- ers. Portable pumps can sometimes be used in this opera- tion if the additional supply i not readily accessible; however, refill time can be greatly increased. The WSO at the. fire site needs to be in radio contact with the officer in charge of each water supply or suction point. The WSO well also- advise the drivers of which route to take to the fire site: Where°er' possible, ark alternate route should be selected for retiii Wing behicles cn that emer~ren<~~~ vehicles will not be meeutig on sh~u-p turns or narro~~ country roads. ~ )' ~ ~` t ei ~ " -~'# ^w hr :s.~sr .r,~~ ~ ~tr _ _ R:~ , >.,4sr ` .i4 °,~: ', ~ . 7 Figure C-1.14 The aluminum irrigation discharge pipe, in the shape of an "L," allows discharge from either side or rear of the mobile water sup- ply. Four hard suction hose lines are used to minimize any clogging of the strainers. 1993 Edition 1231-4t WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND. RURAL FIRE FIGHTING It is possible that local fire: departments will be unable to accommodate the. demands of he initial alarm response to certain occupancies that require a large volume of water, based on the study producing the water flow requirements. Automatic: aid. pumpers and. mobile water supply appara- tus can be set. up to run automatically on first alarm, thereby conserving valuable time and delivering fire flows calculated in Chapter 5. It is desirable that each mobile water supply carry a por- table drop tank with a capacity at Least 40 percent greater than. the.. capacity. of the mobile water supply. C-115 Chemical Additives and Water Supply. C-1.15.1. General.. Fire departments are-using chemicals to increase their fire fighting capacity. This is important to the rural fire fighter working with a limited water supply, _:. ' .,~ rl.emi ~_~ ~.... r.~~i~'. :wry t~ti~i~,,.~,.;:.~ capability per gallon (liter) of water. Since .the chemical additives will create an additional expense, it becomes very important to be aware of the various capabilities andchar- acteristics of chemical additives, as well as their advantages and disadvantages; .relative to the types of fires encoun- tered_by each fire department. C-1.15.2 ..Foam. The' need for fire fighting foams occurs on surfaces where the cooling effect of water i needed and wherever a continuous foam blanket can-provide the ben- efits of vapor suppression, insulation, delayed wetting; or reflection. Foam products are commercially ,.available for Class A fuel fires and Class B fuel fires (commonly referred to as Class A foam and Class B foam, respectively.). Class A foam is designed for fighting fires involving wild- land fuels sawdust, cotton, paper, rubber, and other Class A fuels. Glass A foam is a mechanically generated aggrega- tion of bubbles having a lower density '..than .water. The foam is made by introducing air into: a mixture of water and foam concentrate. The bubbles adhere,to the Class A fuels and gradually release the moisture they contain. The greater surface area-to-mass ratio of water i'n the foam of a bubble enables foamed water to absorb heat more effec- tively than unfoanied water. Foam. provides a barrier of oxygen, necessary to sustain combustion. The reduced rate of water release results in more: efficient conversion of water ro steam, providing enhanced cooling effects and, along with surfactants contained in the solution, allows he water w penetrate the fuels .and reach deep-seated fire sites. :Foam also provides a protective barrier for unburned, exposed fuels by wetting and insulation. (See NFPA '298; Poam Chemicals for Wildland Fire Control.) Class B foam is designed for fighting fires involving flammable or combustible liquids where foam becomes the only permanent extinguishing agent used on fires of this type: Class -B foam is .lighter than the aqueous solution from which it is formed and lighter than flammable liquids; therefore, it floats on all flammable or combustible squids, producing , an air-excluding;: cooling, continuous' layer of vapor-sealing, water-bearing material for purposes of halt- ing or preventing combustion. (See NFPA 11, Standard for Low Expansion Foam and Combined Agerat Systems..) The appropriate listings on the label should be con- sulted to determine proper application rates and methods. If there are no listings for application rates '.and methods, do not assume any. However, the word "foam" appears in the usage of wetting agent instructions as well as in the use of water expansion system (WES) units. C-1.15.3 .Other Water .Additives (Wetting Agents).;. A wetting agent is a chemical compound that, when added to water in amounts indicated by the manufacturer, will mate- rially reduce the waters surface tension, increase its pease- tratingand spreading abilities, and might-also provide emulsfication and foaming characteristics.: Decreased sut- face tension disrupts the forces holding the film of water together, thereby allowing it to flow and spread uniformly over solid surfaces, and to penetrate openings and recesses over which it would .normally flow. Water treated ill-.this manner not only spreads and penetrates; but displays increased absorptive speed and superior adhesion to solid. surfaces.` Therefore, leaks in plumbing and pump packing can occur that would not have-occurred if the additive had not been used. Visual: inspection should be ;made during wet water operations, Wet water should be applied directly to the surface of the combustible. These. agents do not increase the heat absorption capacity ofwater, .but he_greater spread and penetration of the wet water increase the efficiency of the extinguishing properties of~ water, as more .water surface is available for. heat absorption and run-off is decreased.. Wetting agents are broadly ;defined as being surfactants (surface acting agents). All wetting agents are concentrated and. are mixed:-with a liquid at varying percentages: The wetting. agent can be liquid or powder. The liquid into which it is mixed for fire fighting purposes. is water, How- ever, the primary sales for some wetting agents .are for use as a carrier for liquid fertilisers, fungicides; insecticides, and herbicides. These wetting agents can be, and are, used for fire fighting. purposes. They don't have additives that wil]_protect tanks; pumps, valves, and bushings, etc:, and it is recommended that unused mixtures be drained out'of the tank and a flush of'all parts be made with plain water. With all wetting agents, hard water usually- does require a greater amount of additive to produce the-same results. Wetting agents designed for fire department use will normally contain rust inhibitors t<~ protect-the tank; pump, piping, and vah~es. Goneratl., tLc~ ,mixture .~,~ill lose some u its rust-inhibiting characteristicsif left in the tank. Wetting agents are available.. in both liquid and powder form. Both forms result in the same extinguishment characteristics. The use of wetting agents is as a soaking or penetrating agent for wildland fuels, sawdust, cotton (bales, bedding, upholstery), rags, paper, etc,. These agents are,used very effectively on smoldering or glowing "combustibles. All of the commercially available products that fall into .the .above category will satisfactorily suppress Class A fires. Many of the wet water additive products have instruc- tions that make note of the production of a foam material through increasing the amount of the product. No additional equipment is needed for the production of this foam.. Caution should be exercised, as well as actual on-site testing performed, in order to determine what the resultant foam will display in terms of extinguishment and fire. fighter safety. Additionally, a few wet water additives produce a foam through the use of a foam gun (generally atube-typeaer- ator and. some nozzles}. "Fhe instructions indicate this is generally a Class A fire exunguishing~ agent. As above, local on-site testing should be performed to determine the prod- uct's capabilities. 1993 Edition APPENDIX D _ There is available commercially a water additive that will ~,r suppress Class A and B fires.` The product accomplishes the extinguishment of Class I3 fires by altering the water properties in such a manner tbat the mcreasing_heat con- vcrts the water to a~vapor, rather than steam, therebycool- ing'the fire: Appendix D Large Diameter Hose This Appendix is not a part of the requiremrnts of this NFPA document, but is included for information purposes only D-1 Transporting Water Through Large Diameter Hose. n_7.1 ~'e;~er.rl, T11e ad~~ent of lar gP rliamcter ht~~e Rs an accepted tool of fire fighting has major significance in the. field of rural water, supplies. This hose is viewed as an aboveground water main from a water source to the fire :scene, and its use is growing in the United States. Where delivery rates .exceed 500 gpm-(1893 L/min) and water is moved long distances, large diameter hose provide a most efficient means of minimizing friction losses and develop- ing the full potential of both water supplies and pumping capacities. For practical purposes, NFPA defines large diameter hose as that with an inside diameter of 31/2 in. (89 mm) or larger. D-1.2 Characteristics. Large diameter hose is available in either single- or double jacketed construction, generally in the following: sizes: 31/2 in. (89 mm), 4 in. (10.2 cm), 41/2 in. (11,4 cm), 5 in. (12.7 cm), and 6 in. (15.2 cm). The lower friciion 'loss characteristics ` of such hose. increases the usable distance between water source and .fire. The department unable to use water sources more than 1000 ft (304.8 m) from a potential fire site might find that 3000 ft (914 m) or more can become a reasonable distance where usin~~ large diameter hose: T h~- b.~~i~ ~ e~isons large diameter hose nro~es ~~ ater mere etlicit~urly are itsinereased size, itslower friction loss, and the relautSnship of these factors. Thev can be csplained {n~ studying the carrying capacities and friction loss t~cwrs ~11~~wn in Tables D-1.3(a) and D-1.3(b). D-1.3 Carrying Capacity of Large Diameter Hose. 'Tables 11-1.3(a) and D-1.3(b)' show, for example,. thatone 5 in. (I `?.7,-can) ; hose line delivers a volume of water approxirnatel~ equivalent to six 21/2-in. (64-mm) lines or fpm -in. (i ti-mm) lines at a' given pressure an'd distance. [To use Table D-L3(a) to obtain these numbers, read hor- izontally from the ~5-in. (12.7=cm}hose column on the far left. Thus, the table. shows one 5-in. (12.7-cm) length of hose. to have the carrying capacity of 6.2 lengths of 21/2-in. (64-mm) hose, 3.83 lengths of 3-in. (76-mm) hose, 2.56 lengths of 3111-in. (89-mm) hose, etc:] D-1.3:1 Selecting Large Hose. The size and the amount of hose to be' carried by the fire department should be selected to fit-.the needs of the area served and the finan- cial resources of the department. To assist in hose selec- tion, Table D-1.3.1 can be helpful. The table is designed to be used primarily in relaying water with pumps discharg- ing at 150 psig (1034 kPag) and at 20 psig (138 kPag) residual pressure at the point receiving the flow. 1231-43 Table D-1:3(a) Relative Carrying Capacity of Fire Hose in Hose Lengths 21/2 in. 3 in. 31/2 in. 4 in. 41/2 in. 5 in. 6 in. 2~/2 in. 1 0,617:.-: 0.413. 0.29 0.213 0.161 0.1 3 in. 1:62 1 0.667 0.469 0.345 0.261 0.162 31/2 in. 2.42 1.5 1 0.704 0.515 0.391 0.243 4 in. ,3.44. 2.13 1.42. 1 0.735. 0.556 0.345 41/2 in. 4.69. 2.90 1.94 1.36 1 0.758 0.469 5 in. 6.20 3.83 2.56 1.8 1.32 1 0.619 6 in. 10 6.19 4'.12 2.9 2.13 1.61 1 This table shows the relative carrying capacities of hose, 2y2 in. (65 mm) to 6 in. (152 mm) in diameter for the same friction loss. The values in the table are based on the Hazen-Williams equation. For. SI units: 1 in. 25.4 mm. Table D-1.3(b) Approximate Friction Losses in Fire Hose (psig per 100 feet) Internal diameter of hose 21/2 in. 3 in. 31/2 in. 4 in. 5 in. 6 in. Flow in gpm: 250 15 6 2 - - - 500 55 25 10 5 2 - 750 - 45 20 11 4 1.5 1000 - 77 36 19 6 2.5 1500 - - 82 40 14 6 2000 - - - 70 25 10 For SI units: 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 gpm = 3.785 Umin; ]psig = 0.0689 bar (g). Table D-1.3.1 Distance in Feet that a Given Size Hose Can Deliver a Quantity of Water GPM Discharge at 150 psig Pump Pressure Hose Size 250 500 .750 1000 1500 2000 Inches gpm gpm gpm gpm gprn gpm 21/2 866 fr 236 ft 3 2166 ft 520 ft 288 ft 168 ft 31/2 6500 ft 1300 ft 650 fc 361 ft 158 ft 4 ~ 2600 ft 1181 ft 684 ft 325 ft 185. ft 5 6500 ft 3250 ft 2166 ft 928 ft 520 fi 6 8666 ft 5200 fi 2166 ft 1300 ft Example: A 750-gpm fire flow is needed on a fire that is located 6500 ft From the water supply. A pumper rated 750 gpm at 150 psig can relay 750 gpm at 20 psig discharge for a distance ofonly 650 ft if Sys-in. (89-mm) hose is used or 8666 ft if 6-in. (152-mm) hose is used. Therefore, the depart- ment should consider using 6-in. (152-mm) hose to deliver its needed water requirements. For SI units: 1 in. _ 25.4 mm; 1 gpm = 3.785 L/min; 1 ft 0.305 m; 1 psig = 0.0689 bar (g). D-1.4 Load Capacity. Another important item to con- sider is hose load capacity. Most large diameter hose is of a lightweight design, which results in a coupled 100-ft (30.5-m) length of 5-in. (12.7-cm) hose weighing approxi- mately 105 lb (48 kg) -little heavier than a length of 100 ft (30.5 m) of conventionally constructed 21/~>-in. (64-mm) hose, which can weigh approximately 100 Ib (45 kg). 1993 Edition 1231-44 WATEK SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING One engine company, laying large diamtaer hose instead of multiple smaller lines; is much more efficient in its water-moving capacity. The use of the large diameter Itose with one engine speeds up the operation that would other- wise involve- multiple smaller .lines with. additional pump- ers-, personnel, aiid equipment to accomplish the same job. D=1.5 .Large Cities Using 5-in. (12.7-cm) .Hose. Use of large diameter hose is'not limited to the rural fire service.. Because of its increased water-carrying capacity and efI`i- ciency, 40 percent of the 200 largest cities throughout the U.S. now employ large hose,. and it is_one of the fastest growing. items of technology in he fire. service. Ir has dem- onstrated further utility as, literally, a portable pipeline used to bridge the gap in a water system when a main rup- tures and is being repaired. It has further been used in some ~l,rni~hr-stricken areas to bring water to the ~cenc of afire from a distant lake or stream, conserving municipal water supplies that would otherwise be used. Several com- munities have installed as much as 2 miles (3.2 km) of 5-in. (12.7-cm} hose for. this purpose. While the large diameter hose is being laid, the initial fire attack is .made from hydrants. Where the large hose carrying the water from the ,lake is available at the fireground, the hydrants are shut down; and supplies in the municipal water system are conserved.- - D-1.6 Hose Reels. A number of powered "reel trucks" with various. hose load capacities are now in use. Much of the light~~eight large diameter hose now avaiI- able is' of a construction that permits field cleaning and does not. require drying. The use of the "reel truck" per- mits rapid reloading using minimum personnel (2), :and the unit is in service within minutes. Double reels mounted in the hose bed of a reel truck can produce a carrying capacity of large `diameter hose of up to f~000 ft (1829' m). The large diameter hose then becomes over I mile (L6 km) of aboveground water main. Such reel tracks generally require special power-driven ..systems. to rewind hehose. The size of the reels is not con- ducive to fitting on moststandardfire department purrip bodies. Therefore, [rucks specially designed for this opera- tion are generally used as hose reel vehicles. D-1.7 Fittings, Large diameter hose is available. from many fire hose manufacturers. with .either. standard threaded couplings or quick-connect hermaphrodite-type fittings that eliminate the "male-female" feature. of cou- plings and; consequently,. many adapters. Special fittings (described below) have been developed to be used. with large diameter hose. D-1.7.1 Clappered Siamese with Indicator.. (See. Figure D-L7.1.) This valve is added to the supply line one length from the .hydrant or pumper at draft and allows for the addition of a .second pumper without shutting down. the flow of water: The indicatorshows the position of the sin- gle clapper. D-1.7.2 Line Relay Valve.: (See Figure D-1.7.2:} Should relay pumping be .required;: aline relay. valve is inserted during the hose lay. This ~~alve has a straight-through waterway so water delivery can be started upon completion of the lay. The valve contains a gated outlet and a clap- ~~ ,~ ~ ~~`,r ~.~ e `~ - "" K o-1 ;" ~'x .. r ~*~~ti r a .: ~ µ ~~ ~v s t..~_ ~ . ~~ :~ iii, r .~ yyt ~nv`~i .., '' 7'~ t ~ ~~, ; t:_ 1 . a~ ~ .Figure D-1.6(a) Field cleaning large diameter hose. fir.`,' w, `.-.,~ pered inlet: Upon arrival of the relay pumper, a line is attached from the gated outlet to sthe suction of the pump, with a discharge line: connected from the. pump discharge into the Clappered inlet. The .pump pressure closes the clapper, and the full flow is relayed .to the fireground or another relay pumper. In addi ion, this valve contains an automatic air bleeder and a pressure dump valve set at 150 psig (1034 kPag). It is impi~rtant to note that the relay pumper can be added u~ or'removed from the line without shutting down the flow of water to the fireground. 1993 Edition Figure D-1.6(b) Apparatus with reels for large diameter hose t, \YYENDIX b e 7. ~ - t 3 „~ ,~~ J~ e i F ~~ J _~~ .1 ~ i$ifi~ } ~, _ t ~~ ~ 1 TT ~~ ' 5' E ~ 5 ~~t.. .,t* i ~ ~~~ .~ ~ ' 3 pp '' _ _ ~ _ +~ j ~. y~ ~ - ~ r ~ ~ r , ~# ~ li. r~ i ~ "~~~ Figure D-1.6(c) Many departments have installed large diameter hose with a flat lay in the hose bed. 1231-45 - .~. :~ ~_ _.d ~~ r i :2' ' ~ ~ s ` i i il ~ ry -~ J~i s fc ~ ~4 ~ ~ r r _ ~ 4 C ,4 ~~ ~:.-~ ' ~ ~~ ~ ~. r _. i - t ..~ ,. _ -~. 4~ ist '.~ ,fir 1S v*~~~ ~' `1~~ ~ ~` " _ Y ~ ,~ ^~ ~~ ti ~.. ~ R ~ 4 ~ . S ~. .. ~' F } ~~ i,r . 3 t7~ w~ ~ F ~ ~ h ~ Sf ~ ` ~ . i , ''~ k , y }~~ ,~ ^9 4 A 47~ ~-, ~ ~ , ~~ °"~. ,~+^ _,.. . .,~. ., Figure D-1.6(d) Fire fighters quickly reload 5-in . (12.7 cm) hose as [he apparatus straddles the hose. Note the[ the hose is loaded over the bar between the stanchions. 1993 Edition Figure D-1.7.1 Clappered Siamese with indicator. Figure D-1.7.2 Line relay valve. 1231-46 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING D-1.7.3 Hydrassist Valve...: (See Figure D-L7.3:) This ver- satile' valve can be iltilized on a hydrant where water is available but pressure is .limited: The valve is attached to the .hydrant and the normal lay of supply. line is; initiated. Where additional pressure is .required, a pumper is attached to the valve and begins boosting pressure to the fire scene without interrupting the flow. of water' from :hydrant. to fire. In rural .:applications, this. valve. can be equipped tolay in a line during hose lay and to allow a ..pumper to'hook into the line and>boost pressure without interrupting flow to the fire scene: D-1.7.4 Manifold Yalve. (See Figure D-1.7.4.). I~his valve contains a 4-iri. or 5-in: (10:2-cm or 12.7-cm) inlet and four 21/2-in. (64-mm) gated,. threaded male or female outlets. as .well as a gated 4-in: or 5-in. (10.2-cm or 12.7-cm) outlet. The manifold is available with xelief valve adjustable from 50 psig to 200.psig (345 kPag to L379 kPag). A pressure gauge is optional The manifold is portable,' allowing the: fire department to establish its own portable .hydrant D-1.7.5 Distributor Valve. (See Figure D-1..7:5.) This valve contains a 4-in. (10.2-cm) opening and waterway with two 21/2-in. {64-mm) threaded male outlets. It is _placed at the end of the supply line at the fireground, allowing dis- tribution of water to one or more attack pumpers. The valve utilizes ball shutoffs .plus an adjustable .dump valve. D-1.7:6 Incoming Gated Relief Valve. (See Figrcre D-1:7:6.) This valve is attached to the arge suction inlet of the pumper. The: upply line is connected directly to` the valve. It is equipped with a fine threaded, slow-acting gate vah~e;' an automatic air bleeder, and. an adjustable-dump valve. The gate. valve allows connection'to the supply: line while utilizing the booster rank water. It is also used to control the volume of water fr~nu the supply line to thepump. The dump valve helps protect the pumper and supply line against. sudden pressure. surges and watcr`hammer. ~~ ,. i~; ;: 4, s, ~ ~ ~~ ~,~~ ~. '. ; Figure D-1.7.5 Distributor valve D-1.7.7 Automatic Air Bleeder. (See Figure D-1.7.7.) Required at all points where a large diameter hose is con- netted to an engine inlet car at any distribution-point D-1.8 Irrigation Piping. D-1.8.1 General .Irrigation piping shares many of its characteristicsof lowfrictionloss and capability oftransfer- ring arge volumes of water with large diameter hose: Irri- gation use is increasing throughout the country, which has resulted u~ much lightweight aluminum pipe becoming available to the fire service. It can be carried on vehicles or found on the fireground in farming areas. The fire depart- ment should know which of its potential hazard's can be served by such a system. 1993 Edition Figure'D-1.7.4 Manifold valve. Figure D-1.7.3 Hydrassist valve: ~,,, 1231-47 -pipe coupling to fire department threads might be required and can be easily fabricated in .local machine shops. They ale not offered by either pipe or fire hose manufacturers. Mini- mum requirements are for one supply. adapter; for instance, four 21/2-in. (64-mm) NH (American National Fire Hose con- nection screw thread) thread female inlets x pipe section, and one discharge adapter; or, four 21/2-in. (64-mm) NH thread gated male outlets. x pipe section. Additional fittings to provide. discharge gates at 100-ft to 300-ft (30.5-m to 91.4-m) intervals [ 1 or more 21/2-in. (64-mm) NH x pipe section] might be desirable. In areas where large diameter hose is available, adapters permitting its. integration with the pipe are highly recommended. Appendix E Portable Pumps APPENDIX E Figure.D-1.7.7 Automatic air bleeder. The pipe can be coupled, but usually the couplings are not of a' type ',that permits drafting.. The pipe has the advantage of being a relatively' permanent installation for long duration ;fire fighting and is not susceptible to the rupture problems of fire hose. Generally, it is an excellent tool for major disaster situations but is less often used for conventional. fire fighting evolutions, especially since the introduction of large diameter fire hose. Departments working in an area in which piped irriga- tion-systems are used should be alert to the adapters, etc., that might be needed to etn-n theconventional agricultural fittings into useful fireground fittings. Adapters fi-om the This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document, but is included for information purposes only. E-1 Portable Pumps. E-1.1 General.. Both diesel- and gasoline-driven portable pumps are available. The use of portable pumps is a com- mon method for moving water by the rural fire depart- ment. The. rural fire fighter should not be required to be a pump expert; however; the fire fighter should have the skill to place all portable pumps used by the department in operation, obtain draft, and perform each procedure in a minimal amount of time. E-1.1.1 Evaluating Portable Pump Needs. In order to get the maximum benefit from portable pumps, the offic- ers of the rural fire department should carefully study the needs of the department, taking into consideration the potential fire hazard, a~~ailable water supplies, and the capabilities of the department to use. portable pumps. The accessibility and the reliability of water supplies. are deter- mining factors in the need for and use of portable pumps. '~1an~ rural fire departments 1~~.n c (~,~ ~.n~l rL;:t i~x~rh ;, l~~"~ pressure. pumpand a high pressure pump are required to fill their needs. Portable pump selection should fit the fire fighting sys- tem of which it is to be a component; if direct hose streams are to be taken from a portable pump, the nozzles and hose sizedeterminethe required pump discharge vs. pres- sure characteristics. E-1.1.2 Portable Pumps. A portable pump. in the fire service means a pump that can be carried to a source by fire fighters, sometimes over difficult terrain. In general, two people should. be able to conveniently carry the pump. It should not weigh more than from 150 lb to 175 Ib (68 kg to 79 kg) and should have carrying handles, be so con- structed as to be easily carried in a compartment on the apparatus, and be capable of supplying at least two I I/2-in. (38-mm) hand lines. Heavier pumps, perhaps trailer- or truck-mounted; or otherwise made mobile, are valuable but used less commonly. Although a number of rural fire departments have used portable-type pumps that are securely mounted on their apparatus as the sole means of pumping, few fire depart- ments consider this to be a permanent arrangement and plan to buy a fire department pumper, in addition to the portable pwnp(s), when finances permit: 1993 Edition Figure D-.1.7.6 Incoming gated relief valve. 1231-48 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING E-1.2'Classification for Portable Pumps. Portable pumps for the fire service are covered Under NFPA 1921, Standard for Fire Department Portable Pumping 'Units, which sets forth specifications to be followed when obtaining por- -table pumps. This standard classifies portable pumps by capacity. and operating pressure. E-1.2.1 Rating of Portable Pumps. (a) Small Volume- Relatively High Pressure. This'pump- ing unit should be capable of pumping 20 gpm (76 L/min) at 200 psig (1380:'. kPag) net pressure through a 1-in. (25-mm) discharge outlet while, taking suction through` a I 1/2-in. (38-mm) suction inlet. This class of'portable pumps is especially useful to fire departments.: for !forest fire fight-' ing, which.' frequently .requires long 3/4-in. to 1 t/2-in. (19-mm to 38-mm) hose lines.-..and pumping uphill in ruggeu ~enain. such an arrangement wlil proviue g~ou nozzle reach. (b) Medium Volume -Medium Pressure. This pumping unit shall be capable of discharging 60 gpm (227 L/min) at 90 psig (621 kPag) net pressure and 125,gpm (473 L/min) at 60 psig (414 kPag) net pressure through a 11/<~-in. (38-mm) discharge outlet while taking suction through a 21/2-in. (64-mm) suction inlet. This class of portable pump has limited utility for small structural fires and 'can supply a 60-gpm (~27-L/min) fog nozzle through 250 ft (76 m)'of 13/4-in: (44-mm) .hose. It can be used to fill booster tanks or be used .with 21/2-in. {64-mm) hose to move. water a long distance..'. (c) Large. Volume -Relatively Lozu Pressure. This pump- ing unit shall be capable of supplying 125 gpm (4 73 L/min) at 60 psig (414 kPag) net pressure' and' 300 gpm (1136 L/min) at 20 psig (138 kPag)het pressure through'a 2t/2-in. (64-mm) discharge outlet while taking suction through a 3-in: or 4-in. (76-mm or 102-mm) suction inlet. 7-his class of portable pumping unit is frequently used for tank filling where a pumper cannot get close to a source of treater. 1t is also suitable for draining cellars', manholes, and other areas ~•here ~~°ater has accumulated. It can be used tr, supply two 11/Z-in. or 13/4-in. (38-mm or 44-mm) hose lines of short length .with 60-gpm (227-L/min) fog nozzles. This can result in fire streams of reduced quality and quantify that might not be suitable flows for interior fire fighting. Among the common types. of pumps used. are: E-1.2.2 Gear Pumps. Gear pumps (high .pressure, lo~,~ ~rolume) are of positive displacement type, with gears hav- ingvery close tolerances between gears and case. They can only be used safely in clear water. Dirty water will cause damage to gears and case. They are not very useful for tank. filling or relay work, as they are generally of low capacity in the lighter models. They are very good. for fire- fighting where high pres- sures are desired. These pumps have a shorter life, span than the .centrifugal -type, and are .easily packed on the back. They should never be operated without water and should be equipped with a relief valve. E-1.2.3 Piston Pumps. Piston pumps {high pressure, li~w volume) are operated by a piston, sleeve,-or cylinder wide two check. valves. They can be either single or .double action with one or more cylinders. They are positive dis- placement..type and 'should be operated with clean water. Theyare usually high=pressure pumps. Pisioii-type pumps. are limited to si~iall capacities and i, eigh more than centrif- ugalor gear pumps. 1'hcy am capable of very high lift and should be .equipped with a relief valve. E-1:2.4 Low-Pressure Centrifugal Pumps. The low' pressure centrifugal portable pumps (high volume) gener- ally are rated at 200 gpm to 300 gpm (75 7 L/min to 1136L/miu) and are capable of discharge at pressuresof 50 prig to 30 psig (i4 ~ kPag to 552 kYag). Usuall}- these ` pumps will not discharge rated capacities when operating wide suction IiCt in excess of 5 ft (1.5 m)., Solve of these pumps do not use. running rings or seal rings. `hhese types do not have dosetolerances, so they can be used in dirty water where some debris or abrasives are encountered. These pumps require little maintenance. n,,- , , water or seal rings, which will snot hold up has long when pumping water containing substantial amounts of abrasive materials. At lower discharge pressures,.. this type of pump,can deliver larger 'volumes, which' at'times have been metered. at from 400 gpm to 600 gpm (1514 L/min o 2272'L/min) with adequate size hard suction hose. at very low discharge pressures and high pump rpms. (Example: Relay from portable pump into fire pump on .apparatus or portable drop tank; or relay :from water source to drop tank where mobile water supply is filled .for relay to fire site.). Operation of these pumps depends on centrifugal force to move water, and they are very effective for relay opera- tions to pumper or for booster tank or mobile water sup- ply filling. There are no special operating problems to watch out for, and the pump will not heat up as rapidly as others if run without ~a-ater E-1.2.5 High-Pressure. Centrifugal Pumps. High-pressure portable pumps (small volume) generally have a small capac- ity, with an average. of 30 gpm to 40 gpm (114 L/min to 151 L/min) discha~ ge ~ai~d operating pressures in the 125 psig to 250 psig (R62 kPag to 1724 kPag) range.. The impeller is usually gearedtwice as fastas theengine to get the pressure at single stage: This type uses running rings or seal rings the same as larger fire ,pumpers and usually incorporates closed volutes in the impeller.. E-12.6 Floating Pumps. Pressure- and volume-floating pumps. are available.'A more recent development in porta- ble pumps is the-floating pump that primes and pumps automatically where. placed in water. This type of pump i constructed to set inside a float that resists breakage and needs no maintenance: Some entire units weigh under 50 lb (23 kg), including fuel; and provide from 60 to 90 minutes of operating time from the 5-qt' (4.73-L) fuel tank. The pump serves a need for a lightweight, .easy-to- operate, portable fire ,pump that can be placed in the water and does not need suction .hose or .strainers. However, such pumps tend to pick up leaves and other trash thatcan block nozzles and strainers of a pump supplied by the float- ing pump. (See Fa~2eae E 1.2.,6.) E-1.2.7 High-Lift Pumps. T'he' high-lift pump is a small, portable pump that rises wafer to drive a water motor, which in turn .:drives an impellerand pumps water to high elevations into a fire pumper for .relay into hose lines for fire fighting. 1993 Edition APPENDIX E 1231-49 (~ ,~ _.. , .~,~ -J _, :;< _ ~~ - ~ .~. "rwr, -- ~ti ~ ,'~ " -- ~-----"`~ _ ~ roc- -~'`~ ; _ a ~,` y' y.:: ~~ 2 ~~. ~`{ , .~ 1 ~,~ r= " Figure E-1.2.6 Floating 500-gpm (1893 I,/min) pump in swimming pool supplying the department pumper through large diameter hose. The high-lift pump is designed to obtain a water supply from a river, lake, stream, swimming pool, etc., where not accessibleby a pumper or conventional portable pump for drafting operations. The water used to power the water motor of a high-lift pump is taken from the booster tank of the pumper and discharged at high pressure through the fire pump into the hose to the high-lift pump water motor. This, in turn, drives' he water motor, which is connected to the .high-lift pump'mpeller, thus forcing volumes of water back into the intake side of the fire pump and on into the fire fighting hose lines. High-lift pumps can be hooked into hose lines and lowered or tossed: into water sources at the lower levels without fire fighting personnel having to go down to set the pump. E-1.2.8 Dewatering-type Pumps. Dewatering pumps, also knowri as trash pumps,, are pumps spectfically designed to handle muddy, sandy, or otherwise contami- nated ~n~ater. Some are built to handle spherical solids up to I ~/~~ in. (3fi mm) in diameter. These pumps could he used ;r tiu i~r ~~jc~~ icc~ [o pump +1°ater ~?ut of basements, tubs, or catchalls r)uring salvage operations. E-1.2.9 Diaphragm Pump. The diaphragm pump uses a piston-type action employing a diaphragm that moves water with each .stroke and is capable of handling trash- laden mater without damaging the pump. E-1.3 liethods of Using Portable Pumps. E-1.3.1 General. Some of the many problems of supply- ing watea~ in rural areas can frequently be overcome through the use of the proper portable pump. Many departineitts. through area prefire planning, locate water sourcr~ cohere portable pumps are the only suitable. means of using the water supply for filling mobile water supply apparatus or for supplying fire fighting hose lines. Departments should, when locating pumping sites for portable ~unips; determine whether the site is available year-round or whether it can be used only during certain times of the .year. Further determination should be made as to availability under weather conditions anticipated and, if such conditions can make their use difficult, how to pre- pare thesites for all-weather utilization. Centrifugal pumps are usually preferred over other types because of their ability to handle dirt and abrasives with less.. damage .and .because of their desirable volume- pressure. ratio. Similarly,: 4-cycle engines are considered more suitable for. fire service use,. although 2-cycle.or the new turbine-driven pumps can be used. However, 4-cycle engines should be used with the engine: in a level position or the engine will be damaged, whereas 2-cycle engines can be used with the engine in any position (as long as fuel is '.available to the engine) without damage. to the engine. A wood pallet or other: firm base can be useful under soft ground conditions. E-1.3.2 Uses of Pumps. Portable pumps can be used in sin- e gle or multiple combinations to accomplish the following: (a) 'Filling truck tanks where no fire pumper is available (b) Supplying fire fighting hose lines (c) Relaying water from a source in a variety of combi- nations or hookups (d) Dewatering operations (e) Pump-and-roll operations. E-1.3.3 Under conditions where a fire department pumper cannot get to a source of water and there is con- siderable distance between the source and the fire (several miles), low-pressure portable pumps of larger volume have proved to be very satisfactory where used to relay water to a mobile water supply fleet that shuttles water to a porta- ble drop tank at the fire. A fire department pumper takes suction fi-om the portable drop tank for discharge. onto a fire.,(See C-1.13.) A few of the ways in which a fire department can make use of portable pumps are: E-1.3.4 Pumping Directly onto the Fire. The portable pump can be used to pump ~~-ater into hose lines directly onto a fire. It can he carried to nearby sources of water. ~.~ , a s~~ imnting p~~of. gnu ul reach of regular lire appara- tus. ~1%here these water sources are close to the fire, only small amounts of hose are needed and can be quickly car- ried into position for rapid attack on the fire. .An effective portable pump for this purpose would need to be of at least amedium-volume type with enough dis- charge pressure to provide an effective fire fighting stream. For an example of this type of operation, see Figure E-1.3.4. Fire Pumper Road Hose line - C7 u lil~ef: Portable pump ~` ~-^ Figure E-1.3.4 Pumping directly onto the fire. 1993 Edition 123.1.-50 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING E-1.3.5_ Single Relay from Portable Pump to Pumpers. Under conditions where a standard fire truck cannot.get to a source of water, low-pressure portable pumps of larger volume. have proved to be very satisfactory where used' to relay- water to pumpers. This becomes feasible at a greater distance from water,' if large diameter hose is used. (See Figure E-1.3.5.) A single- portable pump often can supply enough water to-.keep a pumper supplied with good fire streams. The portable pump can be at the water source and a line laid from the portable pump to the pumper. One of the big advantages of the portable pump is that it can be placed close to the water supply for operation at minimum lift and minimum friction. loss in the suction hneP' nrn~~itlPrl arlPtinata ci7,e sttrti~n hneP'ic >>cPr1_ Re~r~~lar pumpers can accept water from portable pumps and increase water pressure for fire streams or use the water in a combination of`fire streams and booster. tank filling. A method commonly .used is for a pumper to lay hose lines from the fire to the water supply and start pumping from the booster tank into the hose line and onto the'fire while. the portable pump is being placed and water supply and hose lines from the portable to the regular pumper are being hooked. up. Fire Road ^-^ Portable Pump ~.~'-^', Road or O driveway Pumper' I~Waterz filling the tank-and can be dangerous. to those.working_on apparatus. Hooking the portably pwnp disch~irgeline directly into intake piping of large pumpers or mobile water supply apparatus has proved to be the quickest and safest method of filling tanks. Any of the portable pumps can he used for'filling mobile water supply apparatus in place of a pumper; however; the .low=pressure, high-volume-type pumps do the job more quickly. than others. Where pumping into tanks, sd-ainers should be used to prevent passage of trash and debris. Floating strainers have proved to be very effective. Where the water supply has the capacity, ,multiple por- table 'pumps for filling mobile water supply apparatus are suggested. A 200-gpm to 300-gpm (757-L/min to 1 13fi-L/min) rateresults in a slow filling time; therefore, two or three portable pumps should be moved into the operation as mutual-aid mobile water supply apparatus arrive to achieve a 500-gpm (1893-L,/min) .filling rate. Multiple portable pumps also act as a backup. in case of engine failure. l Portable Portable folding Pump tank ~~`^'-" Fire ~ Pumper taking ~ I Water' fo dingltank suction from folding tank Pumper Tanker being Tanker filled from discharging I pumper into folding Discharge line I tank I I Figure E-1.3.5 Single relay from: portable pump to pumper. E-1.3.6 Use of Portable Pumps tti Fill Mobile Water Sup- ply Apparatus or Booster Tanks. Many rural fire depart- ments: are overcoming. problems of limited water supply by using mobile water supply apparatus. to relay water to pump- ers working. at afire. Should the water supply be a stream with a small flow, for instance. 