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A Local Government Guide to LEED for Neighborhood Development
... A Local Government Guide to LEED for Neighborhood Development TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction Page2 II. LEED for Neighborhood Development Basics Page3 III. Constraints to Consider Page4 IV. Four Approaches 1. Lead by Example Pages 2. Remove Barriers and Pave the Way Page9 3. The Case for Incentives Page 15 4. Technical Assistance and Education Page18 INTRODUCTION Local governments, sitting squarely at the intersection oflaw, policy, economic development, land use decisions, and the public interest, have an opportunity to address sustainability. Many local governments have actively pursued an environment~ agenda for years, while others are new to the field, and both face the daunting task of sifting through a recent outpouring of research and technology for items of value to government entitles. The purpose of this guide is to explore one tool in particular -the LEED® for Neighborhood Development rating system -focusing specifically on the ways it can be best used by local gov- ernments to achieve sustainability goals. You may be reading this document because you are working on a climate action plan, revising a green building ordinance, or looking to incentiv- ize transit-oriented development; in the following pages, you will learn how others have used LEED for Neighborhood Development to tackle similar challenges. Four key approaches are highlighted in this guide: 1. Lead By Example 2. Remove Barriers and Pave the Way 3. The Case for Incentives 4. ·Technical Assistance and Education These four approaches include strategies at different levels of involvement, from direct partici- pation in a project, like Symphony Park in Las Vegas, to identifying LEED-ND as an important tool for policymakers, as in the City of Albuquerque Climate Action Plan. LEED for Neighbor- hood Development can serve as a resource whatever your sustainability goals may be, support- ing your plan of action and moving one step closer to lasting change. This resource has been developed by the U.S. Green Building Council with input from members of the LEED for Neighborhood Development Core Committee, representatives from local and state governments and stakeholder associations which represent these entities. The examples shared in this document are only the beginning. Creative and resourceful local governments are encouraged to find new ways to use LEED for Neighborhood Development to support their own sustainability goals. Please share your stories with us by emailing: neighborhoods@usgbc.org ABOUT THE U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL The U.S. Green Building Council is committed to a prosperous and sustainable future for our nation through financially-responsible, efficient buildings and communities. With a community comprising 80 local affiliates, more than i9,ooo member companies and organizations, and more than i34,ooo LEED credentialed professionals, USG BC leads a diverse constituency of builders and environ- mentalists, corporations and nonprofit organizations, elected officials and concerned citizens, and teachers and students. To learn more about greening the buildings and neighborhoods in your com- munity, see www.usgbc.org. 2 LEED FOR NE IGHBORHOOD DEVELOPM ENT BASICS LEED for Neighborhood Development is a rating system that incorporates the principles of smart growth, New Urbanism, and green building into a national standard for green neigh- borhood design. Like other LEED design and construction rating systems, it is a voluntary program designed to evaluate and guide the design and construction of development projects. The rating system distills the experience ofleading professionals in environmental policy and the building industry, and the U.S. Green Building Council, the Congress for the New Urban- ism, and the Natural Resources Defense Council, into objective, measurable criteria. Through certification, LEED for Neighborhood Development recognizes development projects that successfully protect and enhance the overall health, natural environment, and quality oflife of our communities. Development projects that commit to sustainable building practices speak directly to a host of pressing issues in our modern world: vehicle use has nearly tripled between i970 and 20061, raising vehicular emissions to more than 20% of U.S. greenhouse gas emis- sions2; buildings alone account for 39% of energy consumption and i4% of potable water use3• Development projects that incorporate smart growth strategies, green building techniques, and efficient neighborhood design have an opportunity to reduce these negative impacts of the built environment, and many more. LEED for Neighborhood Development projects vary widely in their scope and character. Small infill projects qualify, as do large master planned communities, and projects may apply early in the development process or immediately after construction is complete. Mixed-use and single use projects can fare well in the program and a variety oflocation types near existing infrastruc- ture are also admissible. For more detailed information on eligible project types and a fuller account of the benefits of the rating system, please see the introductory material in the LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating System, the LEED Reference Guide for Green Neigh- borhood Development, and our website: www.usgbc.org/neighborhoods. The LEED for Neighborhood Development rating system is made up of prerequisites, which all projects must meet, and credits, which the project can choose from to earn enough points for certification. The basic components of each prerequisite and credit are a general statement of intent and specific performance thresholds or prescriptive measures. Each of these compo- nents can be individually referenced or incorporated into your policies and projects, depending on the scale of your work. LEED for Neighborhood Development has three stages of certification, which relate to the phases of the real estate development process. Stage 1 -Conditionally Approved Plan: provides the conditional approval ofa LEED - ND Plan available for projects before they have completed the entitlements, or public review, process. It is envisioned that completing Stage 1 will help projects get support from the local government and from the community. Stage 2 -Pre-Certified Plan: pre-certifies a LEED-ND Plan and is applicable for fully entitled projects or projects under construction. Completing this review can help proj ects secure financing, expedite permitting or attract tenants. Stage 3 -Certified Neighborhood Development: completed projects f~rmally apply for LEED certification to recognize that the project has achieved all of the prerequisites and credits attempted. 3 Governments Take the Initiative with LEED In recent years, thousands of projects in the United States have achieved LEED certification. As of November 2009, more than 200 localities across the U.S. are recognizing LEED as an effective tool for benchmarking the performance of buildings in their community, and 2,997 local government projects are currently pursuing LEED certification. Learn more about green building policies: www. usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMPagelD=1852 CONSTRAINTS TO CONSIDER There are natural limitations to the application of the rating system that are important to un- derstand before using LEED for Neighborhood Development. LEED-ND is not a replacement for comprehensive planning by a municipality or county. It was not designed to rate public plans, such as general plans or small area plans, but rather individual project development ..E_lans. If you are looking for a program suitable "for an entire city, the STAR Community Index may be more appropriate (see sidebar). Because the rating system is designed for individual development projects, it is not the best program to certify an existing neighborhood without development activity. However, new projects in existing areas can work quite well; it is recom- mended that at least 50% of the project total building square footage consist of new buildings Cir buildings undergoing major renovations. Additional information on this topic can be found fn the introduction of the LEED-ND rating system. Selecting a good development location is an important element of LEED for Neighborhood De- velopment. This perspective is embodied in prerequisites related to location which means that not all land within a given jurisdiction is eligible for certification. Rather than issuing a blanket mandate that all new development projects must achieve certification, it is more effective to use strategies outlined in this document to encourage development projects to pursue certi- fication, remove barriers to achieving certification, or provide technical assistance to projects seeking certification. Because LEED for Neighborhood Development is a national program, on certain topics ad- dressed in the rating system such as stormwater management, some local governments may have more stringent regulations than LEED-ND. LEED-ND is not designed to override or re- place these more stringent regulations, but rather to set a minimum national baseline that will encourage all projects to meet high standards. A Complementary Program: STAR Community Index The STAR Community Index, currently under development by ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability in partnership with the U.S. Green Building Council and the Center for American Progress, is a benchmarking tool to give cities and counties a path forward towards a more sustain- able future. ST AR identifies the key components of urban sustainability, providing cities and counties a way to measure their own progress in those areas. In doing so, STAR can serve as a planning tool for local governments and their citizens to take steps to become more sustainable while providing a mecha- nism to assess how successful cities are in their efforts. Learn more at: http://www.icleiusa.org/star 4 APPROACH 1: LEAD BY EXAMPLE Jurisdictions can lead by example either through direct project involvement, or by setting goals and making commitments that set the tone and expectations for future growth in the area. STRATEGY: SET GOALS AND MAKE COMMITMENTS There are several ways to show commitment to a green development agenda. The first step is often adopting a policy statement or joining a coalition of other jurisdictions with similar sustainability goals. When drafting a policy stat ement, consider reviewing the LEED-ND rat- ing system to ensure that all relevant areas of sustainable practice are addressed, or to borrow specific achievement thresholds from the credits and prerequisites. Starting an ongoing conversation among a variety of stakeholders, including elected officials, municipal or county departments, business owners, and community members about sustain- ability goals is also vital. If establishing a more formal task force of interested stakeholders, the LEED-ND rating system can be effectively used as a discussion starter and resource during goal-setting exercises. STRATEGY: DETERMINE ELIGIBILITY FOR LAND UNDER YOUR CONTROL With many municipal real estate portfolios including vacant or underutilized properties, one way for a local jurisdiction to lead in sustainable community development is through active participation in a LEED for Neighborhood Development project. With direct involvement in a project, the city or county can assist in bringing a project to fruition that might otherwise have stagnated or been developed in an unsustainable manner. Certain factors contribute to a successful LEED for Neighborhood Development project and the scale and available resources will impact your level of involvement. Reviewing the ques- tions below will help to determine whether a site under your control is eligible. 1. Is the site served by existing or planned water and wastewater infrastructure? 2. Is the site located: · • in an infill location? • adjacent to existing development? • close to existing or planned transit? 3. Is the area located in a 100-year floodplain area? 4. Are there any wetlands or water bodies on the site or ne';lrby? 5. Are there any known imperiled or endangered species in the area? 6. Is there any undeveloped prime agricultural land on the site? For a complete list of criteria to consider, review the Smart Location and Linkage prerequisites of the rating system, available at www.usgbc.org/leecl/nd . Once it has been determined that the site is eligible, one or more of the following strategies may be appropriate, depending on your level ofinvolvement in the project. 5 STRATEGY: CREATE A SMALL AREA PLAN/MASTER PLAN FOR THE SITE One important focus of LEED for Neighborhood Development is the creation of walkable communities that integrate into the framework of the surrounding environment. A number of requirements in the rating system specify certain minimum density levels, walk distance thresholds, and street connectivity levels. By putting together a small area plan or master plan you can ensure that the development of the site will meet these requirements while still allow- ing for the fl exibility to adapt to market conditions. STRATEGY: CLEAN UP BROWNFIELD CONTAMINATION Many infill sites have a level of soil or groundwater contamination that can hinder investment on the property. Helping to orchestrate the environmental remediation will eliminate the uncertainty in the development community about the potential site. As the process can be expensive and time-consuming, certain departments and organizations can provide financial (loan guarantees, etc) and technical assistance. These groups could include: • The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) • The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) • The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers • The U.S. Department of Commerce • The Small Business Administration (SBA) • State departments of public health and environment • Local business groups or partnerships • Local brownfield organizations, if available STRATEGY: CONSTRUCT OR INSTALL UPDATED INFRASTRUCTU RE ON THE SITE Funding the construction of updated or improved infrastructure in the area will help mitigate some of the financial costs that would otherwise be borne by the developer of the site. These infrastructure investments do not have to be focused solely on roadway or water/wastewater improvements. Parks, libraries, bikeways or support for other alternative modes of transpor- tation will help to attract investment and meet certain credits within the LEED for Neighbor- hood Development rating system. STRATEGY: ISSUE A REQUEST FO R PROPOSALS Unless you are planning to handle the procurement and construction process of the project, a Request for Proposals (RFP) will need to be developed for the project site. Depending on the condition of the existing site and the scope of the project, the specific tools above can be used to help ready the site before the issuance of an RFP. In addition, to ensure that the project is developed according to the