150 gpm (568 L/min), or inac- cessible by fire apparatus; the water can be obtained with a portable pump placed at the water supply. This pump sup- plies a- portable folding tank .that is used to stockpile water, and mobile water supply apparatus are filled from the porta- ble folding tank for shuttle to the fire. At the fire, the mobile water supply discharges its water into another portable fold- ing tank that is used to stockpile water from which the pump- ers) takes suction and discharges water onto the fire. (See G1.13.) (See Figure E-1.3.6.). It is not prudent to put the, discharge line from portable pumps into the. tops of booster tanks or mobile water sup- ply: apparatus unless no other way is possible or a special filling device is provided. Placing lines into tops of mobile water supply apparatus or booster tanks is a slow way of FiguceE-1.3.6 Portable pump filling portablefolding tank. E-.1.3.'7 Fire Fighting from Mobile Water Supply in Motion. Some departments have installed pipes or hard suction lines from their- mobile water supply apparatus to portable pumps. on the apparatus so they can ptamp from the tank intodischargelirieswhilethe mobile ~watersupply is in motion. The portable pump can be quickly discon- nected and taken off the mobile water supply for. use in other locations. This use is particularly effective for grain, grass, and brush. fires, as it provides uniform pressures regardless of the gear the vehicle requires to negotiate the terrain. Since rigging chard suction line from a pump to the vehicle carrying that pump is frequently awkward, it can be essential to carry a specially prepared length of hard suction' horse for this purpose or to otherwise prepare the vehicle or the pump in order to make the evolution rapid and practical. E-1.3.8 Summary of Portable Pump Evolutions. There are many factors to consider in deciding what size and type. of portable pump will best fill a fire department's needs. Consideration should be given to the capabilities of the pump and its uses. 1993 Edition ~, APPENDIX F Appendix F Automatic Sprinkler Protection This Appendix' is not ¢ part of the requirements of this NFPA document, but is included for information purposes only. F-1 -.Automatic Sprinkler Protection. F-1.L Sprinkler Protection of Rural Buildings. F-1.1.1 .General. Farsighted rural fire departments are big boosters of automatic sprinkler protection. With more sprinklered buildings .being constructed in rural 'areas; many rural fire departments are just beginning to under- stand the friend the fire service has in automatic sprinkler protection. The sprinkler system provides the fire depart- metat ~~~ith built-in hose line protection. The sprinkler heads and piping are in place and ready to .put water (other extinguishing agents can be used) on any fire. Also, the' record of the sprinkler system is superior. NFPA records show what 96 percent of all fires in sprinklered buildings. are controlled or extinguished.. by the sprinkler system,. with a large percentage of these fires controlled by no more<than two or three heads. In the 3 to 4 percent with unsatisfactory performance, he following human fail- ures have been noted: (a) Sprinkler system was shut off and not in service. (b) Fire department shut off water to sprinkler heads before fire was completely extinguished. (c) Fire department robbed sprinkler. system of water supply. ' (d) Fire department did not use ,fire department connection. (e) Sprinkler system was not designed. to protect exist- ing contents or occupants. F-2 Water Supply for Automatic Sprinkler System. F-2.I Sprinklered Building - Possible Water Source. Sprml.lered buildings are usually-provided with a water suhhi~ pitch as an elevated tank, ground-level suction tank, or p~n~~ letluipped with a fire pump. In a number of cases, a dish ibution system with hydrants is also provided. Ground level tanks, as well as elevated tanks, can be used by the fit e deparUnent to supply water-hauling oper- atiqus. Adequate provisions should be made by the fire department ~o as not to deplete the tank supply without also makin, pt ov,isions for refilling the tank at the conclu- sion of wafer-hauling operations. When bu~lding'and sprinkler plans are being reviewed, the fire department has an`excellent opportunity to make contact with the iprupc~rty'owner for permission to use the water sup- ply in the elevated tank in water-hauling operations. In case a certain quautity',of water needs to be reserved for the sprin- kler system, a riser, serving a hydrant. available to the fire department, should be installed that extends into the tank and'. allows the fire department to use the water above the water reserved tb- the sprinkler system. In some municipalities (as well as somestates), certain types of occupancies are required bylaw to install sprinkler systems. In a number of cases, very limited water supplies, such as pressure tanks, have been provided as the sole water supply for these systems. Such properties should not 1231=51 be considered as a water source for awater-hauling opera- tion for a,rural fire department. F-3 Supervision for Sprinkler System. F-3.1 In rural areas where sprinklered properties are iso- lated .with a .good possibility that the outside sprinkler alarm. will not be heard in case of fire, it is desirable that automatic sprinkler systems be fully supervised by either a competent guard on premises or by an alarm system with all signals transmitted. directly to a central station or afire alarm center. F-3.1.1 Where guard service is provided, it should meet the requirements of NFPA 601, Standard on Guard Service in Fare I oss Prevention.. F-3.1.2 It is desirable that the alarm system include super- vision of sprinkler water flow, sprinkler: control valve tamper, building temperature;. low air pressure on dry sprinkler sys- tems, fire pump operation, fire pump electric power, fire pump battery charger, temperature of water in tanks, and level of water in tanks where any of these items. exist. F-3.1.3 The central'station should meet the requirements of NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. F-3.1.4 Fire alarm centers should meet. the requirements of NFPA 1221, Standard for the Installation,'Mccintenance, and Use of Public Fire Service Communication Systems (formerly NFPA 73), and NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. F-3.1.5 In some situations; guard service or fire alarm centers referred to in F-3.1.1 and F-3.1>4 are not feasible due to unavailability, economic considerations, or both. It is, however, very important that sprinkler alarms be super- vised and signals transmitted rapidly io the fire depart- ment. In some rural areas where public telephone lines are the primary means of alarm 'transmittal, some sprinkler systems are "supervised" by using combinations of water flow indicators. microswitches, and the like, with direct telephone hncs ur autom<uit phone dEalrrs. l~ypicallti°, the signal or prerecorded alarm message is sent to a "fire phone" location, police dispatch, or similar;, location where alarms are handled. In no case should automatic phone dialers be allowed on the circuit used by the public to report emergency messages (fire, police, orambulance), as they can tie up the telephone line for long periods. Auto- matic telephone dialers are not legal on public emergency telephone lines in many jurisdictions. F-4 Fire Department and the Sprinkler System. F-4.1 Water supplies for the automatic sprinkler system referred to in Section 5-7, which consist of pumps and tank combinations feeding. yard mains and a hydrant system, should be installed in accordance with NFPA 20; 5'ICCndard for the Instal- lation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps; NFPA `?`_>, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection; and N ~ P \ 24, Standard for the Installation. of P7wate Fire Seruace 1Vla~insri~eil Thea,rAppurtenances. F-4.1.1. In addition to NFPA 73,Str~i~~ln~~d for the Install«.- taon of Sprirakle7~ S1~slcm.~, the following \ I'P`;4 standards apply where applicable: NFPA 15, Standard j';i~r Wdter Spray Fixed Systeans for Fare Proleclaon; NFPA 16, .Stanclaa~d ora the Installa- tion o~ Dehtige Foarn-Wr,~.ter Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems; NFPA 231, Standard for Gener¢l Storage; and NFPA 231 G, Standard for Rack Storage of Materials. _ 1993 Edition 1231-52 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING F-4.1.2 Use of Fire Department Connection. The stan- dard operating procedures (SOP) of each rural fire. depart- ment. should require one of the first-due pumpers to pump to the fire departmentconnection of the sprinkler: system. In this way, water .pressure and volume to the system can be increased, making Ehe sprinklers more effective. Also, the fire department connection ties into the system beyond all valves that might be shut of£ .therefore, even with the valve controlling the water. supply to the sprinkler system shut off, sprinkler heads can always be supplied with water through the fire .department .connection. After assessment by the officer in charge, the word to charge the system might be warranted. The pressure :available from the fire department pumper will not burstahepiping or heads of the sprinkler system, as all parts of the svstem are designed and testeu to ~iuistand at icast ~vu psig ~i~ou hiagl. F-4.1.3 Shutting Off Sprinkler System irr Case of Fire. The'sprinkler system should not be shut down until the chief officer is convinced that the fire is extinguished or controlled and .hand lines are in place for overhauling operations. Even then, the fire department pumper should not be disconnected from the fire department connection to the sprinkler system. Make sure that the fire is out. Sta- tion aperson at the control valve of the sprinkler system, ready to reopen the valve in case of a flare-up during fire department mop-up operations. Appendix G Secondary Water Supply ThisApfiendix is not ¢ dart of tlie?e2u~irements of this n'FP,9 document, but is included for information purposes gnly. G-1 Secondary Water Supply. G-1.1 General. The. water supply for fire fighting pur- poses. as specified in C;hal?ter 5. i~ considered the iriinii7ium s.~ater supply. It is assumed that seater is available_ tothe lire department from a single water point, often using a mobile water supply shuttle or mobile water supply relay in conjunc- tion smith apoi-tablefokling-tank or dry hydrant, etc. The,authorty having jurisdiction can determine that an additional, secondary .water. supply is warranted. "phis determination might be made as a result of on-site survey of buildings by thefire department having jurisdiction or by review. of architectural plans of proposed construction and planned development. G-1.2 Determination of Secondary Water Supply.. The determination of need of a secondary water supply antici- pates a large-scale fire situation. Where such conditions exist, ;this would require a water supply; delivery system consisting of multiple water points. Generally this can best be achieved. by a .water system that indudes-hydrants, a distribution. svstem, storage, anda source of supply capable of delivering~a minimum flow of 250gpm (946 Umin) at 20 prig (139kPag) residual pressure fora 2-hour duration. G-1.3 Procedure for Developing Secondary Water Requirement. Constructiona~id occupancyhazard classi- fication Tables. G-1.5.2(a); (b); {c), and (d) have been devel- oped from equation information derived from ahe formula in G-1.5. The factors considered in ..developing. the secondary water requirement for a building areas follows: (a) Type of Construction (Ci). Combustibility .and -:fire resistance of'the building itself greatly influence the. devel- opment and spread of a fire and, to a large extent deter` .mine. the amount of water.: needed to control and extin- guish a fire. (b) Size of Building (A~. The greater the story height and larger the undivided floor area, without walls or other fire separation, the greater the potential for a large fire and the greater the secondary water regtirement: (c) Occupancy (O~. Afire in a .building: having highly combustible contents will. require a', higher rate of water applicatia~~ rh,,~ ~, r,..~,;., ~ h~ii]din~ ,';rt, i,.,.,_ ,,~1„,~+;?,1F contents. Examples would. be a wastepaper. warehouse at one end: of the scale; and a steel pipe" warehouse at he other, with many variations in between. (d) Exposures (X~ and Communications (P~. In addition to the water needed on the fire in the building under con- sideration, additional water might be needed to prevent the fire from,. spreading to nearby buildings.. The amount of this extra water will depend on such factors" as the dis- tance between buildings and the type of construction and size of the exposed and communicating buildings , The method of determining secondary water require- ment is not intended. to provide details for calculating an adequate amount of water for large; special fire protection problems, such as lumberyards, petroleum storage, refin- eries, grain elevators, and large chemical plants. For sug- gested protection, see appropriate NFPA standards. For any building or structure protected by'an automatic sprinkler system that fully meets the .requirements of NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, the fire department having jurisdiction can waive any require- ment by this standard for additional water supply. (See 1~~~~>rtdi~ 1 .) G-1.4 Calculation. I-he calculation of a secondary water supply fora subject building'in gallons per minute (gpm) considers the construction (C;), occupancy (O;), exposure (X;), and communication (P~) factors of each selected build- ing or fire division and is done as outlined below: G-1.5 Construction Factor (C;); NOTE: `there follows a brief digest of the calculation of the secondary° water requirement for a given facility. An example of an actual calculation is included in' G-f.6. That portion of the secondary water requirement attributed to the type of construction and area of the selected building or fire division is determined by .the following formula: Where: F =Coefficient related to the class of construction: F = 1.5 for wood frame construction l .0 foi ordinary construction O:S foi~ noncombustible construction = 0.6 for fire-resistive construction A; =Effective area. 1993 Edition arrENnlx c 1231-53 The effective area is the total ft2 (m2) area of the largest floor in the building plus the following percentage of the other floors:{' (a) Buildings of Construction Types II, III; IV; and V, 50 percent of all other floors. (b) Buildings of Construction Type I. i. If all vertical openings, in the building have 11/2-hour or greater protection, 25 percent of the area :not exceeding the second and third largest floors. ii. In other. buildings, 50 percent of the area not exceeding 8 additional floors. j' NOTE: Do not include basements and sub-basement areas that ^rc ~'acanr nr art n~~rlt h,~{l~?,nc m~tinv~~•~ivr!- ~~ th are occupied by light-hazard or low-hazard occupancies. (See G-1.6.) G-1.5.1 Calculating Predominant Construction. In buildings of mixed construction types, the predominant construction class shall be determined as follows: NOTE: In applying the rules below, basement walls and the lowest floor level shall be disregarded. (a) Fire Resistive: Any building with 662/3. percent or more of the total wall area and 662/3 percent or more of the total floor and roof area defined as construction type I. (b) Noncombustible: Any building with 662/3 percent or more of the total wall area and 662/3 percent or more of the total floor and;. roof area defined as construction types lI and IV, or Any building not qualifying under (a) above, with 66~s percent or more of the total wall area and 662/3 percent or more of the total floor and roof area constructed in two or more of construction types I, I I, and I V,~ but with no single type in itself equaling 662/:3 percent or more of the to~a1 area.. (<) Orr'lzrxn~; ~~y building not qualil~~ing ^n<le~ .a) ~,r (h) above, with 662/3 percent or more of the total wall area of construction type III, or Any building not qualifying under (a) or (b) above; with 662/3 percent or more of the total wall area and 662/3 per- cent or more o'f the total floor and roof area constructed in two or more of construction types I, II, II1, and 1V, but with ^o single Ltype in itself equaling 662/s percent or more of the total area. (d) Frame: ', Any building not qualifying under (a) through (c) above, or any building with over 33t/3 percent of the total wall area of combustible construction, regard- less of the type of construction of the balance of the build- ing, should be' defined as construction type V; The maximum value of (C;) is limited by the following: 8000 gpm (30 280 L/min) for wood- frame and ordinary construction; ~li~division walls are rated 1-hour or more with labeled Class I3 Gre doors on openings, subdivide a floor. "I~he maximum area on any one floor used shall be the largest undivided area-plus 50 percent oC the second largest undivided area on that floor. -' 6000 gpm (22 710 L/min) for noncombustible and fire- resistive construction; 6000 gpm (22 710 L/min) for cone-story building of any type of construction.: The minimum value of (C;) is 250 gpm (945 L/min). The calculated value of (C;) should be rounded to the nearest 250 gpm (945 L/min). G-1.5.2. Occupancy Factor (O;). The factors below reflect the influence of the occupancy in the selected building on the secondary water requirement. _---- _.. Occupancy Hazard Classification Number Occupancy Factor (O;) No. 7 Light Hazard 0.75 No. 6 Low Hazard 0.85 No. 5 Moderate Hazard 1.00 No. 4 High Hazard 1.15 No. 3 Severe Hazard 1.25 Representative lists of occupancies by classification of occupancy hazard are located in Chapter 3. NOTE: Tables G-1.5.2(a) through G-1.5.2(d) include the occupancy factors (O;) applied for each type of construction. G-1.5.3 Exposure (X;) and Communication (P;) Factors. These factors reflect the influence of exposed and com- municating buildings on the secondary water requirement. A value of (X; + P;) should be developed for. each side of the building: NO 1-E: The following is a brief digest of the calculation of exposure and c~mmnnication..'\n example of an a~ tual c~l- culation is included in (~ I.6. (X + P); = l.0 + n (X; + P;), maximum 1.55, where ~', n =number of sides of i = 1 subject building NOTE: The exposure factor should apply to only one side of the subject building. It is determined by the following method. (a) Factor for exposure (X;): The factor for (X;) depends on the .construction and the length-height value (length of wall in feet times height in stories). of the exposed building and the distance between facing walls of the subject building and the exposed buld- ing and should be selected from Table G-1.5.3(a). NOTE: The following buildings shall not be charged as exposures: Buildings fully protected by automatic sprinklers; . Buildings with a residential occupancy; Buildings that are Type I caastruction; Buildings with a blank masonry wall. 1993 Edition 1231-54 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING b Ti ~ _ o u'• '~ k" m q o •° ~ U ¢~ w. .~ W .a 3a ~x ~. ~ V ~'7 ~ rte. 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CD t0 O O 0 ~, w w w ~ 0000000000 0000000000 00000000000 o~no~no~o~o.n o.noicyoicyouio~n o.ryo C7 .no.cyo~no.no ~rocr~cyrociuyr ocv>nrocvuyrocu u-,roci>cyc~ocu.nrc -~ . ,-. cu ~ cv cv ar a7 cr, cn d~ d+ w ~r icy .cy ~n uy cp co cp cp r r r r ao "' c o 0 0 0 0 0 o c o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u;~iryo000~n~~ o000.cy.n>no00 0.n~n.no.nir,oiry~n,ry c C ~ p y > ~ O O co Lv r d~ ~ d' c0 O cD a7 Cv cn cp O cD ct! cn V' r cV o0 c0 c0 r O u~.. Cv c'; d"cO rQ: icy o~0 a'7 cO~CVO6~ ayr ~-•~O~t'6y W O)~O ~„} O . ~.., .-r .r .~. GV GV GV GvCn cn cn ..mot' ~ ~ sn cD',c0 C r r a0 O ~~ 11 > O o 'r ^ . ee (~ E" . ee 0. U ~ O 'a d~ c i ' o ~ ~ cy ic ; iti O O C o uj iL'; 7 C O O u'y ~ icy O O O C R u~ iLy O icy uy O ity ~ ~cyorcaco~curv+ cnd~cDOCflc~ctcncoo co wcn~rcvoocOCOro O W - ,-, cv cr, d~ cp r m ~ ch .ci ao o c~cy cp m cr cp a~ ch r ,~ .c; o v~ ay W ay icy --~ ~ -- , . , ~ c~ cr cv ci cn cn - ~ ~ ~ uy ~n cD co co r r o0 _~ ~ ~ O O - 4z. ~" ~ L G.- O C O O C C~ O^ O O C O O O O^ O^ C O C O O C O O O O O C ~~ c ~; c u-; cu ~~ c ~~ c icy o .n o ~n o icy o ~; o .n c icy o icy o uy o pry o ir ~ 1 (~ , 1 o LV ~ r -~ ~ ity r o aV ~n r O aV ~ r o aV ~ r o a4 ~ r O LV tfy r c .-, ,- Lu cu cu cu ch cY, cn cry N v~ ~ ' ' d v .cy ~n u y ~r, cfl co co cD r r r r co O ~ O O O O O O O O C O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~.c'y uy O O O~ O O O C icy C u~ O O~ O O tL) tc'; u~ O O~ O O icy uy ity ity O ' " ~ it ~ n cY d c0 O cC c.G r..- r to COO ~ a'1 ch CO --~ IX) x O ic; Gv .-. c~'] r cn CV ch r cn -^ cu cn u~y C O C c<y 7 W .-~ <t' 00 GV c0 O >cy Oy d' O ~ .-~ r ~ Oy ~9 a'~ O r ir>.. V ~ . •-• ~-•. .--~ aV CV aU cn c^~ d". W d' ~ CU cfl r r 00 GO 67 O ,--~ .-.. CV c 11 > ~" F- R _ '^ R 61 C ^.. _ _ _ _ _ ~O U y ~^ chi ~ .n ic':O OCu'y O Cu~O.r>00 ~:00~ty 7ic;COUy00 ~~zr ir; . r W ~'OOCO COr--. racy cO Q~u~y cn c~c0 .-. ~., W 0~cy au ,-~chrcn Pl cnr ~ O W -- Gv may in O m O ay ~ ao .-. ~' W au cO O icy O~ rt' O uy -. r ch O o c~'y O ~--~ Cv Cu Cv cn ch V' a' W in cD cO t~ r ~ ~ 6~ O O ~. ° ~ w w ~ a. 000000'0000 0000oooooC 00000000000' o ~y o .n o .cy o ~n o ~n o pry o >n o icy o icy o acy o icy o .n o .n o ~n o .cy o C 7 ~cyrOCr.nrocv,nr oc~~cyroct.nrocr ~cyrocvuyroa~uyro ,-..--~ .-. ,--~ cv cr ci cr c<y can ay cri d+ w v+ <r ~n u~ icy .n cfl cfl co c~ r r r r o0 r ~ ~' ~ 0000000000 0000000000 oCOOOOOOOOo u'; icy C O ~c'1 ~ O lLy C ~n O uy u) O O u~ ~ ~ to .ty icy ~Ly u~ O O ~ O O u7 O ~ Ur ~ Oa".-. c.C d'~C.r ~..~ cO rO CO~ c0.-. 6~0. ~' ~-. -- V' ~ OGV GO COrGY Q~ --cr V'c0 W ~-. ch cOG ~rcu c0 cO aVr~O r ' - ~p V - oyruy cn GV~~O --~ ~ w cr cc; ~ d^ w ~ .cy c0 r r co O O o .-., cv ay d+ icy co.. ~ II v ~ ~ o .~ ~ .~ r. ~ '. F. f ~ A. ~ • ~ R F. _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q _ _ ` u~ pry c o ~n .cy c ~n o ~n c .n ~n o o icy ~n icy ~ icy ~n ~, u; c o .n o o uy o a:x.-. co~r~ncnco -corocouycfl.~ayo ~r--. w--~ocv~corcu r ~ W .-._c ,v ccx.._.c~~n ocr,rcvco._..cocurd~ or<r-~O~r~nc~ycu-~.-. -- ~ eu~cuenceyv'd'~cyu yc rrcoca;o.,-~evcvyd^~ ~ ~ C O O ii.L .~ a O II E c O L:. 1993 Edition APPENDIX G 1231-55 ~F.._ ~ 0000000000 0000000000 00000000000 P+ o~no~no~no~ou~ o~no>no.no~no~ o~no~o~nou-,o>no ~ ~nro_c_v.nr_oc~rc~icri °~c~c~c~°~~v ~~ ~~coo o~cro~rrrooo ~ 0000000000-0000000000 000.00000000 m ~oo~o.no~noo oo>n.noo.n.n.n~n o~no~nou~~no.no0 ~ r~.nrevrnrnr,oco ch.ciomc0ooevrncoo u~,-. ~reneu~oo~~ ~ ... cucn>ncooo,--~cncfl a~cr.nrnc~rcvcfl,-,r cuoo~rococ~or~cro ^. ,n .-. .-.crcvcvchcnd~wu~~n cocDrooooo~oo cvcn O cy ^, ~,^• ~ II > ~ ~ F 'fl 1° o C r; ~ II vW ~v o ~ v R V 1~i ~ ~ N C :p U s. O N ~ ~ x ~~ ~^, V ~ :0 `./ 'a"' ~ V V ~O ~.`~' o.noo~no~o~cio oooic,~noo~n~n.n .no.no~no~n=no~no u ~ r.ci~nrcrrna~r+co cnc~inrn~DmoOGVQ,x o~n.-•,-~curchcvwoo~n O W .-~cvcninc0oo-.•cn cDO~cu~nrnchrcuco.-• rcrood~ocDchordicr ,~ P,.-.crcucvcncn~rd+~n ~ncocflrcocoa~oo--cr E ~ ~ o ~ I° w w ~ 0000000000 0000000000 00000000000 ~ o~no~no.c,o~no~n o~no~no~o~o~n o.no~no~o no~no ~ - ro^rcNt,r ocv~nrocu~nro~r ,r,i~o~i,~ ~--^r~::~ --cucu~ucu cncoco~ m d~a*d<<n~n ~n~ ~ ~cco~.ri~rr `~ ~ 0000000000 0000000000 00000000000 oo,cio~no~n~n~no o.n~n>no~no~oo. ~n~n.n,noo.no~o~n v mo0m~~cr~n,-,oc~ oo~ncflorcfla~d~c~d~ wm~nood~chd~rncoro ca .-~crd~coooocncoa~ cucflo~nrn~o~.c~.-~r c~or~ciooocfl.n~w ~m ,-. r..~ crcucncncnwda~coco rxooo~o^~cvc~~~n ', _. -' a,^" A II ~ ° ~ ?~ ~ °oo~no~o~~~ oo~~>no~no~no o.n.n~n~noo.nc~o ~ ~i.~ rn oo ~ d' r. er .n -+ o cn ~ >n cD o r co 6~ da cn d, oo ~ ~ ~ d+ cn d^ rn co r ~ W --crd~cflcoocncfl o~cvc~o.nod~a~~n-• r~ord~woxcD~n<r ,~.,,-. '. cucv~cncnd~d+~nco cflrcoooo~o---cu~d~ c o ° k, w ~' ~ 0o000OO0oo 0000000000 0ooooocooco 0, o~o~nO,no~no~n o~no~nou~o~no~n o~no~no.nc~no~no ~ ~n r o cr ~n r o cu ~n r o cu .n r o cu ~n r o cu ,n r o cv .n r o cr ~n r o .._, ^, .~.-. LU CV CU cv ch cc~cn cc'>d'd'd'di~~ tic', cO C.~CC corrrrx ,~ o c c c o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o c o 0 0 o c o 0 o c c c c o c c~;c ~;~ ~~o~o ~~~~o.no~u~~, ~;o~nou;~;L v^o^ y c,chcx-xo:d~N~n ,-•.•~nc~:.noocno-- co.nr~tv~x:cxd-v~n w r-cva;~c;xoc~r--.~n o~nococua~cflcn~o~ rcfl~n~n~n.ncora~-~~ ::o ... .-. ...~rcr ~~d.y+~nu~corxx ago^cv~d~~coro~c o .-~ ~-- N ~` .-i O u II ~ R F^ F-' H o~ ~~ oc ~c.n.n.n~no~n o~n,n.n,sio~no.n~ ~r„r,o nc ~~^ ^ ~r;--o u ~ cu u;o:x~xo~d~cv ~n-~-~~n~.noo~;o .-•cc,r,r~~x`~xd-a' Ou W --cum ~nxo~;r-- ~no~nocDCra~co~-- o~rc^~~ _ra= ._.. .-. cv ct cn cn d~d".n u-j corco xc:Cr-cu n':v.^, ccr 6: ^ C C^ v C O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C O C C C C C C_ C C p+ C r C 11 °') r C^ CV ~7 r O GV O r O Gu YJ r 0 Lu O r C Gu 1C'1 r C ~ ~~^; r '°' .- ~ .- ~-• GV GV CV GPI Gh cn Gh M }+ d+ ~ d" to ~. ~7 LC1 CO CO CD l.C r r r r x C C C C^ C C O C ^ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O C O C C ~" ~ ~- ~ D ~ i r; C am: ~"J C O C O O O i n O, S~~~ u~ C O O ~ O~ O u: C 7 C ~: ^ ~, ccud-^cuocfl--~d~cn rcD.-,~corcn~ncvd~ '-d~cvcdJc:xcnc~a:o: ~ ,_..cr,~^,m-~--d•c~,n -•ooco<rcv,-.-~.-, cuch >orccnr-:ccrx~- ~ - - c, cr tiM w d• ~n co r x o'> o ~ w ~ <r ~ ~ x c - -~;.~ " x . ~n _. .._ ^ cv cu c~ c~ c~ U ~ ~o C II 7 ~ ~-- ` [~ ~ r .-. .-r ~-. .-~ .-. ^.. .-. .-. --. ^- .- .~ i n u: C 7~ n 0 0 0 0 O O~ O~~ n~~ 0 0 O~ C~ O~ n C i -^ O i n O u `~~ ~cvd~ocuoco~-~ ~nrco.-.^•cor~~ncu ~r--~cvcod~o~c~~:~a u W -. c-;~nx.-~~n-rv~o~ ~ oocod•cv,~,-•,-~ cn.nrocnr--cDCUx<r ~ ,-.~-, cucvcv cnd~d~incgrooa~o~ cuchd~corwwcvc~ic~rcc°u E ~ ~ 0 0 w w w ~ 0000000000 0000000000 00000000000 o~no.no~no.no>n o~no~no~no,no~ o~no~no~ou:o~no ~ ~nrocv~nr.ocr~nr ocu.nrocu~nrocv ~nrocr~nrocu>nro ,; '. .-~cucr cr cu cn cncncn d^w~ d'~in ~n u~cD CO Cp corrrrx y occ0oooo00 0000000000 ocooooc^ooo 3 r u;o~n.c;oo~~:c~n ~oo~,no~~oo ~~no~nco00.n.nu: y ^u v^ ~n ch r :J% x c: , 7 ~c; ... cn cn o ch cr; .-. ic7 ~n c , x c, x c-; L ~+ O: ~, - ~; ~ cu~c= cdro~d~or~n co cu cuc~cn~nrod~x ~u~u;c,oa:~c~oo^c~ _~n ._~-.c~c^^n~ ~corooo~o--c~d~~r, rr~c~i~ci,,~•,~;c^ ~,., U r .- ~o li V II ~ _ ~ G ~"O °U'd ° _ ^,~ o ~ rc r,r:cc,i:~nc~n~~^ cL: =~~= ~r v - e~''' w .^r C ~;^ ~~ r. [~ C; x a~ ~ ~ ~--. c<°; c<: C c'~ c~; ,.n L, c': x O: x M. '3' ~ , u W cid~ ~cd-u»c~ ,roc-; cucvcicn.nrCd' xcr:,_~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1993 Edition 1231-56 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING ~ a+ o,o oO°.o~°no°°o°o°°~n o°°o°oi°r~°o°°oo° cooo °o_ o° °° ~ U' o ~ o o ~nrocr~nr.ocv>nr ocu~nrocv.nroct u~rocl` 'r~ni`ocv~nro --~cvcucvcr cnch~a + + ,v wd <r~n~n ~ic)c0~omnrrro0 cn y 0000000000 0000000000 00000000000 Ou'7.0 ~~~~0~70 ~~iO ~OiL70~~~ ~ ~ ~ O~O; u~~~u)OOO ~ ~.O 00 .r ~ O d' CY ~ .r ~ ch ~ O O c<'7 O. .. CO 1r7 1: '~~+ 00 CO ~ d+ W 1~ GV cn. ici c0 O cn 1~ ..-. u'7. O u~O c0 GVQ)c0 c+~.-~ O . ~ TO ~ LniL) ~.~r 67 ch '-a G4 CV c~.~ W. d' ~. ~ O T ~W O O .•. LV cn d' ~ c01: O O q II ~ ~ O at ~ ++ d p H Er ~: ~ O ~ ~ O U G ~r" W O ~ O ~ >n ~ ~ O ifj O tin ~ ~ ~ O u'1 Out ~ ~ ~ O ~ 0_~ ~ ~ ~ O 0 ~c~'y 07 W-+o00)'d"GV ~~-r~-.~cc~u~O.O ChO cD~L~ ' i ' O d d a0 c0~d"d' G4 c~ ~ ~ W O cn 1~ .--i u~ O u~ O cD GV O) cD cn .-. .6~. 1~ cD ~ u~ u~ ~ c0 1 6~ ^~GV LV Bch d~di~u~cDTOO oO QUO..--ACV Cn Wu~cO 1~Q~ W ra, a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-0 0 0 0 0: 0 0 o~no~no~nou~o~ o.no~nocno~o~n o C7 ~no~c,o~no~no~no ~nc~OCr~nrocv~r,r: ocu,r,~oc~,n~oc~ ,~-^cr ~c~ocvt^no - ~ - - _ - .i of ci cu - ~ . ~- - - ~ ~ ._. L. ~. _ c n i~ i~ i s 'a' ~ 0000000000 0000000000 00000000000 00000o~c~,,r,o>n Co~n~n~,oo>n.n.n ~?,~ :n .no.no.no00oo ~coornooo<r~n,-~,~ cau~mrocoocor,~ cno0oa,-.oc~.-,~,o.•-,r cuwcQOCrcao~no ~ , U.. n,..nwcrocoo.nu~ .nu~cocoocuigoocrco -~~~~ ~~r r~ncocorooo~o ..wchrrcorooa~.-~cu~r II ~ ° ~ c F. F+ F°. v °~ ~~'+~ W oooooo.n~no ~noo~n.n.noo~nin ui~~no~o~oooo ~opcoo~cooo~~,~ ,-:.cflu~a~t ocoocDt~ - chcnooco~ r "~3 O oc ,~cho cr~oa?~oo>n o~ rwcroooc~ ~.n~ooooc~~noocico ~ a w cr ch cn <r in cO co t~ m ~ o -- cu c-; ~ ~'r co: 0~ ,-~ cv c d -" -- '"' .-. ,-. cu Cv ^ a o 8 E o ~ ' ~, o ° ~ c w c: ~ III y W ~ a 0000000000 0000000000 0ocooooo000 ou~o~no~o~no~n o~no~no.no~no.n o C Si ,,hh V ~ou>o~no~no~o >nrocu~nrocu~r ocu,nrO~~no~ ~nocr~nn'ow~ro ^' ••-• ^ '• CV G4 ~ ' ~ ~ P ) ch Gh. G ; d" rF' d" 'cM tC~ Ln iP L^. :C CO CD CC t~ 1~ I~ 1~ Op U•~ y~ 1 n m O C O O O O O O C C C C C C^ C O C C C C C O C O O C C O O C O O~~~ O o i t; O '.O u) C E O ~' l O~ G e r ~ a~ m ca , C C~ v C O vn 7~ O 'Q~r -~ rorcrc,cc .-c~wocn~-..oco-; .r tcc~c~~iMccc; -~~co~~c,-~ncr;o ; ~cn~crcvc,<rcflo~ cu o ~•y c ~c ccccn,-~n~cu o~o~ ..•.-. cucrcnin ~.ncrco~o,-~cuch ~c;cc~of.-.cuv+co000~.-~ ~ U G II > p c C ~ `~ ~ c ~~~c N 0 ~ z ~ ~ ~ W oo c c inco~o~ou;c~; c~nc c ni~co~ on.. -.norcr~ mr-Q:~ d•ocn.-..mc ~ ~i~ cca;~culric ' :T: O ~ a ~ cD Q~ Get c0 ..~ 1` cn Q's i~ ~ a; cv car cv c~ d~ cp Q~ cu c., ~ _ n v~cvoa~ .-. ... cuc r~ ~;~ ~ccro~a~o,-. cu ..-~r ~ o ~ _ ~n ~ - _ - u ~ ~ 0 ~ A ooooo,~ooc ooocoocccc ^cc cco o~no~n ~,cv~c~ ~~o,no~nc~c,c ~ c o ~ a~ . C7 u L ~ _ ~nnocu ~n._.cu~nr ow~c;rocv,r,nc~i ,r~`ccu ~r0 o' c .,cvwc ° :a uw ~a;c~M~r~<r~r~nir; ~.r" ;~n~;n~ri ~ ~ E-~ CO ~ oooo^ooooo goooooco^c ccc oc~cou~~~Y;~i ~occ ,o~occ ,- c "~c~0 ~- ~ co--~ccco~rnc°o- n~,i~r~coa,m --:~=x oo~co cr um cu n ch ch 1~ ~ L ~ cp 1~ cr; i~ cu c0 r, cv ~' c' , ~. x ~-; x o - cu ~ c- c .q tjoo ~r L, co r co -- cu <r ~ r c ~ n c ~. x ~ _ _.- ~.- ^.,'...;_,-.,nip ~.. ~ v >, c ~ II y ~ [~ c ca v '-- CUi. ~ OOin00~~~~ it>~nOCO.n O?:~00 Cu'; v"::~OOu~000C C ~ d" c0 cp V~ 1~ COO ~ ..~ C ~ GV icJ.l~ r CSJ ch o^,, ,-. a; cn 'GV m d' O"., C C O W GV ~ W Gu T Cr7 cn 1~ u~ in ~ CO 1~ O ch i~ G4 W u~ G4 - C O ,-. GV ic'; GO c<'; W C~'; O ,-~ ,-~ C4 cn cn 7' in cO 1~ 00 O ^+ ~ ~ ~ ,~. 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C cu Q' L~ ^, ~V c t~ O `. 6: c ,, - --~ .- ._. .~ ~ inl ~i ~! ^t C'; ^' ^^, 'S fit' '' \T' L L L ~ ~ ~ ... Lx. 1993 Edition c ~, ~'.. ,, ro C C ~p O ~ ~ II c» w C ~ c .o U ~ V cG .~ •~ to ~ ~~ v ~ ~. " R w N x ~a ~. ~ U C ~ Q. ~--~ 7 ~ V ~ o A E°^ APPENDIX G 1231-57 ~+o000'0OOOOO o00000OOOO 00000000000 o~ o ~n o ~n o u: o ~n o ~n o ~n o ~n o ~n o u~ o ~n o .n o ~n o ~n o ~n o ~ ~nro_cu~nr'oct~nr ocu~nrocu~nrocu ~nrocu~nrocv.nro -,...wcrcrw cnc~c~cn~rd~d~a'~nu> >r~~ncDCOCOCflrrrroo ~ 0000000000 0000000000 00000000000 ~ou~,noo~n~no~n ~oo~~o~~oo ~~o.noOOO.n.n~n ~ r+GU Ocnin cnr G~xcn .n ~n--~cn ch OCh cn .-. .n u~cn oos~cn in d+rncu~ cu<rcDO wrnwar.n, cocicvcv~~nro~ao cnrn~ncvorn~ao~ocv buy .-~.-..-.cuchcn<r ~ncprooa~o--~cc~w~n rcoocuv+~nra~'.~m „_, _. 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Frame, Metal, or Masonry with Openings Blank Masonry Wall WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING Table G-1.5.3(a) Factor for E xposure (X,) Con struction of Facing Wall of Exposed Build ing Classes 2, 4,.5 & 6 Semi-Protected Distance (fr) Length -Height Openings to the Exposed of Facin Wall of g Unprotected (wired glass or outside Building Exposed Building T, 3 Openings open sprinklers) Blank Wall 0-1-0 1-100 0.22 0.21 0.16 0_ 101-200 0.23 0.22 0.17 p 201-300 0.24 0.23 ` 0.18 0 301-400 0.25 0,24 0:19 0 , Over 400 0.25 0.25 0.20 p 11-gin l-lnn n 1- n.l:~ o'! n 101-200 0.18 0.16 0.12 0 201-300 0.19 -0.18 0.14 0 301-400 0..20 0.19 0.15 0 Over 400 0.20 0.19 -0.I5 0 31-60 1-100 0.12 0.10 0.07 p 101.-200 0.13 0.11 0:08 p 201-300 0.14 0.13 0.10 0 301-400 0.15 0.14 0.11 0 Over 400 0.15 0.15 0.12 p 61-100 1-100 0.08 -0.06 0.04 p 101-200 0.08 0.07 0.05 0 201-300 0.09 0.08 0.06 p 301-400 0.10 0:09 0.07 p .Over 400 0.10 0.10 O.Og ~ Facing wall of the exposed building is higher than subject building: Use the above table EXCEPT use only the length-height of facing wall of the exposed building ABOVE the hei ht f h f g o t e acing wall of the subject building. Buildings five stories or over in height,,consider as five stories. When the height of the facing wall of the exposed building is¢he same or lower than the height of the facin wall f h ~ o t e sub~ectbutldmg, X; = 0. g For SI wuts. 1 ft 0.305 m. (b) Factor for communication (P;): The factor for (P;) depends on the protection for the communicating party-wall openings and the length and construction of communications between fire divisions and shall be selected from Table G-1.5.3(b). Where more than 'one communication type exists in any one side wall, apply only the largest .factor (P;) for that side. Where there is no communication on a side, (P;) = 0. (c) Calculation of secondary water supply (SWS;) Where wood shingles as a roof covering. are permitted by the authority having jurisdiction.. (on the building being considered or on the exposes) buildings), 500., gpm (1892 L/min.) is added to ..the secondary water requirements unless such shingles are listed Glass C or better. The secondary water requirement shall not exceed 12,000 gpm (45 420 LL/min) nor be less than 250 gpm (945 L/min). .The secondary water requirement shall be rounded off to the nearest 250 gpm (945 L/min) if ess than 2500 gpm (9462 L/min) and to the nearest 500 gpm (1892 L/min) if greater than 2500 gpm (9462 L/min). G-1.6 Examples of Calculating Secondary (Design) Water Supply. Example 1: A three-story ordinary-construction building, occupied as a moderate .hazard with. unused .basement, has a ground floor area of 7300 ft2: The effective area is 7300 + 0.5 (7300 + .7300) = 14;600 ft2 In I-able G-1.5.2(b), the area of 14;600 ftz is between 13,951 ft2 and 17,401 ft2, therefore, under occupancy haz- ard classification 5, the construction factor (C;) and occu- pancy factor (O;) is 2250 gpm (8516.3 L/min). There is no exposure or communication.. The calculation. of the sec- ondary water supply SWS; rounded to the nearest 250 gpm (945 L/min) is as follows`. SWS; _ 2250 gpm (8516.3 L/min) Fxample 2: A three-story wood-frame building, with a ground floor area of 7300 ft2, communicates through unprotected openings .with a five-story; ordinary- construction building with a ground floor area of 9700 fr. Both buildings are operated as moderate hazard. The basements have light-hazard and low-hazard contents. The effective area for [he building is: 7300 + 9700 + 0.5.[2(7300) +.4(9700)] = 43,700 ft2 1993 Edition r ~'1 APPENDIX G 12311-59 Table C-1.5.3(6) Factor for Communications (P;) Fire Re Non sistive -Combustibl e or Communica tions witb Slow- , Burning Co mmunicatio ns Co mbustible C onstructio n en O Enclosed Open Enclosed . p Description of Any 10 ft 11 ft 21 ft 10 ft 11 ft 2 T ft 10 ft r 11 ft to 21 ft to Protection of Length or to 20 ft to 50 ft or Less to 20 ft to 50 ft o Less 20 ft 50 ft Passageway ni Less ngs Ope ** 30 0 d 0 ** 0.30. 0.20 0.30 0.20 0:10 ** . Unprotecte Single Class A Fire Door p 020 0.10 0 0.20 0.15 0 0.3Q 0.20_ 0.10 at One End of Passageway Single Class B Fire Door p 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.25 020 0.10 0.35 0.25 0.15 at One End of Passageway Single Class A Fire Door at Each End or 0 0 0 0 p 0 0 Double Class A 0 0 0 Fire Doors at One End of Passageway Single: Class B Fire Door at Each End or 0 10 0 05 0 0 0 0 0 0.15 0.10 0 Double Class B . . Fire Doors at One End of Passageway * For over 50 ft, P; = 0. ** For unprotected passageways of this length, consider the two buildings as a single fire division. Note`. When a party wall has communicating openings protected by a single automaric or self-closing Class B fire door, it qualifies as a division wall for reduc- tion of area: Note: Where comnninications are protected by a recognized water curtain, the value of P; is zero. For SI units: I It = 0.305 m. .The (C;) (O;) for the building is based upon the predom- inant construction class of the building. In this case,: more than 662/i percent of the total floor and roof area is of ordinary construction. The predominant construction class is ordinary construction. Therefore, under occupancy haz- ard classification 5, the value for (G;) (O;) for an effective area of 43,700 ft2 = 3750 gpm (14213 L/min). Example 3: Aone-story, :ordinary-construction building,. occupied as moderate hazard without basement, has an area of 210,000 ft2. The effective total area is 210,000 ft2. Table G-1.5.2(6) indicates a (C;) (O;) of 8000 gpm. (30 280 L/min); however, this is a one-story building; and, therefore, the value for (C;) (O;) = 6000 gpm (22 710 L/min). Example 4: Atwo-story, wood-frame building, occupied as moderate hazard, has an area of 60,000 ft2 and communi- cates through unprotected openings to aone-story, non- combustible building with an area of 45,000 ft2. The effec- tive area is 45,000 + 60,000 + 1/2.(60,000) = 135,000 ft2. The (C;) (O;) for the building is based on the predomi- nant construction class of the building. In this case, over more than 331/2 percent of the total wall area is of combus- tible construction. Therefore, the predominant construc- tion class is wood frame construction. Therefore, under occupancy hazard classification 5, the value for (C;) (O;) for an effective area of 135,000 ft2 = 8000 gpm (30 280 L/min). Example 5: The subject building, a two-story building of 175 ft x 100 ft (53.3 m x 30.5 m) is located 15 ft (4.6 m) east . of an exposed building identical in construction and area. Both buildings have unprotected openings. The length-height value of the exposed building is 2 x 175 ft = 350. From Table G-1.5.3(a), the exposure charge (X;) is 0.19 or 19 percent. Example 6: The subject building, aone-story wood frame building of 75 ft x 100 ft (22.9 m x 30.5 m), communicates on the. long side, through an enclosed frame passageway, 25 ft (7.6 m) in length, to an ordinary-construction building. Both buildings have unprotected window openings. The length-height value is 1 x 100 = 100. The exposure charge (X;) for this side from Table G-1.5.3(a) is 0.15. The commu- nication charge (P;) for this side from Table G-1.5.3(6) is 0.30. The exposure and communication charge for this side (X;) + (P;) for the sum of 0.15 and 0.30 = 0.45. 1993 Edition 1231-60 G-2 Fire hydrants.. WATER. SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING G-2.1 hydrant Distribution. Calculate the fire flow requirement for the building atld occupant to be protected using the above procedure. Hydrants should be so placed that the total ;.allowance for hydrants within 1000 ft" (304.8 m) of the building is at least equal to the fire flow'. calculated:'Allow up to 1D00 gpm (3785' L/min) from each hydrant within:. 300 ft (91.4 m) of the building, 670 gpm (2536 L/min) from each hydrant within 301 ft (91.7 m) to 600 ft (182.9 m) of the building, and 250 gpm (945 L/min) from hydrants within 601 ft to 1000 ft(183.2 m to 304:8 m) of "the building. G-2.2 Hydrant Design.. All fire hydrants should be three- way hydrants: having two hose outlets and a pumper outlet. When a hydrant has two or more hose outlets with" no pumper outlet, the maximum allowance shall be 75 percent of the hydrant allowed for the distance within 300 ft (91.4: m)!` Therefore, for hydrants with two or more hose outlets and with no pumper outlet, allow up to 750 gpm (2835 L/min) for each such hydrant within 300 ft (91.4 m) of the building; however, allow 670 gpm (2536 L/min) from such hydrants within 301 ft to 600 ft (91.7 m to 182:9 m) of the building and 250 gpm (945 L/min) from hydrants within 601 ft to 1000 ft'' (183.2 m to 304.8 m) of the building. Appendix H Referenced Publications H-1 The following documents or portions thereof are ref- erenced within this. standard fore informational purposes only and thus are'not considered part of the requirements of this document: The edition indicated far each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document. H-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association; l Batteryrtiarch Park, P. O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. NFPA 11, Standard for Low Expansion Foam and Combined Agent Systems, 1988 edition. NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinklez Systems, 1991 edition. NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Mobile Homes; 1991 edition. NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, 1990 edition. NFPA 16, Standard on the Installation of Deluge Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems, 1991 edition. NFPA 20, :Standard for the Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps;..1993 edition. NFPA 22, .Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protec- tion, 1:993 edition. NFPA 24, Standard for the'Installation of Private. Fire Ser- vice Mains and Their Appurtenances, 1992 edition. NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, 1993 edition. N1:1?A 231, Sta~adard for General Storage, 1990 edition: NFPA 231C, Standard for Rack Storage of Materials, 1991 edition. NFPA 298, Foam Chemicals for Wildland Fire Control, 1989 edition. NFPA 601, Standard on Guard Service in Fire Loss Preven- tion; 1992 edition. NFPA 1141, Standard for Fire Protection in Planned Build- ing Groups, 1990 edition.. NFPA 1221; Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Public Fire Service Communication Systems, 1991 edition. NFPA .1903, Standard for Mobile Water Supply Fire Apparatus, 1991 edition. NFPA 1921, Standard for Fire Department Portable Pumping Units, 1993 edition. H-1.2 Other Publications. Guides to Planning and Installing Dry Fire Hydrants. A guidebook and a video entitled "A Guide to Planning and Installing Dry Fire .Hydrants" are available by writing to ~tiisconsin Department of Natura]Resources W8945 USH 8 Ladysmith, ~ti'I 54848-9567 Larry Davis, Ruzal Firefighting Operations`Book Il, Chapter 15, p. 342, IFFSI; Ashland, MA, 1986. Index. © 1993 National Fire Protection Association, All Rights Reserved. The copyright in this index is separate and distinct from the copyright in the document which it indexes. The licensing provis for the :document are not applicable to this index Thi ind x ions set forth . s e may not written permission of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc. be reproduced in .whole or in part. by any means without the express -A- Accessibility of water supply Authority having jurisdiction (definition) :. ..._.. I-4 Bridges ....... D fi _,.. B-62.2 Automatic aid (definition) ,.:....:. ....:...: .._..... ....,,,.,,, 1-4 ry re hydrant with suction hne- .... ..... ..... 13_g 3 .. Automatic sprinkler systems General....... .._...... ...... Ponds 6 4; A-6-4, B-fi.l Fire department and .:.. ... ... . F-4 .... Roadwa .... y ... ... 8-3.2 ... B-fit General ........ ~~ Reports and records :.. .. ~~. F-1.1.1 7 5 A-7 52 Streams _:. .... .... ,. Swimmmgpools .;,. . :.. B_3 1 B .. Residential occupanaes .. .... Su eri~ision . ~~~ ~~ , - . A-5-7.1 . ... ...Adequate and reliable water supply (defintt~on) Approved (definition) ... : .. 4.8.1 .. 1.4 p .... ..... ~Nater supply .... ...._... 5-7, A 5 7.1.1 ... F-3 , B 4.]0, F-2 ......... . ... _ 1-4 Automatic suppression systems ..... ......... .....,... _.......A-5-8 s 1993 Edition ~ 1NDEx 1231-61 t~ ,~ Booster tanks ............ ........... .........::.... E-1.3.6 Bridges Access to water supply :...................... ................ B-6.2.2 Effect on fire service .........:....... ....... ................ B-7.1.4 Federal legislation .........:.......... :.:._.. ......,..:......'B-7.1.1 Fire department responsibility ............. .....:.......... B-7.1.5 General .......: ......................:.......... ........._......:: B-7.1 Inspection programs .............:........... ... ...:......... B-7.1.2 A-6-4 6-4 Load limas ............, ....................... ............. , .. B-7.1.3 Repair programs .............................. .............. 1-4 Building (definition) .............:.............. ..................... -C_ Calculating Cistern capacity ................................................. B-4.7 Flow of streams ........ B-3.1 Minimum water supply requirements Multiple structures, single water poim with exposure hazards .................................. 5-5.1, A-5-5.1 Multiple structures, single water point without exposure hazards .................................. 5-4.1, A-5-4.1 Single structure with exposure hazards ........ 5-3.1, A-5-3.1 Single structure without exposure hazards .... 5-2.1, A-5-2.1 .... Survey information needed ...................... . A-2-1.1 Secondar water su 1 . G-1.4 to G-1.6 y PPY .....................................B-4.8:2 Swimming pool capacity ............................ Water-carrying potential mobile water supply ............ C-l.l l Centrifugal pumps .................................... E-1.2.4,E-1.2.5 Chemical additives, water supply and ........................ C-1.15 Cisterns ................................ Capacity, guide to ... ~ . ~ • ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8-4.7 Construction of .......................::......................... B-4.5 General .:......................................................... B-4.2 g .:........................... Protection from freezin .......... B-4.3 Specifications ...............:................ B-4.6, Fig. B-4.6 Classification of construction ...... Ghap. 4; see also Construction classification numbers Classification of occupancy hazard .. Chap. 3; see also Occupancy hazard classification numbers Communication factors, secondary water supply ........... G-1.3, G-1.5.2 Constructed sources of water ..... see Developed suurcES of water Construction classification numbers 0.5 through 1.5 ......................::.......4-22 tc 4-25, A-4-=' Definition ............................................... _.......... 1-4 General ..................... ................-.............. 4-I Secondary water supply requirement ..._. G-1.3. G-1.5, G-L5.1 D Definitions ..._ ................................ ..... _.......... _...... 1-4 B-4 6-L Developed sources of water ............... , ................... Dewatering-tYPe Pumps ............ ........ .................... E-12.5 E-1.2.9 Diaphragm pumps.......... ....:.....:.:......................... Domestic water supply, first-aid fire protection using ........ B-2 Driven wells .................................. ............ .... B-4.1 ] ... Drop tanks .................................... ........... C-I.1 3, C-1.14 Dry fire hydrants 1-4 ................ ...:... Definition .................... 3 to B-5.3.3, B-5:6 B-5 ~ . . .... Design .............. . . . 1 B-5 ........... General ................. ........ . ............._........- 3.4 B-5 Installation ................................ . ..................... B-5.4 .............................. Maintenance Map and location/detail drawing .:.... ..................... ..................... B-5.4.2 Planning and permits ................... ................:...... B-5.2 Yressurized sources ...................... ........-............. B t>.5 Suction line and water supply access . ....: ...............:.. B-6.3 E Exposure factors, secondary water supply ......... G-1:3, G-1.52 Exposure hazard definition ....... ~ ~ ~ • ~ ~ • ~ ~ - 1-4 F Farms ............ ......... ..,.... ........... see Rural fire locations Fire department having jurisdiction (definition) ............:.. 1-4 Fire departments Automatic sprinkler systems and. .. .... .. ...: F-4 Bridges, responsibility for ......... .. ......:. B 7.1.4, B-7.1:5 ..... Reports and records ....'. ~••••••~• •••••••••~•••• 7-2 Fire fighting ....................:........ see also Rural fire locations First-aid protection with on-site water systems ............... B-2 .... Special protection problems ................................. 5-6 From mobile water supply in motion ..................... E-1:3.7 Water supply for ...................... 6-1 Fire hydrants ................:...........:.. see also Dry fire hydrants Design ...........................: G-2.2 Distribution ...................................................... G-2.1 Fire-resistive construction (Type I) .................. 4-2:2, G-1.5:1 First-aid fire protection using on-site water supply ..... .:... B-2 ..... Floating pumps E-1.2.6 Foam additives, water supply and ................:......... C-1.15.1 Frame construction........ see Wood frame construction (Type V) G ...................................................... Gear pumps E-1.2.2 Gussets, metal ...............................:.....:.............. A-4-2.4 -H- Hauling water ................................ see Mobile water supply Hazardous products, storage of :...................... 3-1:4, A-3-1.4 Heavy timber construction (Type II and I~ ....... .. 4-2.3 High hazard occupancies Definition ....................................................... 3-2.4.1 Examples ..................................................... 3-2.4.3 High-lift pumps .................................................. E-].2.7 Hose ........................................... see Large diameter hose -I- Impounded water supply, reliability of ..................... B-1.2.9 Inspections Bridges B-7.1.'? ~Nater supplies ................................................ B-1.2.8 .......................... Irrigation piping .....•~ ~•• ~ ~~••~~~•• D-1.8 -L- Labeled (definition) .................................. Large diameter hose Definition ....._....._ ............................. Transporting water through .. ....... 1-4 .............. I-4 Automauc atr bleeder ................................ Carrying capacity .....................:...........:.... Characteristics ......................................... Clappered Siamese with indicator ...........:...... Distributor valve ...................................... Fittings .................................................. General .....................:........................... .......................... Hvdrassist vah~e ~ ~ ~ Incoming gated relief valve ......................... In-igation piping ..................................... Large cities using 5-in. (12.7-cm) hose ............ Line relay ~ alvc ............._ ....................... Load capacity ......................._................. Manilold calvc _ ...................................... Keels ......:_.._........._ ............................ Selecting ............................................... .. D-1.7.7 .... D-1.3 .... D-1.2 .. D-1.7.1 .. D-1.7.5 .... D-1.7 .. D-1.7.3 D-1.7.6 ..... D-1.8 D-1.7.2 .... ll-1.4 D-1.7.4 .... D-1.6 ... D-1.3.1 1993 Edition 1231-62 WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING Light hazard occupancy :classification numbers Clas§ificati 5 .Definition .:. ...... :..... Examples : '~ ........ 3-2.7.1 on .:..... Classification 6 ..:....... ......... .. : ....... 3`-2.5 to 3-2.5.2 3 2 ............ • • • • • • • • • Listed (definition) ..... . : .._ ..... 3-2.7:2 ... ............. Classification 7 .................... - .6 to 3=2.6:2 7 2 2 7 to' 3-2 3 .... ..... Livestock watering ponds and tanks . .... 1-4 Definition ........... "" "" " ~ "" : . ......: . : 1-4 ... ..., .. .. Load limits,. bridge .............. • • • ~ • ~ • • • • • • • • • • • .... Low hazard occupancy classification numbers .......... B-4.9 .... 6-4, A-6-4 General...:..... ....... ... Secondary water supply requirement ... :. . .. ... 1:: • 3-1 . ...:: G 1 3 G 1.5 2 Definition ................ 3 2 6 1 On-site water su 1 first-aid fire protecti c . on using ........ Examples ........................._ ........... ...... - . : ....._.; 3-2.6.2 Ordinary constru ion (Type III) .....:..:. 4-2.4, A-4-2:4, G-l.b 1 -M- Minimum water supply requirements -p- Permits ............ Definition ,.. ......,.: ..., ........................... 1-4 Pip%ng, trrigation : ~ ... B-5.2 . .General ................. ....... ... .... 5_I ~~~ .................... Piston pumps . .. :_............. D-1.8 E-1 2 3 Multiple structures Ponds . .... . . .. • Single water point with exposure hazards .. .. . 5-5, A-5-5.1 ... .. .. ........... .............. ... Pools ...... ..: ...:............................ . .. . B-3.2, B-4.9 ..see Swimming ools :Single water point without exposure hazards . . 5-4 A-5-4 1 Portable pumps p Single su udw e , . Cenu~itugal With exposure hazards ......................:..... Without exposure hazard _ 5-3, A-5-3:1 .High-pressure ..................... L ...•..,•;, E-1.2.5 s ........................ Special fire protection problems : : . 5-2, A-5-2.1 ow-pressure ..,..... ............ Classifi atio : .:........... E-1.2.4 ......... .......... Structures with automatic sprinkler protection ... ...:....... 5 6 ..... ..... 5-7 c n . ...................... Definition ....... .......:.......:.... E-1.2 obile water supply , . A-5-7.1.1 Dewatering-type ........ Diaphragm ........ .. .... E-1.1.2. .... E-1,2.8 Apparatus, purchase/construction of ......:..:_ :. ..:. : C-L2 ............... Evaluating needs for E-1.2.9 Calculating water-carrying potential ................ .. .. ... C-I 11 ......_...: Floating ............ ..:.,E-1.1.1. Definition ......::..:.........:. .... . 1-4 .................. ......... Gear .............. ........... ...... E-1.2.6 Discharging ........... ...... ....... .. . C-1 12 ............. ... General .....:...... : ................. E-1.2.2 Driver training . .............. ................. ..... . .. C-I 10 ...... ........... ....... High-lift _:....... .. E-1.1 Fill line couplings ............... ......... ..... ... . :.. C-1.6 1 ........ ... .... . Methods of using ........ . .... ..... E-1.2:7 Fire fighting from mobile water supply in motion . ...:.. E-1.3.7 .. Piston .. ...:. E-1.3 E 1 2 3 eneral ....... :... .;. C-1.1 ....,.. Jet-assist devices ..... "..... , .:.. C- I . l 2 2, C-1.12 .. . 5 Rating ......... Preplanning water supply ... , .. ... -. . . .. E.1:2:1 Peripheral ..... ............ ...... .i.... .......:.... . .... C-1.12.4 , . • • • ..... . Protected property (definition)...... ......... ....... . I 4 raditonal in-line .:.......:......... ........: .... C-L12.3 Pumps, portable .::...... ...................... : .... .......... - E 1 Large gravity dumps ....... ......... .... ... C-1 12 1 . Pu ose of the standard rP . - ""' ""••-•• Nonwater tanker modifi tio . . ....................... .... .. 1-2 ca n ................................ C-1.9 Plumbing ............ Portable drop tanks ..._ ....................... _.. C-1.6 ..... C-1.13 C-1.14 Portable pumps ................................. , ......_..._. E-1.3 6 State regulations .............. .................. . ......... ... C-1 3 ank baffles .. . C-] 5 Testing dump ~ tlce capicit~ .. _._ ~( 112 6 Turning radius and wheelbase .. . _ C-I b Vehicles ........................:...........:...... . ...... C-1.4, C-1.14 Weight distribution ................. ............. ............. C-1 7 Weights of various fluids ........ _ ............. . .......... ... _ C-l 9 Moderate hazard occupancies . Definition ..............:........................... ............. 3-2 5 1 Examples ......... .............................. . . ...... 3-2 5 2 Moving water by mobile water supply ...see M . . obile water supply Multiple. structures, single water point Minimum water supply requirements With exposure hazards ..:..:..... :.... ....... 5-5, A-5-5.1 Without exposure hazards ..:............... ....... 5-4, A-5-4 1 Municipal-type water system (definition) : . T ..... Municipality (definition) ...:...................... . ......_........... -4 ............... 1-4 Mutual aid (definition)......... .. .., 1-4 -N- Nattiral water sources ........ _............ 6-1, B-3 Noncombustible construction (Type II and IV) ..: 4-2.3, G-1.5.1 Normal living area -Dwelling (definition) ......:... _ . 1-4 -O- Occupancy hazard classification numbers Assignment of ................................... _......... 3-2, A-3-2 Classification 3 ................. _.................:. 3-2.3 to 3-2.3.3 Classification 4 .... _ :............................... 3-2.4 to 3-2.4.3 -R- Records ............:....., ....... .....:.....'see Rep .. Referenced publications orts and records ............................. Reports and records ... Chap. 8, H-1 ... .... .,. .-\utoma[ic sprinkler systemchanges ...... Chap. 7 7-5 A-7-5.2 Dry hydrant maintenance ..........._ , ...... B-5.4:1 Fire department requirements .........:......_. _... ., 7_2 ....... New construction and additions .....:.. ... 7-1; A-7-1.1 Property owners/occupants requirements ..:... ..:...........: 7-3 Retention of ........................... .............. .............. 7-6 Smoke detectors .:........ 7 4 A-7-4 1 Roadway access to water supply ...........:..... . , . ... .. B-6.2 .Rural fire locations Automatic sprinkler systems ................. F-LI First-aid fire protection, on-site water supply .... .,.:. B_2 Hazardous product storage .....:.....: .. .. 3-1.4,'A-3-1.4 _S_ Scope. of the standard ..,,._;,. ,....::. 1-1 Secondary water supply Calculating ...:........................ G-1.4, G-1.5 , G-1.5:1 G-1 6 Definition ...........................:........... ...... , . : _....: _.... 1-4 Determination of ...........: ..... G-1.2 Fire hydrants ............................. ... G-2 General .............. ......: , G- L 1 Requirement, procedure for developing ...:..... .:.::...:.. G-1 3 Severe hazard occupancies . Definition .............................................. ......... 3-2 3 1 Examples ........... ............ ....................... Shall (definition) ......... . . ......... 3-2:3.3 .... _ .................:.......... Should (definition) :.... .......... ,... I -4 ................................ .....:........ I-4 1993 Edition ~~ .. INDEx 1231-63 Single structure Minimum water supply requirements With exposure hazards ................... ......:... 5-3, A-5-3.1 Without exposure hazards .............:: .......... 5-2, A-5-2.1 Single water point (definition) ................. .................... 1-4 Smoke detectors .................................. .......... 7-4, A-7-4.1 Storage of hazardous products, rural fire locations ......... 3-1.4, A-3-1.4 Streams Calculating flow of ............................ .................. B-3.1 Reliability of .....:.....................:....... .....: B-1.2.10, B-3.1 Structure surveys ................................ 2-1 to 2-1.3, A-2-l.1 Swimming pools Accessibility :...................:............:.. ................ B-4.8.1 Capacity, calculating ......................... ................ B-4.8.2 Care in use of ......:.......................... ................ B-4.8.3 General ......................................... .................. B-4.8 -T- Tank baffles .......................................... ............... G1.5 Tankers ......................................... see Mobile water supply Tanks Booster ............................................ ............. E-1.3.6 Drop ............................................... .... C-1.1 3, C-1.14 Livestock watering ............................... ............... B-4:9 Timber construction ..... see Heavy timber con struction (Type II and IV) Trusses, engineering of ........................... ............. A-4-2.4 Type I -Type V construction classifications Definition ......................................... ............... A-4-2 Listed ....................................:........ ........ 4-2 to 4-2.5 _V_ Valves, large diameter hose ...................... D-1.7.1 to D-1.7.6 -w- Water map .............................................. .......... B-1.2.7 Water operations ...................................... ..:...... B-1.2.12 Water source cards ............:.................:.... ........... B-1.2.5 Water supply ....... Chap. 6; see also Accessibility of water supply; Mobile water supply; Secondary water supply Additives Foam ......................:....................... ......... C-1.15.2 Wetting agents .................................. ......... C-1.15.3 Automatic sprinkler systems .......: ............. ................ F-2 Developed sources ................................. .........: 6-1; B-4 Fire fighting purposes ............................ ................ 6-1 General .............................................. ............. B-1.1 Identification .....................:................. .... 6-5, B-1.2.11 .Inspection of ....................................... ........... B-1.2.8 Minimum, determining ........................... ........ 5-2 to 5-8 Natural sources .....:......................._..... .......... 6-], B-3 On-site, first-aid fire protection using .......... ............... B-2 Preplanning ......................................... ............... B-8 Reliability of Flowing stream .................................. . B-1.2.10, B-3.1 Impounded ..................................... ....:...... B-1.2.9 Transfer ............................................. ................ 6-2 Transporting through large diameter hose .... ............... D-I Useful depth and dry hydrants ................. ........... B-5.3.2 Water supply officer (WSO) Definition ........................................... ................ 1-4 Duties ............................................... . B-1.2 to B-1.2.4 Water tender ..:...............:.............. see Mo bile water supply Water usage agreement .............................. ........... B-1.2.6 Wells, driven .......................................... ............ B-4.1 1 Wetting agent additives, water supply and ...... .......... C-1.15.3 Wildlands, structure interface with ............... ........... A-7-1.1 Wood frame construction (Type V) ........ 4-2.5 , A-4-2.4, G-1.5.1 1993 Edition v V ~5 ~r~S INTERLOCAL AGREEMENT This item is before you tonight to enter into an agreement with the Brazos '~ County Health District to perform inspection and permitting on septic systems within our ci limits.. Currentl ,the County order precludes the ability for ty y the health district to enter our corporate boundaries to perform this service.. With the annexation of rural areas and the adoption of rural subdivision ~~,~~ regulations, septic systems in cs will be more .prevalent. we currently have 3 options available to us to perform this ~~~~ inspection/permittng service in compliance with tnrcc regulations. they are 1. enter into an nterlocal agreement with bchd to perform the service as an independent contractor 2. let tnrcc perform the service -~,,.1 3. request certification from tnrcc and train a~certify our staff to perform the service staff is recommending we choose option 1 mainly .because of the poor timing and service option 2 would provide and the timeframe and additional training and staff that option 3 would require. What cost implications does this have on the city. The county will be responsible for.. all fee collection under this agreement.. They will be acting as ~~~~ an independent contractor and will carry insurance, with the city as additional insured. So, as far as inspection /permitting, there will be no cost implications to the city. the only area where there will be cost implications, will be enforcement. there are 2 .options available to the city. option 1 would be to allow the county L~~~ to enforce, which they currently do through the tnrcc. the. pros are that the cost would be minimal ,-but the timing would be very poor. the county is "J~ i i ~_~, -, ~ '~ currently having problems with the timing of the tnrcc's processing of enforcement cases. they appear to be very backlogged with this process. option 2 would be to .have the city enforce. the cost would be the staff time and resources to perform this. service but the timing would be good. Staff has. been working with the county on this interlocal agreement and their staff and attorney. are satisfied with the agreement as written and presented to you tonight. Staff would recommend approval of the agreement and would ask for council direction with regard to enforcement. 111 ~ cum ~ ?'s r f-,- i f ~ r- ~ `~ I I \?f s t-- ®I CITY OF' COLLEGE STATIOI`I ® ENGINEERING DIVISION Post Office Box 9960 1.101 Texas Avenue College Station, Texas 77842-0960 (409) 764-3570 ~- ~} C, (~?~f lam! l ~ ~=- m~ .,~.., ._...~. ------ - - - Or vv®rkers 1~'or tr~~any people, the idea of fizlan- c;i~,t plyinning seems like little more than a pipe dream due to-#hose month- ly bills. mortgages and car payments. 13ut a .scheduled financial planning fair aims to help all Texas A&M university System employees find a way to invest in their futures. >~~•orn i:30 a.m, to 6 pan. Wednesday. all A&1\9 System employees will have the opportunity to attend. a scheduled Financial Planning Fair titled "1?uture Shock Prevention: Financial Planning for Today and the 21st Century." The fair will be held in Texas A&M University's Rudder Tower. All ~cstern employees were mailed an informational packet containing session descriptions, locations and times. The Trailing included a letter from Chancellor Barry Thompson encouraging all employees to attend. iy~lore than 30 speakers, plus dis- plays from various financial plan- ning, insurance and investment com- panics will be on hand to present information on a variety of sub3ects: Topics such as tax-deferred accoru~ts. strategies for investing and the retirement system will be covered in addition to information on Optiimal Retirement Program and health and wellness issues facing retirees and those about to retire. For more information, contact the A&M System's Human Resources Department at 845-2026 or the Texas A&1VI University Human Resources Department Benefits Office at 845- 4105. Compiled from staff reports Eagle photo/Dave ~ °~ Mary Ann Batten takes a call at her desk in the H&R Block office on 29th Street irr Bryan. These scouts on the lookou Agents track prices on 90,000 items By DEB RIECHMANN Associated Press SPRINGFIELD; Va. -- Anne Palmadesso didn't expect the depart- ment store to have little girls' bikinis in January, but her sharp shopper's eye spotted a rack of tiny suits in hot pink and neon colors. Not that she wanted to buy one. The government scout was shopping for prices. Palmadesso, 55, and more than 300 -other pricing agents collect prices on 90,000 items each month to track infla- tion for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Hauling .hundreds of yellow pricing sheets clipped in three-ring binders, the Virginia woman logs 200 to 300 miles a week popping in at stores, gas stations, doctor's offices, restaurants in search of prices on goods from pants and cars to mouth retainers and rebuilt alterna- tors. .The end reszrlt is the {consumer Price Index, or CPI, for 84 years the govern- ment's closely watched inflation gauge. Insurance credit available for homeowners Texas,l.nsurance Commissioner Elton Bomer recently established an optional credit of up to 10 percent for homeowners who have. an acceptable dry hydrant within 1,000 feet of their residence. Dry hydrants consist of a hydrant con- ~recteci to a house or pipe that leads to a nearby body of water, allowing a pumper truck tc~ draft water directly from the water supply to fight a residential fire. Dry hydrants must meet certaui stan- dards: Each body of water nurst be able to provide 30,000 gallons of water during a drought: the .hydrant must be located within 1,000 feet of a residence; the resi- dence must be within five miles of a fire station; and the fire department must annually verify that the dry hydrant is operational, maintained and accessible to fire appat°atus at all times. The dry hydrant credit was recom- mended by the residential property ~LAi~ `` F~INNIN Stl-icdy Business _t`,~` insurance loss mitigation advisory com- mittee. The Bryan-College Station. Chamber of Commerce has scheduled several events for the next few weeks. The chamber will host a membership networking breakfast at '6:45 a.m. Tuesday at the Old Country Buffet. The deadline to RSVP has already passed, but those who want to attend can pay a b15 tee. The breakfast meeting is designed `to encourage member nerivorking and to highlight the sponsoring lusiness mem- ber. ABusiness After Hours meeting is set for 5:30- c p.m. Feb. 1' at the Comfort Inn. 104 Texas Ave. South. A chamber-member briefing is sched- uled for 4-5 p.m. that clay for all ne« chamber members and those wishing to learn more about the chamber. !A KORA-FM is once again the most lis- tened-to radio station iir the Bryan- College Station area, according to recent Arbitron ratings. KORA earned the top spot with the most listeners during the standard rating period from 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. Monday t}irough 1•~iday. KORA also led uz total listeners per average quarter hour and cwnulative -non-duplicated -- listeners during 15-minute periods. "\~~~e're pleased to be number one again." said Bennie Springer, KORA Anne Palmadess, lead economic analyst tc on merchandise in a women's clothing stc . ~'~ .. - 7' -~c , bons m<tv run cwt of lurid to maintain roads. con- sidered private property. Even emergency Vehicles are shut out We're driving the Gorhams' tan Ford Explorer hack Irom church. taking ~+ road that runs along the perimeter of Oakevclt Farms. On one side is the (,- foot-high white stone fence behind the subdivision. "We tried to huv this road, but the city wouldn't let us." Ceal says. `They said it was critical for firetrucks and emergency vehicles to oi•Jrain access." Such access is a new concern among gated commu- nities. in Easr Lake. Fl:r.'rescue workers must rum- mage. through a briefcase con(ainine as many as ;(f separate Bate-opening devices for unmanned entries. They also complain of timclost in maneuvering over- sized emergency vehicles into narrow gates. 'When people have heart attacks.. every second mums." says Dwaine Booth, fire coordinator for Florida's Pinellas County Firc Administration. which is drafting an ordinance requiring a standard door-opening device format and regulations on the size of entrances. Real safety or'false sense of security'? Then there's the crime Issue The Gorhams say they definitely feel safer inside the walls of Oakwell Farms. "Here. if there's a burglar}', it's a big deal and every- body hears .about it." says Charlis Gorham. San Antonio now is cmharkmg qn a project to determine ifcontrolled-access commumtics really arc safer than their non-gated counterparts. "People ate liyin~* with a lake sense of secunt\.~~ saes Ed.Cross. a real estate broker and member of San Anutnica~s planninL com- mission. "It's a mxrkctinggimmick: it's a fad." But in a city plagued by one of the nation's highest crime rates. any sense ~f security is better than none. -According to preliminary research, crimes such as hur,lary drop in the flea vicar or so of gating, but then rise hack tb the level t~f the area outside. say Blakely and researcher Mary Gail Snyder. authors of the forthrnming bcok fnnre.~.\ itenrriccr: Gutrc! Gan- jai Gies Charles 7tte'great thing about ~orttam moved their Oakwell Farms, says amity to San Antonio's manager Barbara Lowry, ~akwell Farms 12 years 'is that everybody go.'I'm not scared here knows everybody. y myself; she. says. Everybody waves: Amenities aside. the Gorhams say they moved to )akwcll Farms primarily to feel safer. Even before .an .Antonio's crime rate rose to record heights in ne late ]9805 and early'9t)s, the Gorhams wanted to :,Ise their family in a neighborhood where they wld feel comfortable letting the kids bike to the .,ul. walk to fricnds~ homes ur catch the school bus ,;~ their own, especially during the hours both par- ~ts work. "I'm not scared here by myself; I'm .not ~art:d co have my kids here by themselves.° Ceal Gorham says. '•I wouldn~t feel that way in a non- ated communif~r.~ it was easy to find the kind of neighborhood the rtrhams wanted in San Antonio. the 1;5.4 s most ~tcd city. Onc in cvcn~ three new single-family omcs here is built in a ~~controllcd-access" commu- utv -there are more than IDO in thin cin of just +ver i million residents. The boom in gated communities led San Antonio ;, become the nation's first city to officially study the ~hcnomenon. A 19915 draft study recommends that task t~rce he created to ,address such problems as ,,, possible inahiliry of emergency vehicles to gain . ccss or the possibility that homeowners associa- t .. tt ti : t Keep out or else ,; ~ y, w ~ ~,,_ I r th i ~ a The Hidden Valley 4" .^ , r community in Santa _ ^ ~ D ~~ i ~ Clarita enforces its i+r` 1 ` . ? no-entry sign and ~-~ f • r , u M ~~.. r ~~~,~ ~ ~~. ~_ ~ gate with obstacles. ~ w ~3~ ~ a ~ w R F , ^ - j~l • •t- - t~..., a ~t C ~ ~ _ ~®~ , ~=! ; The device below Pops up and disables e - ~- <. ~ ; , ~ ~ ~; n unauthorized cars a •,,. ~ ~ ~ ,~ . - ~ - ~- - '1 ~ , ~ ,~ ,. ~ that sneak past. ~fL'. + J .. + r t ' sw. ~:x .,. j ~h Cv R' - ~ t I , The issue of gated communities pits safety against social interaction. Call now and tell us what you think. Would you live in a gated community? ® 1-900-370-1222 m 1-900-370-1555 Each call COSts 50 eenLS. One call pct Itouseh0ld will be accepted.Tlle lines arc open from 6a.m. ET Friday. Jan. 31. to midnight Tuesday. Feb. a. callers' names will nurbeusev'rcrmarimg~isrpurpo5es. Ityov cant cal{, write your vote on a Dos[car0 or the back of an ernelope and mail W Montlay. Feb: 3, to:'Gated Communities: USa WEEKFNU, 1000 Wilson Blvd.. Arlington. Va. 22"?29-0012. Look tnr resells in the Fop. 2A~Marrh 2 issue mu,riuec in the U. S. Former San Anu>nio mayor Nel- son W'olff's car was stolen from hts driveway in al gated community. And in 19X-1 the residents of d.80t1- unit Sudden Valley in Bellingham. Wash.. voted to tear down their five gates, which cost nearly S15,(x)0 a year to maintain and which many thought enticed. rather than'dzterred. burglars. Apparently. they were right: Once .the gates went down. crime dropped. But crimcsagainst the person eo down and srty down incontrolled-access deg elgpments. "Y'ou don't f ind very many rapists in gated areas. but you do find some."says' Blakely. who points out that such crimes also arc lower than the norm th non-gated ncighhor- hoodswhere the strezts are laid out in a pattern that makes`,it difficult for perpetrators unfamiliar wirh the neighborhood m find th~Jr way out. Stilll`cntrc of e:ttcd cornrnunities stn ,tll a takes to weaken the titrtrc~~ ~~ fnr,one .--ran.' resident to share a keypad code with one ci nnrna!-min~.:rd pizza deliv- ery person; Or. m [he cast: cif'cornmunities where entries are: Guarded and laws enforced by security guards'carning $9 ar. hour. a whale new set of issues is raised. "How far can private security guards go to enforce internal laws nn, private property? It's some- thing to he determtncd l>y the courts m the years [c come.`' researcher Snyder >avs. At issue: the Fourth Amendmentpmhlhiuon of rllegaLsearch and seizure. Gated citizens° political clout But the bigger issues go beyond access and traffic laws to a sense of cnmmuniry and how to nurture it. Fences may make good nei~hhors - at least within gated communities -but do they make good citi- zens? Some. worry that residents cloistered behind the gates. whose homeowners association dues fund rccrettional amcnitics, wlli vote down bond mrr sores fvr public facilities that would serve the whole regior Meanwhile. the power of gated citizens is being felt in places hke New Jcrscv. one of a handful of states when. rc,sidcnts have won the right to rebates on property tars because their dues pay for services such as street repairs and IiChting. Ultimatciv; says E31akt.ly. «aitcd communities may Contradict American ~'alucs. 'The. nations dream was equaliq~; and mutual assistance and the melting. pot..!. Take that away and we're lust people who live on a piece of territor}•.'' Oawd Doamond a a writer based m Catdom~a. Nis last ,~mn~ for USA WEEKEND was abOUi Da~enl5 high-tech eNOrlS to mondOr theR'CendQt'm USA WEEKEND • Jan. 31-Feb. 2, 1997 5 More and more Americans are choosing to live in restricted-access commun~tles. dueling a values debate over safety vs. community. By David Diamond ranhurg Place could he the set for Lent c /t w [3ecrcer 1I. It's a street of two-minivan families in pleasant beige-brick homes on lawns so tlawlcssly landscaped not a crepe myrtle Icaf is out of place. Uh this Sunday afternoon, at young dad teaches his daughter how to ride a bike as an old woman still in church clothes waters her tiny garden: =end the Texas sun shines down on Nicholas Gorham. 1 ?..s nc toss~s :.+ football to Max. 1 1: Their parents. Charles and Ceal Gorham. cheer each completed pass [f this little scene seems a world apart, you're right. phis perfect pa[ch of San Antonio exists in + ?>- home enclave. Oxkwell Farms. Tip enter. you pass through a metal gate where a uniformed guard hear- ing a'`Neiehhorhood Ranger° badge and a .?f~ pistol checks for your name on.a visitor list. If you live here. you open the g:itc `with a remote-control clicker. tf you don't? Keep out. Oakwell Farms is one of the USA's approximately '_0,[100 gated communities. and the middle-class Gorhams (he's a lawyer: she's apart-time registered nurse) are among the estimated S million people for whom this is the best way to live the American dream. In such unexpected places as Eden Prairie.. Minn., and Tulsa, middle-class families made fearful by crime statistics arc hunkering down behind gates. As many as 1~ percent of new homes in the South are built behind walls, estimates Gopal Ahluwalia, an economist of the National Association of Home Builders in the West, it's 10 percent. in the North. 3 percent. In San Francisco, a housing project recently was gated to restrict <tcccss and reduce crime: And sometimes even gates aren't enough: In Santa Clarita, Calif, ?~ miles north of Los Angeles. a 4(H)-home gated community ,called Hidden Valley dis- courages +niruders with<+ military anti- terrorist device that launches a ~-foot-long met:+I cyl- inderfrom underground into the bottoms of cars that sneak through the gate. So far, at (cast 100 vehicles have been impaled hythc device, each to the tune of several thousand dollars in repairs ;At press time. the device itself was under repair but v:a; t<', he oper• ativc again with a tcw• m~mths.) Proponents say thr s~tfcty, livability and n~: ishhor ` liners of gated subdivisu~. restore a lost sense ni' commu- nirv.Others worry they havehc opposite effect, walling off the ..haves.. from the °hav~.-ngts.' negating Americas already frag- ile sense of common ground. The debate highlights the issue of safety vs. community that is . , at the heart of how we live. now and in[o the next century. "Gated communities will accelcr+te the economic and social frrgmentatir~n of the nation.° warns Edward Blakely. dean of the School oti tlrban Planning and Di;velopment at the University of Southern Cal- . ifornia. Such economic segre- gation "could divide the com- °"'"'"~~a~.,„",,~,~.;; munity in Ways similar to the divisions caused by',rteial seg- regation n,years past.' accord- ing to a;study of gated com- munities conducted' by ,the city of San flntonio last year. Others see gated rnmmuni- ties ;t~ lust an extension of the all-American concept that ' a man , h~,mr i~ '::+~ east lc It. [hat ,,ie~5. _ates surd wei]. hecgme mndern versions of d'rawhridges and' moats - justificd not merely by crime fears or a concern over property values but by the '`pursuit of happiness" that is.[he essence of the .-~menc th dream. "Part of it is people seeking t~ ~~et the kind of community thw wi+m ,nd tht kind ut services they're willing to pay for ` sa)~ David i3o;+r. ui the Cato Institute, a conservative think tank. ~That~s a positive trend.' It s undeniable. he says, that '°cities are getting more dangerous, crime is rising, the garbage doesn't get picked up, the streets have potholes. All of those things have caused people to respond by crcaung pnvate communi- ties where they can have more control. ... Don't forget ?S milh,~n of us live in a locked apartmenthuilding. Z~hat. too. is a small gated community.' No fear inside the gates The Gorhams bought their piece of the American dreart ~ : i')tih (While there are no national statistics uh mtuse"paces in gated communities vs. non-gated communities, one San Antonio real estate agent estimates home buyers in chat area pay 5-H percent more ur live behind gates.) Thc. Gorhams pay fiomcowher ducsof S8S a quarter to keep up the swimming pool, recreation center. basketball court, baseball diamond, woad-structure playground and three miles of iog~ing path. COVER aROTOC,RARR. By REiD HORN FOR USA wEEKr.ND 4 USA WEEKEND • Jan. 3t-Feb. 2. 1997 mere are 20,000 gated communities in the USA. Critics fear they will lead to .`economic and social fragmentation: ~~.~ 0 Regular Item Consent Item [~ Statutory Item Item Submitted.. By: For Council Meeting Of: Director Approval City Manager Approval:: 1, ~~~ ~~~~~~ 5~ ~~` , , ~... .,., x, c. ~..... ~ ........ Veronica J B Morgan Asst ('itv Engineer _ Ends Statements /Strategic Issues: #1-Transportation/Mobility, #3 -Health & Public Safety, #8 -Civic Pride Item: Consideration of an ordinance amendment to the subdivision regulations to allow the development of rural residential subdivisions within the City limits. f~ -~ r <,,_~~ Item Summary:. The attached ordinance.. amendment is a result of the report presented to Council on the rural subdivisorr,regulations. These amendments allow for the development of rural type subdivisions. This is made possible through a combination of zoning and:subdivision regulations. The main points within this amendment are as'follows': 1. Residential and some collector streets are allowed to be constructed without curb and'gutter. 2. Water distribution is provided by either the City of College: Station or a rural water provider such as Wellborn Water Supply Corporation. Water supply will be determined;by the certificated area of service.. 3. Fire protection: is provided by standard fire hydrants, if using the College Station water supply system,' or by dry. hydrants in the case of a rural_ water provider. 