vision of your jurisdiction, it is best to include some or all of the fol- lowing stakeholders: • Planning Department • Economic Development Department/Agency • Department of Real Estate & Procurement • Department of Public Works • Local Redevelopment Authority 6 Pursuing the "highest bidder" approach is not the only way to arrive at a financially-responsible development concept for the site. A fuller life-cycle costing exercise may reveal hidden costs in a traditional development model that could be mitigated through more sustainable devel- opment. In this case, one alternative approach is to attach selection of an RFP winner to the pursuit or achievement of LEED for Neighborhood Development certification. The City of Victoria, BC in Canada issued an RFP in 2004 for the 12-acre Dockside Lands area that incorporated a focus on the Triple Bottom Line -Social, Environmental, & Economic -principles. The city wanted a project that was innovative and pushed the boundaries and felt that a typical bidding process would not achieve the goals for the site. Instead of setting specific parameters, potential developers were allowed to determine the potential land-use, density, and community amenities. The development teams were then scored based upon their alignment with the Triple Bottom Line approach (1/3 for each section), while still presenting their innovative approaches to the site. The Dockside Green project that ultimately resulted from this RFP process has demonstrated impressive achievement and innovation thus far in its evolution. Dockside Green is a LEED-ND Platinum Plan, and many of its buildings are aiming to reach the platinum level of certification under other building-focused LEED rating systems. OTHER AP PROACHES In lieu of selling the land directly, a public-private partnership can be formed, especially if the development program includes multiple facilities dedicated to public use. A variety of city or county departments may be directly or tangentially involved in such a partnership, or may sim- ply put policies in place that support sustainable development projects. · LAS VEGAS, NEVADA Symphony Park in Las Vegas is an example of city-owned land (a former rail yard site) that is cur- rently undergoing redevelopment by a city selected partner -Newland Communities. Currently under construction, the 60-acre project incorporates a new park, Symphony/Performing Arts Hall, and hospital center, along with a hotel/casino and private condominium towers. Symphony Park, now a LEED-ND Gold Plan, is the culmination of a set of initiatives designed to integrate green design and development into the city; such initiatives include the adoption of a Green Building Resolution and the creation of a Green Council. To further show its commitment to the long-term sustainability of the project, the city took the step of adopting the green design guidelines govern- ing the project area (based on LEED-ND and covering both buildings and infrastructure), ensuring that green design will continue through build-out and beyond. NEW YORK, NEW YORK Transit authorities also have an opportunity to influence sustainable development practices in a variety of ways. In New York, the Blue Ribbon Commission on Sustainability and the MTA analyzed the existing operational structure of the Metropolitan Transit Authority and issued a report outlining practices that would make the agency and region more sustainable. In addition to reducing the energy load of their vehicles and facilities, the report promoted the integration of land-use and transit and how to maximize the value for both. The report specifically encourages policies that provide incentives to developers who design and construct LEED for Neighborhood Development-Gold.level projects or develop on land surrounding transit stations. 7 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA Public Housing Authorities may also be interested in pursuing LEED for Neighborhood Develop- ment certification for any sites they own or in tying certification to related grant funding. The Hunter's View project, which is part of the HOPE SF program in the San Francisco Housing Authority (a program modeled on HOPE IV), was recently awarded two competitive California state grants. The awards, $30 million fo r infill infrastructure (the maximum grant) and $10 million for multi-family housing, are both funded by state proposition iC, which prioritizes smart growth development of affordable housing. ROCKVILLE, MARYLAND The Washington Metropolitan Transit Authority (WMA TA) took a direct approach, acting as a co-developer with the JBG Companies on a project to transform a WMATA-owned parking lot around a transit station into a mixed-use center. The Twinbrook Station project earned Gold-level certification for its plan under the LEED-ND pilot progran1. RESOURCES Symphony Park websites http://www.symphonypark.com/home.aspx http://www.lasvegasnevada.gov/Government/7 598. htm http://www.lasvegasnevada.gov/files/UPDesStandards_ 11 _8_06.pdf Dockside Lands Request for Proposals http://www. victoria .ca/c ityha 11/pdfs/cu rrentprojects_dockside_rfp 1 00904.pdf?zoom_ highlight=dockside Dockside Green Project www.docksidegreen.com Hunter's View: A HOPE SF project http://www. h u ntersvi ew. info/ Greening Mass Transit & Metro Regions: A Synopsis of the Final Report of the Blue Ribbon Com- mission on Sustainability and the MTA http://www.mta.info/sustainability/pdf/synopsis.pdf Twinbrook Station http://www.twinbrookstation.com/ "Smart Mobility 2010" http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tpp/offices/ocp/smf.html Prepared by Cal trans in California, this publication is a framework for integrating sustainability into all forms of transportation and mobility. See Section 6.1 for reference to LEED-ND as a resource for creat- ing "Close in Compact Communities." 8 APPROACH 2: REMOVE BARRIERS AND PAVE THE WAY One of the most meaningful ways to support the use of LEE D for Neighborhood Development is to ensure that a jurisdiction's zoning codes, regulations, and policies are supportive of the program and its principles. Developers who have often spent many years learning to navigate their jurisdiction's approval processes may be wary of adding a new layer into the process. By taking a fresh look at existing regulations, your jurisdiction can proactively remove real and perceived barriers, sending a signal to the development commumty that sustamable develop- ment 1s welcome. The potential for advancement in this particular area is substantial. Current laws throughout the country often contain obstacles which may make it difficlllt, onerous, costly, or impossible to undertake some aspects of sustainable development. Common barriers include: ·----7'-• high required parking ratios --7 • zoning codes that require a separation ofland uses • laws prohibiting the installation of green technologies such as solar panels Outlined below are a variety of different strategies that may help you hone in on existing barri- ers and create new policies in harmonywith LEED for Neighborhood Development. STRATEGY: REVISE ZONING CODES Zoning codes are an excellent place to begin looking for opportunities for revisions that better align with LEED for Neighborhood Development principles. You may find an array of standards in your codes that differ from LEED-ND requirements, ranging from specific issues, lik~ ing setbacks, to more global issues, such as z.oning that is incompatible with mixed-use devel- opment . . - Specific, line item changes to existing codes may be the best way to align with LEED for Neigh- borhood Development if more overarching changes are not necessary or possible in your juris- diction. If you intend to undertake a substantial code revision, however, you should consider the numerous ways that you can use LEED-ND to inform new zoning ordinances that are more compatible with sustainable development than t raditional codes, such as p,erformance zoning, form-based zoni~, or design-based zoning. ::--> Performance zoning offers a high degree of flexibility by dictating acceptable impact levels for new development projects depending on their location in the community, but not necessar- ily dictating land use. For example, if a project can demonstrate that it will not have negative impacts in a number of categories identified by the jurisdiction -noise, pollution, aesthetic qualities -then the actual land use can vary. LEED-ND requirements contain specific metrics that may work well as the building blocks of a performance-based zoning system. Elements of LEED-ND may also inform a form-based code (see NPDp1/NPDc1: Walkable Streets for measures appropriate for incorporation into form-based codes). Form-based codes are useful in building a cohesive style in the public realm because they focus on harmony among design elements and distinguishing neighborhood character based on the intended form and function of the area. Another possibility is to create an overlay zone that bundles together a set of 9 sustainable guidelines, eliminating the need for each individual project to seek zoning changes when undertaking a LEED for Neighborhood Development Project. CLEVELAND, OHIO Three high-profile LEED for Neighborhood Development pilot projects in Cleveland have given the city an opportunity to rethink how to create policies and tools to support green projects. The projects -St. Luke's Point, Upper Chester, and Flats East Bank -aim to revitalize underutilized sites in the city and re-imagine them as compact, mixed-use neighborhoods. The city stayed closely involved as project team members and representatives from the Cleveland Foundation, which provided some financing and coordination assistance, met to discuss the challenges of developing green in the city. These conversations resulted in the realization that creating a set of green design guidelines that would act as an overlay for the three project sites was a much better solution than asking project teams to seek individual variances each time that LEED for Neighborhood Develop- ment principles conflicted with current regulations. An interdepartmental green team was also created to address livability issues outside of the traditional bureaucratic development process. The green design guidelines are in the midst of approvals; if adopted, these guidelines would be available for the three existing LEED-ND projects and potentially others seeking to do similar projects. Review the draft green design guidelines at: http:/ fwww.greencitybluelake.org/images/plan- ning_projects/greenguidelines.pdf NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE On February 2, 2010, Nashville adopted a new Downtown Code (DTC) to serve as the regulatory accompaniment to the 2007 Downtown Community Plan. Recognizing community desire for more distinct, cohesive downtown neighborhoods, and faced with a regulatory process in which almost every project sought rezoning or variances, the city created an alternate approach. The new DTC is form-based, giving the development community better options with respect to mixing land uses and increasing density, while creating clear standards for the character and scale of each neighborhood. The DTC drew on the LEED for Neighborhood Development rating system to iden- tify areas of consideration for the code, and in some cases borrowed metrics. Additionally, the DTC awards pre-certified LEED for Neighborhood Development projects with additional densityunder the Bonus Height Program. Nashville Downtown Code available at: http://www.nashville.gov/mpc/dte/default.asp 10 CHAMPAIGN, ILLINOIS When a new highway interchange was constructed along the southwest edge of Champaign, the city recognized the opportunity to create a more sustainable vision for the new development that would soon surround the 600+ acre interchange site. The city aimed to create an overlay zone that would speak to both environmentally-sensitive design and urban form, fmding in LEED for Neigh- borhood Development a set of standards that integrated these ideas and reflected their values. The draft overlay zone draws upon specific portions of the rating system that are most applicable and appropriate for the site; for example, the draft incorporates block size and intersection density metrics found in LEED for Neighborhood Development to support the creation of walkable streets with high connectivity. The draft overlay also signals clearly to potential developers the impor- tance of green development practices by requiring that a member of the development team be a green building professional. In the future, this overlay will offer an excellent case study that can inform comprehensive zoning code revisions for the city of Champaign. Curtis Road Interchange Zoning Amendments available at: http://archive.ei.champaign.il.us/archive/dsweb/Get/Document-7627/SS%202009-076.pdf STRATEGY: REVISE A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN A comprehensive plan that is supportive of LEED for Neighborhood Development will include goals explicitly connected to sustainable land development, such as the clustering of growth around existing infrastructure, increased density where appropriate, investment in trans- portation infrastructure, the creation of an attractive pedestrian environment, and similar provisions. If your comprehensive plan already includes many of these elements, reviewing the rating system can help add specific metrics to more general goals, allowing you to measure the success of the plan. LEED for Neighborhood Development can also help identify specific actions linked to sections of a comprehensive plan; for example, a jurisdiction that identifies public health as an important goal should review the analysis of rating system credits and their public health implications on the LEED for Neighborhood Development website, prepared by the Centers for Disease Control. Similarly, a jurisdiction focusing on environmental perfor- mance issues will find numerous strategies to reference in LEED-ND. OREGON The Oregon Department of Land Conservation & Development is preparing a climate change handbook to offer guidance to jurisdictions throughout the state on how they can best address climate change issues at the local level. One important recommendation found in the handbook is that each jurisdiction should revise its comprehensive plan accordingly. Example comprehensive plans use LEED-ND in various ways to guide and measure their sustainability goals. The handbook also includes LEED for Neighborhood Development as a suggested reference. STRATEGY: CLIMATE ACTION PLAN The rating system contains numerous thresholds that can be used to refine the general goals found in a climate action plan. For example, a climate action plan that includes an increased public transportation access goal can be revised to include specific service thresholds found in 11 SLLc3: Locations withReduced Automobile Dependence to provide a concrete target. The jurisdiction could also do an analysis of existing service thresholds according to the parameters in SLLc3 to set a baseline upon which percentage improvement will be measured. If your climate action plan requires that individual projects document how they will address the goals of the plan, you maywant to suggest incentivizing or incorporating the principles of LEED for Neighborhood Development as a way to satisfy this requirement. ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO Beginning in 2008, the City of Albuquerque began working on a climate action plan designed to re- duce greenhouse gas emissions 80% by 2050. A draft released in 2009 includes a clear assessment of the gap between the city's aspirations for growth and the kind of development occurring as a result of current regulations and policies. The plan calls for updating ordinances, sector plans, and master plans using LEED for Neighborhood Development, in addition to providing incentives for achieving LEED for Neighborhood Development certification or incorporating a range of sustain- ability strategies found in the rating system, such as increased density and well-developed transit corridors. City of Albuquerque Climate Action Plan found at: http://www.cabq.gov/cap/CAPREV11forWEB.pdf STRATEGY: PERFORMANCE METRICS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS LEED for Neighborhood Development is highly structured, and includes a great number of specific metrics for each green development strategy included in the rating system. This high degree of specificity and the broad scope of the credits -touching upon everything from vicin- ity characteristics to the extent of glazing on retail spaces -make the rating system very useful as a tool in performing a gap analysis of an existing neighborhood. In underutilized or blighted neighborhoods that are targeted for revitalization efforts, benchmarking the neighborhood against the rating system provides a manageable starting point for what can often be an over- whelming task. PORTLAND, OREGON The fledgling Portland Eco Districts initiative looks holistically at livability in largely existing neighborhoods. The goal of the initiative is to develop best practices in environmental, economic, and social sustainability, testing them in specific neighborhoods throughout Portland. LEED for Neighborhood Development is referenced as a tool that can be used to measure and monitor im- pacts across these categories. The Eco District framework and LEED for Neighborhood Develop- ment arc viewed as complementary strategies that will help guide development at all stages, from new development to infrastructure upgrades and best management practices in existing areas. Learn more about the Portland EcoDistricts Initiative at: http://www.pcbdnstitute.org/index.php/builtenv/ecodistricts 12 SYRACUSE, NEW YORK The SALT (Syracuse Art Life and Technology) district, a project of the Near Westside Initiative, Inc., is envisioned as a new center of artistic and cultural development in the Syracuse and Cen- tral Upstate ewYork area. Historically home to both a rich arts community and an industiial salt works, the Near Westside revitalization effort is aimed at alleviating poverty in the neighbor- hood and transforming underutilized industrial and commercial buildings into vibrant places once again. LEED for Neighborhood Development was used as a guiding framework throughout the planning process. Initially, the existing SALT dist1ict was assessed against the entire rating system, producing an initial scorecard and a clear picture of the current neighborhood's strengths and weaknesses. Plans and policies were then produced, taking into account current development acrivi ties and future development activities. The SALT district now has a set of plans and policies that will guide future development, as well as a LEED-ND Gold Plan. Learn more about the SALT district at: http://saltdistrict.com/ STF~ATEGY: WRITE OR REVISE A GREEN BUILDING ORDINANCE Jurisdictions are increasingly realizing that sustainable building practices only begin with single buildings and that a building is only as green as its context. Green building ordinances can and should be transformed into green development ordinances that recognize the addi- tional benefits of sustainable land development and planning at the neighborhood scale. Sev- eral different models are in use throughout the country. Some jurisdictions with existing green building ordinances that mandate or strongly recommend LEED (or equivalent) certification can be revised to include LEED for Neighborhood Development as a valid compliance path. Other jurisdictions create more specific policies that require submission of a LEED for Neigh- borhood Development checklist (or proof of registration or certification, potentially), based on the size of the project or other characteristics. Requiring certification is not necessary or recommended for an effective green development ordinance; rather, an analysis of the project proposal against LEED for Neighborhood Development criteria often allows the jurisdiction to see how the project measures up without mandating certification. Some jurisdictions choose to require certification, but only for projects receiving a certain level of financial support from the jurisdiction. One particularly useful connection to make would be to encourage the use of LEED for Neighborhood Development by projects in ideal growth areas, such as along transit corridors or near neighborhood centers. GREEN BUILDING ORDINANCE EXAMPLES Oakland, CA has proposed that new Planned Unit Developments (PUDs) or projects with phased entitlements or subdivision of parcels greater than 60,000 sq. ft. must submit a LEED for Neigh- borhood Development checklist to the city for review. See: http://www.oaklandnet.com/govern- ment/ceda/revised/pdf/GreenBuilding-SPreport-Thresholds.pdf Boston, MA requires that multi-building projects prove that they are LEED for Neighborhood Development certifiable. See Articles 37 and 80 here: http:/fwww.cityofboston.gov/environmen- talandenergy/ 13 GREEN BUILDING ORDINANCE EXAMPLES (CONT.) East Lansing, MI created a green building ordinance requiring private development projects with multiple buildings receiving over i5% municipal incentives to achieve at minimum LEED for Neighborhood Development Silver certification, with at least one point earned under G!Bc1: Green Buildings. See: http://www.cityofeastlansing.com/HomejDepartments/Communica- tions/MediaRoom/articleType/ArticleView/articleld/121/East-Lansing-Adopts-Ground- breaking-Green-Building-Policy/ RESOURCES EPA Smart Growth Policy database http://cfpub.epa.gov/sgpdb/search .cfm Institute for Local Government -Climate Action Network http ://www. csa c. counties. o rg/i mages/us e rs/ 1 /BestPra ctices F ra mew o rk %20v5 %200%20M ay%2014. pdf A Best Practices Framework that calls for new housing and mixed use developments to be built to the LEED for Neighborhood Development standard or its equivalent LEED-ND and Healthy Neighborhoods http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentlD=5895 Analysis by the Centers fo r Disease Control of LEED-ND credits with respect to public health impacts Designing Low-Carbon Neighborhoods with LEED-ND http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentlD=6557 Analysis of LEED-ND credits with respect to carbon emission mitigation potential Planning for a New Energy and Climate Future resource database http://www.planning.org/research/energy/database/index.htm A database oflocal government planning strategies that address climate and energy concerns "Overcoming Obstacles to Smart Growth through Code Reform. An Executive Summary of Smart Growth Zoning Codes: A Resource Guide" http ://www.planning.org/research/sma rtgrowth/in dex. htm Form-Based Code Institute http://www.formbasedcodes.org/ Green Playbook for Buildings and Neighborhoods http://www.greenplaybook.org General advice and strategies for envisioning a sustainable future and getting started on implementation 14 APPROACH 3: THE CASE FOR INCENTIVES Local governments across the country have found targeted financial and development (regula- tory/process-related) incentives to be some of the most effective strategies to encourage green building and development. Rewarding developers and builders who choose to build green is an effective way to encourage the adoption ofbest-practices in design, construction and opera- tions while spurring innovation and demand for green building technologies and improving the health, prosperity and quality oflife for all. The benefits of green development extend well beyond the quantifiable energy, water and financial savings to consumers and governments alike and deep into the community as a whole. Green building creates jobs, reduces strain on public infrastructure and resources, creates and maintains a healthier indoor and outdoor environment, and inspires growth and innovation in the local economy. In recognition of the positive and transformative impact that sustain- able buildings and communities are having on pressing local, state, and regional issues, local governments are using effective government incentives to promote leadership in the design, construction and operation of our nation's communities. DEVELOPMENT INCENTIVES -AN OVERVIEW Simple modifications in zoning permissions and review processes can yield impressive divi- dends for developers and building owners alike who choose to follow green building and development standards. Incentives such as density bonuses and expedited permitting are implemented at low or no cost to government authorities and encourage developers to adopt green practices by making healthy, efficient and high-performance communities an even more attractive option. Below, several common incentives are discussed, including the LEED for Neighborhood Development stage at which the incentives are most useful. STRATEGY: EXPEDITED REVIEW/PERMITTING PROCESSES Review and permitting processes can vary greatly in length from one jurisdiction to another. In some communities, reducing the duration of review and permitting processes may be ap- pealing to local developers. Both of these incentives allow a municipality to offer a significant incentive with little or no financial investment, since they only require a shift in permitting priority. Applicable to Stage 1 and Stage 2. SARASOTA, FLORIDA In 2006, Sarasota County, Florida approved a Green Development Incentive Resolution that pro- vides fast-track pem1itting for residential and commercial green developments. Such incentives apply to projects pursuing LEED for Neighborhood Development. View the resolution at: http://share2.myfwc.com/spring/Lowlmpact%20 Development%20 Workshop%2020090508/04--Green_Building_Certifications_and___lncentives.pdf STRATEGY: DENSITY BONUSES Density bonuses provide an opportunity for municipalities to tie incentives to specific local public policy priorities. Many municipalities and counties allow for percentage increases in Floor Area Ratio (FAR) or other measures of density contingent upon certification or proof of developing green. Even municipalities with height restrictions are providing height bonuses as another form of density bonus for buildings that are part of green neighborhoods, particularly for urban infill projects. These additional bonuses in density yield both short-and long-term dividends for developers and building owners through the rent or sale of additional units al- lowed by the bonus incentive. Applicable to Stage 1. FINANCIAL INCENTIVES -AN OVERVIEW Financial incentives such as ]IX credits or fee reductions are a highly successful means of en- couraging developers to follow green bmldmg and neighborhood practices. In tough economic times, financial incentives may not always be feasible. However, in some cases these programs do not ultimately result in negative impacts on a municipality's or county's finances since the proposed development may increase the assessed property value in the city, leading to in- creased property tax revenue and offsetting the financial cost of the incentives. STRATEGY: TAX CREDITS AND ABATEMENTS Many municipalities and counties already offer tax credits and abatements as a means of advancing specific policy agendas. These incentives can be extended specifically to developers and builders who achieve measurable, verifiable green neighborhood goals. While these types ofincentives have a short-term cost to the jurisdiction, the increased property value from an energy-efficient, greener neighborhood can offset a reduction in tax revenue over time. Appli- cable to Stage 2 and Stage 3. STRATEGY: FEE REDUCTIONS OR WAIVERS Municipalities or counties that charge fees for permit review or other processes have begun offering reduction or waivers for developers or contractors who commit to verifiable green neighborhood practices. While this incentive does have a financial cost to government authori- ties, the benefits of a healthier and more efficient building stock pay dividends for the entire community. Often, fee reductions and waivers are paired with a structural incentive such as expedited permitting to give the developer increased benefit for choosing to build green. Ap- plicable to Stage 1 and Stage 2. STRATEGY: GRANTS Grants for green neighborhood developers and green builders are being established by local governments to entice construction and renovation project teams to go green in markets that may otherwise be resistant. These programs can be funded through taxes or fees, or through federal or state funds. Such grants are usually awarded to developers to subsidize or render more profitable the design and construction of high-performance buildings. Grant programs often require developers to submit a proposal for the grant funding or meet specific program goals to ensure that they are developing in a green manner. Applicable to Stage 1 and Stage 2. STATE OF ILLINOIS In 2007, the Governorofthe State of Illinois signed "The Green Neighborhood Grant Act,'' which creates state-level incentives for LEED for Neighborhood Development. The Act directs the Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity to fund up to i.5% of total development costs for up to three applicable projects per year. Applicable neighborhood developments will have achieved LEED for Neighborhood Development certification. View the Green Neighborhood Grant Act at: http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/95/ PDF/095-0325.pdf OTHER TYPES OF ASSISTANCE Providing technical assistance (see Section 4) or marketing assistance can also be a valuable in- centive to developers who are hoping for a smooth development process drawing high-profile attention. STRATEGY: MARKETING ASSISTANCE Developers and owners of green buildings and neighborhoods have much to gain from the increased marketability of third-party certified, high-performance green real estate. In recogni- tion of the unique marketability of green neighborhoods, some municipalities and counties are offering free marketing assistance, including signage, awards, and recognition on city websites, press releases and other means to help green builders rent and sell their properties more effec- tively. Applicable to Stage 2 and Stage 3. RESOURCES Examples of a variety of financial and development incentives throughout the country: http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPagelD=2078 "Financing and Encouraging Green Building in Your Community": http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentlD=6247 American Planning Association "Model Affordable Housing Density Bonus Ordinance": http://www.planning.org/smartgrowthcodes/pdf/section44.pdf 17 APPROACH 4: TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND EDUCATION LEED for Neighborhood Development is built upon the premise that sustainable develop- ment must be the product of an integrated approach, including collaboration across a variety of disciplines and decision-making based on analysis of existing and future conditions. To design and construct a LEED for Neighborhood Development project, project teams need access to quality data about the site and vicinity, and the expertise of professionals versed in sustainable design. A number oflow or no-cost ways for jurisdictions to encourage developers to undertake LEED for Neighborhood Development are to provide direct technical assistance, educate staff on the rating system to expedite review, assemble an information storehouse to simplify the data collection process for project teams, or identify land that is potentially eligible for LEED for Neighborhood Development projects. STRATEGY: DIRECT TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE Often, developers interested in pursuing green projects hesitate to do so because they are still unfamiliar with the standards and requirements involved in building green. Several strate- gies can alleviate this hurdle for developers. If your jurisdiction has a designated sustainability department or is thinking of creating one, consider designating a staff member as the point of contact for project teams interested in undertaking green projects. This person, or multiple people, could also spend a portion of their hours engaged in providing direct technical assis- tance to project teams. Anyone in this position should be accredited under the LEED Profes- sional Accreditation program (several specialties are offered, including LEED-ND). In large jurisdictions where several LEED for Neighborhood Development projects are underway, con- sider convening members of these project teams for occasional meetings or conference calls to share their experiences. The simple act of meeting periodically has two distinct benefits: project teams get the chance to learn from each other and representatives of the jurisdiction get firsthand information about challenges that projects are facing. Another model for desig- nating specific individuals with green development expertise is to ask each department to have one such expert on staff, and convene these individuals occasionally as an interdepartmental green team. STRATEGY: GENERAL STAFF EDUCATION Beyond designating individuals with extensive green expertise, providing a modest level of training to all staff involved in the review and approvals process is a simple, low-cost way to sig- nal your jurisdiction's commitment to green to developers and the general public, and ensure that all staff members recognize key green development strategies in new project applications. STRATEGY: COMPILE DATA Land development projects, especially LEED for Neighborhood Development projects, are particularly concerned with accessing high quality information about project site and vicinity characteristics. Common information needed to complete a LEED for Neighborhood Develop- ment certification submittal include items like street centerline files, water and wastewater in- frastructure maps, parcel level development histories, historic building and cultural landscape designations, and bicycle paths. Your jurisdiction can greatly assist the project in gathering this data by centralizing as much as possible or by training staff with oversight of this information on what to expect from project teams that need this information for a certification submittal. Additionally, if your jurisdiction does not have robust, updated geographic data (for use in Geographic Information Systems), building this database of information will be invaluable to future project teams. STRATEGY: IDENTIFY ELIGIBLE LANDS Your jurisdiction can identify land that is best suited for LEED for Neighborhood Development by applying the five Smart Location and Linkage prerequisites to all parcels within the jurisdic- tion. Prerequisites will filter land based upon: smart location characteristics, such as proximity to transit, public water and wastewater infrastructure, community services, and previb\isly de- veloped land; proximity to imperiled species, wetlands, and water bodies; soil characteristics; and proximity to floodplains. While such an analysis does not ensure that any project within the eligible lands will receive certification, it does identify promising areas for growth and give guidance to developers that will encourage them to strongly consider location when pursuing new projects. RESOURCES USGBC Course Catalog https://www.usgbc.org/CourseCatalog/CourseCatalog.aspx? Search by LEED rating sys rem to find a number of excellent educational options, such as: • LEED for Neighborhood Development Series. An introductory, 3-part series provided byUSGBC. • Local Government Adaptation of LEED-ND. A day-long, intensive workshop specifi- cally for local governments, provided by Criterion Planners. • Understanding the LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating System. A day-long, facilitator-led workshop about the core concepts and strategies of the rating system. • Green Neighborhood Development: The LEED Implementation Process. A day-long, facilitator-led workshop at a more advanced level. Technical Assistance Examples • Portland, Oregon: http://www.portlandonline.com/osd/index.cfm?c=41481 • Seattle, Washington: http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/greenbuilding/ ENDNOTES L National Transportation Statistics, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2008. Accessed atwww.bts.gov/publications/nationaLtransportation_statistics 2. Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2005. Report DOE/EIA-0573(2005). Released November 2006. 3. U.S. DOE Buildings Energy Data Book and U.S. Geological Survey. 19 For Public Use .and Display LEED 2009 for Neighborhood Development Rating System Created by the Congress for the New Urbanism, Natural Resources Defense Council, and the U.S. Green Building Council ir"I' !"J LEED-ND LEED® for Neighborhood Development Total Possible Points** 110* e Smart Location & Linkage 27 0' Neighborhood Pattern & Design 44 8 Green Infrastructure & Buildings 29 *Out of a possible 100 points + 10 bonus points **Certified 40+ points, Silver 50+ points, Gold 60+ points, Platinum 80+ points G Innovation & Design Process 6 Q Regional Priority Credit 4 The built environment has a profound impact on our natural environment, economy, health, and productivity. Through its Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design (LEED®) certification programs, the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is transforming the built environment. The green building movement offers an unprecedented oppomrnity to respond to the most important challenges of our time, including global climate change, dependence on nonsustainable and expensive sources of energy, and threats to human health. The work of innovative building planning professionals is a fundamental driving force in the green development movement. Such leadership is a critical component to achieving USGBC's mission of a sustainable built environment for all within a generation. USGBC MEMBERSHIP USGBC's greatest strength is the diversity of our membership. USG BC is a balanced, consensus-based nonprofit with more than 20,000 member companies and organizations representing the entire building industry. Since its inception in 1993, USGBC has played a vital role in providing a leadership forum and a unique, integrating force for the building industry. USGBC's programs have three distinguishing characteristics: Committee-based The heart of this effective coalition is our committee structure, in which volunteer members design strategies that are implemented by staff and expert consultants. Our committees provide a forum for members to resolve differences, build alliances, and forge cooperative solutions for influencing change in all sectors of the building industry. Member-driven Membership is open and balanced and provides a comprehensive platform for carrying out important programs and activities. We target the issues identified by our members as the highest priority. We conduct an annual review of achievements that allows us to set policy, revise strategies, and devise work plans based on members' needs. Consensus-focused We work together to promote green buildings and neighborhoods, and in doing so, we help foster greater economic vitality and environmental health at lower costs. We work to bridge ideological gaps between industry segments and develop balanced policies that benefit the entire industry. Contact the U.S. Green Building Council: 2101 L Street, NW Suite500 Washington, DC 20037 (800) 795-1747 Office (202) 828-5no Fax www.usgbc.org · PARTNERSHIP The Congress for the New Urbanism and the Natural Resources Defense Council collaborated with the U.S. Green Building Council in creating the LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating System. USGBC's consensus-focused approach to rating system development was furthered by these organizations' expertise_ in New Urbanism and smart growth strategies. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT COPYRIGHT Copyright© 2009 by the U.S. Green Building Council, Inc. All rights reserved. The U.S. Green Building Council, Inc. (USGBC®) devoted significant time and resources to create this LEED® Rating System. USG BC authorizes individual use of the LEED Rating System. In exchange for this authorization, the user agrees: 1. to retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained in the LEED Rating System, 2. not to sell or modify the LEED Rating System, and 3. not to reproduce, display, or distribute the LEED Rating System in anyway for any public or commercial purpose. Unauthorized use of the LEED Rating System violates copyright, trademark, and other laws and is prohibited. DISCLAIMER None of the parties involved in the funding or creation of the LEED Rating System, including USGBC, its members, volunteers, or contractors, assume any liability or responsibility to the user or any third parties for the accuracy, . completeness, or use of or reliance on any information contained in the LEED Rating System, or for any injuries, losses, or damages (including, without limitation, equitable relief) arising from such use or reliance. Although the information contained in the LEED Rating System is believed to be reliable and accurate, all materials set forth within are provided without warranties of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to warranties of the accuracy or completeness of information or the suitability of the information for any particular purpose. As a condition of use, the user covenants not to sue and agrees to waive and release the U.S. Green Building Council, its members, volunteers, and contractors from any and all claims, demands, and causes of action for any injuries, losses, or damages (including, without limitation, equitable relief) that the user may now or hereafter have a right to assert against such parties as a result of the use of, or reliance on, the LEED Rating System. U.S. Green Building Council 2101 L Street, NW Suite500 Washington, DC 20037 TRADEMARKS USGBC®, U.S. Green Building Council®, and LEED® are registered trademarks of the U.S. Green Building Council, Inc. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The LEED 2009 for Neighborhood Development Rating System has been made possible only through the efforts of many dedicated volunteers, staff members from USG BC and the two partner organizations, consultants, and others in the USGBC community. The rating system development work was managed and implemented by USGBC staff and the LEED for Neighborhood Development Core Committee and included review and input by many Technical Advisory Group (TAG) members with oversight by the LEED Steering Committee. We extend our deepest gratitude to all of our LEED committee members who participated in the development of this rating system, and especially the LEED for Neighborhood Development Core Committee, for their tireless volunteer efforts and support of USGBC's mission: LEED Stee ri ng Committee Scot Horst, Former Chair Joel Ann Todd, Vice-Chair Neal Billetdeaux Bryna Dunn Stu Carron Holley Henderson Greg Kats Malcolm Lewis Christine Magar Muscoe Martin Jessica Millman SaraO'Mara Kristin Shewfelt Lynn Simon Bob Thompson Mark Webster Energy and Atmosphere TAG Marcus Sheffer, Chair Chris Schaffner John Adams Lane Burt Allan Daly Charles Dorgan Jay Enck Ellen Franconi Scott Frank Nathan Gauthier Gail Hampsmire John Hogan Bion Howard, Rusty Hodapp Greg Kats Dan Katzenberger U.S. Green Building Council Joel Ann Todd JJR Moseley Architects JohnsonDiversey, Inc. H2 Ecodesign, LLC Good Energies CTG Energetics, Inc. Greenform M2 Architecture AgoraDC Choate Construction Company Architectural Energy Corporation Simon and Associates, Inc. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Indoor Environments Management Branch Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Energy Opportunities/7Group The Green Engineer, LLP U.S. General Services Administration Natural Resources Defense Council Taylor Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Commissioning & Green Building Solutions Architectural Energy Corporation Jaros Baum & Bolles Harvard Office for Sustainability CTG Energetics, Inc. City of Seattle Building Environmental Science and Technology Dallas/Fort Worth Airport Board Good Energies Engineering, Energy, and the Environment LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT iii Richard Lord Bob Maddox Brenda Morawa Erik Ring Michael Rosenberg Greg San Martin Gordon Shymko Mick Schwedler Jorge Torres Coto Tate Walker Michael Zimmer Location and Planning TAG Ted Bardacke, Chair Justin Homer, Vice-Chair Laurence (LJ) Aurbach UweBrandes Fred Dock Bruce Donnelly Reid Ewing Lois Fisher TimFrank Norman Garrick Ron Kilcoyne Dana Little Steve Mouzon Lucy Rowland Harrison Rue Tony Sease Laurie Volk Materials and Resources TAG Steven Baer, Chair Lee Gros, Vice-Chair Paul Bertram Paul Bierman-Lytle Steve Brauneis Amy Costello Chris Dixon Ann Edminster Chris Geiger AviGolen Brad Guy Rick Levin NadavMalin Nancy Malone JoepMeijer Kriten Ritchie Raymond Smith Carrier Corporation Sterling Planet BVM Engineering, Inc. LPA,Inc. U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory PG&E G.F. Shymko & Associates The Trane Company mbo,Inc. Energy Center of Wisconsin Thompson Hine LLP Global Green USA Natural Resources Defense Council Office of Laurence Aurbach Urban Land Institute City of Pasadena Auricity University of Utah Fisher Town Design, Inc. Sierra Club University of Connecticut Greater Bridgeport Transit Treasure Coast Regional Planning Council New Urban Guild Athens-Clarke Co. Planning Commission ICF International Civitech, Inc Zimmerman/Volk Associates Five Winds International Lee Gros Architect and Artisan, Inc. Kings pan Renomics Corporation Rocky Mountain Institute Armstrong World Industries NBBJ Design AVEnues San Francisco Department of the Environment Construction Waste Management Building Materials Reuse Association Kahler Slater, Inc. BuildingGreen, LLC Siegel & Strain Architects The Right Environment Ltd. Co. Gensler U.S. Environmental Protection Agency LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT iv Wayne Trusty Denise Van Valkenburg Mark Webster Gabe Wing Sustainable Sites TAG Steven Benz, Chair Alfred Vick, Vice-Chair Michele Adams Neal Billetdeaux GinaBocra Mark Brumbaugh Joby Carlson Jenny Carney Laura Case Stewart Comstock Stephen Cook Bryna Dunn Jay Enck Ron Hand Richard Heinisch Heather Holdridge Jason King Michael Lane Marita Roos Katrina Rosa Zolna Russell Kyle Thomas Water Efficiency TAG Neal Billetdeaux, Chair John Koeller, Vice-Chair Damann Anderson Gunnar Baldwin Robert Benazzi Doug Bennett David Bracciano David Carlson Ron Hand Bill Hoffman Winston Huff Joanna Kind Heather Kinkade Don Mills Geoff Nara Karen Poff Shabbir Rawalpindiwala Athena Sustainable Materials Institute MASCO Retail Cabinet Group Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Herman Miller, Inc Sasaki Associates University of Georgia Meliora Environmental Design JJR Burt Hill Brumbaugh & Associates Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University YRG Sustainability BMV-Engineering, Inc. Maryland Department of the Environment Brickman Moseley Architects Commissioning & Green Building Solutions E/FECT. Sustainable Design Solutions Acuity Lighting Group Lake Flato Architects Greenworks, PC Lighting Design Lab HNTB Corporation Eco> Logic Studio Hord Coplan Macht, Inc. Natural Systems Engineering JJR Koeller and Company Hazen & Sawyer, P.C. TOTO USA, INC Jaros Baum & Bolles Southern Nevada Water Authority Tampa Bay Water Columbia University E/FECT. Sustainable Design Solutions H.W. Hoffman and Associates SSR Engineers Eastern Research Group, inc. AR CAD IS Clivus Multrum, Inc. Civil & Environmental Consultants, Inc Austin Energy Kohler Co. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT v Neil Rosen Robert Rubin Stephanie Tanner Bill Wall Daniel Yeh North Shore LIJ Health System McKim and Creed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Clivus New England, Inc. University of South Florida LEED for Neighborhood Development Core Committee · The LEED 2009 for Neighborhood Development Rating System is the work of members of the LEED for Neighborhood Development Core Committee, both those who have worked on this version and those who helped create previous versions. In addition, staff would like to thank Criterion Planners, Urban Advantage, and AECOM for the graphics. Current Members Jessica Millman, Chair Bert Gregory, Vice-Chair Susan Mudd, Vice-Chair Ted Bardacke Constance Beaumont Kaid Benfield John Dalzell Victor Dover Lee Epstein Douglas Farr TimFrank Daniel Hernandez Bruce Knight John Norquist Ken Potts Former Members Eliot Allen Dana Beach Bill Browning Sharon Feigon Rebecca Flora Justin Homer Melissa Knott Megan Lewis Michael Pawlukiewicz Shelley Po ti cha Tom Richman Elizabeth Schilling Laura Watchman Sandy Wiggins AgoraDC Mithun The Congress forthe New Urbanism Global Green USA Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development Narural Resources Defense Council Boston Redevelopment Authority Dover, Kohl & Partners Chesapeake Bay Foundation Farr Associates Sierra Club Jonathan Rose Companies City of Champaign, IL The Congress for the New Urbanism McGough Companies Criterion Planners Coastal Conservation League Terrapin Bright Green I-Go Car Sharing U.S. Green Building Council Narural Resources Defense Council Forest City Enterprises JFNew Urban Land Institute U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Tom Richman Smart Growth Leadership Institute Watchman Consulting Conscilience, LLC LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT vi LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT PROJECT CHECKLIST Smart Location and Linkage 27 possib le points 0 Prerequisite 1 Smart Location Required 0 Prerequisite 2 Imperiled Species and Ecological Communities Required 0 Prerequisite 3 Wetland and Water Body Conservation Required 0 Prerequisite 4 Agricultural Land Conservation Required 0 Prerequisite 5 Floodplain Avoidance Required D Cred it 1 Preferred Locations 10 D Cred it 2 Brownfield Redevelopment 2 D Cred it 3 Locations with Reduced Automobile Dependence 7 D Cred it 4 Bicycle Network and Storage 1 D Cred it 5 Housing and Jobs Proximity 3 D Cred it 6 Steep Slope Protection 1 D Cred it 7 Site Design for Habitat or Wetland and Water Body Conservation 1 D Cred it 8 Restoration of Habitat or Wetlands and Water Bodies 1 D Cred it 9 Long-Term Conservation Management of Habitat or Wetlands and Water Bodies 1 Neighborhood Pattern and Design 44 possib le points 0 Prerequisite 1 Walkable Streets Required 0 Prerequisite 2 Compact Development Required 0 Prerequisite 3 Connected and Open Commun ity Required D Cred it 1 Walkable Streets 12 D Cred it 2 Compact Development 6 D Cred it 3 Mixed-Use Neighborhood Centers 4 D Cred it 4 Mixed-Income Diverse Communities 7 D Cred it 5 Reduced Parking Footprint 1 D Cred it 6 Street Network 2 D Cred it 7 Transit Facilities 1 D Cred it 8 Transportation Demand Management 2 D Credit 9 Access to Civic and Public Spaces 1 D Cred it 10 Access to Recreation Facilities D Cred it 11 Visitability and Universal Design 1 D Cred it 12 Commun ity Outreach and Involvement 2 D Cred it 13 Local Food Production 1 D Cred it 14 Tree-Lined and Shaded Streets 2 D Credit 15 Neighborhood Schools 1 Green Infrastructure and Buildings 29 possible points 0 Prerequisite 1 Certified Green Building Required 0 Prerequisite 2 Minimum Building En ergy Efficiency Required 0 Prerequisite 3 Minimum Building Water Efficiency Required 0 Prerequisite 4 Construction Activity Pollution Prevention Required LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT vii D Cred it 1 Certified Green Buildings 5 D Cred it 2 Building Energy Efficiency 2 D Credit 3 Building Water Efficiency 1 D Credit 4 Water-Efficient Landscaping 1 D Cred it 5 Existing Building Reuse 1 D Cred it 6 Historic Resource Preservation and Adaptive Use 1 D Cred it 7 Minimized Site Disturbance in Design and Construction D Credit 8 Stormwater Management 4 D Credit 9 Heat Isla nd Reduction 1 D Cred it 10 Solar Orientation 1 D Cred it 11 On-Site Renewable Energy Sources 3 D Cred it 12 District Heating and Cooling 2 D Cred it 13 Infrastructure Energy Efficiency 1 D Credit 14 Wastewater Management 2 D Cred it 15 Recycled Content in Infrastructure 1 D Cred it 16 Solid Wa ste Management Infrastructure 1 D Cred it 17 Light Pollution Reduction 1 Innovation and Design Process 6 possible points D Credit 1 Innovation and Exemplary Performance 1-5 D Credit 2 LEED® Accredited Professional 1 Regional Priority Credit 4 possible points D Credit 1 Regional Priority 1-4 LEED 2009 for Neighborhood Development Certification Levels 100 base points plus 6 possible Innovation and Design Process and 4 possible Regional Priority Credit points Certified 40-49 points Si lver Gold Platinum 50-59 points 60-79 points 80 points and above LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT viii Preface Acknowledgments LEED 2009 for Neighborhood Development Project Checklist Introduction I. The Case for Green Neighborhood Developments II. LEED® Rating System™ 111. Overview and Process IV. Exemplary Performance V. Regional Priority Smart Location and Linkage (SLL) Prerequisite 1 Prerequisite 2 Prerequisite 3 Prerequisite 4 Prerequisite 5 Credit 1 Credit 2 Credit 3 Credit 4 Credit 5 Credit 6 Credit 7 Credit 8 Credit 9 Smart Location Imperiled Species and Ecological Communities Conservation Wetland and Water Body Conservation Agricultural Land Conservation Floodplain Avoidance Preferred Locations Brownfield s Redevelopment Locations with Reduced Automobile Dependence Bicycle Network and Storage Housing and Jobs Proximity Steep Slope Protection Site Design for Habitat or Wetland and Water Body Conservation Restoration of Habitat or Wetlands and Water Bodies Long-Term Conservation Management of Habitat or Wetlands and Water Bodies Neighborhood Pattern and Design (NPD) Prerequisite 1 Prerequisite 2 Prerequisite 3 Credit 1 Credit 2 Credit 3 Credit 4 Credit 5 Credit 6 Credit 7 Walkable Streets Compact Development Connected and Open Community Walkable Streets Compact Development Mixed-Use Neighborhood Centers Mixed-Income Diverse Communities Reduced Parking Footprint Street Network Transit Facilities iii vii xi xi xi xiv xx xx 1 10 12 15 19 22 26 27 29 31 34 36 38 39 41 41 42 44 48 53 55 57 60 62 64 LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT ix Credit 8 Credit 9 Credit 10 Credit 11 Credit 12 Credit 13 Credit 14 Credit 15 Transportation Demand Management Access to Civic and Public Space Access to Recreation Facilities Visitability and Universal Design Community Outreach and Involvement Local Food Production Tree-Lined and Shaded Streets Neighborhood Schools Green Infrastructure and Buildings (GIB) Prerequisite 1 Prerequisite 2 Prerequisite 3 Prerequisite 4 Credit 1 Credit 2 Credit 3 Cred it 4 Credit 5 Credit 6 Credit 7 Credit 8 Cred it 9 Cred it 10 Credit 11 Credit 12 Credit 13 Cred it 14 Cred it 15 Credit 16 Credit 17 Certified Green Building Minimum Building Energy Efficiency Minimum Building Water Efficiency Construction Activity Pollution Prevention Certified Green Buildings Building Energy Efficiency Building Water Efficiency Water-Efficient Landscaping Existing Building Reuse Historic Resource Preservation and Adaptive Use Minimized Site Disturbance in Design and Construction Stormwater Management Heat Island Reduction Solar Orientation On-Site Renewable Energy Sources District Heating and Cooling Infrastructure Energy Efficiency Wastewater Management Recycled Content in Infrastructure Solid Waste Management Infrastructure Light Pollution Reduction Innovation and Design Process (IDP) Credit 1 Credit 2 Innovation and Exemplary Performance· LEED Accredited Professional Regional Priority Credit (RPC) Credit 1 Regional Priority Appendi x. Diverse Uses Glossary LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT x 65 67 68 69 72 73 75 76 77 77 78 80 82 83 84 86 88 89 90 91 93 95 96 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 107 107 108 109 109 110 11 1 I. THE CASE FOR GREEN NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENTS As the U.S. population continues to expand rapidly, consumption ofland grows exponentially-currently, three times the rate of population growth. At this breathtaking pace, two-thirds of the development on the ground in 2050 will be built between now and then.' The way we grow-especially how and where we grow-will have a profound effect on our planet and on us. Land use and neighborhood design patterns create a particular physical reality and compel behaviors that have a significant effect on the environmental performance of a given place. Segregated land uses accessed by high- speed roadways that necessitate the use of cars have been the predominant development pattern over the past 50 years. In the United States, transportation accounts for roughly one-third of greenhouse gas emissions, a large portion of which can be attributed to personal automobile use.2 Burning fossil fuels for transportation increases air pollution and related respiratory diseases. Automobile-oriented neighborhoods tend to be hostile to pedestrians and unsupportive of traditional mixed-use neighborhood centers. Sprawling development patterns fragment habitat, endanger sensitive land and water bodies, destroy precious farmland, and increase the burden on municipal infrastructure. In contrast, by placing residences and jobs proximate to each other, thoughtful neighborhood planning and development can limit automobile trips and the associated greenhouse gas emissions. Mixed-use development and walkable streets encourage walking, bicycling, and public transportation for daily errands and commuting. Environmentally responsible buildings and infrastructure are an important component of any green neighborhood, further reducing greenhouse gas emissions by decreasing energy consumption. Green buildings and infrastructure also lessen negative consequences for water resources, air quality, and natural resource consumption. Green neighborhood developments are beneficial to the community and the individual as well as the environment. The character of a neighborhood, including its streets, homes, workplaces, shops, and public spaces, significantly affects the quality oflife. Green neighborhood developments enable a wide variety of residents to be part of the community by including housing of varying types and price ranges. Green developments respect historical resources and the existing community fabric; they preserve open space and encourage access to parks. Green buildings, community gardens, and streets and public spaces that encourage physical activity are beneficial for public health. Combine the substantial environmental and social benefits and the case for green neighborhoods makes itself. II. LEED® RATING SYSTEMS Background on LEED® Following the formation of the U.S. Green Building Council (USG BC) in 1993, the organization's members quickly realized that the sustainable building industry needed a system to define and measure "green buildings." USGBC began to research existing green building metrics and rating systems. Less than a year after formation, the members acted on the initial findings by establishing a committee to focus solely on this topic. The composition of the committee was diverse; it included architects, real estate agents, a building owner, a lawyer, an environmentalist, and 1 Reid Ewing, Keith Bartholomew, Steve Winkel man, Jerry Walters, and Don Chen, Growi>?K Cooler: The Evide1ue on Urban Dt'Velopme12t and Climate Change (Washington, D.C: Urban I.and Institute, 2008). 