4. The type of sanitary sewer system (municipal vs. eptic) will ,be determined with the zoning case. If"the development will be allowed tc~ have septic. systems, the developer will be required to prepare a sanitary sewer master plan for the subdivision to'be implemented at some future date. O:\group\dev serv\v\~ralo~d 1 5. Electrical lines wily be allowed either overhead. or underground, at the .developer's .discretion. .This :.will allow the development. of rural... type subdivisions, while retaining ~; integrity within our infrastructure systems. Financial Summary: N/A Staff Recommendation: Approve the ordinance amendment. ~ City Attorney Recommendation: Legal has reviewed the ordinance and their comments have been incorp®rated. Council Action Desired: Approve the ordinance amendment. i `I Supporting Materials: li 1. Ordinance amendment -~ O;~groupkJev serv\vkuralord '(~X~t~ ~~ ~ 5y~6Ntt5 \~ Place appropriate NSF label here for O ~ ~ ~~~~ NSF listed system QV1/N ER'S MAN UAL JET INDIVIDUAL HOME WASTEWATER TREATMENT Your JET Wastewater Treatment Plant is a carefully engi- should require full-time operation, the JET Aerator is fully neared pollution control system -the high point of individ- capable of this with no loss of equipment life and only a small ual home-:pollution control plant technology today. increase in power consumption. While dunning, the plant • It accepts thedischargefrommultiplebathsandallmodern normally .uses significantly less power than that consumed appliances -garbage .grinder, automatic laundry, .auto- by your. refrigerator, TV or most other major home applian- matic dishwasher. ces. A plaht equipped with a standard aerator operates at 210 watts; one equipped with a floodproof model operates at 350 • Its large capacity enables it to handle extra toads, such as watts. guests, with ease. There will be little for you to do about the operation of your Littlemaihtenancewiil be required - no more than forother JET Plant. But it is important to your family, neighbors. and major-home appliances. Should service ever be needed, just community that your plant be kept in first class operating call your local Jet Distributor. condition. This isn't hard but you must understand your The plant is operated automatically by controls that are plant to keep it in first class condition. factory-set to run only a part of each day. ff local conditions please take the time to read this manual"thoroughly: HOW YOUR JET PLANT WORKS The basic JE"T Plant em- ploys a sophisticated bio- ~+;'~~~ al process in which aerobic -.bacteria, using oxygen in`solution, breaks down and oxidizes house- hold wastewater. This pro- cess, called aerobic diges- tion, is also used in larger commercial and municipal plants. ;The basic JET Plant's design incorporates three. separate compart- ments. The pretreatment compart- ment receives the house- hold wastewater and holds it long enough to allow solid matter to settle to the sludge layer at the tank's bottom. Here, anaerobic bacterial ;action continu- M.,BSS 1 (or Pumping rator Service Access- . ~ ^S~: (or Pumping 1 Grade Inlet ~ Surface ~~,~ (Optionaq Skimmer G C - Inlet - ~~' ~~=~ -- - > -_- - - - 7/- Outlet .' r~ ~y ~ `` Tube ~1~ t l Settler t~ j r 1 f 1. ;: settling y ~ ~~ ~ J ' Compartment r_ ~.. . Pretreatment JET AERATION Compartment. Compartrnent - ously breaks down the wastewater solids. In the aeration compartment the finely divided, pre-treated wastewater from the .pre-treatment compartment is mixed with activated sludge and aerated. The JET Aerator circu- latesand mixes the entire content while injecting ample airto meet the oxygen demand of the aerobic digestion process. THE JET AERATOR The only mechanical part of your JET Plant is the JET Aera- tor - a finely balanced, precision-manufactured product made under strict quality control standards. The aerator draws fresh outside air into your treatment plant's aeration compartment through an air intake vent in The-final phase ofthe oper- aton takes place in the set- tling Compartment: In this compartment a tube set- ter Aliminates currents and enhances the settling of any remaining suspended material which is returned, via the tank's sloping end. wall, to the aeration com- partment for 'further treatment. A non-mechahical surface skimmer, .operated by hydraulics, skims anyfloat- ing material from the sur- face of the settling compartment and returns;it to -the aeration compart- ment. The remaining odor- less, clarified liquid flows into the final discharge line through the baffled outlet. Normally the plant itself is entirely beneath ground. Access for service and fresh air for the plant's operation are provided through two covered concrete risers that extend to.finished grade. the concrete access cover. This air travels down through an outside-air-hose which is connected to the aerator. From here it travels through the aspirator shaft and is injected jnto the liquid to provide the oxygen needed in theaerobicdiges- tjon process. Only corrosion-proof stainless steel and PVC plastic parts are used in or near the wastewater. JET Vent Cap Air ExhauSt.Hole ly ° ` ~ , ~ Grade Outside- ~~ Alr-Hose Anti- a Rotation Riser Black _ ~ Underground Grout Cable Aerator Mounting .Casting ~~ Flow me A foam restrictordisc at the top of the shaft con- trols the foam created by the mixing/aeration process. This disc throws the foam to the sides of the tank, breaks it up, contains it in the tank and protects the aerator. There -are two types of J ET Aerators - a Standr and Model and aFlood- proof Model. The Flood proof Model is totally sealed to protect: it from damage by water... It should be installed in any installation where there is a - possibility of water damage. However, the Floodproof Aerator."is not desigred to operate under water. If it floods; the circuit-breaker on the control panel will automatically operi, shut off powerto the unit and lighttheaeratorwarning light on the control panel. tf this happens, it will be necessary for you to press'the circuit-breaker reset button to start the aerator again. .AUTOMATIC CONTROLS The aerator normally runs only part of each day. Its opera- tionand cycling are governed automatically bytheJETCon- trol Panel, which is usually mounted in the basement or .garage. The control panel has been pre-set to give the best wastewater treatment for your family. Do not attempt to alter this cycling yourself under any circumstances. CIRCUIT BREAKER PROTECTION A warning light and acircuit-breai~er reset b:utten arelnrate~? on the control panel cover. If there should be an electrical overload, the circuit-breaker button will pop out, open the circuit and protect the aerator from damage. The warning light will glow red when the circuit-breaker has opened; indicating that power to the aerator has been cut off. When this happens, press the red button on the panel coverto reset the circuit-breaker. This should start the aerator operating again. If, instead, the red aerator warning light comes on repeatedly, call your Jet Distributor for service. WARNING BUZZER (OPTIONAL) Your control panel may also be equipped with a warning buzzer. This buzzer will sound when the circuit breaker trips ahd the aerator warning fight goes on. Both .buzzer and . warning: light can be`ttarned off by pressing the circuit breaker reset button oh the control panel cover. Normally,. this will start the `aerator running again. If the buzzer and warning .light come on repeatedly,.turn the switch in the': control panel to '`OFF" ahd call your Jet Distributor imme- diately for service. If your control pahel is hot equipped with a warning buzzer and you would like one, contact your distributor for details. He has a warning' buzzer kit which can be easily installed for a modest charge. AERATOR SILENCER (OPTIONAL) Sometimes when a JET Home Plant is installed nearer than normal to a bedroom window or patio, the sound of the aerator may be audible under certain acoustical conditions, If this situation exists with your installation, a .silencer designed specifically for the JET Plant is available from your distributor. UPFLOW FILTER (REQUIRED ON NSF CLASS'I SYSTEMS -OPTIONAL ON OTHERS) Your installation may be equipped with a JET Upflow Filter 'ihstalled after the plant. If it is, you will see eithera rectangu- ~--~ti lar concrete cover or grating access just beyond your plant. The filter operates by gravityflowand requires noelectricity. Effluent from the JET Home Plant flows into the filter, where it travels along an inlet channel to a drop pipe in the center. The drop pipechannelsthe plahteffluenttothe bottom ofthe filter, below the filter medium. Here heavier solids settle out and incoming flow forces the settied liquid up through the medium where it is treated both biologically and physically. The oxygen-rich effluent from the plant promotes the growth of aerobic bacteria on the filter medium. These bacteria treat the effluent as it passes through. After the effluent has passed up through the filter medium, it flows over a weir into the outlet channel. The JET Plant was tested by the National Sanitation Founds ti tion and is listed under their Standard 40. CHLORINATOR (OPTIONAL) -Your JET System maybe equipped with a Model 100 or 105 JET-CHLOR Tablet Chlorinator. The Model 100 Chlorinator is constructed of molded plastic and is installed on the dis- charge line. The Model 105 chlorinator is installed in the optional upflow filter. If you have a chlorinator installed on your system, it is impor- tant that you read the "Installation and Operation"manual for the model you have. This manual gives step by step in- structions for easy operation and maintenance. We recommend you use only JET-CHLOR Tablets in your chlorinator. See your local dealer or write Jet Inc. WHAT YOUR JET PLANT WILL HANDLE All wastewater from your home and, whit a ferr c~:ceptior?s, anything normally disposed of by the home plumbing sys- tem can be handled by your JET Aeration Plant. We recommend 4he use of biodegradable detergents wherever. possible to insure plant efficiency and maximize length of time between tank pumping. F=or proper plant. operation, keep the following items out. of your plant: UNDISPOSABLES • Plastic Products-'Rubber Products -Towels & Wash- c(oths -Sanitary Napkins -Mop Strings -Paints • Grease ........ Pour cooking grease ihto a container -and throw away :when it is solidified. 'Don't pour grease down your sink. • Lint ........... Lint from automatic laundry "lint catch- ers" should be disposed of in the trash. Don't wash lint down the drain. • Rags and Scouring Pads. Rags and scouring pads should be dis- posed of in the trash. Don't let them go down the drain or flush them down the toilet: Strings, nylon reinforcing and other particles from these items may wrap around the aspirator shaft and hamper its operation. • "Disposable" Diapers ........ All diapers can be rinsed out in the toilet. However, don't flush regular or "disposable" diapers down the toilet. Water Softener • Backwash .... . Water softener backwash should not be routed through the plant: We suggest that you dispose of this in some other area such as a drainage ditch, storm sewer or downspout drainage system. As a last resort you may route water soft- ener backwash around the plant and into the plant's final discharge line. Do this only when np otherdisposal area for water softener backwash is available. . Paints and Thihners ...... . Paints (oil or latex), paint brush wash vvaterand thinners should notbe poured down drains INSPECTION MAINTENANCE No regular homeowner maintenance of the JET Aerator is required. No periodic greasing or oiling is ever necessary since'all bearings are pre 1ubncated. There are a few points around the. plant you should check from time to time, how- ever, if you do not take outs continuing inspection /service policy with your distributor after the first two years, AERATOR HANDLING Make it a rule never to remove the aerator yourself because of the danger of bending' its shaft. The life of the aerator depehds on a straight shaft: Only your Jet Distributer should ever handle your aerator. The local Jet Distributor has agreed to be available if service. is needed; call him. If, in an emergency, you must lift out the aerator, be sure to turn the power `.'off" at the control panel first. Never lift the aerator by the shaft or sub}ect the shaft to any pending, bu^~rs:g or strain.. Never let the shaft contact anything but liquid. If the concrete access cover is ever removed, it is vitally important that the hose be replaced firmly in the outside-air-vent and not kinked. This will insure fresh airfor propertreatment and prevent damage to the bearing on .certain models.. See drawing on opposite page for proper installation. Never disassemble the aerator or let other unauthorized per- . sons do so. It voids your warranty. Vent Cap: The air intake vent cap in the manhole cover and the screen inside the vent cap must be kept clear and unre- stricted for a free flow of air to the aerator. Remove the vent cap to inspect it. If your plant has anoutside-air-hose, check its position (see aerator diagram). The hose must terminate in the vent cap housing, put should not be close enough to the`verit lid to restrict the air tlow.-Also be sure the hose is straight, with no bends or kihks that would cut pff the air supply If your vent cap is equipped with a padlock (optional), you will fihd the key with the dohtro(panel Discharge Point: If it is in the open, the final outlet of your .plant's discharge line must be kept clear. YourJet Distributor wilFshow you where this discharge point is. Wet Weather Safety Valve (optional): Your plant may have the wet weather safely valve: This is an extra outlet to the surface between plant and discharge point. It protects your plant from water damage during very heavy rains when the ground or the norms( discharge point cannot accept any more liquid. At such a time, excess water will escape out the safety valve rather than backing up into the tank and home. If you have a wet weather safety valve, it must be kept clear so it can function when needed. TANK PUMPING A JET Plant can usually go up to five times as long as a septic tank-or longer-before it needs pumping. Like the large aeration plants it is patterned after, yourJET Plant pre-treats organic material and passes it on for final treatment instead of simply holding it back as septic tanks are supposed to do. However, in all aeration plants excess sludge collects which eventually must be removed. Large plants call this "sludge wasting." We recommend that. yourJET Plant be pumped approxi- mately every 3 to 5 years:Exact-recommendations are not practical since each plant handlesdiffereM loads underdif= ferent conditions. Tell .your ank pumper the tank is divided into three compartments: 1. Pre-treatment - 475 Gallons (must be pumped) 2. Aeration - 6U0 Gallons (must be pumped) 3. Settling - 125 Gallons (see instructioris in item #5) Total tank capacity- is :1200 Gallons. Since pumpers base their dosf oh number of•gallons pumped; this will help;you estimate your. pumping cost. 4. Only the pre-treatment and aeration compartmentsshould be pum ped. These are the;first two'compartments Access to the aeration compartment is through the aerator mounting manhole. Access to the pre-treatment compartment is below grade and its location is shown on the tank sketch. 5. The settling /clarifying compartment; oh the outlet end of the tank, should be thoroughly hosed out through its access riser during pumping. CAUTION: The tankpumper must not attempt to put his pumping hose into this compartment. If he does, the weight of the hose will damage the tube settler. The tube settler cannot be repaired and replacement requires re-excavating the tank and much expense. 6. The pumper should a~: zi,e Jet E`istriputor to remove the aerator for him or instruct him how to do it FILTER MAINTENANCE Your Jet Distributor is equipped to maintain your filter and a regular maintenance schedule should be set up with him. The only maintenance normally required is a routine back washing of the filter every 6 months. The backwash from the filter is pumped into the treatment plaht so there is no heed for tank trucks or other heavy' equipment. If-the filter is maintained as recommended, the job will require no exca- vation and will take only a shod time to accomplish. If you filter. is equipped with a" maintehance indicator (optional), the maintenance indicstorwarning lightvrilfglow when backwashing is needed. The filter should. be back= washed every 6 months whether or not the maintenance indicator warning light glows. LANDSCAPING AROUND YOUR JET PLANT Most owners plant a lawn over their JET Home Plant, but it is perfectly all rightto plant a flower bed or vegetable garden. If you wish, small shrubs or flowers may be planted around the manholes to camouflage them. A bird bath, wishing well or similar structure can also be put over the manholes. If you do this with the aeratoraccess, drill at least four 1 Yz" holes in the side of the bird bath or other structure so the aerator can get the fresh air it needs. Keep the finished grade of your lawn or garden at least 1" below the manhole top to permit easy access to the plant.. y ~: DO - 1. Do check to see the outside=air-hose is not bent` or 8. Do keep finished grade of fawn at least 1" .below kinked 'if the riser cover has been removed and manhole top. reinstalled. 9. Do have your filter, if installed, maintained as 2. Do press circuit-breaker reset button if warning light recommended. - .glows. 10. Do keep your chlorinator stocked, if one is installed. 3. Do call your Jet Distributor if light still glows after you have pressed reset button. 4. Do use biodegradable detergents wherever possible. DON'T 5. Do keep final outlet free and clear, if it is in the":open. 1. Don't remove aerator or attempt repairs yourself. 6. Do keep wet weather safety valve free and cl~ar,fyour 2. Don't alter control panel cycling setting. plant has one. 3. Don't put "undisposables" into your: plant (see list).. 7. Do follow the instructions for tank pumping every 3 to 5 4. Don't plug aerator into electrical wall outlet or any other ' .; years. power source other than the control panel , EXTENSIVE OWNER PROTECTION PROGRAM 30-Month Limited Warranty. Jet Inc. warrants every new JETAeratoragainstdefective materialsandworkmanship, applies only to the Jet aerator and does not include any ot,tfie housewiring, plumbing, F,, under normal service. for30 months commencing (q upon dateofdtiginal installation d ' drainage,. or any other part of the disposal system. a completed warranty card is returned to Jet Inc. within 20 daystrom the date of installation or within 20 days after the original purchaser moves into the residence JET SHALL NOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGES CAUSED BY DEFECTIVE serviced by the aerator or (ii) upon the date of shipment fromthefactory it no warranty : COMPONENTS OR MATERIALS, OR FOR LOSS INCURRED BECAUSE OF THE INTERRUP- card is returned. TION OF SERVICE, OR ANY OTHER SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL. OR INCIDENTAL DAM- Y ~ S To make aclaim under this warranty you should notify yourJetDistributorornotifyJet EXPREBS WARRANTIESFAN WAHRANTY IS~N LIEU OF ALL OTHER AERA OR THIS Inc., Customer Service Department, 750 Alpha Drive, Ieveland: Ohio 44143. WARRANTY IMPLIED BYLAW, INCLUDING IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERGHANTABIL- Aerators must be removed and returned to the factory by a Jef Distributor: If any the aerator will be repaired at the factory with no in-warranty repairs are needed ITYORfITNESS FORAPARTICULARPURPOSE(IFAPPLICABLE);ISINEFFECTONLYFOR THE 30-MONTH WARRANTY PERIOD SPECIFIED ABOVE(SOMEESTATES DO NOTALLOW , i Th h ibility t i ht l h ll s ll o m EXCLUSIONS OR LIMITATIONS OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR• ater e purc aser s or re g a s. as ume a respp ns charge for labor of a charges to and from the factory. If there are missing parts, an additional chargewil be .ALLOW LIMITATIONS OF HOW LONG AN IMPLIED WARRANTY LASTS, SO THEABOVE _ made. - LIMITATIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.) The warranty does not cover Standard Model Aerators that navb beer da,^„armed b= ?h_ Conipariy :P elves the right t>J revise. change or modify the construction and t water; or aeratorsthathavebeen(i)damageddueto isassemblybyunauttiorized persons,'improperitistallation,misuse, orlighhtning;(ii~subjectedtoexernaldamage d i i a design of the JET Aeratororanycoinpgnentpar'arp'-tst'ia:o!.wtthoutincurringany obligation to makesiicfichaRgesormodihcauonsmpresentegwpment.Thiswarranty h ' th i hts whi h v ry fr m 1 al ifi l al i ht d on or ( mage v) d (iii) damaged tlue to improper or altered wing or over oad protect Th t ' l avr er r g I you may so o c a o eg r g s, an c gives you spec e warran y s Manua . by failure to follow the suggesLOns outlined in the Owner state to state` ~~~ ~ • TWENTY-YEAR EXCHANGE • CONTINUING INSPECTION/SERVICE POLICY This program sets a ceiling on aerator replacement cost for After the first two years, you carrenew this Inspection Ser- 17'hmore years after the initial warranty expires. Any aerator vice Policy annually with your Jet Distributor for a nominal more than 30-months old and up to 20 years of age, regard- charge. less of condition, may. be exchanged for a newly warranted replacement aerator. The price for this exchange is based on .LOCAL DISTRIBUTOR the age of the traded-in aerator at a fraction of the then- current list price for a new aerator. Your JET Plant was installed. by your local Jet Distributor Newly warranted exchange aerators do not, however, re- who also is an important part of Jet's owner protection pro- gram: Licensed byJet, he has agreed to pravide prompt ser- ceive anew free distributor Inspection/Service Policy. vicewhenyouneedit.Hemaintainsastock ofpartsformain- • FREE 2-YEAR INSPECTION/SERVICE POLICY tenance and emergency repairs. His name is on the front of your JET Control Panel and he is listed in the,yellow,pt~ges For the first two years of the 30-month warranty period, your under "Wastewater Treatment" or "Septic Tanks". If you Jet Distributor has agreed to regularly inspect your JET would like a copy of the installation instructions, contact Plant and to provide any service that should be required your local Jet Distributor. without a service charge. The trained serviceman thoroughly inspects the entire system -plant, egwpment and' any races,nagPecut~attor,:8~ajectro~nen9ewrrno~rnort~. options installed. Specialists: in Wastewater Treatment - ~O o ./ET//VC. Cleveland, Ohio 44143 U.S.A. 7-100 Home JET and JET AERATION are registered trademarks of JET INC. ©MCMLXXXIX JET INC. Brazos County Doug Abshire 02-17-95 1516 Wayfarer Johathan Allen 07-22-83 Dr. David Bate 06-29°88 Danny Crokcer 12-12-89 h1r. Francesch 08-01-93 Hwy 30 Vet Clinic 12-04-94 776-8996 Tony Jones 11-16-92 69.6-9798 Ronald Lacewell 03-03-95 846-2031 Alan Lee 11-17-94 589-3178 Raymond Olson 06-14-95 James Richardson 09-24-86 Bill. Stephenson 12-17-91 Union Pacific Resou rces 10-10-93 Ron Weatherford 03°16-93 Ron Wright 09°12-94 C. S. Bryan Birds Pond Rd. C. S. Bryan 3301 Triple Bend Cr. C. S. 4275 Deerfield Dr. C. S. C. S. 3337 Golden Trail C.S C. S. C. S 16230 Wo od Z ake Dr. C. S. 3278 Britten Rd. Bryan C. S. 5651 Oak Hollow Circ. Bryan August 9, 1994 AERATOR MOTOR EXCHANGE PROGRAM ~ '"~` ,~ ~~ {, ~~ ~l „al 1 •, 'l, .I ^' i Owners Exchange Price LENGTH OF SERVICE 0-30 mos. 30 mos. -3yrs. 3-4 yrs. 4-S yrs. S-8 yrs. 8-10 yrs. 10-20 yrs. X OF SUGGESTED DOLLAR LIST PRICE COST ~ ~ 32X i 196.00 42X f 257.00 50X 3 306.00 60X $ 367.00 62X $ 379.00 6SX ~ 398.00 ___ ui ~1 •--+ ,--, .~ -~-~ ~• r~ i t`.J ,. .~.~ d c~~ ~ ii I NOVEMBER.20, 1990 TEXAS DEPARTMENT. OF HEALTH POLICY STATEMENT ON-SITE SURFACE APPLICATION OF TREATED WASTEWATER Thus policy.. is the Departmental response to Section 301.14{a) in the "Construction Standards for On-Site Sewerage Facilities""relating to the on-site.. surface application of effluent. The application rate_for these systems will. be limited to 5,000 gallons per day for. each project or installation. Systems having a greater application rate will be regulated by the Texas Water Commission. The effective date .for this policy is noted above. ` I. Surface Application Methods --These aethods include, but are not limited:' to, spray irrigation, drip irrigation, landscape irrigation or any other method of 'applying treated :effluent onto the surface. of the `ground. II. Purpose of Policy - The `purpose of-,this policy is to provide an alternate method of on-site-disposal of treated effluent in many areas of Texas wi~ere oils are extremely unsuited 'for subsurface effluent ` I dais osal.: Subsurface dis osal alternatives often arE costly and p P _ } ineffective resulting inthe inadvertent discharge of partially ~ _ __ ed surface treat~d wastewater.: A properly designed and operas a location s stem will greatly reduce this type of discharge a P P Y , ,,., n d ~_. resulting public health threats'. Surface application systems may also ~' be used for water conservation~in areas of'the State with dry climatic ~ - cerdi*_ions rar an~~ location wk~ere the reuse of effluent would have beneficial results. III. Types of Wastewater Treatment A. Standard Treatment Systems - A standard treatment system shall.. consist of aseptic tank,. upflow rock filter and intermittent sand filter arranged in series. The Department's On-site Wastewater Branch will furnish specific design criteria for this .system at a later date. T I,,`'~ ~ ' :. i R ~ ~- ~ ~ 7 I' I ~i SI If ~' B. Proprietary Aerobic Treatment Systems -All approved proprietary III ~ ii~l3 ' systems will be identified in a published List of ApEroved ' ~i'~~' S~ste'ms. Only treatment .systems which have been tested by,the - --- '~. ~~;' i National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), meet Class I effluent quality as described' in the NSF' Standard 40 Testing:.Procedures and are currently_,listed by NSF will be included in-this List. C. Non-Standard Treatment Systems -Non-standard systems include, but are not limited to, all :treatment` processes, both aerobic and anaerobic, used in conventional wastewater plants for" the reatment of domes-tic sewage but not described in the "Construction Standards for On-site-Sewerage Facilities". These systems are considered to be one of a kind, site specific installations. Effluent quality must meet `or exceed Texas Water Commission Secondary Standards. [Effluent Limitations Chapter 309.1(b)j. Secondary'standards-are: BOD & TSS: 30 day average 20'mg/1 7 day average 3D mg/l, daily maximum: 45 ,mg/1 ~. single grab 65 mg/1 PH 6.0 - 9.0 ._ IV. Submittal Requirements.. A. Technical Report -Each permit application shall be accompanied by an engineering report outlining the design of the wastewater treatment and disposal- system. A basis of design, construction -- drawings, calculations'and system flow diagram shall_be.included in this report. Proprietary aerobic systems may, reference their approved list number instead of furnishing construction drawings i ~ for the unit. All other informat'ion except"construction 'drawings _ will be required :for proprietary. submittals. 2 ~ . B. Sits Drawing..- A scale drawing and legal: description of all land which is to be a part of the. disposal operation will be included ` in the submittal. The-drawing will show the location of all existing and proposed buildings, wastewater disposal area,, buffer zones, and water wells. All buildings and water wells within 150 feet. of ..the irrigated area on :adjacent property must also. be included in the site drawing.. C. Soil Evaluation - Soil evaluation tes s shall be performed on the irrigation site to detEimine thesuitability of'the soil to: grow flora .and provide a barrier to direct infiltration ,of the effluent. These 'tests should be conducted to a depth`of at least three feet and located in the area to be_irrigated. The test results must show that; the surface soils are not suitable. for the subsurface disposal of effluent. D: Water .Wells - All water wells, both public and private, located on-site or within. 150 feet of the irrigated. area must be located . and described. The description shall include depth of well, depth of pressure cementing, wellhead protection and-.other , .. . pertinent data relating; to the protection of the groundwater from - surface' contamination. Public water wells have a 150. foot sanitary control easement which,prohib-its the construction of any ~ i on-site.-wastewater system within `the .easement. -- E". Landscape Plan -The area irrigated by the surface application of effluent must be described with the type of vegetation noted on . the plan. Residential yards must have vegetative cover in place - i prior to system startup. Commercial installations may irrigate existing vegetation provided all areas of-bare ground are covered ~ with vegetation or seeded prior to system s artup. F.. Qualifications of Applicant -.Standard treatment systems anal proprietary-aerobic treatment systems shall be designed and - submitted f.or approval by`a qualified zegistered engineer-or ~I ;_ L 3 ,,, „~~ ~ c ~ ~! R ~! it : , registered sanitarian. Non-standard treatment systems shall be ~~' designed and submitted for approval`by a qualified registered r ,~ engineer. ~. V. Review-and Permi ting A. Review Authority - Design for standard treatment systems and proprietary aerobic treatmentsystems shall be' reviewed and approved or disapproved by the permitting authority. If requested, ...Texas: Department of Health personnel-will assist in this review.:-process. Non-s andard treatment system designs will I, be reviewed and approved or disapproved by the Texas DEpartment I of Health. ~ I ~, B. Permitting:Authority - All permits will be granted by the appropriate: (designated) regulatory agency. (county, ci y river authority, regional office of the Texas Department of Health or other). A copy of al permits''issued by the regulatory agency II shall be sent to-the Texas Department of Health for record. . -~ VI. Maintenance Requirements`- A permit will be issued after,desgn =approval provided the applicant furnishes an acceptable main enance -` contract with a valid maintenance company. The maintenance company will verify :that the system is operating..properly and will provide ongoing maintenance of the installation. The initial-maintenance `contract must be .valid for a minimum of two years.. ._ A. An acceptable maintenance contract is a_contract between the system `owner and an individual or company in which.. the company 'agrees to provide periodic nspections,for system compliance with effluent standards. Thi-s contract will .also authorize the maintenance company to operate, maintain and repair the system as ,_ .- 'needed and the: costs of this service wi1T be paid. by the system's -- ;. .'owner,,, . ~~ ': 4 _~,~ B. A valid maintenance company is a company or individual in the business of maintaining on-site. sewerage systems.- A:t-least....one ,~ employee. of the company shall hold a certified wastewater operator's license as ss y the Texas .Water 'Commission or be ~ certified as co~upetent to :operate and maintain small wastewater treai'ment systems by the Texas 'Department of Health `through its on-site `sewage disposal installer registration program. C. On-going maintenance shall. be provi"ded by valid maintenance companies. The owner of each surface application system-shall continuously maintain _a writ en contract with a valid maintenance ' company and shall'submit a copy-af the contract to the permitting authority at least 30 days prior to expiration of the previous contract. D._ Upon issuance of a permit, the permitting 'authority shall submit an affidavit to the county clerk's office to be added to the real ' property deed on which the .surface application- system is -" installed. This; affidavit- shall state that the property, shall not be transferred to a new owner without: ' L. The new'. owner advised -that the property contains a surface application system for wastewater disposal. --- I 2. The permit issued to `the previous owner of he property - transferred to the new owner. 3. The new owner submitting a valid maintenance contiact,to the permitting, authority. _ i ~ A sample affidavit is shown: in Figure 4 of this policy. '. ' VII. Testing and Reporting -The maintenance company shall inspect each permit ed system as directed by a testing and reporting schedule which will be included on the permit: The testing and reporting schedule __ I 5 . ,~I ' lli II ~ ,,, . ~ i ~ Iii I ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~I ~ shall n h fr n of si vi i co tarn t e eque cy to s ts, type of tests to conduct ..during the visits, minimum acceptable test. results and required P~ ? reporting to the permitting authority. A typical testing and ~c~" .reporting achedule is shown as `Figure 3 of this- document. A ~chedule of required tests and frequency of site visits is shown in Figure'2. VIILEffluent Disinfection -Treated effluent must be disinfected prior to surface application. Approved disinfection 'methods: shall include but not be limited to chlorination, ozonafion or ultraviolet radiation. The efficiency of the disinfection procedure will be established by; monitoring the fecal coliform count or chlorine residual from.. effluent grab samples as directed in the testing and reporting schedule. The frequency of testing',and ype of tests required are'shown in Figure 2. IX. °Accep able Application Surfaces-- Accep able 'land for` surface application will- include generally flat terrain covered :with grasses, evergreen shrubs, bushes, trees or landscaped beds containing mixed flora. Sloped `land may be accep able if properly landscaped .and .terraced to minimize runoff. All irrigated surfaces shall be covered with approved vegetation and landscaped prior to system startup. __ X. :Unacceptable Application Surfaces - Land uses-for growing edible food, gardens,:. orchards or crops which may be used for human consumption can - not be used °for- the surface applica ion of treated ?wastewater. -- -- Effluent shall not be applied to bare ground,under.any crcums antes. I XI. Buffer Zones -_ A11'treatment uni ~s and.eland -surfaces used for the - --- application of treated wastewater shall be isolated in accordance with <_ _ ~ the following table: _- 6 '' r w ,. - BUFFER REQUIREMENT FOR TREATMENT SYSTEMS Isolated item: Protective Distance: A1:1 potable water wells - 150 feet-`from application area and 50 feet from treatment system. Variances will be .considered for private water wells-only.. Ala water courses and=open. *100 feet for application .bodies of water area including `ponds and lakes and 50 feet"for'treatmen system. Foundations and>structures: As required for construction clearances. Flower beds ..adjacent to_ structures may 'be .irrigated. Property lines 10` fee for non-aerosol .producing application area. Five feet for' treatment 'system. 50-feet for aerosol producing application area. Swimming pools 50 :feet for aerosol producing application area. 25 feet for non-aerosol producing _ application area. 10 feet for .treatment system. *Distances are nominal to mean pool elevation or normal flow -~ ~ elevation. Buffer requirements may be increased or decreased , depending upon water quali y of watercourse. __._~_ ~ '.: i j ~ I 7 ~- ~~ ~ III a ~ ; -¢ ' r~ I ~ a ~ li ~ -XII. Minimum Required Application Area =The minimum surface application. ~i,k~,i;, ~ area required shall be determined by dividin the dal wastewa-ter g y ~I ~' I flow - by the allowable surface irrigation application rate (see '~~~~, 'G'~, figure I). , Surface area required (sq. ft.) =Daily Wastewater Flow (Gal/Day) Allowable Application Rate..(Gal/Sq. Ft./Day) .The daily wastewater `flow:is specified in T-able III of the °'Constructioil S~aiiaards for 0n-Site Sewerage Facilities" for ... _. businesses and=institutions. 'For single family dwellings, use 75 ~, gat/person per day. The number of persons will depend on the size of the dwelling and number of bedrooms. Assume three persons for a two _.. -bedroom dwelling and one additional .person per additional bedroom. XTII:Uniform Application of Effluent - 'Regardless-of he method-used for the-surface application of effluent, the main consideration for acceptability will be the uniform distribution of he water over the wand surface. Distribution pipes, sprinklers, flow channels .and other .application devices must be designed to provide this uniform distribution of treated effluent: A. Sprinkler Des-ign - When sprinklers are used `as the application method they shall be Iimixed to impact or gear driven _ -- rotary design with a maximum inlet pressure of '40 psi. Low angle nozzles (13 degxees or less in trajectory) shall be used in the - - sprinklers to keep the spray stream height Iow and reduce _ v_ . <aerosols. I i _ -_--. B. S rinkler Head Re uirements' - Circular s ra P q p y patterns may overlap ' to cover al irrigated area including rectangular shapes. Ror large systems, multiple sprinkler heads are preferred to single gun delivery sys ems. - j ' , F., O ~ '- - - a~ ~, . ., Spritilcler Heads oi~ Sloping Terrain - When spri~ixler Ylcciu~ are .placed on sloping terrain tl~e upper heads shall Le providza ~;ith ciiectc valves cu prevent return siphonage into the pu~nl; tulii<. ~I :IV. ~itluent Storage Requirements - Storage.. requirement, amd p~~mp tank ~Iesign shall"be ,n accordance with the "Construction Standards iol un- ~i to Sewerage' Facili Cies" Section 301.12(a)(4)(F) and ,(b~(~~). ~~luitioiial storage volume Wray be required for systelus over 1,5Uv gpd ~_al:ac tv. i I -- _. __ _. - _ ._. - _. ~ _ -. i, __ __ !, ~ ~ -- ~ - 9 ~p AFT BRAZOS COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT ey 201 NORTH TEXAS AVENUE • BRYAN, TEXAS 77803-5317 ~ ~ ti 409/361-4440 409/361450 June 22, 1995 City of College Station Ms. Veronica: Morgan, P.E. Assistant City Engineer P O Box 9960 College Station TX 77842 Re: Complaints regarding septic systems Dear Ms. Morgan: While looking.. through my septic system log book,.. I counted 76 complaints which we receive from May 1993 through. Maya 1995. These. complaints included. malfunctioning septic systems, illegal installation of septic. systems, or no septic system on site. There are approximately 4,000. licensed septic systems. in our county_at last count. If you need more. information,. or if you. have any questions, please do not hesitate to call. Sincerely, ~S Steven Gonzalez, R.S. Supervisor Environmental Health Services v ~~~ ~~3 ~~~ ~w~ ~~~ BRAZOS COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT 20t North Texas Avenue Bryan, Texas 77803 PROCEDURE for Installation of On-Site Sewage Facilities (409)361-4450 1) Fill out application and submit to Brazos County Health Department.. This must include a .flood plain permit #. Flood plain permit #'s must be obtained at the Brazos County Engineers Office,. 2617 Highway 21 West., Bryan, Texas... Please. call to make an appointment with Ray Crow at (409) 822-2127. 2) Pay applicable fees:: License Aoolication 565.00 plus 510.00 State Fee, Total 575.00' (Nonrefundable) Percolation Test 550.00 (Test is optional: /without test, clay soil is assumed). 3) If a percolation test is to be performed, make the necessary. arrangements with an Environmental Health Specialist.. Be sure that. you receive a percolation test. information sheet. The Environmental Health Specialist office hours are from 8:OO to 9;00 A.M,and 1::00 to 2:OO P,M. each work day; otherwise,. office hours will vary. 4) After the application. has been turned in, you are required to contact an Environmental Health Specialist to obtain the. minimum. requirements. 5) Systems may be installed by a State Registered installer or the property ovvner. Experience has shown the advantages of installing your own system are- often outvveigh by difficulties. of installing your own system. Therefore, it is recommended that a register installer be :hired to install your. system. The. installer of record must provide a diagram of the proposed system to the Health. Dept. for approval arior to construction. The diagram shouldbe on 8.5" X 11 " paperand must include the following items: a line dravving of the system. starting at the house. stub out, clean: out plug(s), lengths of .each section_ (e.g. house to tanks, tanks to 1st line etc.) size. and type ofi material (e.g. concrete, plastic) of tanks, .length width and depth (depth shown at each grade shot) of all drainfield trenches, and the location of any "plugs" or "stairsteps" if used. Grade shots. or elevations must be indicated at the house stub out (bottom of pipe),. inlet. and .outlet of the tanks, ground level at tank site and ground level at each trench intersection or end: Please note that these grade shots do not have ao be zeroed ortaken to a benchmark, they need only to be relative to each other. The diagram must also show that the system is greaten than 1 D feet' from any property lines, greater than 1:50 feet from any wells,.. greater han 75 feet from. any bodies of water (streams, rivers, ponds). and greater thane 10 feet from vvater lines. If any of these items are nearby, an arrow showing. the direction. and approximate distance should be included:. The diagram must be submitted and signed by the person responsible for the actual installation (2nd and 3rd party diagrams are not acceptablel. 6) When the diagram has been approved, tvvo (2) copies ,of the stamped/initialed-.diagram vvill be given to the installer; one is for the: installer and the other is to be given to the homeowner for their permanent records. 7) Notify this office. when construction is started and again: when construction is completed. so that inspections may be made..: For the first inspection the follovving areas must be availablec the tank insides (access to .the inspection port will suffice), trench bottom at the ends of all lines and their connection to the trunk line, and if it is astair-stepped' system, the "plug(s)" must also be exposed. TANK CAPACITY and DRAINFIELD SQUARE FOOTAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR CLAY SOIL (all numbers shown are minimums). 2 BEDROOMS 750 GALLONS 1800 square feet 3 ,BEDROOMS 1-000 GALLONS 2400 square feet 4 BEDROOMS 1250.' GALLONS 3000 square feet Please note that tank capacities must: be obtained using two compartments or two: tanks. Under no circumstances wilt clay be allowed. to be used asbackfill in-the: drainfield :lines. All specifications are as listed. in the. Construction Standards for On-site Sewerage Facilities, effective January 1, .1990, which may be obtained from: Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission Region 9 6801 Sanger Avenue, Suite 2500 Waco Texas 76710-7807 rev 12/1194 These regulations are subject to change by the State ,, , - a ! .. c o _ _ U\ ~ (~ . U ~ ~- `o '~ .. d a ~ E~ ~ o U2 (? o U 'y _: _, _. _ ~ ~ o - ~ F- _ _ a E a ~ C Q ~ ~ U • ~ C -' ~ - V ~ RESIDENTIAL - COMMERCIAL MARINE P. O. Box 9337 Beaumont,,Texas 77709 (409) 755-1500 The Clearstream Wastewater Treatment .System is a highly .efficient "extended` aeration" - sewage treatment plant. This system through aeration and clarification provides a proper environment for aerobic bacteria and other micro,-organisms that convert the incoming sewage into clear, odorless, and organically stable water. Test results taken from actual in service applications;of the ystems average consistently below the `United States. Environrnentak Protection Agency requirements for~direct discharge of treated effluent:' _. _ Because of the high quality of effluent discharged from the Clearstream System, many alternative methods of disposal are made possible. Some regulatory agencies allow direct discharge of the effluent o streams, lakes, bays and other bodies of water. Where the regulatory agency does not allow direct discharge of treated effluent, many alternative on-site .disposal methods may be used. Spray irrigation or drip irrigation of awns, pastures, land- scape`beds, or even golf courses is a common re-use method. With additional accessories, the re-cycle of the effluent is made possible for many other non-potable water uses. _ In areas with very slow percolating coils and/or high water tables, wastewater may surface _ , _ even on new absorption systems. In -areas :with .soils that .percolate too fast, in rocky terrain, or in areas with high water tables, the effluent-from a septic tank can move through he soil with: Tittle soil treatment, thus polluting underground water supplies or surface waters. n all-the __ _ above cases the discharge from the Clearstream System when coupletl with properly designed. accessories will prevent the above mentioned health hazards or pollution problems. The simple. compact design of the Clearstream System makes it easy to install and = maintain. The 115V Single; Phase aerator is located remotely and must be wired through the - __ alarm-panel'-according to;all applicable electrical codes. The audio-visual alarm panel will _ notify the home owner rf the system rrmalfunctions.'The aerator uses. very little. electricity and is easily teplaced in less than five: minutes. The. durable, high quality ..aerator will last many years _ and is very inexpensive to repair orreplace. - -- The Clearstream Model 500N Wastewater Treatment: System has been extensively tested by NSF International under the. lengthy and in-depth testing procedures of the NSF Interna- tional Standard 40: All the Clearstream Model N Series units meef-and .exceed all the require- .._ ments of the highest rating of_the NSF Standard 40. The Clearstream Models 500N, 600N, 750N, 1000N, and 1500N have-been designated CLASS I Systems. by NSf International. _ _ _ _ j i 1 Consider the advantages of the Clearstream Home Wastewater System above other comparable units: Tank _ Aerator Sturdy fiberglass or concrete construction Long life Easy.to install design Two year warranty Long-lasting non-corrosive components Quiet operation Easy to service withouf digging in yard Very low electrical; usage Utilizes small pre-treatment tank inexpensive to repair or replace for. grease and trash removal Installed outside tank to avoid flooding 500N costs approximately $7.61 per month to operate at 7~ per KWH, ,, CLEARSTREAM TREATMENT UNIT ACCESS, COVER 4TAMPER RESISTANTBOLTS - ALARM FLOAT GRADE GRADE AIR LINE ~~ INLET ' „ ' ____ 15~~ OUTLET INVERT' ...INVERT 15 :(From. Trash .Trap) - TERTIARY FILTER i AIR DROP { LINE ~ AIR DROP LINE TION AERA TANK ~ I SLUDGE DEFLECTOR DIFFUSERS ~ 0 0 jll ALARM PANEL ~""s"'E"" "I AERATOR o,® 1 O O Before installation ofi the Clearstream unit, first install a trash trap (septic tank) with. a volume of not less than 50% and not more than 100% of the gallon per day rating of the Clearstream unit. Clearstream• Wastewater Systems, Inc.,. has long enjoyed an excellent: reputation among sanitary - engineers, regulatory agencies, and customers around the country. Clearstream manufactures ewage treatmentplantsfyom 500 gallons per day to 1,000,000 gallons per day to serve residential, commercial and industrial applications. For more information concerning the application, price and availability of a Clearstream Wastewater Treatment System please contact: or Clearstream Wastewater Systems, Inc. - - P. O: Box 9337 Beaumont, Texas 77709 (409) 755-1500 FAX (409) 755-6500 a ~ ' Guarantee The Clearstream System .has a two year- limited warranty against defects in'material and;workmanship-#rom the-.date of purchase. - The system and/or it's components`will be repaired or replaced with - new or rebuilt equals to the original equipment, if a l installation, _ operation ana maintenance instructions of the: manufacturer have been adhered to. _ - TO PREVENT MALFUNCTIONS: OF YOUR SEWAGE SYSTEM, THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES SHOULD: BE FOLLOWED: t:. Any sewage treatmerrt system whether aerobic orseptic should not have inorganic materials (plastics, cigarette butts, condoms, throwaway diapers, etc.) that the bacteria cannoYCOnsume discharged into the system. -- 2. `Large amounts of harsh chemicals, oil, grease, high. sudsing detergents, discharge from water softeners, disinfectants or any other chemical or substance.that kills bacteria should not be discharged into the system. Garbage disposals are not recommended. - _ . 3. Bccessrve use of water, over the design flow of the system wilt cause the systemnot to perform o it's fullest capabilities. - 4. The proper operation of this. or any other home sewage system depends uponproper organic loading and the life of the micro- • _ - - organisms. inside the system:. Clearstream is not responsible: for the in-field operation of a system, other than the mechanical. _. and structural workings: of the: plant itself. We cannot control: the amount of harsh chemicals or-other harmful-substances that ,.: -- - - may be discharged into the system by the occupants of a household; we can only provide a comprehensive owners manual that outlines most substances thatshould be kept outof the system. SERVES UP TO 'RATED Moder 500N 5.Residents C~ 100 G.P.P. 500 G.P.D. Mode1600N 6 Residents @ 100 G.P.P. 600 G:P.D. Modef750N ' 7:5 Residents (~ 100 G.P.P. 750 G.P.D. Model fi000N 1O Residents ~' 100 G.P.P. 1000 G.P.D. Model 1500N 15 Residents C~ 100 G.P.P. 1500 G.P.D. Copyright "' -'- ...- -`-`---'-- ^---~_..__ ~~~ _ es n o..., nw~ . o.,.....,...s ~'....~~ 'f~~no . /AnA1 7CC_i C/1n . n inn F I' ~ r i j 7~F The subdivider shall require his construction contractors, with whom he contracts for fiirnishing materials and for :installation. of the improvements required under this chapter, and.shall himself be required to furnish to the city a written guarantee that all workmanship and materials shall be free of defects for a period of one. (1) year from the date of acceptance by the City Engineer. SECTION 8: GENERAL REQUIREMEN'T'S AND 1`~ STANDARDS. OF DESIGN 8®A Community Assets ~ In all subdivisions, due regard shall be shown for all natural features such as trees, watercourses, historical spots, and similar community assets, which, when preserved, will add attractiveness and ~ ~ value to the property. 'i 8~B Suitability of Lands . The Commission shall not approve the subdivision of land if, from ad uate investi a by all public agencies concerned, it has been determined that in the be~interest of the publico the s is .not suitable for platting and development purposes of the kind proposed, .Land subject to flooding and land deemed to be topographically unsuitable shall .not be platted for .residential occupancy, nor for such other uses as may increase danger to health,.. life, or ro ' p petty, or aggravate erosion or flood hazard. Such land within the .plat shall be set aside for such uses as shall. not be endangered by periodic or occasional inundation or shall not produce unsatisfactory living conditions. '~ ~ 8®C Laree Tracts or Parcels When land is subdivided. into larger parcels rather than ordinary.building lots, such arcels shall be arran ed so as to allow p g fore the o perung of future streets and logical further subdivisions. If the comprehensive plan of the City requires principal streets to cross the subdivision, the right-of--way shall be dedicated to [he public. 8®D Zonine and Other Reeulations No plat of land within the force and effect of an existing zoning ordinance shall be approved unless it conforms to such zoning or other pertinent regulations. j 8_E Reserved Strips Prohibited There shall be no reserved strips controlling access to land dedicated. or intended to be dedicated to [he public. ~' 8®F Standards Alt construction on streets, alleys, or easements shall be designed and constructed in accordance with do ngineering standards and specifications, and in particular regard for the street regulation s U. Rev. t ~ ; 9-14 f t 8-G Streets 8-G.1 Street Layout ~ Adequate streets shall be provided by the subdivider .such that the arrangement, character, extent, width, and grade of each shall conform to the comprehensive plan of the city and shall be considered in their relation to existing and planned. streets, to the topographical conditions, to .the public safety ~, and convenience, and to their appropriate relationship to the proposed use of the land to be served by such streets. r 8-G.2 Relation to Adjoining_Street Systems Where necessary to the neighborhood pattern, existing streets in adjacent or adjoining areas shall be continued, in alignment therewith: Where adjoining areas are not subdivided,. the arrangement of streets in die subdivision shall make provision for the proper projection of streets-into such azeas. 8-G.3 Street JoQS C Whenever possible, streetjogs with center-line offsets of less than one hundred twenty-five feet (125') shall be avoided. 8-G.4 Half Streets No half streets shall be platted. 8-G.5 Dead-end Streets Dead-end streets shall be prohibited except short stubs to permit extension. Temporary turnarounds may be required. 8-G.6 Cul-de-Sacs Cul-de-sacs shall. not exceed six .hundred feet (600') in length to radius. point, and shall terminate in a turnaround .not less than one hundred feet (100') in diameter, with a pavement diameter of eighty feet (go7• 0 i. 8-G.7 Street Intersections Acute angles between streets at their intersections aze to be avoided. 8-G.8 Princinal Streets on Master Plan Where subdivision embraces a principal street as shown on the master plan of the city, such street shall , be platted to maintain continuity in the approximate location as shown, and of the type indicated. In certain cases the city may have constructed a streetthrough the area to be subdivided, in which case the subdivider shall develop the necessary street intersections at his expense, in accordance with the requirements of this chapter. The Planning. Commission may require that, where practical, residential lots adjacent to arterial streets or parkways be platted or restricted so as to prevent driveways opening into such streets. 8-G.9 Minor Streets Minor streets shall be laid out to discourage their use of through traffic. 8-G.10 Geometric Standards Refer to street regulation section for other requirements. Re~~ l1'93 9-1~ r Residential Collector Arterial Parkway Commercial Right-of--way Width 50 feet 60 feet 70 feet 80 feet 70 feet NOTE: The above right-of--way widths are based on the subdividers providing utility easements back of lots fa cing on such streets; if such easements are not provided, the City Engineer will prescribe the right-of-way widths. Pavement Width between Curbs 27 feet 38 feet 46 feet 56 feet 46 feet Traffic Lanes 1 2 4 4 2 Parking Lanes 1 2 none none 2 Median none none 2 feet 12 feet 2 feet Min. Grade .4% .4% .4% .4% .4% Max. Grade 6.0% 4.0% 4.0% 4.0% 4.0% Minimum Radius Center-line 200 feet 400 feet 600 feet 800 feet 500 feet Minimum Tangent b/t Curves 50 feet 75 feet 100 feet 100 feet 100 feet Sidewalks (See Section 8-M for requirements) 8-G. I 1 Street Names ' New streets shall not only be named so as to provide continuity of existing streets, but shall be named to prevent conflict with identical or similar names in other parts of the City. New streets shall not be named after any living person. I g®H A'---~ 8-H.1 Alleys may be required at the rear of all lots intended to be used for business purposes and may be provided in residential areas. I - 8-H.2 Alleys shall generally be parallel to the street, shall be not less than twenty feet (20') wide and shall be paved under City Engineering standards. The right-of--way for alleys shall be dedicated to the public. 8-H.3 Where two (2) alleys intersect, or where an alley turns, additional width may be required to allow turning of vehicles or guying of utility poles. . 8-H.4 Dead-end alleys shall not be permitted, except where the alley is one hundred feet (100') or less in length. ~: I Rzd. i~ ^z 9-16 !. r 8-H.5 In all allevs, overhead easements of at least four feet (4') in width shall be provided on each side of the alley right-of--way over which the aerial electric and communication lines must hang. This easement is not required when the electric and communication lines are placed underground. 8-I Easements 8-L 1 Drainage Easements Where a subdivision is traversed by a watercourse, drainage way, natural channel or stream, there may be required a drainage easement or right-of--way conforming substantially to the limits of such watercourse, plus additional width to accommodate future needs as determined by the City Engineer. No construction, including fences, shall .impede, constrict, or block the flow of water in any easement. or natural watercourse. Such easement shall not be considered a part of the lot area for purposes of minimum lot size requirements of the zoning ordinance. Drainage easements may be used for utilities. 8-L2 Utility Easements 8-L2.1 Each block that does not contain an alley as provided in 8-H above, shall have a utility easement at the rear of all lots, .reserved for the use of all utility lines, conduit, and equipment. These utility easements shall be twenty feet (20') in width, taken ten feet (IO') from each lot where the rear of the lots abut each other, and shall be continuous for the entire length of a block. These easements shall be parallel as closely as possible to the street line frontage of the block. 8-L2.2 Normal curb section shall be required where utility easements intersect streets. 8-L 2.3 Where utility easements are nor themselves straight within each block, or if the same do not connect on a straight course with utility easements of adjoining blocks, then an additional easement shall be provided for the placement of guy wires on lot division lines in order to support poles set on curving or deviating rights-of--way or easements. 8-I.2.4 Utility easements may be required across parts of lots other than as described above upon recommendation of the City Engineer. Where the proposed subdivision adjoins an unplatted area, the full twenty foot (20') width of easement may be required along the rear of lots adjoining the unplatted area. 8-L2.5 Utility easements may be fenced if unlocked gates are provided to allow free movement of excavating machines, maintenance equipment, and personnel throughout the full length of the easement. 8-I.2.6 Overhead easements required same as for alleys, see 8-H.S. 8-J Blocks 8-J.1 Blocks generally. shall be platted to provide two (2) tiers of lots with a utility easement or alley between them, with proper regard for drainage channels, wooded areas and other topographical features lending themselves to attractive treatment. 8-J.2 Block length shall not exceed one thousand two hundred feet (1,200'). in single-family residential areas and shall not exceed.eight hundred feet (800') in other areas. In blocks over eight hundred feet (800') in length, [here may be required, near the center of the block, an access way as hereafter defined.. An access way may be required at the end of a cul-de-sac to facilitate pedestrian traffic movement. 9-17 Rev 11!93 F r 8-K Lots 8-K: I Side lot lines which .make acute angles with front lines shall be avoided where practical. In general, an arrangement placing adjacent lots at right angles to each. other shall be avoided. 8-K.2 Lot size and setback lines shall be in accordance with zoning. requirements. Lots abutting on access ways shall be treated as corner lots. - 8-L Access Wav Access ways,.where required, shall have a ten foot (10') right-of--way, dedicated to the public. A four foot (4') sidewalk shall be constructed in the center of the right-of--way confontting to the City Engineering standards. 80M Sidewalks 8-M.1 Sidewalks shall be required on both sides of all streets having aright-of--way width equal to or I greater than sixty (60'). A sidewalk shall be required on one (1) side of all streets with a fifty foot (50') right-of-way with the exception of cul-de-sac streets.. A sidewalk may be required on cul- de-sac streets if needed to provide through pedestrian access. Sidewalks shall be placed within the right-of--way as determined by the City Engineer and when so specified. 8-M.2 The subdivider shall construct all sidewallcs according to one of the following placement alternatives: (a) sidewalks shall be placed against the back of curb and have a minimum paved width of six feet (6'); OR (b) sidewalks shall be placed such that a minimum six foot (6') buffer/green space is maintained between -the back of curb and the inside edge of the sidewalk.. Sidewalk paved width shall be a minimum of four feet (4') for this location; AND (c) the subdivider shall assure that these minimums are sufficient to meet the anticipated pedestrian demand in the area. 8-M.3 Given that a combination or variation from the two placement methods as described in Section 8- M.2 is necessary or desired or that an obstruction is located within the paved area, the following criteria must be satisfied. (a) All radii in the transition section must be a minimum of ten feet (10'). (b) All transition sections must be approved by the City Engineer. 8-M.4 In order to provide safe and adequate access on .City sidewalks, all .sidewalks shall meet minimum clear width requirements around all obstructions, natural or manmade, as described herein. Clear width shall mean the distance as measured from the outside edge of the obstruction to the outside edge ofthe sidewalk or from the inside edge of the obstruction to the inside edge of the sidewalk. If the clear width is to be obtained between the inside edge of the sidewalk and the obstruction, given that the sidewalk is placed against the back of curb, the clear width shall be a minimum of six feet (6'). In all other cases,. the minimum clear width shall be four feet (4')` 8-M.5 All sidewalks must be constructed concurrently with the thoroughfare. or, if the thoroughfare is already constructed, prior to acceptance of any improvements. 9-18 Rev. ] 1193 8-M.6 Exceptions to or partial waiver. of the requirements of 8-M.1. may be granted by the City Council upon recommendation of the Planning and Zoning Commission and when it has been deteemined that satisfactory alternative pedestrian ways or pedestrian bikeways have been or will be provided outside the normal right~f-way; or that unique circumstances or unusual topographic, vegetative, or other natural conditions prevail to the extent that strict adherence to said requirements would be unreasonable and not consistent with the purposes and goals of this chapter or the comprehensive development .plan.. 8-N Bikewavs 8-N.1 General Bikeways will berequired-in accordance with the Bikeway Master Plan. Bikeway facilities are planned and located to integrate with the existing City street and park system. The facilities are strategically located so as to minimize their numbers and to provide bikeways to certain areas or neighborhoods within the City. 8-N2 Tvaes of Bikewavs There are three (3) types of bikeway facilities that shall be utilized. These are as follows: (1) Bike Path, a facility completely separated from auto traffic and within an independent right-of--way or within the right-of--way of another facility; (2) Bike Lane, a facility where part of the roadway or shoulder is striped, signed, and marked for exclusive or preferential bicycle use and where vehicle parking is not permitted: and, (3) Bike Route, a facility designated by signing to help make motorists aware of the presence of bicycles which share the right-of--way with motor vehicles. 8-N.3 Bikewav Location Criteria Bikeways shall be located to integrate with the existing City street and park system. Important criteria used in determining bikeway facility types and locations are: (1) Safety. Existing street width. (2) .Existing and potential demand for use. (3) Continuity and directness. (4) Spacing. Relationship to other bikeway facilities. (5) Location. of schools and other public facilities frequented by bicycle riders. (6) Location of linear parks and greenbelts. 8-N.4 Geometric Desien Criteria All facilities shall be designed to meet or' exceed standards set forth in the "Guide for Development of Bicycle Facilities" published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Signing. and pavement markings for such facilities shall be in accordance with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). Geometric design criteria for each-type of bikeway facility are as follows: - 9-19 Rw. l I'9z c The minimum width of aone-directional bicycle path is five feet (5'). It should beyrecognized, however,. that one-way bicycle paths often will be used as two-way facilities unless effective measures are taken to assure .one-way operation. Without .such enforcement, it should be assumed that bicycle paths will be used as two-way facilities and designed accordingly. A minimum of .two-foot width graded area should be maintained adjacent to both sides of the pavement; however, three feet '(3') or more is desirable to provide clearance from trees, poles, walls, fences, guard rails, or other lateral obstructions. A wider graded area on either side of the bicycle path can serve as a separate jogging path. The vertical clearance to obstructions should be a minimum of eight feet (8'). However, vertical clearance may need to be greater to permit passage of maintenance vehicles and, in under crossings and tunnels, a clearance of ten feet (10') is desirable. 8-0 Water Suaply 8-0.1 All subdi~~isions shall be provided with water supply and distribution systems for. fire protection and domestic use. The design of which shall be approved and enforced by the City Engineer in accordance with applicable city, state and federal statutes, codes, City of College Station construction specifications and acceptable engineering practice. 8-0.2 Public fire hydrants of City of College Station standard design shall be installed as a part of the water distribution system in accordance with applicable city codes. 8-P Sanitary Sewers 8-P.1 All subdivisions shall be provided with an approved sanitary sewerage system, meeting the standards of the City Engineering department. Curved sewers of not less than one hundred foot (100') radius are accepted, manholes of not over five hundred foot (500') spacing. 8-P.2 If the sewerage system includes treatment facilities, the plan must be approved by the Texas State Department of Health, and subdivider must have. a permit. for the discharge of effluent from the Texas Water Quality Board, before the approval by [he commission. Drainage Drainage shall be provided to handle runoff as calculated, street inlets for a five (5) year rain, storm sewers for a five (5) year rain; and bridges for atwenty-five (25) year rain, all as approved by the City Engineer. Water shall not be carried on the street for a distance greater than a five (5) year rain will overflow the curb. Drainage. shall be handled in natural stream channels insofar as practical. No construction shall impede, constrict. or block the flow of water in any natural or improved watercourse. 8-R Utility Lines All utility lines that pass under streets or alleys shall be installed before the street or alley is paved, with embedment, backfill, and depths as approved by the City Engineer, or the crossing shall be bored. 8-S Gas or Oii Lines ® High pressure flammable gas or fuel lines. are defined as those which are operated or may be expected in the future to operate at a pressure of over sixty (GO) pounds per square inch. High pressure flammable gas or fuel lines, installed on public property, shall be buried with a minimum cover of thirty inches (30"), and shall be marked by an all-weather typed sign. installed at each crossing and at intervals of not more that three hundred feet .(300'). The signs shall be installed by the utility company, state Chat the line is high pressure, and shall name [he product or products transported therein. (Ordinance No. 1971 of August 27, 1992) 9-25 Rev. l l /93 a c 8-T Street Lights 8-T.1 Basic Policy It shall be the policy of the City of College Station that adequate sweet-lighting for the protection of the public. and property be installed. in all new subdivisions. Installation procedures and acceptable standards for sweet lights shall be governed by the utility standards of the Public Utilities Department in effect at the time of subdivision construction or addition thereto. 8-T.2 General Standards (1) The actual number of street. lights to be required, as wetl as the type and size of luminaire, and the installation, location and size of street light services, shall be .determined by the Electrical Engineer for the City's Public .Utilities Department. Pole type for mounting of street lights shall be selected by the Developer, subject to the approved: street light pole standards of the Public Utilities Department. (2) Sweet lights shall normally be required at all sweet intersections and access ways, in cul-de- sacs, and at generally three hundred feet (300') intervals<or less on tangent streets. (3) The developer shall furnish. satisfactory easements for the installation of services to street lights, with said easements to normally be five feet (5') in width. (4) The installation of subdivision lighting shall be performed by either of the following: (a) By City, subject. to cost reimbursement as provided in Section 9-G herein.. (b) By the developer or his authorized construction representative,. ,subject to compliance with the' utility sweet light installation standards of the Public Utilities Department. (Ordinance No. 1985 of November 12, 1992) 8-U Electric. Service Installation 8-U.1. All electric utility service shall be installed underground in residential, multi-family residential, commercial and industrial subdivisions. All lateral electric lines and service lines supplying electric utility service shall be placed underground. 8-U.2. Overhead feeder lines may be placed within the above-listed subdivisions in the following locations: 8.U.2.a. Along the perimeter of the platted subdivision. 8.U.2.b. Adjacent to or within the right-of--way of thoroughfares identified on the current thoroughfare plan of the City of College Station and approved for the location of overhead utilities. 8.U.2.c. Within alleys or dedicated easements identified for the location of aerial utility service on the approved subdivision plat. 8-U.3. The Subdivider shall dedicate easements. upon forms approved by City for the installation of .utilities, including electric. All liens and other ownership interests shall be subordinated to the easement use. - 9-26 Rev. 1 I /93 8-U.4. Where the electric service is placed underground, all sweet lighting and site lighting equipment shall be placed underground except for the poles on which thelights aze to be affixed. 8-U.S. The Subdivider shall be responsible for furnishing and installing, and the expenses related thereto, of conduit for the installation of all on-site underground development feeder, lateral and- service' lines utilized to provide electric utility service to the subdivision. The specifications for the conduit shall be approved by the Electrical Department prior to installation. 8-U.6. .Where electric .service is placed underground, all auxiliary equipment for. such .service, including but not limited to transformers, junction encloswes and switching devices, shall be pad-mounted on grade or shall be placed underground. 8-U.7. Temporary utility service may be provided via overheadline extension. (Ordinance No. 2020 of July 8, 1993) 8-V .Monuments and Corner Mazkers 8-V.1 All block corners, angle points and points of curves, and all corners of boundary lines of subdivisions shall be mazked with cone-half inch (1/2") steel rod, two feet (2') in length, set in the center of a concrete monument six inches (6") in diameter and thirty inches (30") deep, with the top flush with the finished ground surface. . 8-V.2 Where, due. to topographic conditions, permanent structures or other conditions, the view is obstructed between any two (2) adjacent monuments, intermediate monuments shall be set as to asswe a clear view between adjacent monuments. 8-V.3 Corner mazkers, consisting of a one-half inch (1/2") steel rod or three-fourths inch (3/4") pipe, two feet (2') in length, shall be driven flush with the ground surface to mark the corners of all lots. (®rdinance No. 1971 of August 27, 1992) SECTION 9: RESPONSIBILITY FOR PAYMENT FOR INSTALLATION COSTS 9-A General The subdivider shall pay all costs of materials and installation of sweets, alleys, sidewalks, drainage, and utilities, except as follows: 9-B Streets Subject to statutory restrictions and approval of the City Council, the City may enter into a development agreement agreeing to partictpate in the cost of thoroughfazes where the width required by the City is in excess of those requirements specified in Section 8-G.10. and agreeing to participate in the extra cost according to the following guidelines: 9-B.1 The proposed thoroughfare. and. right-of-way, necessary for it must be located inside the city limits ofthe City of College Station at the time the construction of the streets is to begin. 9-B.2 The plans and specifications for the construction of the proposed thoroughfare must have been reviewed and approved by the City Engineer of the City of College Station. 9-B.3 The street must meet the criteria described in the City's "Future Land Use Plan", as follows: 9-27 ttev. 11/93 ~ ~ RECD! ~~~ ~l "' ~'' , P ~ John Hall, Chairman F/ "'~ ~ ~.~~;. Pam Reed, Commissioner ~ `• ~ ^~ ~~ '' Pe Garner, Commissioner \ ~~~- TEXAS NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION. COMMISSION Protecting Texas by Reducing and Preventing Pollution May 1, 1995 SUBJECT: New. List of :Approved 'Aerobic Treatment, Units for Use in-' Texas Dear Colleague: The 'enclosed list of aerobic treatment units are. approved '.for use ~' in Texas in accordance with the Texas Administrative Code Section ..285..12 (c} (7) . Please note the following units that were added to the list since our last distribution: ~,' * Advanced 'Environmental Systems, Inc. Models BSTEP 10-F BSTEP 10-C F . ... ~ * Clearstream Systems, Inc. Models 500N, 500NC, 750N 750NC, 1, GOON, 1, 000NC, 1,:50ON and 1,500NC * Clearwater Ecological Systems,.. Inc`. Model'CWW-450 * Hydro-Action`Corp. Models G-500 * Klargester, Inc. Models 'BC-1-450, BC-1-50A, BC-1-600 - ,: * Norweco,-Inc.. Singulair Models-900-750,.900-1000, 9.00-1250 and, 90.0=150:0.' _ ..: * Scienco/Fast ;Models 23-001-75'0,,23-001-11:0:0 and 23-001-135.0' ~, Also note that the following units:.have been°deleted from the: list -- since the last distribution: i' * Clearstream Systems, Inc. Models SOOH,-I,000H and 1,500H * 'Hydro-Flo Corp. Models F-500, F-1,000 and F-1,.500 Please be advised that Texas Aerobic Treatment Systems Models '133- 600, 133-800 and 133-1000 :appear `on ..the list 'because of a court order issued by the 345th District .Court.. of Travis County.:,... Texas on, Apri 28, 1995. A copy;of the court-order is'attached~to the list. - ~~ P.O. Box 13087 Austin, Texas 78711.3087 512/239-1000 .~ ~ ' ~;} , ~1~} TEXAS NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION COMMISSION + ~ ~ .APPROVED LIST OF ~~t:;;~ ON-SITE AEROBIC .TREATMENT .UNITS !. ~' May 1, 19 9 5 ~~~ The following list of, on-site aerobic treatment units are approved for use in ..Texas:.: in accordance: with...the.-Texas'.Administrative.Code.. .§,28.5.12(C)(7). :.. .MANUFACTURER ':' TREATMENT UNIT' APPROVED iCAPACITY ;' .:.:..... `°;:;::>::`:>.:: e:.&:.:::P,ddress::;:~ :::::::::::... -:::::.....::.:..».:......Model Diumber > :r::;`:Gal3ons Pex~:°:Day,: Advanced'. Environmental Systems, BESTEP 10-F 500 - Inc. BESTEP 10-C 500 PO.Box 2019 - ,- Rihe, HI 967:53 ', Aquarobc Ltd. F54291-5-S 500 PO 'Box 704 -F54291-6-5 600 Penetanguishene,:Ontario LOR 1P0 F54291-7-5 700 MD 21620 F54291-7.5-S :750 F5429T-8'-S 800 _ ' F54291-9-S 900 `F54291-10-S 1,000 ,~ F54291-11-5 1,100 F54291-12-5 1,200 ~~ -F54291-13-5 °,1,300 F54291-14-5 1,400 F54291-15-S 1,500 Clearstream.Systems, Inc. 500 N, NC 500 - PO Box 9337 600 N, NC": 600 Beaumont, TX 77709 750 N, NC 750 ~- 1,000 N, NC' 1,000 - -. , ,1,500 N, NC 1,500 ~.- Clearwater Ecological Systems CWW-450 450 Inc..... _ PO Box 886... _~ . Moss Beach, CA 94038-0886 ~" ~ Delta Fiberglass &``Environmental - DF 40 C, F, CC, GP, FF 400 - --- -Products„ Incorporated DF 50 G, F,- CC, CA, FF 500 PO BOX-705 DF 50A C, F, CC, CA, FF - 500 - -- Denham.Springs, LA 70727 DF 60 C, F,'CC, CA, FF 600 DF T5 C, F, CC, GA, FF 7.50 -. DF 100 G F, CC,°CA, FF 1,000 DF ,100A C, F, ' CC„< CA, FF' 1`,:000 _° _~ DF-100B G; F, CC, CA, FF` 1,000 DF 150 C F, -CC,, CA, FF _ 1, 50.0 Ekofinn Ltd. BIOCLERE Model.BP3 500 ~_ "- 31218 Pacific HWY South - - - _. _ -Suite G ~ - . Federal Way, WA 98003 Hydro-Action Incorporated 3 G-5`00 500 " PO Box 426 ~ - Kountze, TX 77625'=0426..: E' CONT... ___ ,~ Jet, Incorporated J-353 500. 750 Alpha Drive Cleveland, OH "44143 Rlargester, Incorporated BF-1-450 45D 931`S.E. 11th Avenue BF-2-700 700 Cape Coral, FL 33990 BF-3-1100. ° 1,..100. _ BF-4-1500' 1,500 BC-1-450 450 _ BC-1-500:':' 500 BC-1-600 600 Multi-Flo, Incorporated FTB-0.5 500 2324 East River-Road FTB-0:6 600 Dayton, OH 45439 FTB-0:75 750 FTB-1.D 1,000 FTB-1.5 1,500 Nayadic Sciences, Iac. M-6A-F & M-6A 500 ola Road in 6 W 118 -BA-F & M-8A 00 . Clarks Summit, PA 18411 M-lO50A-F &,M-1050A 800 M-200OA-F & M-2000A 1,500 Norweco, Incorporated Singular 900-500 GPD 500 -Firelands Ind. Park.. Singular 900-750 GPD _ 750 _ ' 220'Republic Street Singular 900-1OD0' GPD' 1,D00 Norwalk,: OH 44857 Singular 9:00-1250 GPD 1,250 Singular 900-150D GPD 1,500 __. I Scienco/'Fast 23-001-750- 500 . ___ :3240 North-Broadway; 23-001-1100 750 ' St_ Louis, MO 63147 -' 23-001-1350: 900 ="` 'Texas Aerobic Treatment 'Systems 133-b00* 600 .. HCR'1, Box 308.. 1 133-800* `.:800 Spring Branch,. TX 78070 133-1000* 1,000 Western.Env. & Eng. Corp. `RBC 500 500 i 823 Curtis Avenue ~ -_: .Columbus, OH 43203 I -.. .- * This unit appears on the list because of an order issued by the, _~_ 345th: District Court of'Travis County, Texas, on April 28,_'1995. See attached copy of court order. ~ '; ___ _ _ Priifi"c~d by Veronica Morgan 8/18/95 9;50am ~; From: Jape Kee To: Elrey Ash Subject: fwd: Rural regs. ===URGENT=NOTE========8/10/95=11:53am== CC: Jim CaClaway, Veronica Morgan We're~planning~on turning in~a~coversht this next week. I heard you say Council wanted more meetings. I think there is some confusiort. There are two groups of people who are upset about annexation.- those who live in the areas .and those who will develop in the area -single family owners versus developers of large tracts for residential homes. The people who "live in the areas" and are upset about being annexed are upset about the.City's codes that will regulate their "way of life". These are. what we term the "quality of life" issues.. These are separate from the issues of "What kind of development standards should we have for new subdivisions within the City that want to develop to a more rural standard?" This is the thing Phyllis Nobson and Fain MacOougal (the developers) are concerned wi h. The homeowners, I don't think, care about the cross section of the street and whether there's a dryhydrant or a cistern system. They care about how the livestock ord. and the firearms ord. will be enforced. We divided the focus groups into these 2: Standards. and Quality of Life. It's the Standards that are going onto. Council next time. These have been through focus group and P&Z. The quality of Life issues have had a focus group mtg. and from that point. we have done nothing else. I agree that there might need to be more_meetimgs. We have made no move to-carry any recommendations forward to anyone -regarding-this area. #ostly because we have not had the #ime yet. We did meet with folks and explain the codes and how .they would and would not. be applied depending on the situation. I was on vacation during that week but Shirley and Jim and. 'Sabine were there and` gathered input,' Quite frankly, after the annexation, our fi-rst goal was to get standards in place for folks who want to develop because we KNEW we would be somewhat lenient and work with the folks we annexed 'relative to the quality issues. Council instructed us to do so. L know this is .wordy but I.hope i# explains. If I'm misunderstanding where we need to be Let me know. If .someone somewhere thinks we need: to do more work on the development standards jsut let me and Veronica know and we'll regroup. Fwd=by:=Elrey=Ash-====8/10/95==3;15pm== Fwd to: Skip Noe, Tom:Brymer 1~think~Jane's~E~mal~is~pretty~self~~~ explanatory.. If we're going the wrong direction I just need to know.. Fwd=by:=Tom=6rymer====8/11/95==2:59pm== Fwd to: Elrey Ash CC: Jeff Kersten, Skip Noe I~think~the~general~approach~is~sound,. although I don't think we should let Page z 1 Prrted by Veronica Morgan 8/18/.95 9:5Oam too much. time go by before we address the "quality of life" aspects of this. Fwd=by:=Elrey=Ash=====8/1.1/95==4:01pm== Fwd to: Jane Kee FYI Fwd=by:=Jane=Kee======8/18/95==8:56am== '~ Fwd to: Veronica .Morgan i i Page: 2 CITY OF COLLEGE STATION DEVELOPMENT SERVICES ll01 TEXAS AVE. COLLEGE STATION, TX 77840 FACSIMILE COVER SHEET TO: ~ C~~ COMPANY: PHONE: FAX: FROM: COMPANY: PHONE: FAX: .DATE: ~~ PAGES INCLUDING THIS .-~ COVER SHEET: COMMENTS: ~k (409) 764-3570 (409) 764-3496 FAX na/08/95 17:18 C 409.764 3496 DEVELOPMENT SVCS ~~ ~~::x:x~:~:x~:x~::~~:~x~:x:~:x*x~:~:x:~~::u~:~ x:~:~ ACTIVITY REPORT :~~~: TRANSMISSION OK TX/RX N0. 2875 CONNECTION TEL 3403 CONNECTION ID CS FIRE DEPT START TIME 0$/08 17:16 USAGE TIME Ol'30 PAGES 3 RESULT OK A-OR -AG-OPEN/RURAL RESIDENTIAL PURPOSE: This district is intended to provide areas within the City limits for single family residential development that is rural in character. These developments contain large lots and are less dense than other single family developments with R-1 or R-lA zoning. Properties may contain incidental uses that. are agricultural in nature such as pastuage for private animal stock. Areas should contain a minimum of 100 acres and should be developed as a single unified development. Areas of less than 100 acres maybe considered for this district if adjacent to existing rural residential areas. PROCESS: As a part of the rezoning request the applicant must submit a preliminary plat or development plan showing the layout of the lots, roadways and other infrastructure. The .plan or plat shall comply with the subdivision regulations for rural subdivisions as well as the City's Comprehensive Plan for .development. EXPAND ON THE PUD PROCESS PERMITTED USES: Single Family Residences Home Occupations Pasturage that is incidential to the primary residential use Berns/Stables for keeping privateanimal stock incidental to the residential SETBACKS: Front: 50 feet Rear: 50 feet Side: 15 feet DENSITY: One dwelling unit per acre ~(~ • uL~.~. GiCr~ ~ l/ y~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ CITY OF COLLEGE ~TATIOI`I `® Planning Division ~- . ~ ~~~~ ,~ ~~ ~ ~ __. ,_.~ ------ (l / ~ -~-~ ,...j K.tL2~ S e CS G~.A.~^ 5,0,E ~-- _ w ~ -- ~ c _ ~~ ~~ u 5~-L (~ J ~ ~ ~c s ~ ~ ~~~ ._--- CITY OF COLLI/GI/ STA I~ Planning Division ~/~ -______ --__ T_" ~ ~~ ~ S ~~ ~ 6 '_- <-- ~®/- CITY OF COLLEGE S I`I Planning Division ~c ~~.._- _~----- cp ~~~~ __ ~~ CITY LL GE ST I`I `~ ~ Plannin i 'sion '~ U,, 2 ~ytu.a,~.-, ~~~, ~~~;~ ~~ ~~~ C~ .- _ C~~ ~ ~~ ~~ O rD( ~~ wz ~~' ~ ~~ _ V ~ ~ CITY OF COLLEGES ICI Planning Division __ ~~~- ~~~, C~ - ~~-~Q r--. ~r ©~~.a s~-~ ~-- ~'- ~~TY OF COLLEGE STA Planning Division e~ w ~~~ ~~ ~r _- is ~,~ ~~~~ > ~.~- ru~ ~ ~vw~-~-~ d ®~r CITY OF COLLEGE STA Planning Division ~~ ~ _____ ~_ ~~~ Cs, ~~~-~ -- P ~~ ~~ ~ C_ a n ~ _ i ~-I CITY 4F C~LLECE STA Planning Division C~%~~~" C~ ~ ~- D - ----- jn ~ n ~ ~~C~2~ 4 ~ v ~°I CITY OF COLLEGE STA I`I Planning Qivision (~~ ~ ~T~c"C"t o Yl ~..~,~- ~~,6~- n ~~t~. ~~ U ~~-;,Pit ~ ~ ~ C~~ a .~ CITY OF COLLEGE S ICI `~ Planning Division ~~ ~ ~ c~-~..~- C~ . f-~ ~, LAND USE. & RELATED ACTIVITIES sort' zoning council shall submit to the zoning commis- sion :any information, advice, and recommendations relating to that application that the zoning council considers .proper. The zoning commission may not overrule a recommendation of the zoning council with respect to .the disposition of the application unless at least three-fourths of the members of the zoning commission who are .present at the meeting vote. to overrule the recommendation. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. CHAPTER 212. MUNICIPAL REGULATION OF SUBDIVISIONS AND PROPERTY .DEVELOPMENT SUBCHAPTER A REGULATION OF SUBDIVISIONS Section 212.00E Definitions. 212.002. Rules. 212.003. Extension of Rules to Extraterritorial Jurisdic- tion. 212.004. Plat Required. 212.0045.. Exception to Plat Requirement: Municipal Deter- urination. 212.0046. Exception to Plat Requirement: Certain Proper- ty Abutting. Aircraft Runway. 212.005. Approval by Municipality Required. 212.006. Authority Responsible for. Approval Generally. 212.0065. Delegation of Approval .Responsibility. 212.007. Authority Responsible for Approval: Tract in Ex- traterritorial Jurisdiction of More Than One Municipality. 212.008. Application for Approval. 212.009.. Approval Procedure. 212.010. Standards for Approval. 212.0105. Water and Sewer Requirements in Certain Coun- ties. 212.0106. Bond Requirements and Other Financial Guaran- tees in Certain Counties. 212.011. .Effect of Approval on Dedication. 212.0115. Certification :Regarding Compliance With Plat Requirements. 212.012. Connection of .Utilities. 212.013. Vacating Plat. 212.014. Replatting Without Vacating Preceding Plat. 212.015. Additional Requirements for Certain Replats. 212.016. Amending Plat. 212.017. Conflict of Interest; Penalty. 212.0175. Enforcement in Certain Counties; Penalty. 212.018. Enforcement fn General. [Sections .212.019 to 212.040 reserved for expansion] SUBCHAPTER B. REGULATION OF PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT 212.041. Municipality Covered bye Subchapter. 212.042. Application of .Subchapter A 212.043. DeSnitions. 212.044. Plans, Rules, and Ordinances. 212.045. Development Plat Required. § 212.003 Section 212.046. Restriction on Issuance of Building and Other Permits by Municipality, County, or Official of Other Governmental Entity. 212.047. Approval of Development Plat. 212.048. Effect of Approval on Dedication. 212.049... Building Permits in Extraterritorial Jurisdiction. 212.050. Enforcement; Penalty. SUBCHAPTER C. DEVELOPER PARTICIPATION IN CONTRACT FOR PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS 212.071. Developer Participation Contract. 212.072. Duties of Parties Under Contract. 212.073. Performance Bond. 212.074. Additional Safeguards; Inspection of Records. SUBCHAPTER Z. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 212.901. Developer Required to Provide Surety. 212.902. School District Land Development Standards. SUBCHAPTER A. REGULATION OF SUBDIVISIONS § 212.001. Definitions In this subchapter: (1) "Extraterritorial jurisdiction" means a munic- ipality's extraterritorial jurisdiction as determined under Chapter 42, except that for a municipality that has a population of 5,000 or more and is located in a county bordering the Rio. Grande River, "extra- territorial jurisdiction" means the area outside the municipal limits but within five miles of those limits. (2) "Plat" includes a replat. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. Amend- ed by Acts 1989, ?1st Leg., ch. 1, § 46(b), eff. Aug. 28, 1989. § 212.002. Rules After a public hearing on the matter, the governing body of a municipality may adopt rules governing plats and subdivisions of land within the municipality's jurisdiction. to promote the health, safety, morals, or general welfare of the municipality and the safe, or- derly, and healthful development of the municipality. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff: Sept. 1, 1987. § 212.003. Extension of Rules to Extraterritorial Jurisdiction (a) The governing body of a municipality by ordi- nance may extend to the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the municipality the application of municipal ordi- nances adopted under Section 212.002 and other mu- nicipal ordinances .relating to access to public roads. However, unless otherwise authorized by state law, in its extraterritorial jurisdiction a municipality shall not regulate: 9 30 § 212.003 LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE (1) the use of any building or property for busi- ness, industrial, residential, or' other purposes; j (2) the bulk,. height, or number of buildings con- structed on a particular. tract of land; (3) the size of a building that can be constructed on a particular .tract of land, .including without j'' limitation any restriction on the .ratio of building I floor space to the land Square footage; or ~', (4) the number of residential units that can be j built per acre of land. ~ (b) A fine or criminal penalty prescribed by the ordinance does not apply to a violation in the extrater- ritorial jurisdiction. (c) The municipality is entitled to appropriate in- junctive relief in district .court to enjoin a violation of municipal ordinances or codes applicable in the extra- territorial jurisdiction. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff.. Sept. 1, 1987.. Amend- [ ed by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. I, § 46(b), eff. Aug. 28,.1989; Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 822, § 6, eff. Sept. 1, 1989. Section 7(b) of Act_S 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 1102 pro~~des: "The addition by this Act of Sections 9A and 10 to Chapter ?31, Acts of the 40th Legislature, Regular Session, 1927 (Article 974a, Vernon's Texas Civil Statutes), applies to a subdivision of land regardless of whether'it was made before, on, or after September 1, 1987." • § 212.004. Plat Required (a) The owner of a tract of land located within the limits or in the extraterritorial jurisdiction of a munici- pality who divides the tract in two or more parts to lay out a subdivision of the tract, including an addition to a municipality; to lay out suburban, building, or other lots, or to lay out streets, alleys, squares, parks,. or other parts of the tract intended to be dedicated to public use or for the use of purchasers or owners of lots fronting on or adjacent to the streets, .alleys, squares, parks, or other parts must have a plat of the subdivision prepared. A division of a tract under this subsection includes a division regardless of whether it is made by using a metes and bounds description in a deed of conveyance or in a contract for a deed,`by using a contract of sale or other executory contract to convey, or by using any other method. A division of land under this subsection does not include a division of land into parts ~, greater than five acres, where each part has access a'nd no public improvement is being dedicated. (b) To be recorded, the .plat must: (1) describe. the subdivision by metes and bounds; (2) locate the' subdivision with respect to a corner of the survey. or tract or an original corner of the original survey 'of which it is a part; and (3) state the dimensions of the subdivision and of each street, alley, square, park, or other part of the tract intended to be dedicated to public use or for the use of purchasers or owners of lots fronting on or adjacent to the street, alley, square, park, or other part. (c) The owner or proprietor of the tract or the owner's or proprietor's. agent must acknowledge the plat in the manner required for the acknowledgment of deeds. (d) .The plat must be filed and. recorded with the county clerk of the county in which the tract is located. (e) The plat is subject to the filing and recording provisions of Section 12.002, Property Code. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. Amend- ed by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 1, § 46(b), eff. Aug. 28, 1989; Acts 1989, 71st Leg.,'ch. 624, § 3.02, eff. Sept. 1, 1989; Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 1046, § 1, eff. Aug. 30, 1993. Section 7 of Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 1102 provides: "The amendmenLby this Act of Section l of and the addition h}~ this Act of Section 1B to Chapter 231, Acts of the 40th Legislature, Regular Session, 1927 (Article 974a, Vernon's Texas Ci~~il Statutes), apply only to a subdivision of land for which a plan, plat, or replat is fast required. to be filed. on or after September 1, 1987, except for the validations made by Section 1B." § 212.0045. Exception to Plat Requirement: Mu- nicipal Determination (a) To determine whether specific divisions of land are required to be platted, a municipality may define and classify the divisions. A municipality need not require platting for every division of land otherwise kzthin the scope of this subchapter. (b) In lieu of a plat contemplated by this subchap- ter, amunicipality may require the filing of a develop.- merit plat under Subchapter B 'if that subchapter applies to the municipality. Added by Acts 1989, 71st :Leg., ch. 1, § 46(b), eff. Aug. 28, 1989. § .212.0046. Exception to Plat Requirement: Cer- fain Property Abutting Aircraft Runway An owner of a tract of land is not required to prepare a plat if the land: (1) is located wholly within a municipality with a population of 5,000 or less; (2) ' is divided into parts larger than 2'/z acres; and (3) abuts any part of an aircraft runway. Added by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 1, § 46(b), eff. Aug. 28, 1989. 310 LAND USE & RELATED ACTIVITIES § 212.009 § 212.005. Approval by Municipality Required The municipal authority responsible for approving plats must approve a plat or replatthat is required to be prepared .under this subchapter and that satisfies all applicable regulations. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. Amend- ed by Acts 1989, 71st Leg„ ch. 1, § 46(b), eff. Aug. 28, 1989; Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 1046, § 2, eff. Aug. 30, 1993. § 212.006. Authority. Responsible for Approval Generally (a) The municipal authority responsible for approv- ing plats under this. subchapter is the municipal plan- ning commission or, if the municipality. has no plan- ning commission, the governing body of the municipal- ity. The governing body by ordinance may require the approval of the governing body in addition to that ofthe municipal .planning .commission. (b) In a municipality with a population of more than 1.5 million, at least two members of the municipal planning commission, but not more than 25 percent. of the membership of the commission, must be residents of the area outside the limits of the municipality and in which the municipality exercises its authority to approve subdivision plats. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. Amend- ed by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 1, § 46(b), eff. Aug. 28, 1989. § 212.0065. Delegation of Approval Responsibility A municipality may delegate the ability to approve minor plats involving four or fewer. lots fronting on an existing street and not requiring the creation of any new street or the extension of municipal facilities to an employee of the municipality. The designated. em- ployee may, for ang reason, elect to present the plat to the municipal planning commission or governing. body, or both, to approve the plat. The employee shall not disapprove the plat and shall be required to refer any plat which he refuses to approve to the municipal planning commission or governing body, or both, with- in the time period specified in Section 212.009. Added by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 345, § 1, eff. Aug. 28, 1989. § 212.007. Authority Responsible for .Approval: Tract in Extraterritorial Jurisdiction of More Than One Municipality (a) For a tract located in the extraterritorial juris- diction of more than one municipality, the authority responsible for approving a plat under this subchapter is the authority in the municipality with the largest population that under. Section 212.006 has approval responsibility. The governing body of that municipali- ty may enter into an agreement v~~ith any other affect- ed municipality or with any other municipality having area that, if unincorporated, would be in the extrater- ritorial jurisdiction of the governing body's municipali- ty delegating to the other municipality the responsibil- ity for plat approval within specified parts of the affected area. (b) Either party to an ag1°eement under Subsection (a) may revoke the agreement after 20 years have elapsed after the date of the agreement unless the parties agree to a shorter period. (c) A copy of the agreement shall be filed with the county clerk. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. § 212.008. Application for Approval A person desiring approval of a plat must apply to and file a copy of the plat with the municipal planning commission or, if the municipality has no planning commission, the gove~°ning body of the municipality. Acts. 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. 212.009. Approval Procedure (a) The municipal authority responsible for approv- ing plats shall act on a plat within 30 days after the date the plat is filed. A plat is considered approved by the municipal authority unless it is disapproved within that period. (b) If an ordinance requires that a plat be approved by the governing body of the municipality in addition to the planning commission, the governing body shall act on the plat within 30 days after the date the plat is approved by the planning commission or is considered approved by the inaction of the commission. A plat is considered approved by the governing body unless it is disapproved within that period. (c) If a plat is .approved, the municipal authority giving_ the approval shall endorse the plat with a certificate indicating the approval. The certificate must be .signed by: (1) the authority's presiding officer. and attested by the authority's secretary; or (2) a majority of the members of the authority. (d) If the municipal authority responsible for ap- proving plats fails to act on a plat within the pre- scribed period, the authority on request shall issue a certificate stating the date the. plat was filed and that the authority failed to act on the plat within the period. The certificate is effective in place of the endorsement required by Subsection (c). 311 § 212.009 LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE (e) The municipal authority responsible for approv- ing plats shall maintain a record of each application made to the authority and the authority's action taken on it. On request of an owner of an affected tract, the authority shall .certify the reasons for the action taken on an application. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. § 212.010. Standards for Approval (a) The municipal authority responsible for approv- ing plats shall .approve a plat if: (1) it conforms'to the general plan of the munici- pality and its current and future streets, alleys, parks, playgrounds,: and public utility facilities; (2) it conforms to the general plan for the exten- sion of the municipality and its roads, streets, and public highways within the municipality and in its extraterritorial jurisdiction, taking into account ac- cess to and extension of sewer and water mains and the instrumentalities of public utilities; (3) a bond required under Section 212.0106, if applicable, is filed with the municipality; and (4) it conforms to any rules adopted under Sec- tion 212.002. (b) However, the municipal authority responsible for approving plats may not approve a plat unless the plat and other, documents have been prepared as required by Section 212.0105, if applicable. Acts 1987; 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. Amend- ed by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 624, § :3.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1989. Section 4.02 of the' 1989 amendatory act provides: "The changes in law made by this .Act to Chapters 212 and 232, Local Government Cade, and to Section 12.002, Property Code, apply only to a subdivision of a tract of land and to an owner of the tract if the tract is subdivided on or after September 1, 1989." § 212.0105. Water 'and Sewer .Requirements in Certain Counties (a) This section applies only to a person who: (1) is the owner of a tract of land in either: (A) a county that is contiguous to an interna- tional border; ' or B) a county' in' which a political subdivision has received financial assistance. through Subchapter K, Chapter 17, Water Code;' (2) divides the 'tract in a manner that creates any lots that are intended for residential purposes and are five acres or ',less; and (3) is required under this subchapter to have a plat prepared for the subdivision. (b) The owner of the. tract: (1) must: (A) .include on the plat or have attached to the plat a document containing a description of the water and sewer service facilities that will be constructed or installed to service the subdivision and a statement of the date by which the facilities will be fully operable; and (B) have attached to the plat a document pre- pared by an engineer registered to practice in this state certifying that the water and sewer service .facilities described by the plat or on the document attached to the plat are in compliance with: the model rules adopted under Section 16.343, Water Code; or (2) must: (A) include on the plat a statement that water and sewer service facilities are unnecessary for the subdivision; and (B) have attached to the plat a document pre- pared by an engineer registered to practice in this state certifying that waterand sewer service facilities are unnecessary for. the subdivision un- der the model rules adopted under Section 16.343, Water Code. (c) The governing body of the municipality may extend, beyond the date specked on the plat or on the document attached to the plat, the date by which the water and sewer service facilities must be fully opera- ble if the governing body finds the extension is rea- sonable and not contrary to the public interest. If the facilities are fully operable before the expiration of the extension period, .the facilities are considered to have been made fully operable in a timely manner. An extension is not reasonable if it would allow a resi- dence in the subdivision to be inhabited without water or sewer services. Added by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 624, § 3.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1989. Amended by Acts 1991, 72nd Leg., ch. 422, § 7, eff: Sept. 1, 1991. i V.T.C.A. Water Code, § 17.881 et seq. § 212.0106. Bond Requirements and Other Finan- cial Guarantees in Certain Counties (a) This section applies only to a person described by Section 212.0105(a). (b) If the governing .body of a municipality in a county described by Section 212.0105(a)(1)(A) or (B) requires the owner of the tract to execute a bond, the owner must do so before subdividing the tract unless an alternative fmancial guarantee is provided under Subsection (c). The bond must: 312 LAND USE & RELATED ACTIVITIES § 212.0115 (1) be payable to the presiding officer of the governing body or to the presiding officer's succes- sors in office; (2) be in an amount determined by the governing body to be adequate to ensure the proper construc- tion or installation of the water and sewer service facilities to service the subdivision but not to exceed the estimated cost of the construction or installation of the facilities, (3) be executed. with sureties as may be approved by the governing body; (4) be executed by a company authorized to do business as a surety in this state if the governing body requires a surety bond executed by a corpo- rate surety; and (5) be conditioned that the water and sewer ser- vice facilities will be constructed or installed: (A) in compliance vt~ith the model rules adopted under Section 16.343, Water Code; and (B) within the time stated on the plat or on the document attached to the plat for the subdivision or within any extension of that time. (c) In lieu, of the bond an owner may deposit cash, a letter of credit issued by a .federally insured. financial institution, or other acceptable financial-' guarantee. (d) If a letter of credit is used, it must: (1) list as the sole beneficiary the presiding offi- cer of thee, governing body; and (2) be conditioned that the .water and sewer ser~ vice facilities will be constructed or installed: (A) in compliance with the model rules adopted under Section 16.343, Water Code; and (B) within the time stated on the plat or on the document attached to the plat for the subdivision or within any extension of that time. Added by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 624, § 3.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1989. § 212.011. Effect. of Approval on Dedication (a) The approval of a plat is not considered an acceptance of any proposed dedication and does not impose on the municipality any duty regarding the maintenance or improvement of any. dedicated parts until the appropriate municipal authorities make an actual appropriation of the dedicated parts by entry, use, or improvement. (b) The disapproval of a plat is considered a refusal by the municipality of the offered dedication indicated on the plat. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., eh. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. § 212.0115. Certification .Regarding Compliance With Plat Requirements (a) For the purposes of this section, land is consid- ered to be within the jurisdiction of a municipality if the land is located within the limits or in the extrater- ritorial jurisdiction of the municipality. (b) On the approval of a plat by the municipal authority responsible for approving plats, .the authori- ty shall issue to the person applying for the approval a certificate stating that the plat has been reviewed. and approved by the authority. (c) On the written request of an owner of land, an .entity that provides utility service, or the governing body of the municipality, the municipal authority re- sponsible for approving plats shall make the following determinations regarding the owner's land or the land in which the entity or governing body is interested that is located within the jurisdiction of the municipali- ty: (1) whether a plat is required under this subchap- ter for the land; and (2) if a plat is required, whether it .has been prepared and whether it has been reviewed and approved by the authority. (d) The .request made under Subsection (c) must identify the land that is the subject of the request. (e) If the municipal authority responsible for ap- proving plats determines under Subsection (c) that a plat is not required, the authority shall issue to the requesting party a written certification of that deter- mination. If the authority determines that a plat is required and that the plat has been .prepared and has been reviewed and. approved by .the authority, the authority shall issue to the requesting party a written certification of that determination. (f) The municipal authority responsible for approv- ing plats shall make its determination within 20 days after the date it receives the request under Subsection (c) and shall issue the certificate, if appropriate, within 10 days after the date the determination is made. (g) If both the municipal .planning commission and the governing body of the municipality have authority to approve plats, only one of those entities need make the determinations and issue the certificates required by this section. (h) The municipal authority responsible for approv- ing plats may adopt rules it considers necessary to administer its functions under this section. Added by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 1, § 46(b), eff. Aug. 28, 1989. Amended by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 624, § 3.03, eff. Sept. 1, 1989. 313 § 212.012 LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE § 212.012. Connection of Utilities (a) An entity described by Subsection (b) may not serve or connect any land with` water, sewer, electrici- ty, gas, or other utility service unless the entity has been .presented with or otherwise holds a certificate applicable to the land issued under Section 212.0115. (b) The prohibition established by Subsection (a) applies only. to: (1) a municipality and officials of a municipality that provides water, sewer, electricity, gas, or other utility service; (2) a municipally owned or municipally operated utility that provides any of those services, (3) a public utility that provides any of those services; (4) a water supply or sewer service corporation organized and operating under Chapter 76, Acts of the 43rd Legislature, 1st. Called Session, 1933 (Arti- cle .1434x, Vernon's Texas Civil Statutes), that pro- vides any of those services; (5) a county that provides any of those services; and (6) a special district or authority created by or under state law that provides any of those services. (c) This section does not apply. to any area covered by a development plat duly approved under Subchap- ter B or under an ordinance or rule relating to the development plat. (d) The prohibition established by Subsection (a) applies only to land that an entity described by Sub- section (b)(1), (2), or (3) first serves or first connects with services on or after September 1, 1987. The prohibition applies only to land that: an entity de- scribed by Subsection (b)(4), (5), or (6) first serves or first connects with services on or after September 1, 1989. Acts 198?, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. Amend- j ed by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 1, § 46(b); eff. Aug. 28, 1989; Acts 1989, .71st Leg., ch. 624, § 3.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1989. § 212.013. Vacating Plat (a) The proprietors of the tract covered by a plat may vacate the plat at any time before any lot in the plat is sold. The plat is vacated when a signed, acknowledged instrument declaring the plat vacated is approved and recorded in the manner prescribed for the original plat. (b) If lots in the plat have been sold, the plat, or any part of the plat, may be vacated. on the application of all the owners of lots in the plat with approval obtained in the manner prescribed for the original plat. (c) The county .clerk shall write legibly on the va- cated plat the word. "Vacated" and shall enter on the plat a reference to the volume and page at which the vacating instrument is recorded. (d) On the execution and recording of the vacating instrument, the vacated plat has no effect. Acts 1987, 70th. Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. § 212.014. Replatting Without Vacating Preced- ing .Plat A replat of a subdivision or part of a subdivision may be recorded and is controlling over the preceding plat without vacation of that plat if the replat: (1) is signed and acknowledged by only the own- ers of the property being replatted; (2) is approved, after a public hearing on the matter at which parties im interest and citizens have an opportunity to be .heard, by the municipal au- thority responsible for approving plats; and (3) does not. attempt to amend or remove any covenants or restrictions. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, .1987. § 212.015. Additional Requirements for Certain R,eplats (a) In addition to compliance with Section 212.014, a replat without vacation of the preceding plat must conform to the requirements of this section if: (1) during the preceding five years, any of the area to be replatted was. limited by an interim or permanent zoning classification to residential use for not more than two. residential units per lot; or (2) any lot in the preceding plat was limited by deed restrictions to residential use for not more than two residential units per lot. (b) Notice of the hearing required .under Section 212.014 shall be given. before the 15th day before the date of the hearing by: (1) publication in an official newspaper or a news- paper of general circulation in the county in which the municipality is located; and (2) by written notice, with a copy of Subsection (c) attached, forwarded by the municipal authority responsible for approving plats to the owners of lots that .are in the original subdivision and that are within 200 feet of the lots to be replatted, as indicat- ed on the most recently approved municipal tax roll or in the case of a subdivision within the extraterri- 314 LAND USE & RELATED ACTIVITIES torial jurisdiction,"the most recently approved coun- ty tax roll of the property upon which the replat is requested. The written notice may be delivered by depositing the notice, properly addressed with post- age prepaid, in a post office or postal depository within the boundaries of the municipality. (c) If the proposed replat requires a variance and is protested in accordance with this subsection, the pro- posed replat must receive, in order to be approved, the affirmative vote of at least three-fourths of the members present of the municipal. planning commis- sion or .governing body, or both. For a legal protest, written instruments signed by the owners of at least 20 percent of the area of the lots or land immediately adjoining the area covered by the proposed replat and extending 200 feet from that area, but within the original subdivision, must be filed with the municipal planning commission or governing body, or both, prior to the close of the public hearing. (d) In computing the percentage of land area under Subsection (c), the area of streets and alleys shall be included. (e) Compliance with Subsections (c) and (d) is .not required for approval of a replat of part of a preceding plat if the area to be replatted was .designated or reserved for other than single or duplex family resi- dential use by notation on the last legally recorded plat or in the legally recorded restrictions applicable to the plat. .Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. Amend- ed by Acts 1989, ?1st Leg., ch. 345, §§ 2 to 5, eff. Aug. 28, 1989; Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 1046, § 3; eff. Aug. 30, 1993. § 212.016. Amending Plat (a) The municipal authority responsible for approv- ing plats may approve and issue an amending plat, which may be recorded and is controlling over the preceding plat without vacation of that plat, if the amending plat is signed by the applicants only and is solely for one or more of the following purposes: (1) to correct an error in a course or distance shown on the preceding plat; (2) to add a course or distance that was omitted on the preceding plat; (3) to correct an error in a real property descrip- tion shown on the preceding plat; (4) to indicate monuments set after the death, disability, or retirement .from practice of the engi- neer or surveyor responsible for setting monu- ments; (5) to show the location or character of a monu- ment that has been changed in location or character § 212.017 or that is shown incorrectly as to location or charac- ter on the preceding plat; (6) to correct any other type of scrivener or clerical error or omission previously approved by the municipal authority responsible for appro~~ing plats, including lot numbers, acreage, street names, and identification of adjacent recorded plats; (7) to correct an error in courses and distances of lot lines between two adjacent lots if: (A) both .lot owners join in the application for amending the plat; (B) neither lot is abolished; (C) the amendment does not attempt to re- move recorded covenants or restrictions; and (D) the amendment does not have a material adverse effect on the property rights of the other owners in the plat; (8) to relocate a lot line to eliminate an inadver- tent encroachment of a building or other improve- ment on a lot line or easement; (9) to relocate one or more lot lines between one or more adjacent lots if: (A) the owners of all those lots join in the application for amending the plat; (B) the amendment does not attempt to re- move recorded covenants or restrictions; .and (C) the amendment does not increase the num- ber of lots; or (10) to make necessary changes to the preceding plat to create six or fewer lots in the subdvision''orn a part of the subdivision covered by the preceding plat if: (A) the changes do not affect applicable zoning and other regulations of the municipality; (B) the changes do not attempt to amend -or remove any covenants or restrictions; and (C) the area covered by the changes is located in an area that the municipal planning commis- sion or other appropriate governing body of the municipality has approved, after a public hearing, as a residential improvement area.. (b) Notice, a hearing, and the approval of other ,lot owners are not required for the approval and issuance of an amending plat. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. Amend- ed by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 1, § 46(b), eff. Aug. 28, 1989. § 212.017. Conflict of Interest; Penalty (a) In this section, "subdivided tract" means a tract of land, as a whole, that is subdivided. The team does Tex Local Govt 94 - 13 3I5 § 212.017 LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE not mean an individual lot in a subdivided tract of land. (b) A person has a substantial interest in a subdi- vided tract if the person: (1) has an equitable or legal ownership interest in the tract with a fair market value of $2,500 or more; (2) acts as a developer of the tract; (3) owns. 10 percent or more of the voting stock or shares of or owns either 10 percent or more. or $5,000 or more of the fair market value of a busi- ness entity that: (A) has an equitable or legal ownership inter- est in the tract with a fair market value of $2,500 or more; or (B) .acts as a .developer. of. the tract; or (4) receives in a calendar year funds from a business entity described by Subdivision (3) that exceed 10 percent of the person's gross income for the previous year. (c) A person also is considered-to have a substantial interest in a subdivided tract if the person is related in the first degree by consanguinity or affinity, as deter- mined under Article 5996h, Revised Statutes, to an- other person who, under Subsection (b), has a sub- stantial interest in the tract. (d) If a member of the municipal authority respon- sible for approving plats has a substantial interest in a subdivided tract, the member shall file, before a vote or decision regarding .the approval of a plat for .the tract, an affidavit stating the nature and extent of the interest and shall abstain from further .participation in the matter. The affidavit must be filed with the municipal secretary or clerk. (e) A member, of the municipal authority responsi- ble for approving plats commits an offense if the member violates Subsection (d). An offense under this subsection is a Class A misdemeanor. (f) The finding. by a court of a violation of this section does not render voidable an action of the municipal authority responsible for approving plats unless the measure would not have passed the munici- pal authority without >the vote of the member who violated this section. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. Amend- ed by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 624, § 3.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1989; Acts 1991, 72nd Leg., ch. 561, § 38, eff. Aug. 26, .1991. § 212.0175. Enforcement in Certain Counties; Penalty (a) The attorney general may take any action nec- essary to enforce a requirement imposed by or under 316 Section 212.0105 or 212.0106 or to ensure that water and sewer service facilities are constructed or install- ed to service a subdivision in compliance with the model rules .adopted under Section 16.343, Water Code. (b) A person who violates Section: 212.O1D5 or 212.0106 or fails to timely provide for the construction or installation of water or sewer service facilities that the person described on the plat or on the document attached to the .plat, as required by Section 212.0105, is subject to a civil penalty of not less than $500 nor more than $1,000 plus court costs' and attorney's fees. (c) An owner of a tract of land commits an offense if the owner knowingly or intentionally violates a requirement imposed by or under Section 212.0105 or 212.0106 or fails to timely provide for the construction or installation of water or sewer service facilities that the person described on a .plat or on a document attached to a plat, as required by Section ' 212.0105. An offense under this subsection is a Class B misde- meanor. (d) A reference in this section to an "owner of a tract of land" does not include the owner of an individ- ual lot in a subdivided tract of land. Added. by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 624, § 3.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1989. § 212.018. Enforcement in General (a) At the request of the governing body of the municipality, the municipal attorney or any other at- torney representing the municipality may file an ac- tion in a court of competent jurisdiction to: (1) enjoin the violation or threatened violation by the owner of a tract of land of a requirement regarding the tract and established by, or adopted by the governing body under, this subchapter; or {2) recover: damages from the owner of a tract of land in an amount adequate for the municipality to undertake any construction or other .activity neces- sary to bring about compliance with a requirement regarding the tract and established by, or adopted by the governing: body under, this subchapter. (b) A reference in this section to an "owner of a tract of land" does not include. the owner of an individ- ual lot in a subdivided tract of land. Added by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., eh. 1, § 46(b), eff. Aug. 28, 1989. Amended by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 624, § 3.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1989. [Sections 212.019 to 212.040 reserved for expansion] LAND USE & RELATED ACTIVITIES § 212.046 SUBCHAPTER'B. REGULATION OF PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT § 212.041. Municipality Covered by Subchapter Text of section as amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 125, § 1 This subchapter applies only to a .zoned or an unzoned municipality with a population of more than. 1.5 million whose governing. body chooses by ordi- nance to be covered by this subchapter or chose by ordinance to be covered by the law codified by this subchapter. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. Amend- ed by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 125, § 1, eff. May 11, 1993. For text of section as .amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., cla. 1046, § 4, see ~ 212.041 post § 212.041. Municipality Covered by Subchapter Text of section as amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 1046, § !~ This subchapter applies only to a municipality whose governing body .chooses by ordinance to be covered by-this subchapter or chose by ordinance to be covered by the law codified by this subchapter. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149,. § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. Amend- ed by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 1046, § 4, eff. Aug. 30, 1993. For text of section as amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 125, ~ 1, see § 212.041 ante § 212.042. Application of Subchapter A The provisions of Subchapter 6 that do not conflict with this subchapter apply to development plats. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. § 212.043. Definitions In this subchapter: (1) "Development" means the new construction or the enlargement of any exterior dimension of any building, structure, or improvement. (2) "Extraterritorial jurisdiction" means a munic- ipality's extraterritorial..jurisdiction as determined under Chapter 42. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. in the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the municipality to promote the health, safety, morals, or general welfare of the municipality and the safe, orderly, and healthful development of the municipality. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. § 212.045. Development Plat Required (a) Any person who proposes the development of a tract of land located within the limits or in the extra- territorial jurisdiction of the municipality must have a development plat of the. tract prepared in accordance with. this subchapter and the applicable plans, rules, or ordinances of the municipality. (b) A development plat must be prepared by a registered professional land surveyor as a boundary survey showing: (1) each existing or proposed building, structure, or .improvement or proposed modification of the external configuration of .the building, structure, or improvement involving a change of the building, structure, or improvement; (2) each easement and right-of--way within or abutting the boundary of the surveyed property; and (3) the dimensions of each street, sidewalk, alley, square, park, or other part of the property intended to be dedicated to public .use or for the use of purchasers or owners of lots fronting on or adjacent to L.~e street, sidewalk, alley, square, park, or other P~ (c) New development may not begin on the proper- ty until the development plat is filed with and ap- proved by the municipality in accordance with Section 212.047. (d) If a person is required under Subchapter'.. A or an ordinance of the municipality to file a subdivision plat, a development plat is not required in addition to the subdivision plat. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. Amend- ed by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 1091, § 28, eff. Sept. 1, '1989. § 212.046. Restriction on Issuance of Building and Other Permits by Municipality, County, or Official of Other Govern- mental Entity § 212,044. Plans, Rules, and Ordinances After a public hearing on the matter, the municipali- ty may adopt general plans, rules, or ordinances gov- erning development plats. of land within the limits and The municipality, a county, or an official of another governmental entity may not issue a building permit or any other type of permit for development on lots or tracts subject to this subchapter until a development 317 § 212.046 LOCAL GOVEI~.NMENT CODE plat is filed with and approved. by the municipality in accordance with Section 212.047. Acts 1987, ?0th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. § 212.047. Approval of Development Plat The municipality shall endorse approval on a devel- opment plat. filed with it if the plat conforms to: (1) the general plans, rules, and ordinances. of the municipality concerning its current .and future streets, sidewalks, alleys, parks, playgrounds, and public utility facilities; (2) the general plans, rules, and ordinances .for the extension of the municipality or the extension, improvement, or widening of its roads, streets, and public. highways -within the' municipality and in its extraterritorial jurisdiction, taking into account ac- cess to and extension of sewer and water mains and the instrumentalities of public utilities; and (3) any general plans, rules, or ordinances adopted under Section 212:044. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. § 212.048. Effect of Approval on Dedication The approval of a development. plat is not consid- ered an acceptance of any proposed dedication for public use or irse by persons other than the owner of the property covered by the plat and does not impose on the municipality. any duty. regarding .the mainte- nance or improvement of any purportedly dedicated parts until the municipality's governing body makes an actual appropriation of the dedicated parts by formal acceptance, entry, use, or improvement. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. § 212.049. Building Permits in Extraterritorial Jurisdiction This subchapter does not authorize the municipality to require municipal building permits or otherwise enforce the municipality's building code in its extrater- ritorial jurisdiction. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. § 212.050. Enforcement; Penalty (a) If it appears that a violation or threat of a violation of .this subchapter or a plan, rule, or ordi- nance adopted under this subchapter or consistent with this subchapter exists, the municipality is entitled to appropriate injunctive relief against the person who committed, is committing, or is threatening to commit the violation. (b) A suit for injunctive relief may be brought in the county in which the defendant resides, the county in which the violation or threat of violation occurs, or any county in which the municipality is wholly or partly located. (c) In a suit to enjoin. a violation or threat of a ~~iolation of this subchapter or a plan, rule, ordinance, or other order adopted under this subchapter, the court may grant the municipality any prohibitory or mandatory injunction warranted by the facts including a temporary: restraining order, temporary injunction, or permanent injunction. (d) A person commits an offense if the person vio- lates this subchapter or a plan, rule, or ordinance adopted under this subchapter or consistent with this subchapter within. the limits of the municipality. An offense under this subsection is a Class C misdemean- or. Each day the violation continues constitutes a separate offense. (e) A suit under this section shall be given prece- dence: over all other cases of a different nature on the docket of the trial or appellate court. (f) It is no defense to a criminal or civil suit under this section that an agency of government other than the municipality issued a license or permit authorizing the construction, repair,: or alteration of any building, structure, or improvement. It also. is no defense that the defendant had no knowledge of this subchapter or of an applicable plan, rule, or ordinance. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. SUBCHAPTER C. DEVELOPER PAR- TICIPATION IN CONTRACT FOR PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS § 212.071. Developer Participation Contract Without complying with the competitive sealed bid- ding procedure of Chapter 252, a municipality with 50,000 or more inhabitants may make a contract with a developer of a subdivision or land in the municipality to construct public improvements, not including a building, related to the development.. If the contract does not meet the requirements of this subchapter, Chapter 252 applies to the contract if the contract would otherwise be governed by that chapter. Added by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., eh. 1, § 47(b); eff. Aug. 28, 1989.: Section 47(a) of the 1989 Act provides: "This section amends the Local Government Code to conform to Sections 1 and 2, Chapter 782, Acts of the 70th Legislature, Regular Session, 1987." 318 LAND USE & RELATED ACTIVITIES § 212.072. Duties of Parties Under Contract (a) Under the contract, the developer shall con- struct the improvements and the municipality shall. participate in their cost. (b) The contract .must establish the limit of partic- ipation by the municipality at a level not to exceed 30 percent of the total contract price. The municipality is liable only for. the agreed payment of its .share, which shall be determined in advance either as a lump sum or as a factor or percentage of the total actual. cost as determined by municipal ordinance. Added by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 1, § 47(b), eff. Aug. 28, 1989. § 212.073. Performance Bond The developer must execute a performance bond for the construction of the improvements to ensure com- pletion of the project. The bond must be executed by a corporate surety in accordance with Article 5160, Revised Statutes. Added by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 1, § 47(b), eff. Aug. 28, 1989. § 212.074. Additional Safeguards; Inspection of Records (a) In the ordinance adopted by the municipality under Section 212.072(b), the municipality may include additional safeguards against undue loading of cost, collusion, or fraud. (b) All of the developer's books and other records related to the project shall be available for inspection by the municipality. Added by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 1, § 47(b), eff. Aug. 28, 1989. SUBCHAPTER Z. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS § 212.901. Developer Required to Provide Surety (a) To ensure that it will not incur liabilities, a municipality may require, before it gives approval of the plans for a development, that. the owner of the development provide sufficient surety to .guarantee that claims against the development will be satisfied if a default occurs. (b) This section does not preclude a claimant from seeking recovery by other means. Added by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 1, § 48(a), eff. Aug. 28, 1989. § 212.902 § 212.902. School District Land Development Standards (a) This section .applies to agreements between school districts and any municipality which has an- nexed territory for limited purposes. (b) On request by a school district, a municipality shall enter an agreement with the board of trustees of the school district to establish review fees, review periods, and land development standards ordinances and to provide alternative water pollution control methodologies for school buildings constructed by the school district. The agreement shall include a provi- sion exempting the district from all land. development ordinances in cases where the district is adding tem- porary classroom buildings on an existing school cam- pus. (c) If the municipality and the school district do not reach an agreement on or before the 120th day after the date on-which the municipality receives the dis- trict's request for an agreement, proposed agreements by the school district and the municipality shall be submitted to an independent arbitrator appointed by the presiding district judge whose jurisdiction includes the school district. The arbitrator shall, after a hear- ing at which both the school district and municipality make presentations on their proposed agreements, prepare an agreement resolving any. differences be- tween the proposals. The agreement prepared by the arbitrator will be final and binding upon both the school district and the .municipality. The cost of the arbitration proceeding shall be borne equally by the school district and the municipality. {d) A school district .that requests an agreement under this section, at the time it makes the request, shall send a copy of the request to the commissioner of education. At the end of the 120~1ay period, the requesting district shall report to the commissioner the status or result of negotiations with the municipal- ity. A municipality may send a separate status report to the commissioner. The district shall send to the commissioner a copy of each agreement between the district and a municipality under this .section. (e) In this section, "land development standards" includes impervious cover limitations, building set- backs, floor to area ratios,. building coverage, water quality controls, landscaping, development setbacks, compatibility standards, traffic analyses, and driveway cuts, if applicable. (f) Nothing. in this section shall be construed to limit the applicability of or waive fees for fire, safety, health, or building code ordinances of the municipality 319 § 212.902 LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE prior to or during construction.. of school. buildings, nor shall any agreement waive any fee or modify any ordinance of a municipality '.for an administration, service, or athletic facility proposed for construction. by a school district. Added by Acts 1990, 71st Leg., 6th C.S., ch. 1, § 3.18, eff. Sept. 1, 1990. CHAPTER 213. AUTHORITY OF MUNICIPAL- ITIES TO ESTABLISH BUILDING LINES Section 213.001. Definitions. 213.002. Building Lines Authorized. 213.003. Activity Prohibited Within Building Line. 213.004. Resolution or Ordinance. 213.005. Condemnation of Easements and Interests; As- sessments. 213.006. Condemnation of Property. § 213.001. Definitions In this chapter: (1) "Street" means a public highway,. boulevard, parkway, square, or street, or a part or side of any of these. (2) "Structure" means a building or other struc- t~re, or a part of a building. or other structure. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff Sept. 1, 1987. § 213.002. Building Lines Authorized The governing body of a municipality may, by reso- l~tion or ordinance, establish, a building line on a street in the municipality. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149,.. § 1, eff Sept. 1, 1987. § 213.003. Activity Prohibited Within Building Line In the area between a street and a building line established under this chapter for .the street, the erection, re-erection, reconstruction, or substantial re- pair of a structure is prohibited. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. § 213.004. Resolution or Ordinance (a) In adopting a resolution or ordinance. that estab- lishes abuilding line, a municipality. must follow the same procedure that it is authorized by law to use to acquire land for the opening of streets. (b) The resolution or ordinance must: (1) describe the street affected and the location of the building line; and (2) provide a period, not to exceed 25 years after the date on which the line is established, during 3; which structures extending into the area between the street and .the building line must be brought into .conformance with the line. Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. § 213.005. Condemnation of Easements and Inter- ests; Assessments (a) A municipality must follow the same procedure that it is authorized by law to use to open streets when the municipality: (1) institutes and conducts a condemnation pro- ceeding to condemn an easement or interest neces- sary to establish a building line; or (2) imposes and collects an assessment based on the benefits arising out of the establishment of a building line against the property owner and prop- erty abutting or in the. vicinity of the building line. (b) If, in the condemnation of a tract, the ownership of the tract or the interests in the tract are in contro- versy or unknown, an award for the tract may be made in bulk and paid into court for the use of the parties owning. or interested in the tract as their ownership or interest appears. (c) When the award and fmdings of the special commissioners, who are appointed under Chapter 21, Property Code, are filed with the court having juris- diction over the condemnation proceedings, the award and findings are final and shall be made the judgment of the court. Compensation is due and payable on rendition of the judgment by the court adopting the award. Acts 1987,. 70th Leg., ch. 149, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987. § 213.006.. Condemnation of Property (a) Before or after expiration of the period for conformance set under Section 213.004(b)(2), a munici- pality, following the same procedure that it is autho- rized by law to use to institute condemnation proceed- ings, may: (1) remove a structure and condemn property in the area between a street and a building line; and (2) impose an assessment against property own- ers, and property that is benefitted by the establish- ment of the building line to the extent of the benefit. (b) The municipality must provide notice and a hearing to the owner of affected property for the determination of: :0 (1) additional damages sustained by the removal of a structure or the taking of land in the area between a street and a building line; or __ __ ... COLLEGE STATION FIRE DEPARTMENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE CONSIDERATIONS .FOR RURAL SUBDIVISIONS Effective emergency response includes such: variables as 1.) Incident time to time of alarm, 2.)Response time of emergency apparatus, 3) Access to structures, 4,}Availability of a sufficient water supply, and 5.) Emergency operations set up time. Current fire department operations are established with due regard to adopted City Ordinance, Standard .Fire Prevention Code, 1991, and the Life Safety Code Handbook. Operations are based on 1.) Sufficient number .and proper layout of hydrants, 2.) Adequate GPM (gallons per minute) flow with adequate operatingpressure, 3.) Clear access to the water supply, and 4.) Limited response time of emergency vehicles. REVIEW OF CURRENT CITY ORDINANCE REGARDING FIRE PROTECTION 603.1.3A "Public fire hydrants shall be installed insingle-family and duplex districts as such locations that no part of any structure shall be more than five hundred feet (500') from a fire :hydrant as measured along the. right-of- way of a public street as the fire hose is laid off the fire truck." This portion of the ordinance was implemented to assist the fire department in obtaining a sustained pressurized water supplywith a limited set up time. ANNEXATION The fire department must consider several response factors with any annexation project. ,.First .and foremost is the issue of emergency apparatus response time. Current guidelines for the fire department are focused around a four and one half minute (4 1/2) drive time for emergency vehicles to .areas within the city limits. As the city annexes additional land. and future development becomes a reality, response time will increase if fire station Locations and numbers remain constant. Adequate numbers of personnel, apparatus, and stations musf be maintained to assure response time objectives can be achieved. The second consideration must focus orr adequate. water supplies in rural areas. Deviation from current city water supply requirements will have a definite effect on current response. In the area of water supply there are two distinct areas for consideration: 1.) Areas where the City of College Station can provide sufficient water supply with adequate pressure requirements. for firefighting operations and 2.) Areas where sufficient water supply is not available through either city or private supply. City supplied water distribution system: In areas where the city provides water to a rural subdivision the issues are 1.) Hydrant spacing, 2.) Adequate pressure, 3.) Set up time, and 4.) Adequate resources and .personnel. Suggested .rural subdivision standards call for hydrants. to be spaced fifteen hundred feet (1,500') apart. This layout will increase the amount of hose laid by two hundred and,fifty feet (250') over the current city standard. The end result is increased stet up tune of approximately one to two minutes. With. the suggested set :back requirements fire department personnel may be required to hand lay hose lines to reach. structures. This situation will also increase operations set up time. Mutual aid with volunteer fire .companies may be required .due to limited. personnel on first response vehicles. Setbacle requirements and size of structures may require the implementation of "water shuttle operations" to ensure adequate, uninterrupted water supplies. These operations require additional. staffing, apparatus, equipment, and set up time. Equipment may include, :but is not limited to; 1.) Portable folding tanks. Approximate cost $500 to $.1,000 each. 2.) Potential for future purchase of a tanker apparatus witha .potential cost of $150,000 to $225,000, An adequate water supply is critical City supplied water distribution systems .must be able to maintain adequate pressure to overcome any Joss of pressure due to extended hose lays.. Fire department Standard Operating Procedures and training activities must be modified to incorporate all aspects of possible joint response with Brazos :County Volunteers. To ensure adequate access to structures all weather driveways capable of supporting the cities' ladder truck and tankers provided by Brazos County Volunteers is critical to fire attack. operations. Bridges .and roadways will also be required to meet load limits for fire department apparatus. Areas with inadequate water supply for firefighting operations: There are. areas of .the .recently annexed Jand that cannot be supplied with adequate water from either city or private water supply companies. Several concerns must be addressed wi h regard to fire protection. 1) Should these areas be considered. for future rural subdivision locations? 2.) What can be done to address the fire protection issue if these areas are considered for future rural subdivisions? and 3.) Cost involved in providing fire protection to these areas. The. issue of response time has previously been addressed. The need for strategically located fire stations,.. personnel, and .apparatus will have to be addressed. 1.) Should separate rural subdivision ordinances become a reality there are steps that can be taken o ensure water for fire protection is available. As these alternatives are reviewed it must be kept in mind fire department operations are generally centered around a pressurized, sustained water supply. This will not be the case with alternative water sources. The National Fire Protection Association currently sets standards and guidelines for: rural water supply, NFPA 1231, Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fi htin addresses severalvariations of water supplies. Any alternative water supply should be required.: to meet NFPA 1231. This standard addresses water supplies such as cisterns, lakes, ponds, swimming pools, installation of dry fire hydrants, automatic fire sprinklers, and mobile water supplies. In addition to water supplies, roadways,. bridges., and driveways will have to be of sufficient load limit to allow.for the weight of aerial and tanker fire apparatus. The fire department must make the assumption that the .majority of fire operations will; involve some type of "water shuttle operation" to maintain. sufficient and sustainedfire flows. Shuttle and drafting operations require additional personnel for first response companies. 2.) Cost factors involved with alternative water sources. are many and varied. Costs to_developers would include installation of a static water source and dry hydrants as per NFPA along with roadways and bridges of sufficient capacity for heavy fire apparatus. Gost to property owners can be substantial with a requirement for apparatus load limits for culverts and all weather driving surfaces. Should the council elect to require residential sprinklers #his cost would be absorbed by the property owner. An estimated cost of residential sprinklers: under NFPA 43R is estimated at one to three percent of the total cost of the structure. Dependent on the water supply requirement costs will be associated with alterations to fire department operations. Immediate -needs of the fire department wi l be hard. suction hose to pump water from a lake, pond, or dry hydrant. Current apparatus will have to be modified to carry this hard suction hose. Approximate cost of hard suction. hose for five engine companies is $8,000. Additionallythe fire department would be required to purchase. portable folding tanks estimated at $3,000.: Portable floating pumps may be required as rural subdivisions are developed. Approximate cost $2,000 to $3,000. Future. needs may .require the purchase of a tanker truck with estimated cost between $150,000 to $225,000. As previously mentioned, other factors to .consider are mutual aid responses with Brazos County Volunteer Fire Departments. for additional equipment and staffing due to increased set up time for drafting and shuttle operations. In conclusion, there are.. many factors to consider when addressing ordinances for rural subdivisions within the city. Any alterations to current ordinances will reduce the effectiveness of fire operations, increase operational set up time, and potentially increase fire. loss in the long run. In conjunction with some type of sustained water supply residential fire sprinklers and alarm systems can offer early detection and fire control while apparatus are responding and setting up fire operations. Any variation of current ordinances wil'I have to be viewed as a fee for service situation with developers and property owner paying theirfair share for fire and ` emergency .medical services. Consideration must be given to the effect rural subdivision. ordinances will have on other ordinances and the effect each. set of ordinances will have on our residents. Is there.. a balance between ordinances being "to lean" and others being "to mean." There wil no doubt be a cause and effect between the two sets of ordinances_ Additionally, any variation of current fire protection standards should be noted on all platting and development plans. -f~~~; ~:.~.t ; _ ~.~--~. ~~ __ ~F~in~~ed by Veronica Morgan.. 9/15/95 9:12am From: Veronica Morgan To: Jane Kee, Shirley Volk Subjectd fwd: customer request ===NOTE =__=_____=====8/22/95=12:40pm== in my quest to talk to nancy harvey i talked to Irene casimiro fora rather long time. she is not a happy camper about the annexation.. after discerning what exactly her concerns where, they. like most peoples, .were concerns with the quality of life. she wants to .know the fo{lowing: 1.she currently composts and burns her garbage and she wants to continue to do so 2. she lives on a limited income and cant afford our garbage rates and doesnt need our round green garbage can! she was told by someone in sanitation that she doesnt have a choice she has to .have garbage service 3. something about the form she was made to fi l out to 'get garbage. service had some wording about request for electrica service. Ci think the form they are sending out is our standard utility requesf form) she is appaCled that this is the "tricky" way that the city is going to convert. everyone over to our electrical service. we will already have everyone's signature on a 'request for electrical service" form that they filled out when they."HAD TO GET" our garbage .service. all in all she just wants to cry. i told her that i would pass on this information to those who would. be working on our quality of life issues. how's .that .for passing the buck!.! ha,ha. now, i did tell her that if i could. heap her in any way with rural subdivision reps i would!!!I! Fwd=by:=Jane=Kee======8/22/95=-1:D3pm== fwd to: Linda Piwonka CC• Jim Callaway Linda~FYI~-~you~might~want~to~note•3, above. Fwd=by:=Jim=Callaway==8/22/95==2:13pm== Fwd toc Jane Kee, Linda Piwonka The•topics~above~were~the~very•issues~ that Skip discussed in our last agenda meeting. re: tearing a lesson from how we handled this to date and trying to do better. I'm-willing to work with what ever group :necessary to get to the "do better" point. fwd=by:=Linda=Piwonka=8/23/95==8:31am== Fwd to: Jim Ca laway CC: Bruce Albright,. Jane Kee, Jim Smith, Mark Smith, Veronica Morgan Utilities and~Public Services~have~been working with Mrs. Casmiro as weft as about 4 other individuals who do not what to take garbage service and are upset wi#h any process that we use. Tom and I have-met with Skip about how to approach these individuals who: just don't want our services period. Bruce has called this lady directly since I received a call from C. Mclhaney Page: 1 '"Print-wed by Veronica Morgan 9/15/95 9;12am regarding this matter. We have also received direct information from Mr. Harvey Ghat one of the Gouncilmembers that voted against the annexation is .advising the group to .not take our services that by doing so they will .retain (heir rural status. I thing there is some confusion here on what services are, meaning yes some uses are grandfathered, but as far as utility. services such-as gargage pick up they are required. Skip has suggested that we draft a letter to the 4 or 5 fo{ks who do not want our service and tell them we will pick up their cans however they will be required to pay the monthly fee. The letter must. a so let them know about. the laws governing burning or burying trash in the city limits. He further discussed the need. to look at the. manner hat we deliver services to rural customers. Would we be better off to contract out the garbage pickrup with their current hauler. This: is one of the qua ity of Life issues he was talking about. Bottom Line to all of this is that we are spending a great deal of time with these individuals, but I do not thank that we will be able to make them hfappy. THEY JUST Q0 NOT WANT TO BE IN THE 'CITY LiNITS, PERIOD. I would suggest that we need one point that. is coordinating theinterface with these folks, so that all departments are in the loop on what is happening and we don't continue to step on these citizen's hot buttons.. I probably is best coming out of development services'. 1 am tanking about total coordination, even .down to reviewing how and when notices are sent out about new service, when we activate new services, research such as the call that 1 am folCowing up on (person who says they have. `.been in the city limiis since'4979) What do you think. I would,be happy to .help. getting this process going.. Page:. 2 ~. ~ - ~1~ ®'.. ~~ ~.9.~ ~. SEAM ONE ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~~,a Area 1 -Drainage e~S.-"2~"~"I~ent Laza/Mark Smith. Private ponds a Drianage development perctiits j ~i Area 2 -Zoning /Subdivision - (Oct 2} Joie Kee / ~~ri'~/ieri~~/ Veronica Morgan Land Use Grandfathering Private parkland Permanent Zoning ' Additional zoning districts Dividing property for heirs i TEAM TWO Area 3 -Animal Control -(Sept.. 25) David Moore /Shirley Volk / b~~u~n~/~Wes Castolenia ~ o Livestock ~ Breeder's permits 1 4-H projects Horses PITY Junk Vehicles Weeds /Grasses Building Permits Rural Electric Permits Above Ground Pools /Fence Requirements Area 4 -Police /Fire.-(Oct 2) Jon Mies /Dave G./Mike Patterson/ Irvin Todd Burning Firearms Fireworks Neighborhood Watch Hunting .Hunting Leases Emergency Phone Leash Laws c: °'annex"groupstf.doc" a __ _ Informat on: -Non Ordinance. -Kathryn Anthony /Steve Homeyer /Bruce Albright /Jim Smith Put in writing how .all this. works ~~ ~~ 4~~ Street Repairs/ Street signs(How to make requests) Garbage Collection/Fees /Utility Bills Septic System renewal Water wells: Rubbish Pick-up Unlicensed Trash Dump Equestrian Trails. 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He is the City Engineer for Palestine, and I'm sure he'd be glad to come and` share with you a totally .unbiased view of some utility alternatives you might want to consider. As Palestine expands, it akes in areas that were once outside the city limits...and were "designed+' with. that in mind.. He has become very creative in his soluti'ons,_and I think we could benefi# from hearing his input. If you'll be-researching at the A&M library, perhaps: he could meet y'all there one day for a few hours. That is, of course, if he can leave hi,s office for a day. I haven't spoken with my dad at all yet, but let me know what you think. Fwd=by:=Veronica=Morg=6/06/95==5:15pm== Fwd to: Samantha Smith sam,~i~would~ ove~to~meet~your father and draw on his experience. do you think he might want to come down one friday for lunch or an afternoon meeting. it would have to be sooooon. can you give him a call and see wha he thinks? thanks a million. Fwd by:=Samantha Smit=6/23/95= 1:38pm== Fwd toh Veronica Morgan When I~spoke.with him~on~the~7th,~he~ was too busy to leave town then. I'm not sure whether that's stilC the case, but--even so--he'll be glad to talk over the phone with you. (He's a bit hard of hearing, but he can turn the volume up on his speaker-phone). Would you hike for me to ask him again if coming to town is a possibility? Fwd=by:=Veronica=Morg=6/25/95==9:35pm== Fwd to: Samantha Smith no, i~will~be~happy.to~call~him~over~ the. phone. can i have .his number to try him on monday, i have a meeting with a focus group on this swbject on tuesday morning. thanks: Fwd=by:=Samantha=Smit=6/26/95==8:13am== Fwd to: Veronica Morgan (903)TSt-8400;~then~just~stay~on~the line through alC the options, and ask for Forrest Smith when the receptionist answers. 9/15/95 9:14am ,~~, ~ ~~,~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~,~,~~ ~ ~ ~~ h~ ~~" Page:. 1 . ,., / A Report to Council on RURAL SUBDIVISION REGULATLONS BACKGRO 1ND During the annexation proceedings, concerns were expressed by both developers and citizens that there were ordinances and regulations that they did not want imposed on them. Concerns ranged from the standards. required in our subdivision regulations for development of new subdivisions, such as street, drainage, water and sewer standards, to livestock, firearms and other quality of life issues. As a result, Council directed staff to look at the current city ordinances and see if we could address those concerns. Staff has had two focus group meetings with-local developers, engineers and citizens to discuss and hear concerns, .and try to formulate ideas to address them. Staff found that the concerns could be broken down. into two categories: One being those that are development related issues (i.e. standards that are addressed within our`subdivision regulations and zoning ordinance -which would .apply to new development) and two, what we coined"quality of fife" issues, (i.e. livestock, animals, firearms, weeds and grasses, etc., which would apply to existing development). Irt order to simplify the issues, the focus group meetings were broken down into two meetings, one addressing. each issue independently.. This report focuses only on the first area, development standards. Staff will return to Council at a future meeting with possible ordinance amendments to address quality of life issues. There are seven (7) areas of concern which have been researched by staff and to which we have recommendations to accomplish the task of creating flexibility within our ordinances to allow the development of rural type subdivisions. Some of staffs ideas on new standards were received well by the focus group and the Planning and Zoning Commission and some proposed standards raised questions. and concerns. The seven areas are outlined. herein, and are broken down into (1) origins( staff: presentation to the focus group, (2) focus group concerNcommenfs, (3) Planning, & Zoning Cpmmission's concerns/comments and (4) finalstaff recommendations. !n all of the following sections, staff has made recommendations for alternate standards to allow the development of rural subdivisions. In all of #hese areas, staff would recommend, that where. the City of College Station Master Plan calls for an extension of our infrastructure, that these extensions be required. ' In the a ~ case of streets, staff recommends that .the construction of all major and minor arterials shown on our Thoroughfare Plan be constructed in accordance with our current standards. In the case of water and sewersystems, if the Master. Plan calls for an extension of the utility in the subdivision area and it is feasible, thaw the extensions of these systems be required. This will allow the construction of rural subdivisions within the City limits without sacrificing thelntegrity of our current or future infrastructure systems. I. STREETS Goal: To provide each lot in rural subdivisions with .access to a durable and maintainable public/private street with adequate capacity, while retaining rural aesthetics and cost effectiveness, and without compromise to our Thoroughfare and Transportation Improvement Plan. Original Staff Presentation: Concerns that staff heard during the annexation hearings regarding streets was the desire to maintain the. rural atmosphere (i.e. streets with roadside ditches in place. of curb and: gutter) within subdivisions.. Currently our subdivision standard for residential streets calls fora 28' wide curb and gutter street contained within a 50' right-of-way. Staff proposed to the. focus group that we change these standards in aural subdivisions to allow for roadside ditches in lieu of curb and gutter.:.. Thiswould change he residential street standard to a 24' wide paved suction within a 70' right-of-way. Staff reviewed those streets currently in Foxfire, Nantucket, Sweetwater, Woodlake Estates and Tall Timber Estates Subdivisions and found that roads in these subdivisions that'meet these standards are;functioning well This standard is identical to the current County right-of-way and roadway width standards. In addition to looking at the width standards, staff looked at these same rural subdivisions to evaluate the street cross sections constructed and their current conditions. The County Engineer's office provided staff with annual maintenance costs on several of these roads. This annual maintenance cost, along with the durability and aesthetics ofthe roadway was used in formulating staffs recommendation for minimum cross section. Based on field research and maintenance costs, staff proposed that all .residential. streets: within rural subdivisions use our current subdivision. pavement cross section, consisting of 6" stabilized subgrade, 6" base material and 1-1 /2" of hot-mix asphaltic concrete (HMAC). This. section requires relatively low maintenance levels and subsequently, low maintenance costs over the years. Graver roads and roads without the subgrade requirement that were. reviewed, were found to have fallen y into disrepair quickly and required a much higher maintenance level and subsequently higher maintenance costs. Staff also proposed to retain the current geometry standards,. as-outlined in the current subdivision regula#ions. In looking. at the ITE (Institute of Transportation Engineers) residential street design..standards, the recommendations for curve geometry, in particular, are even more restrictive than our current ordinance. Focus Group Input: The focus group had questions regarding the possible need for a gravel shoulder in addition to the 24' paved width to allow on-street parking. Questions were also raised with regard to roadway geometry. Specifically, the concern was the ability to reduce the minimum curve radius in streets. P8Z Discussion; There were no specific concerns addressed at the meeting. Staff Recommendation: Staff recommends allowing RESIDENTIAL STREETS in rural subdivisions to be constructed to the current County standard. This consists of a cross section with a minimum 28` width from shoulder line to shoulder line and a minimum 24' wide paved surface. This cross section would allow roadside ditches for drainage and would be contained within_a 70' right-of-way. This right-of-way would be a minimum, as some streets may. require an increased right.:-of-way width, if the ditches are extremely wide. Discussions have occurred since the Planning & Zoning Commission meeting regarding.. collector. streets.. Staff has since expanded these recommendations to include the following. Staff recommends hat COLLECTOR STREETS` be designed with a minimum 34' width from shoulder line to shoulder line and a minimum 30' paved surface with roadside ditches, contained within an 80' right-of-way. This will help accommodatethe increased amount oYtraffic usually seen on a collector street, as well as providing increased right-of-way for utilities that may be required at the time of development or provided in the future. Again: this right-of-way. width would be a minimum for the reason stated above. The pavement cross section for these streets. would be required to meet our current standard for RESIDENTIAL STREETS (6" subgrade, 6" base, 1-1/2" HMAC}and for COLLECTOR STREETS (6" subgrade, 7" base, 1-1/2" HMAC). Again, the collector street recommendation has been added since the Planning & Zoning Commission meeting.. As regards geometry of the streets, staff recommends that our current geometry standards be maintained. In light of the focus group comments,,staff looked at situations around the city where we have "tight" roadway curves Given the performance of these tight curves, `the fact that street lighting in rural subdivisions may be reduced (refer to the electrical section later in-this report) and that curbs are not required,. tall is not comfortable with reducing our street geometry standards. It is staffs opinion, that the risk for accidents, outweigh the benefits obtained by decreasing the curve radius on residential or collector streets tl.'WATER SYSTEM Goal: To provide a safe, reliable publicJprivate water supply to each platted lot wifhin rural subdivisions, without compromising our future water distribution system. Original Staff Presentation: Unlike the street options above, staff was somewhat limited in the options available forwater supply to rural subdivisions. Currently, the City of College Station's area of service (CCN) as defined by the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) does not extend to all areas recently annexed.: Wellborn Water. Supp y and Brushy Creek Water Supply still serve and will continue to serve these areas, until. such time as the City of College Station desires to negotiate and redefine our CCN to include these areas. To accommodate this, and subdivisions which may occur with extremely large lots, staff proposed that the ordinance allow the flexibility for a private rural water supply to serve the subdivision or private wells Because of the need to regulate the location of water wells to assure -a safe supply (per TNRCC), staff proposes that private wells be limited and allowed only in cases where supply by the City of College Station system or a rural water supplier is extremely difficult. Focus Group Input: There .were no concerns addressed. P&Z Discussion: There were no concerns addressed.. StaffRecommendation: Staff recommends allowing a private rural water supplier. to provide water. service to subdivisions within their service area. In cases where supply by the City of College Station system or a rura water supplier is extremely difficult, that private ~" water wells be allowed with the condition that the locations are approved. by staff. Ills FIRE PROTECTION Goal: To provide an adequate level of fire protection and emergency service to all lots. within rural subdivisions. Original Staff Presentation: Staff separated fire protection from the domestic water supply discussion because in rural areas they are not necessarily related. Our current standards require that fire protection be served from our domestic water supply. As stated in the water system discussion above, there are areas recently annexed, which wi11 be served by arui-al water supplier or perhaps by private wells.. In these. cases, neither system can accommodate a water supply sufficient for fire protection. Because of this and the need to provide an acceptable level of service for fire protection;,. staff proposed that a constant water. supply source aril dry hydran s be provided_in rural subdivisions that were not required to extend the city water distribution system. The water"supply source discussed was: a pond or lake that would be required within the subdivision in order to support. a dry hydrant system. The Nationale Fire, Protection Association (NFPA) currently has a set of `standards written for Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting, referenced as NFPA 1231. Staff recommended that these standards be used in the design of tf~e dry hydrant/pond systems. Focus Group Input: In cases where the City of College Station water distribution system would be extended, concerns were expressed with. fire hydrant spacing in rural subdivisions. The idea of a fire hydrant in front of every lot because of current spacing requirements was not desirable. There were no concerns expressed with requiring dry fire hydrants supported by a pond/lake to supply fire protection. P&Z Discussion: Prior to the P&Z meeting, staff added the following to our recommendations; • the ability to have a cistern system in lieu of a pond/fake to act as the water_supply source for dry hydrants, and an increased spacing requirement for fire hydrants in rural subdivisions. +" The cistern system is discussed in NFPA 1231 and was added to allow more flexibility, and the increased hydrant spacing was added to'address the focus group. concerns regarding "every lot. having it's own hydrant." Thee P&Z raised questions concerning the cistern'system, in particular how large ifi would be, and whether a park or other use could be located on top of it to .prevent wasted space. There were also concerns regarding the size of a rural subdivision and if there should be a maximum acreage for each individual lot. P&Z agreed with the recommendation for dry hydrants and a consistent, reliable water supply and the increased hydrant spacing. Staff Recommendation: To provide adequate fire protection to rural subdivisions, staff recommends, in the case where the City of College Station system is not extended, that the subdivider provide a reliable water supply by either. /lalce or;pond built within the subdivision, or /cistem and that dry hydrants as necessary be located on these water supply sources. The water supply source and-the dry hydrants. should be designed in accordance with NFPA 1231. In the case where the Master Plan calls for the City water distribution .system to be extended, staff recommends that the spacing requirement for fire hydrants be increased to 1500' spacing .between hydrants. Our current ordinance. requires that all residential structures bewithin 500' of a fire hydrant, or in most cases, 1000' spacing between. hydrants. This increased. spacing is due to .the fact that with 1 acre minimum lots, the exposure hazard between lots is reduced. In addition, .staff further researched the P&Z's concern regarding maximum lot sizes and as a result added the following recommendations. 1. If a structure. is located .more than 500' from the public street, then a 20' wide, all-weather surface shall.. be provided to the structure prior to bringing combustibles on site. 2. Structures cannot be located more than 2,000' off a public street unless approved by the Fire Marshall. This shall be allowed only in the case of unusual topography or land considerations. and 3. Any bridges or culverts installed on roadways or on an individual lot, where the structure is located more than 500' from the public street, must be designed to handle emergency traffic: loading. The Fire Department has added additional information to this discussion and is included as a supplement to this report.. IV. SEWER Goal: To provide adequate sewer service to a1! lots within rural subdivisions, thaf does not compromise public health or our future sewer collection system. Original Staff Presenfafion: In .researching. possible solutions for the provision of sanitary sewer service, staff looked at traditional septic systems and aerobic systems. Staff discussed these systems with users, manufacturers, and the County Health Department, who licenses. these systems. The aerobic systems, -unlike,the .traditional. septic systems use air injection into the waste tank to aid in digestion: Some of these systems also add a disinfectant, such as chlorine, to further. clean the wastewater prior to its discharge into a drainfield. In researching cost, staff found that the aerobic systems are very cost competitive with he traditional septic systems. The: Health Department, although allowing both systems, promotes the aerobic systems because of the cleaner wastewater discharge. The County has stated thaf approximately 75% of the septic systems in operation today in Brazos County area in some state of malfunction during the year. Typically, this occurs during the rainy months, when the soil is saturated and the clay soils simply cannot absorb the wastewater being discharge into the drainfield. In addition to discussions regarding the type of system used, staff discussed minimum lot size requirements.. The current Health Department regulations require when using a septic or aerobic system, the lot size must be a minimum of 1 acre. This assures that there is adequate, room for the drainfield associated with. the sewer system.. Staff s recommendation to the focus group was to require the aerobic systems and not allow traditional septic systems, in areas that could not be served by an extension of the=,College Station wastewater collection system.. "This recommendation,was based on the problems that. the County is currently having .with septic systems because of our poor soil conditions. 'Staff also recommended that a minimum lot size of 1 acre be established to accommodate these systems. Focus Group Input: The Focus Group questioned the requirement for the aerobic systems.. The concern was the mechanical parts that. are a part of such system and the ability for the. average homeowner to maintain' this type of system. The point was made that if a septic system is constructed and installed correctly and the homeowner maintains it as they should', the septic system should work properly. Requiring a more complicated system could add more potential failure points. P&Z Discussion: After discussions with the focus group and prior to the P&Z meeting, staff further researched the requirement for the aerobic system. After additional discussions with users' of both systems, and manufacturers, staff altered the recommendation to allow septic or aerobic systems. In our discussions, we found that although our soil conditions are not conducive o septic. systems, that with the newer septic system regulations, if the homeowner maintains the system properly and does not overload it, it can work. Staff still found that several prefer the aerobic system because with the cleaner wastewater discharged, odor problems are reduced and the ability for the'system to receive "shock loads" is better (i.e. weekend guests, excessive washing, etc.). The Planning and Zoning Commission. commented on the usage of septic systems within the City limits and the need. for such. Staff explained that the usage of non-organized sewer systems (i.e. septic and aerobic systems) would be limited to areas that are beyond the logical extension of the City of College Station's sanitary sewer collection system.. Concerns were raised by both the P&Z and citizens,'that the City, by allowing the use of alternate systems, wwould avoid any responsibility that it may have under the statute for the extension of public infrastructure to newly annexed areas. P&Z concurred with the staff recommendation to allow septic or aerobic systems given that it was beyond thepossible extensions of the City system and that by doing. such, the City was not avoiding it's obligation to serve these newly annexed areas. 5faff Recommendation: Staff recommends allowing septic or aerobic systems outside those areas which could reasonably be served by an extension of the City sanitary sewer system as shown on the Sewer Master Plan. Because of the better treatment capabilities of the aerobic systems and the poor: soil. conditions that are present in the College Station area, staff would encourage, but not requite, the use of the aerobic systems over traditional septic systems. The allowance of both gives the customer greater choices. These systems should be licensed through the County Health Department and would comply with all applicable rules and regulations. V. DRAINAGE Goal: To provide adequate drainage. facilities within rural subdivisions, that do not compound flooding and provide roadway facilities. with .adequate: drainage to allow safe: ingress/egress. Original Staff Presentation: Staff proposed that rural subdivisions comply with our current drainage ordinance. Staff explained that our current ordinance is flexible enough to allow the open ditches most commonly found in rural subdivision but at the same time would ensure that they are. constructed in manner that could be easily maintained by the adjacent property owner. In keeping with the County roadway standards, staff proposed that roadside ditches:be a minimum of 18" deep, which allows for adequate definition of the ditch and possible siltation in the bottom. Staff also recommended: that we retain our existing. standards for minimum culvert size, which is 18", allowing for us to clean these with our current equipment. Focus Group Input: The focus group was concerned with the requirement that roadside ditches must be a minimum of 18" deep. The concern was because of instances where due to the topography, 18"deep does not make sense and is not needed. P&Z Discussion: The P&Z had questions .regarding the maintenance of roadside ditches and other open channels that may occur in a rural subdivision design. Staff commented that the roadside ditches would be constructed such that the adjacent. property owner couldmow it as a part of their yard. The same would be -true of any proposed open channels through the subdivision. They would be .constructed to a standard which could be mowed by the property owner. P&Z concurred with staffs recommendation. Staff Recommendation: Staff recommends requiring all rural subdivision comply with our current drainage ordinance. Staff would also recommend writing. in the flexibility to allow staff to consider variances to the 18"minimum depth requirement on roadside ditches in cases where it may not be necessary for drainage purposes. VI, ELECTRICAL Goal To provide: adequate electrical ervice to all lots within rural subdivisions, that is in keeping with a rural setting and does not compromise the integrity of our electrical distribution system. Original Staff Presentation: Staff proposed that due to the nature of the subdivision and the size of the lots, thaf overhead electrical be allowed. Because underground electrical would be relatively expensive due to the size of the lots, staff discounted the use of underground electrical. Staff also discussed street Fighting and recommended the following:. /Street lights required. at all intersections /Street lights required: at the end of all cul-de-sacs greater than 300' in length /Street lights allowed at other developer requested locations, given that it does not. exceed our current standard Focus Group Input: The focus group did not have any concerns with the overhead electrical proposal: They. did, however, .raise several questions regarding the street light policy. Concerns were mainly centered. around the ability to reduce the glare from street lights and change the color of the light. P8Z Discussion: The Planning and Zoning .Commission was concerned with the allowance of overhead electrical in rural subdivisions. The concern was. with aesthetics associated with overhead electrical lines, (tree trimming associated with overhead electrical, sidewalk conflicts, etc.), They questioned if the recommendation for overhead was because of the cost to the City or for another reason.. Staff commented that it was not from a City cost perspective as much as it was a concern with. the developer's ultimate cost in the system, and the possibility of tree removal necessary to cost effectively install an underground system in this ype of subdivision. Their recommendation was that underground electrical be required.. The street light policy presented by the staff did not raise any concerns with the Commission. Staff Recommendation: Staff would recommend allowing either overhead or underground in rural- subdivisions. In the case where the developer would choose overhead, he would fiave no monetary contribution, as the City would install the lines at our cost: In the case where the developer would. choose underground service, underground would be installed with the current policy, except the developer's participation would be increased from 20% to 40%°. .The reason #or this difference in rural subdivisions is due to the larger lot sizes. Staff recommends that the street lighting policy in rural subdivisions be as follows: /Streef lights required at all intersections /Street lights required at the end of al) cul-de-sacs greater than 300' in length /Street tights allowed at other developer requested locations, given that it does not exceed our current standard All street lights' and conduit would beat the developer's expense. V11a Zonin Goal: To provide a zoning districtto accommodate. theunique needs of a .rural subdivision .and enable the City to determine the. best. locations for these subdivisions. through .the. zoning process. Original Staff Presenta>fion: The staff proposed. a special zoning district for rural. residential development. This would enable the City Council to determine the best location for these subdivisions. It would preclude lands within the developed. urban core of the Cityfrom having infrastructure systems that do not match surrounding developments. It would .give the. City more flexibility, through zoning decisions, in determining where these subdivisions develop. The. decision .about location would be made through the public hearing and zoning process. Focus Group Input: There were no specific comments with regard to this idea. There seemed to be agreement that this was a proper way. to determine locations for rural subdivisions. P8Z Discussion: There was no discussion or concerns expressed. Staff Recommendation:. Staff recommends creating a zoning district called A-OR (agricultural residential) with a purpose to provide areas for single family development that is .rural. in character. Developments would. contain large: lots with a minimum one acre size requirement Drainage fea#ures, easements, floodplain or other features that may limit the use. of the property for use as a septic field would not count toward .the one acre minimum. Subdivisions should contain a minimum of 1.00 acres and should be developed as a sing e unified developmen#. :Areas of less 'than 100 acres may be considered if adjacent to existing rural residential development. The .process should be similar to the PUD process in that a preliminary plat and development plan should be submitted with any rezoning request, This. preliminary 'plat or plan should show-the lot ayout, .roadway layout and how-they. tie into the existing thoroughfare system and surrounding subdivisions. Preliminary infra tructure impacts and plans should be submitted with the rezoning request as well. Permitted uses would consist of single family residences at a density of one unit per acre, home occupations: and pasturage, barns and stables for private animal stock, the use of which would be incidental 'to the principle use of the property for single family residential purposes. Setbacks would be 50 feet required for the front and rear and 15 feet for the side. This is similar to what is presently required in A-O: The side setback is greater, which would be more fitting for large lot rural type development, without being overly restrictive. COLLEGE STATION FIRE DEPARTMENT. EMERGENCY RESPONSE CONSIDERATIONS FOR RURAL SUBDIVISIONS INTRODUCTION The Fire Department is supportive of the recommendations stated in the rural subdivision report. There are possibilities, however, for reduction of service levels underthese proposed regulations. At a minimum. there are some items the Fire'Departmenftyill need to obtain, to adequately protect areas if the fire. protection recommendations are implemented. There are. other items listed that .are not essential but would improve service levels. EFFECTIVE RESPONSE Effective emergency response includes such variables as 1.) Incident time to time of alarm, 2;) Response time of emergency apparatus, 3.) Access to structures, 4.) Availability of a sufficient water supply, and 5.) Emergency ®perations set up time. Current fire department operations are established with due regard to adopted City Ordinance, Standard Fire Prevention Code, 1991, and the Life Safety Code Handbook.-Operations are based on 1.) Sufficient number and proper layout of hydrants, 2.) Adequate GPM (gallons per minute) flow with adequate .operating. pressure, 3.) Clear access to the water supply, and 4.) Limited response time of emergency vehicles. REVIEW OF CURRENT. CITY ORDINANCE"REGARDING FIRE PROTECTION 603.1.3A "Public fire hydrants shall be installed in single-family and duplex districts"as such locations that no part of any structure shall be more than five hundred. feet (500') from a fire hydrant as measured along the right-of- way of a public street as the fire hose is laid off the fire truck." This portion of the ordinance was implemented to assist the fire department in obtaining a sustained pressurized water supply with a limited set up time. ANNEXATION The fire department must consider several response factors with any annexation project. First and foremost is the issue of emergency. apparatus response time. Current guidelines for the fire department are focused around a four and one half minute .(4.1/2) .drive time for emergencyvehicles to areas within the city limits. As the city annexes additional land and future development becomes a reality, response time will increase if fire station locations and numbers remain constant. Adequate numbers of personnel, apparatus, and stations must be maintained to assure response time objectives can be achieved. The second consideration must focus on adequate water supplies in rural areas. Deviation from. current city water supply requirements will have a definite effect on current response. In the area of water supply there are two distinct areas for consideration: 1.):Areas where the City of College Station can provide sufficient water supply with .adequate pressure requirements for firefighting operations and 2.) Areas where sufficient water supply is not available through either city or private supply. City supplied wafer distribution system: In areas where the city-provides water to a rural subdivision the issues are 1.) .Hydrant spacing, 2.) Adequate pressure, 3.) Set up time, and 4.) Adequate resources and personnel: Suggested rural subdivision standards call for hydrants to be spaced fifteen hundred feet (1;500') apart: Thin layout wilt increase the amount of hose laid by two hundred and fifty feet (250') over the. current. city standard. The end result. is increased: set up time of approximately one to two minutes.. With the suggested set back requirements fire department personnel may be required to hand lay hose lines to reach structures. This situation will also increase operation set up time. Mutual aid with volunteer fire companies may. be required 'due to limited personnel on first .response vehicles. Set back requirements and size of structures may. require. the implementation of "water shuttle operations" to ensure adequate,. uninterrupted water supplies. These operations require additional staffing, apparatus, equipment, and set up time. An adequate water supply is critical. City supplied water distribution systems must be able to maintain adequate pressure to .overcome any loss of ..pressure due to extended hose lays. Fire. department Standard Operating Procedures and training activities must be modified to incorporate all aspects of possible joint response with Brazos County Volunteers. To .ensure adequate access to structures all weather driveways capable of supporting the cities': ladder truck and tankers provided by Brazos County Volunteers are. critical to fire attack operations. Bridges and roadways will also be'required to meet load limits for fire department apparatus. Areas with inadequate water supply for firefighting operations: There are areas of the recently annexed land that cannot be supplied with adequate water from. either city or private water supply companies. Several concerns must be addressed with regard to fire protection. 1.) Should these areas be considered for future.. rural subdivision locations? 2.) What can be done to address the fire protection issue if these areas are considered for future rural. subdivisions? and 3.) Cost involved in providing fire,protection to these areas. The issue of response time haspreviouslybeen addressed. The need for strategically located fire stations, personnel, and apparatus will have to be addressed. Should separate rural subdivision ordinances become a reatity.there are steps that can betaken to ensure water for fire protection is'available. As these alternatives are reviewed it must be kepf in mind fire department operations are generally: centered around a pressurized, sustained .water. supply. This will not be the case with alternative water sources. The National fire Protection Association currently sets standards and guidelines for rural water supply. NFPA 1231, Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fi htin addresses several variations of water supplies. Any alternative water supply should be required o meet NFPA 1231.. Thisstandard addresses water supplies .such as cisterns, lakes, ponds, swimming pools, installation of dry fire hydrants, automatic fire sprinklers, .and mobile water supplies. In addition to water supplies, roadways, bridges, and driveways. will have to be of sufficient load limit to allow fog the' weight of aerial and tanker fire apparatus. The fire department must make the assumptionthatthe majority of fire operations`will involve sorne type. of "water shuttle operation" to maintain sufficient and sustained fire flows. Shuttle and drafting operations require additional personnel for first response companies. Cost factors involved with alternative water sources are many and varied. Costs to developers would .include installation of a static water source and dry hydrants as per NFPA along-with roadways and bridges of sufficient capacity for heavy fire apparatus.. Cost to property owners can be substantial with a requirement for apparatus load limits for culverts and all weather driving surfaces. Depending on the water supply requirement, costs wili be associated with alterations to fire department operations. Immediate needs of the fire departmenfi will be hard. suction hose to pump water from a lake, .pond, or dry hydrant. Current apparatus will have to be .modified to carry this hard suction hose. Approximate cost of hard suction hose forfive engine companies is $8,000. Additionally the fire department would be required to purchase portable folding tanks estimated at $3,000. Portable floating pumps may be required as rural subdivisions are developed. Approximate cost $2,000 to $3,000. Future needs may require the purchase of a tanker truck with estimated cost between $150,000 to $225,000..' As previously mentioned, other factors to consider are mutual aid responses with Brazos County Volunteer Fire Departments for additional equipment and staffing due to increased set up time for drafting and shuttle operations. In conclusion, there are many factors to consider when addressing ordinances for rural subdivisions within the city. Any alterations to current ordinances will reduce the effectiveness. of fire operations,.increase operational set up time, and potentially increase fire loss in the long run. In conjunction with some type of sustained water supply residential fire. sprinklers and alarm systems are options to homeowners that can offer early detection and fire control while apparatus are responding and setting up fire operations. Any variation of current ordinances will have to be viewed as a fee for service _situation with developers and property owner paying their fair share for fire and emergency medical services. .~~ City Engineer. Adequately sized waterlines shall be provided by the subdivider such that they conform to the City's Utility Master Plan. 12-P.5 Water Wells Water wells maybe allowed in cases where supply by the City of College Station system or a rural water supplier is .extremely difficult. If water wells will be used, all locations shall be approved by the City. Engineer to .assure adequate clearances from sanitary sewers, septic systems and compliance with all applicable city, state and federal regulations. These locations must be shown at the time of platting. 12- Fire Protection 12- .1 Goal To provide an adequate level. of fire protection and emergency service to all lots within rural residential subdivisions. 12- .2 Standard Fire Protection In the case where connection to the City of College Station water distribution system is required, public fire hydrants shall be designed and installed as a part of the water distribution system. Fire hydrants shall be designed in accordance with all applicable city, state and federal regulations, City of College Station design standards and construction specifications .and acceptable- engineering standards. The design shall be approved by the City Engineer. _ 12- .2.1 Hydrant Location and Spacing Hydrants shall be located so they are visible and accessible. Locations at or near street intersections are preferred. Spacing between hydrants shall be fifteen hundred feet (1500'). along roadways. All hydrant 1oations shall be approvedby the City Engineer. v~'~-Q.a,~,_ ~~ o ~~ g~~ 12- .3 Non-Standard Fire Protection ~~"`' In the case where connection to the City of College. Station water supply ' ~u~ system is prohibitive,.the subdivider: shall install a reliable water supply by constructing either a lake, pond or cistern within the subdivision. Dry hydrants, as necessary, -shall. be located on these water supply sources. The water: supply source and the dry hydrant shall' be designed in accordance with ~ ^~~ ~~~ ,~~ . ~ a~ ~` `ti ~ ~~~ c~~,~~Nr ~rF ~~ 123 t S ~ d~5 ~J . ~,~.. v ~'` ~~~' ~ ti~, m w 12- .4 Structures within Subdivisions with Non-Standard Fire Protection .Due to the limited ability-of anon-standard fire protection system, and to protect the. health andsafety of College Station residents,.residential structures constructed within non-standard fire protection subdivisions shall: 1. Not be located more than five hundred feet (500') from the public street. Ifthey are located at a .distance greater than five hundred feet (500') from the public street, then a twenty foot (20') wid all-weath, r surface shall be provided to the structure prior to bringm com ustibles on-site. ~~~~~ ~..rcrow~- ~,~y,,~eri~ 5~ 5 and 2: Not be located more than two thousand feet (2,000') offs public street unless approved by the Fire. Marshal This shall be allowed only in the case of unusual topography or land considerations. Further, any bridge. or culvert installed on roadways or on an individual lot; where the structure is located more. than five hundred (500') from the public street; must be designed to handle emergency traffic. loading. 12-B Applicable Sections Sections 1-7, 9 and 10 are applicable in their entirety to rural residential subdivisions. 12-C Community Assets In all subdivisions, attention shall be given to all natural features such as trees, watercourses, historical sites, and similar community assets, which, when preserved, will add attractiveness and value to the. property. 12-D Suitability of Lands The Commission shall. not approve the subdivision of land if from adequate investigations conducted by staff, it has been determined that in the best interest of the public, the site is .not suitable for platting and development purposes of the kind proposed. Land located within the FEMA designated floodway and land deemed to be topographically unsuitable shall not be platted for residential. occupancy, nor for such other uses as may increase danger to health, life, or property; or aggravate erosion or flood hazard. Development of the flood fringe shall be controlled and designed in accordance with the City of College Station Drainage Ordinance. Such land within the plat shall be .set aside for uses that shall not be endangered by periodic or occasional inundation or shall not produce. unsatisfactory living conditions. 12-E Large Tracts or Parcels When land is subdivided into larger parcels rather. than ordinary lots, as defined in the Zoning Ordinance, such parcels shall be arranged so as to allow for the opening of future streets and logical further subdivisions. If the City's Comprehensive Plan requires principal streets. to cross the interior of the subdivision or lie anywhere within the subdivision, the right-of--way shall be dedicated to the public. 12 F Zonin No plat of land within the force and effect. of an existing zoning ordinance shall be approved unless it conforms. to such zoning or other pertinent regulations. A rural City Engineer.. Adequately sized waterlines shall be provided by the subdivider such that they conform to the City's Utility Master Plan. 12-P.5 Water Wells Water wells maybe allowed in cases where. supply by the City of College Station system or a rural water supplier is not possible. If water wells will be used, all locations shall be approved by the City Engineer to assure .adequate. clearances from sanitary sewers, septic systems and compliance with all applicable city, state and federal regulations. These locations must be shown at the time of'platting. 12- Fire Protection 12- .1 Goal To provide an adequate .level of fire. protection and emergency service to all lots within rural residential subdivisions. 12- .2 Standard Fire Protection In the case. where connection to the City of College Station water distribution system is required, public fire hydrants shall. be designed and installed as a part of the water distribution system. Fire hydrants shall be designed in accordance with all applicable city, state and: federal regulations, City of College .Station design standards and construction specifications and. acceptable engineering standards. The design shall be approved by the City Engineer. 12- .2.1 Hydrant Location and Spacing Hydrants shall be located so they are visible and accessible. Locations at or near street intersections are preferred. Spacing between hydrants shall be fifteen hundred feet (1500') along roadways. All hydrant locations shall be approved by the City Engineer. 12- .3 Non-.Standard Fire Protection In the case where a rural water supplier will be used for domestic supply, the subdivider shall. install a reliable water supply for fire protection by constructing. either a lake,; pond or cistern within the subdivision. Dry hydrants, as necessary, shall be located on these water supply'. sources. The water supply source and the dry hydrant shall be designed in accordance with NFPA 1231. 12- .4 Structures within Subdivisions with Non-Standard Fire Protection Due to the limited ability of anon-standard fire protection system, and to .protect. the health and safety of College Station residents, residential structures constructed within non-standard fire protection subdivisions shall. 1. Not be located more than five hundred feet (500') from the public street. If they are located at a distance greater than five hundred feet: (500') from the public street, then a twenty foot (20') wide, all=weather surface shall be provided to the structure prior to bringing combustibles on-site. and 2. Not be located more than two thousand feet (2,000') off a public street unless approved by the Fire Marshall. This shall be allowed only in the case of unusual topography. Further,. any bridge or culvert installed on roadways or on anindividual lot, where the structure is located more than five hundred (S00') from the .public street, must be designed to handle emergency traffic loading. \~\~4~\'\•\•\•4'\~\'\'\'\'\'4'4'4'4'4'4'\"4'4.4'4 •.r././.i.r./. •. •. r. •. •.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r-/ I~r~r•! r r•r•r•r r r r•f•f •F r-J•r•P•r•t J•J 4•\•4 \ \ 4\~4~4v v 4.4.4\•\ \ i•l•4•\•\•\•\• ~•.`r.r•I•r.r•1•e•r•r•e•r•r•r.r•r. t_f_!•r. i'!_r~r~1~+ ~IT1' OF GOLLE~E STATI€lN QE6'EIQRFSENT ~ER~f~E~ It(}1 TEXAS ALtE ~•OLLEGE NATION, TEXAS 77840 fi)d: nr:rr•r-r•r•/•nr././.;.r.;.r.,.r.r.r.r.r./.r.r. ~ r•r`r•r•r`t•r•r•I•!•r•fJ•r•/•/•r-r•I•!•r •r•1 •I •r •/•r./. i~1.4•l.\•4.4.4.4.4.4.4'4'4'\'4'4'4'4'4'4` ;4'4'4'4'4'4'4'4'4 Facsimile Cover Sheet e .C'~~ ~ D r.. ~t^~ .6'~I nn W - 4 n k~ w, r' 1 e n ~ ~ C°7h n s ~ f UU~.1 +4~ ~1f°Z V ° ~ • ~ , a ~ lstJlJi4~" ~~~ ~~ t4t79) 764-357b €4f}~) 764-3450 FA}C J"~~~ MEMORANDUM TO: Veronica Morgan, Assistant City Engineer FROM: Roxanne Nemck, .Senior Assistant City Attorney SUBJECT: Rural Subdivision Regulations -Ordinance Amendment DATE: May 8, 1996 Attached hereto is the above draft ordinance with my first round of revisions. As per our conversation,. youshould look at Section 12-D and the water and electric utility sections to address the concerns about which we spoke. _~~_ A, Try I ~~ iJJ,J. r.1.J.J•J.s•J•J•;•J•1.1 •I~J•J.l •J •/'.'•/•J-/•J~I~/•!~J 1~ \ \ ~ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \•\•\•\~\•\•\'\'\'t'\'\'\'\• "~ 2 1• ll~ 4J®LLE~E ~IfS~EVIi t)E~'EL~RtfE~T 5•~Rt~'t~-ES ti09 TEXAS AVE COLLEGE .STATION, TEXAS 77840 ~/ ~ ! / J / / / .f. .,.,.,_,.,.J.J.J.,.,.,.J.J.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.J.,., Facsimile Cover Sheet Company: Phone: Fax: From : ~ P,~~ce~ Company: Phone: Fax: Date: ~~ Pages including this cover pager ~ n c ~ • r' ~~.'~ L~~'~' ~C ~ti~ ~- V , Q.. ` 5 Q,i,~(~- ~ / / J J / / r-r J~J•r/•/-r/•J•r•nrJ-•.ir .J./•(•/•J.J•J•J•J•J•aJ•J•J•J•/•1.1.1.1 -lJJJ~~ ~ ` ~ ` ~ ` `/~/~1 /•/ !•!•/ / J 111~I~1•f I~f / (J c4aey 76~-570 C4t}9) 764-3496 FAX •/• Comments:. ~/ - MEMORANDUM T®; Veronica Morgan, Assistant City Engineer FROM: Roxanne Nemcik, Senior Assistant City Attorney SUBJECT: Rural Subdivision Regulations -Ordinance Amendment DATE: May 8, 1996 Attached hereto is the above draft ordinance with my first round of revisions. As per our conversation, you should look at Section 12-D and the water and electric utility sections to address the concerns about which we spoke. L ~ (/~ O ~ L ' ~/~ V ~ y' fy Cfl ~ •~+ ~ N CV W ~ ~ y ~ ~ ~ ^ ~ ^~ ~ •N/•~ ~. ~~ /~/~`~ i. A ` *r / ' Y ' O O /W ~ ` ~~ T T •V Q ` c; , c~ N ~ N cC C~ ~ J Q = N J ~ Q N p (Lf ~ ctl T Bulk Mail U.S. POSTAGE PAI D Permit No. 41 Tallassee, AL Attn: Fire Chief G4L,LEGE i ~~ischi ~TA~- FIRE. 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