2 "Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, and Energy" (Energy Infom1ationAdministration, May 2008). LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT xi industry representatives. This cross section of people and professions added a richness and depth both to the process and to the ultimate product, the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification system. The first LEED Pilot Project Program, also referred to as LEED Version i.o, was launched at the USGBC Membership Summit in August i998. After extensive modifications, LEED Green Building Rating System Version 2.0 was released in March 2000, with LEED Version 2.1 following in 2002 and LEED Version 2.2 following in 2005. As LEED has evolved and matured, the program has undertaken new initiatives. In addition to a rating system specifically devoted to building operational and maintenance issues (LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance), LEED addresses the different project development and delivery processes that exist in the U.S. building design and construction market, through rating systems for specific building typologies, sectors, and project scopes: LEED for Core & Shell, LEED for New Construction, LEED for Schools, LEED for Retail, LEED for Healthcare, LEED for Homes, and LEED for Commercial Interiors. LEED for Neighborhood Development is the latest LEED certification system to be released. The green building and neighborhood development field is growing and changing daily. New technologies and products are being introduced into the marketplace, and innovative designs and practices are proving their effectiveness. The LEED rating systems and reference guides will evolve as well. Project teams must comply with the version of the rating system that is current at the time of their registration. USG BC will highlight new developments on its website on a continual basis, at www.usgbc.org. Background on LEED for Neighborhood Development The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), the Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU), and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)-organizations that represent leading design professionals, progressive builders and developers, and the environmental community-have come together to develop a rating system for neighborhood planning and development based on the combined principles of smart growth, New Urbanism, and green infrastructure and building. The goal of this partnership is to establish a national leadership standard for assessing and rewarding environmentally superior green neighborhood development practices within the framework of the LEED® Green Building Rating SystemT•. Unlike other LEED rating systems, which focus primarily on green building practices and offer only a few credits for site selection and design, LEED for Neighborhood Development places emphasis on the site selection, design, and construction elements that bring buildings and infrastructure together into a neighborhood and relate the neighborhood to its landscape as well as its local and regional context. The work of the LEED-ND core comminee, made up of representatives from all three partner organizations, has been guided by sources such as the Smart Growth Network's ten principles of smart growth, the charter of the Congress for the New Urbanism, and other LEED rating systems. LEED for Neighborhood Development creates a label, as well as guidelines for both decision making and development, to provide an incentive for bener location, design, and construction of new residential, commercial, and mixed-use developments. ,~ Whereas the other LEED rating systems have five environmental categories, LEED for Neighborhood Development has three: Smart Location and Linkage, Neighborhood Panern and Design, and Green Infrastructure and Buildings. An additional category, Innovation and Design Process, addresses sustainable design and construction issues and measures not covered under the three categories. Regional bonus credits are another feature of LEED-ND. These credits acknowledge the importance oflocal conditions in determining best environmental design and construction practices as well as social and health practices. The LEED 20 09 minimum program requirements define the minimum characteristics that a project must possess to be eligible for certification under LEED 2009. These requirements do not apply to LEED for Neighborhood Development projects. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT xii LEED Credit Weightings In LEED 2009, the allocation of points among credits is based on the potential environmental impacts and human benefits of each credit with respect to a set ofimpact categories. The impacts are defined as the environmental or human effect of the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of the building, such as greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel use, toxins and carcinogens, air and water pollutants, and indoor environmental conditions. In the LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating System, social and public health benefits were add~d to the impact categories, and the impact categories were then applied at the neighborhood scale. A combination of approaches, including energy modeling, life-cycle assessment, and transportation analysis, is used to quantify each type of impact. The resulting allocation of points among credits is called credit weighting. LEED 2009 uses the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's TRACP environmental impact categories as the basis for weighting each credit. TRACI was developed to assist with impact evaluation for life-cycle assessment, industrial ecology, process design, and pollution prevention. LEED 2009 also takes into consideration the weightings developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); these compare impact categories with one another and assign a relative weight to each. Together, the two approaches provide a solid foundation for determining the point value of each credit in LEED 2009. The LEED 2009 credit weightings process is based on the following parameters, which maintain consistency and usability across rating systems: • All LEED credits are worth a minimum of 1 point. • All LEED credits are positive, whole numbers; there are no fractions or negative values. • All LEED credits receive a single, static weight in each rating system; there are no individualized scorecards based on project location. • All LEED rating systems have 100 base points; Innovation and Design Process and Regional Priority credits provide opportunities for up to 10 bonus points. Given the above criteria, the LEED 2009 credit weightings process involves three steps for LEED for Neighborhood Development: 1. A reference neighborhood is used to estimate the environmental impacts in 15 categories associated with a typical neighborhood development pursuing LEED certification. 2 . The relative importance of neighborhood impacts in each category is set to reflect values based on the NIST weightings.4 3. Data that quantify neighborhood impacts on environmental and human health are used to assign points to individual credits. Each credit is allocated points based on the relative importance of the neighborhood-related impacts that it addresses. The result is a weighted average that combines neighborhood impacts and the relative value of the impact categories. Credits that most directly address the most important impacts are given the greatest weight, subject to the system design parameters described above. Credit weights also reflect a decision by LEED to recognize the market implications of point allocation. The details of the weightings process vary slightly among individual rating systems. For example, LEED for Neighborhood Development includes credits related to infill development but LEED for New Construction does not. This results in a difference in the portion of the environmental footprint addressed by each rating system and the relative allocation of points. 3 Tools for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Dcvclopmcm, hrrp://www.cpa.gov/nrmrljstdfsahfJraci/). 4 Relative impact category weights based on an exercise undertak~n by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) forthe BEES program, http://www.bfrl.nisq:ov/oac/softwarcfbces/. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT xiii The weightings process for each rating system is fully documented in a weightings workbook. The credit weightings process will be reevaluated over time to incorporate changes in values ascribed to different neighborhood impacts and neighborhood types, based on both market reality and evolving knowledge related to buildings and neighborhood design. A complete explanation of the LEED credit weightings system is available on the USGBC website, at www.usgbc.org. Ill. OVERVIEW AND PROCESS The LEED 2009 for Neighborhood Development Rating System is a set of performance standards for certifying the planning and development of neighborhoods. The intent is to promote healthful, durable, affordable, and environmentally sound practices in building design and construction. Prerequisites and credits in the rating system address five topics: • Smart Location and Linkage (SLL) • Neighborhood Pattern and Design (NPD) • Green Infrastructure and Buildings (GIB) • Innovation and Design Process (IDP) • Regional Priority Credit (RPC) When to Use LEED for Neigh borhood Development The LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating System responds to land use and environmental considerations in the United States. It is designed to certify exemplary development projects that perform well in terms of smart growth, urbanism, and green building. Projects may constitute whole neighborhoods, portions of neighborhoods, or multiple neighborhoods. There is no minimum or maximum size for a LEED-ND project, but the core committee's research has determined that a reasonable minimum size is at least two habitable buildings a.11d that the maximum area that can appropriately be considered a neighborhood is 320 acres, or half a square mile. A project larger than 320 acres is eligible but may find documenting certain credits difficult and may want to consider dividing the area into separate LEED-ND projects, each smallerthan 320 acres. Although projects may contain only a single use, typically a mix of uses will provide the most amenities to residents and workers and enable people to drive less and safely walk or bike more. Small infill projects that are single use but complement existing neighboring uses, such as a new affordable-housing infill development in a neighborhood that is already well served by retail and commercial uses, are also good candidates for certification. This rating system is designed primarily for the planning and development of new green neighborhoods, whether infill sites or new developments proximate to diverse uses or adjacent to connected and previously developed land. Many infill projects or projects near transit will be in urban areas, which helps direct growth into places with existing infrastructure and amenities. LEED-ND also promotes the redevelopment of aging brownfield sites into revitalized neighborhoods by rewarding connections beyond the site, walkable streets within the site, and the integration of any historic buildings and structures that will give the new neighborhood development a unique sense of place. Existing neighborhoods can also use the rating system, and its application in this context could be especially beneficial in urban areas and historic districts. It is, however, important to point out that the owner or owners applying for certification should already own, have title to, or have significant control over a majority of the land within the project boundary and the plan for new construction or major renovation for the majority of the project's square footage. The new construction could take place on vacant land within the boundary, and the major renovations could involve existing buildings, recent or historic, within the project. In addition to guiding infill development opportunities, LEED-ND has additional relevance for existing neighborhoods, as a tool to set LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT xiv performance levels for a group of owners wanting to retrofit their homes, offices, or shops, and finally for shaping new green infrastructure, such as sidewalks, alleys, and public spaces. Many prerequisites or credits have a specific compliance path for existing buildings; this is highlighted in the rating system, and more detail is provided in the reference guide. LEED-ND also can be used in suburban locations. There are tremendous opportunities to retrofit the suburbs, whether this involves reviving old shopping centers and their surrounding parking lots or adding new units and vibrant walkable town centers to existing subdivisions. Increasingly, many suburbs are well served by transit and thus should be considered good candidates for creating mixed-use, walkable developments with the potential to decrease residents' and workers' dependence on personal automobiles. LEED for Neighborhood Development was not designed as a rating system for existing campuses, such as colleges, universities, and military bases. Many campuses have circulation patterns and building forms and placement that differ from the strategies outlined in LEED-ND. As a result, the rating system may not be appropriate for such facilities, but it could be applied in certain situations. For example, LEED-ND could be used for a civilian- style development on or adjacent to a military base, especially now that there is increased interest in developing mixed-use main streets as a focal point for new residential development in military bases. In addition, with many installations facing closure under the Base Realignment and Closure Act, LEED-ND could be used to guide the redevelopment of a base as it finds a new use. For colleges and universities, the program best lends itself to campuses that are expanding or undergoing major redevelopment. Increasingly, many universities are creating mixed-use development projects, often with local partners, to serve as catalytic projects in their communities, and LEED- ND could be a good framework and certification tool. Some universities are looking to their own campus lands for new development opportunities, particularly for housing that is affordable to faculty and staff but also walkable to campus and other amenities, and LEED-ND may be appropriate. LEED for Neighborhood Development is not meant to be a national standard that replaces zoning codes or comprehensive plans, nor has it been designed to certify sector plans or other policy tools. Local development patterns and performance levels vary greatly across the country because land regulation is largely controlled by local governments. One city may be a leader in stormwater management, and another an innovator in traffic calming, but neither may be advanced in all areas covered by LEED-ND. The rating system should therefore not be considered a one-size-fits-all policy tool. Instead, LEED-ND is a voluntary leadership standard, and local governments should consider promoting its use by the development community or public-private partnerships. In addition, LEED-ND can be used to analyze whether existing development regulations, such as zoning codes, development standards, landscape requirements, building codes, or comprehensive plans are "friendly'' to sustainable developments. By comparing a locality's development practices with the rating system, public officials and the planning department can better identify code barriers that make it onerous, costly, or even impossible to undertake some aspects of sustainable development. Finally, public sector projects (e.g., those sponsored by housing authorities, redevelopment agencies, or specialized development authorities) are eligible to use the rating system. Please visit the LEED for Neighborhood web page at www.usgbc.org for LEED-ND policy guidance for state and local governments. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT xv "Neighborhood Development," Defined Based on research on the origins of neighborhood design and current best practices for locating and designing new development, the LEED for Neighborhood Development core committee has developed a rating system for smart, healthy, andgreen neighborhood development. Although LEED-ND does not strictly define what constitutes a neighborhood, the prerequisites and credits are written to encourage a type of development that recalls the siting and design of traditional neighborhoods and promotes best practices in new neighborhood development today. Since ancient times, cities around the world have been spatially divided into districts or neighborhoods. Excavations of some of the earliest cities reveal evidence of social neighborhoods. Urban scholar Lewis Mumford noted that "neighborhoods, in some primitive, inchoate fashion exist wherever human beings congregate, in permanent family dwellings; and many of the functions of the city tend to be distributed naturally-that is, without any theoretical preoccupation or political direction-into neighborhoods."s In basic terms, a neighborhood is an area of dwellings, employment, retail, and civic places and their immediate environment that residents and/or employees identifywith in terms of social and economic attitudes, lifestyles, and institutions. A neighborhood can be considered the planning unit of a town. The charter of the Congress for the New Urbanism characterizes this unit as "compact, pedestrian-friendly, and mixed-use."6 By itself the neighborhood is a village, but combined with other neighborhoods it becomes a town or a city. Similarly, several neighborhoods with their centers at transit stops can constitute a transit corridor. The neighborhood, as laid out in LEED-ND, is in contrast to sprawl development patterns, which create podlike clusters that are disconnected from surrounding areas. Existing and new traditional neighborhoods provide an alternative to development patterns that characterize sprawl, such as the single-zoned, automobile-dominated land uses that have been predominant in suburban areas since the 1950s. Instead, traditional neighborhoods meet all those same needs-for housing, employment, shopping, civic functions, and more-but in formats that are compact, complete, and connected, and ultimately more sustainable and diverse.7 The metrics of a neighborhood vary in density, population, mix of uses, and dwelling types and by regional customs, economies, climates, and site conditions. In general, they include size, identifiable centers and edges, connectedness with the surroundings, walkable streets, and sites for civic uses and social interaction. Size is a defining feature of a neighborhood and is typically based on a comfortable distance for walking from the center of the neighborhood to its edge; that suggests an area of 40to160 acres. In the 1929 Regional Plan of New York and Environs, urban planner Clarence Perry outlined a neighborhood center surrounded by civic uses, parks, residential uses, a school, and retail at the edge, all within one-quarter mile-about a 5-minute walk. This amounts to an area or pedestrian "shed" of 125 acres, or if the land area is a square, 160 acres. Although Perry's diagram does not address many of the sustainable features of LEED-ND, such as access to multimodal transportation options, location of infrastructure, and building form, it serves as a reference point for the mix of uses and walkable scale of neighborhood development encouraged in the rating system. Most people will walk approximately one-quarter mile (1,320 feet) to run daily errands; beyond that, many will take a bicycle or car. Additional research shows that people will walk as far as a half-mile (2,640 feet) to reach heavyrail transit systems or more specialized shops or civic uses.8 Since half a square mile contains 320 acres, the core committee has decided that this size should serve as guidance for the upper limit ofa LEED-ND project. s Lewis Mumford, "The Neighbourhood and the Neighbourhood Unit," Town Planning Review 24 (1954): 256-270, p. 258. 6 Charter of the Congress for the.New Urbani~m, 'Y\.VJ.':.cnu.omlchartcr, i996. 7 Ibid .. 8 H. Dittmar and G. Ohland, eds., The New Transit Town: &,,t Practices in Tra>l'>it-Oriented Development (Wa•hington, D.C.: Island Press, 2004), p. 120. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT xvi Figure 1. Clarence Perry's Neighborhood Unit, 1929. Source: Regional Plan Association Figure 2. A "sustainable" update of Perry's neighborhood unit. Source: Douglas Farr, Sustainable Urbanism AR£All='lllt~LY14'0AC"U· M ... 40.MAx..200 POPUL.A TION: AS N.EC&SSAAY TO SUPoll=IOA"T" CRITIC"AL MASS CW WAL.K•TO Dt.STfHA'TIONS. ACCOMPANVIMQ. TEXT ON PAG< G:e A neighborhood should have places where the public feels welcome and encouraged to congregate, recognizable as the heart of the community. A proper center has at least one outdoor public space for this purpose, designed with pedestrians in mind; this is the most well-defined outdoor "room" in the neighborhood. The best centers are within walking distance of the primarily residential areas, and typically some gradient in density is discernible from center to edge. The "center'' need not be in the geographic center of the neighborhood; it can be along the edge, on an arterial or transit line. It is important for a neighborhood to have boundaries as well as a defined center, and this characteristic is often achieved through identifiable edges, either man-made or natural, such as adjacent farmland, parks, greenways, schools, major rights-of-way, or other uses. When a neighborhood has a robust network of internal streets and good connections to surrounding communities, pedestrians, bicyclists, and drivers can move more efficiently and more safely. Multiple intersections and short blocks also give pedestrians a more interesting environment. The maximum average block perimeter to achieve an integrated network is i,500 feet, with a maximum uninterrupted block face ofideally no more than 450 feet; intersecting streets are placed at intervals of 500 to 600 feet, and no greater than 800 feet apart along any single stretch. The morphology of a sustainable neighborhood-the design of its blocks, streets, and buildings-can serve as the foundation of a walkable environment. Walkable streets have many features, and those elements deemed most important by the core committee are encouraged by the LEED-ND Rating System. These features, such as human- scaled buildings and street widths, wide sidewalks, buildings that are pulled up to the sidewalk to create a continuous street wall, retail storefronts and other uses, and interesting street furniture and trees, are meant to create a safe, inviting, and well-used public realm with visual interest. To keep loading docks, garage openings, and utilities away from sidewalks, neighborhoods with walkable streets often feature alleys. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT xvii Figure 3. Examples of neighborhood morphology. Source: Douglas Farr, Sustainable Urbanism 5-MINLm WAUC A mix ofuses is often integral to the vitality of a neighborhood; the mix can include not only residential and commercial but also a variety of retail establishments, services, community facilities, and other kinds of"diverse uses," whether available within the neighborhood or adjacent. Urban theorist Ray Oldenburg would classify diverse uses as "Third Places"-small neighborhood grocers, coffee shops, pubs, or post offices that allow residents and workers to mingle and have social interactions. A mix of active and diverse retail uses on a walkable street can create a place that is alive day and night, and not closed down at 6 p.m. Existing neighborhoods have the added benefit of historic buildings and events with cultural significance. Jane Jacobs argued that every neighborhood needed a mixture of newer and older buildings to allow for a variety of uses, income levels, and even ideas within the neighborhood.9 New neighborhoods can bring some of the architectural diversity found in existing neighborhoods by including a mix of uses and housing types, each of which might need a different building type and design, thus generating visual interest. Finally, placing important civic buildings, such as churches, libraries, schools, or local government buildings at the termination of a street can create civic pride and also an interesting vista for pedestrians. With a focus on civic buildings and gathering places and the pedestrian experience in general, it is no surprise that walkable neighborhoods are often defined by the social interaction among people living and working near one another. In conclusion, LEED for Neighborhood Development emphasizes the creation of compact, walkable, vibrant, mixed-use neighborhoods with good connections to nearby communities. In addition to neighborhood morphology, pedestrian ~cale, and mix of uses, the rating system also emphasizes the location of the neighborhood and the performance of the infrastructure and buildings within it. The sustainable benefits of a neighborhood increase when it offers proximity to transit and when residents and workers can safely travel by foot or bicycle to jobs, amenities, 9 Jane Jacobs, Tlie Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House, 1961 ), p. 187. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT xviii and services. This can create a neighborhood with a high quality oflife and healthy inhabitants. Likewise, green buildings can reduce energy and water use, and green infrastructure, such as landscaping and best practices to reduce stormwater runoff, can protect natural resources. Together, well-located and well-designed green neighborhood developments will play an integral role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving qu,ality oflife. Certification To earn LEED certification, the applicant project must satisfy all the prerequisites and qualify for a minimum number of points to attain the project ratings listed below. Having satisfied the basic prerequisites of the program, applicant projects are then rated according to their degree of compliance within the rating system. LEED for Neighborhood Development certifications are awarded according to the following scale: Certified Silver Gold Platinum · 40-49 points 50-59 points 60-79 points 80 points and above Stages of Certification LEED for Neighborhood Development involves projects that may have significantly longer construction periods than single buildings, and as a result the standard LEED certification process has been modified. To provide developers of certifiable projects with conditional approval at an early stage, LEED 2009 for Neighborhood Development certification is divided into a three-stage process. A land-use entitlement, referred to below, is the existing or granted right to use property for specific types and quantities of residential and nonresidential land uses. Stage 1. Conditional Approval of a LEED-ND Plan. This stage is optional for projects at any point before the entitlement process begins, or when no more than 50% of a project's total new and/or renovated building square footage has land-use entitlements to use property for the specific types and quantities of residential and nonresidential land uses proposed, either by right or through a local government regulatory change process. Projects with more than 50% of new and/or renovated square footage already entitled must complete the local entitlement process for 100% of new and/or renovated square footage and apply under Stage 2 . If conditional approval of the plan is achieved, a letter will be issued stating that if the project is built as proposed, it will be eligible to achieve LEED for Neighborhood Development certification. The purpose of this letter is to help the developer build a case for entitlement among land-use planning authorities, as well as attract financing and occupant commitments. Stage 2. Pre-Certified LEED-ND Plan. This stage is available after 100% of the project's total new and/or renovated building square footage has been fully entitled by public authorities with jurisdiction over the project. The project can also be under construction or partially completed, but no more than 7'{°/o of the total square footage can be constructed; projects that are more than 75% constructed must finish and use Stage 3. Any changes to the conditionally approved plan that could affect prerequisite or credit achievement must be communicated as part of this submission. If precertification of the plan is achieved, a certificate will be issued stating that the plan is a Pre- Certified LEED for Neighborhood Development Plan and it will be listed as such on the USG BC website. Stage 3. LEED-ND Certified Neighborhood Development. This final step takes place when the project can submit documentation for all prerequisites and attempted credits, and when certificates of occupancy for buildings and acceptance of infrastructure have been issued by public authorities with jurisdiction over the project. Any changes to the Pre-Certified LEED-ND Plan that could affect prerequisite or credit achievement must be communicated as part of this submission. If certification of the completed neighborhood development is achieved, a plaque or similar award for public display at the project site will be isssued and it will be listed as certified on the USG BC website. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT xix Since the location of a project cannot be changed, whereas its design and technologies can, a review is offered to determine a project's compliance with the Smart Location and Linkage (SLL) prerequisites and inform the team whether the location qualifies. If it does, a project team can proceed; if it doesn't, the team can end its participation in the program before investing more time. This optional review of the SLL prerequisites is available to projects in advance of a Stage i, Stage 2, or Stage 3 application. IV. EXEMPLARY PERFORMANCE Exemplary performance strategies result in performance that greatly exceeds the performance level or expands the scope required by an existing credit. To earn an exemplary performance point, teams must meet the performance level defined by the next step in the threshold progression. For a credit with more than one compliance path, an Innovation and Design Process point can be earned by satisfying more than one compliance path iftheir benefits are additive. The credits for which exemplary performance points are available are listed in the LEED Reference Guide for Green Neighborhood Development, 2009 Edition. V. REGIONAL PRIORITY To provide incentive to address geographically specific environmental issues, USGBC regional councils and chapters, the Congress for the New Urbanism chapters, and representatives of Smart Growth America's State and Local Caucus have identified 6 credits per rating system that are of particular importance to specific areas. Each Regional Priority credit is worth an additional 1 point, and a total of 4 additional points may be earned by achieving Regional Priority credits, with 1 point earned per credit. If the project achieves more than 4 Regional Priority credits, the team can choose the credits for which these points will apply. The USG BC website contains a searchable database of Regional Priority credits. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT xx SLL -Prerequisite 1: Smart Location Required Intent To encourage development within and near existing communities and public transit infrastructure. To encourage improvement and redevelopment of existing cities, suburbs, and towns while limiting the expansion of the development footprint in the region to appropriate circumstances. To reduce vehicle trips and vehicle miles traveled (VMT). To reduce the incidence of obesity, heart disease, and hypertension by encouraging daily physical activity associated with walking and bicycling. Requirements FOR ALL PROJECTS Either (a) locate the project on a site served by existing water and wastewater infrastructure or (b) locate the project within a legally adopted, publicly owned, planned water and wastewater service area, and provide new water and wastewater infrastructure for the project. AN D OPTION 1. Infill Sites Locate the project on an infill site. OR OPTION 2. Ad jacent Sites with Connectivity Locate the project on an adjacent site (i.e., a site that is adjacent to previously developed land; see Definitions) where the connectivity of the site and adjacent land i_s at least 90 intersections/square mile as measured within a i/2-mile distance of a continuous segment of the project boundary, equal to or greater than 25% of the project boundary, that is adjacent to previous development. Existing external and internal intersections may be counted if they were not constructed or funded by the project developer within the past ten years. Locate and/or design the project such that a through-street and/or norimotorized right-of-way intersects the project boundary at least every 600 feet on average, and at least every 800 feet, connecting it with an existing street and/or right of way outside the project; nonmotorized rights-of-way may count for no more than 20% of the total. The exemptions listed in NPD Prerequisite 3, Connected and Open Community, do not apply to this option. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 1 . " Figure 1. Adjacent and connected project site based on min imum 25% of perimeter adjacent to previously developed parcels and at least 90 eligible intersections per square mile within 112 mile of boundary segment adjacent to previous development Excluded Open Space LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 2 \ \ \ L 1 / Figure 2. Project site with through-street right-of-way intersecting project boundary at least every 600 feet on average ~--!--------!---+- OR OPTION 3. Transit Corridor or Route with Adequate Transit Service Locate the project on a site with existing and/or planned transit service such that at least 50% of dwelling units and nonresidential building entrances (inclusive of existing buildings) are within a 1/4 mile walk distance of bus and/or streetcar stops, or within a 1/2 mile walk distance of bus rapid transit stops, light or heavy rail stations, and/or ferry terminals, and the transit service at those stops in aggregate meets the minimums listed in Table 1 (both weekday and weekend trip minimums must be met). Weekend trips must include service on both Saturday and Sunday. Commuter rail must serve more than one metropolitan statistical area (MSA) and/or the area surrounding the core of an MSA. Table 1. Minimum daily transit service Weekday trips Weekend trips Projects with multiple transit types (bus, streetcar, rai l, oderry) 60 40 Projects with commuter rail or ferry service only 24 6 LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 3 If transit service is planned but not yet operational, the project must demonstrate one of the following: a. The relevant transit agency has a signed full funding grant agreement with the Federal Transit Administration that includes a revenue operations date for the start of transit service. The revenue operations date must be no later than the occupancy date of 50% of the project's total building square footage. b. For bus, streetcar, bus rapid transit, or ferry service, the transit agency must certify that it has an approved budget that includes specifically allocated funds sufficient to provide the planned service at the levels listed above and that service at these levels will commence no later than occupancy of 50% of the project's total building square footage. c. For rail service other than streetcars, the transit agency must certify that preliminary engineering for a rail line has commenced. In addition, the service must meet either of these two requirements: • A state legislature or local subdivision of the state has authorized the transit agency to expend funds to establish rail transit service that will commence no later than occupancy of 50% of the project's total building square footage. OR • A municipality has dedicated funding or reimbursement commitments from future tax revenue for the development of stations, platforms, or other rail transit infrastructure that will service the project no later than occupancy of 50% of the project's total building square footage. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 4 Figure 3. Walking routes on pedestrian network showi ng distances from dwel lings and nonresidential uses to transit stops OR I I I r .------ ---~pximum 1 /2 Mile _J T l': D , ---' I Wcrllno Rail Stop -I -- I I '-----Maximum 1/4 Mile Walk to Bus Stop -Building Entrances within Walking Distance Walking Route (112 Mile Distance) Walking Route (114 Mile Distance) [RJ Destination OPTION 4. Sites with Nearby Neighborhood Assets Include a residential component equaling at least 30% of the project's total building square footage (exclusive of portions of parking structures devoted exclusively to parking), and locate the project near existing neighborhood shops, services, and facilities ("diverse uses"; see Appendix) such that the project boundary is within 1/4-mile walk distance of at least five diverse uses, or such that the project's geographic center is within 1/2-mile walk distance of at least seven diverse uses. In either case the qualifying uses must include at least one food retail establishment and at least one service from each of two other categories, with the following limitations: a. A single establishment may not be counted in two categories (e.g., a place of worship may be counted only once even if it also contains a daycare facility, and a retail store may be counted only once even if it sells products in several categories). LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 5 b. Establishments in a mixed-use building may each count if they are distinctly operated enterprises with separate exterior entrances, but no more than half of the minimum number of diverse uses can be situated in a single building or under a common roof. c. Only two establishments in a single category may be counted (e.g., if five restaurants are within the required distance, only two may be counted). Figure 4. Walki ng routes on pedestrian network showing distances from dwellings and nonresidential uses to diverse use destinations "'-Paik \ - (Civic) . \ ~ f '· \ I ·1/2 Mile - Radius I . I I ' I ' ., ,,,,,. I LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 6 Key Definitions adjacent site a site having at least 25% of its boundary bordering parcels that are each at least 7s% previously developed. A street or other right-of-way does not constitute previously developed land; instead, it is the status of the property on the other side of the street or right-of-way that matters. Any fraction of the boundary that borders waterfront other than a stream is excluded from the calculation. A site is still considered adjacent if the 25% adjacent portion of its boundary is separated from previously developed parcels by undeveloped, permanently protected land averaging no more than 400 feet in width and no more than 500 feet in any one place. The undeveloped land must be permanently preserved as natural area, riparian corridor, park, greenway, agricultural land, or designated cultural landscape. Permanent pedestrian paths connecting the project through the protected parcels to the bordering site may be counted to meet the requirement of SLL Prerequisite 1, Option 2 (that the project be connected to the adjacent parcel by a through-street or nonmotorized right-of-way every 600 feet on average, provided the path or paths traverse the undeveloped land at no more than a 10% grade for walking by persons of all ages and physical abilities). Adjacent project site based on minimum 25% of perimeter adjacent to previously developed parcels, including allowance for permanently protected land between project boundary and previously developed parcels connectivity the number of publicly accessible street intersections per square mile, including intersections of streets with dedicated alleys and transit rights-of-way, and intersections of streets with nonmotorized rights-of- way (up to 20% of total intersections). If one must both enter and exit an area through the same intersection, such an intersection and any intersections beyond that point are not counted; intersections leading only to culs-de-sac · are also not counted. The calculation of square mileage excludes water bodies, parks larger than 1/2 acre, public facility campuses, airports, rail yards, slopes over 15%, and areas nonbuildable under codified law or the rating system. Street rights-of-way may not be excluded. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 7 infill site a site that meets any of the following four conditions: a. At least 75% of its boundary borders parcels that individually are at least 50% previously developed, and that in aggregate are at least 7s>/o previously developed. b. The site, in combination with bordering parcels, forms an aggregate parcel whose boundary is 7s>/o bounded by parcels that i"ridivid~ally are at least 50% previously developed, and that in aggregate are at least 7s>/o previously developed. c. At least 75% of the land area, exclusive of rights-of-way, within a 1/2 mile distance from the project boundary is previously developed. d. The lands within a 1/2 mile distance from the project boundary have a preproject connectivity of at least 140 intersections per square mile. A street or other right-of-way does not constitute previously developed land; it is the status of property on the other side or right-of-way of the street that matters. For conditions (a) and (b) above, any fraction of the perimeter that borders waterfront other than a stream is excluded from the calculation. (a). Infill project site based on minimum 75% of perimeter adjacent to previously developed parcels LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 8 (b). Infill project site based on minimum 75% adjacent to previously developed parcels using project boundary and selected borderi ng parcels l_J I ~-' • r·1Bo~enng Pan:els -! Un<lo,elopoc:' {cl. Infill project site based on minim um 75% of land area within 1/2 mile of project boundary being previously developed It '· =c-i \_L I I J -I I -~-"-------.' I I I {d). Infill project site based on minimum 140 intersections/sq.mi. within 1/2 mile of project boundary , . I ;,~ ____ /,..,. ~t-:::~*1:!=:¢:~~~~::., / I I I previously developed altered by paving, construction, and/or land use that would typically have required regulatory permitting to have been initiated (alterations may exist now or in the past). Previously developed land includes a platted lot on which a building was constructed if the lot is no more than 1 acre; previous development on lots larger than i acre is defined as the development footprint and land alterations associated with the footprint. Land that is not previously developed and altered landscapes resulting from current or historical clearing or filling, agricultural or forestry use, or preserved natural area use are considered undeveloped land. The date of previous development permit issuance constitutes the date of previous development, but permit issuance in itself does not constitute previous development. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 9 SLL Prerequisite 2: Imperiled Species and Ecological Communities Conservation Required Intent To conserve imperiled species and ecological communities. Requirements FOR ALL PROJECTS Consult with the state Natural Heritage Program and state fish and wildlife agencies to determine whether species listed as threatened or endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act, the state's endangered species act, or species or ecological communities classified by N atureServe as GH (possibly extinct), G1 (critically imperiled), or G2 (imperiled) have been or are likely to be found on the project site because of the presence of suitable habitat and nearby occurrences. If the consultations are inconclusive and site conditions indicate that imperiled species or ecological.communities could be present, using a qualified biologist, perform biological surveys using accepted methodologies during appropriate seasons to determine whether such species or communities occur or are likely to occur on the site. OPTION 1. Sites wit hout Affected Spec ies or Ecological Community OR The prerequisite is satisfied if the consultation and any necessary biological surveys determine that no such imperiled species or ecological communities have been found or have a high likelihood of occurring. OPT ION 2. Sites with Affected Species or Ecological Community: Habitat Co nservation Plan OR Comply with an approved habitat conservation plan under the Endangered Species Act for each identified species or ecological community. OPTION 3 . Sites with Affected Species or Ecological Community: Habitat Conservation Pla n Equ ivalent Work with a qualified biologist, a nongovernmental conservation organization, or the appropriate state, regional, or local agency to create and implement a conservation plan that includes the following actions: a. Identify and map the extent of the habitat and the appropriate buffer, not less than 100 feet, according to best available scientific information. b. To the maximum extent practicable, protect the identified habitat and buffer in perpetuity by donating or selling the land or a conservation easement on the land to an accredited land trust or relevant public agency. c. If on-site protection can be accomplished, analyze threats from development and develop a monitoring and management plan that eliminates or significantly reduces the threats. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 10 d. If any portion of the identified habitat and buffer cannot be protected in perpetuity, quantify the effects by acres or number of plants and/or animals affected, and protect from development in perpetuity habitat of similar or better quality, on-site or off-site, by donating or selling a conservation easement on it to an accredited land trust or relevant public agency. The donation or easement must cover an amount ofland equal to or larger than the area that cannot be protected. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 11 SLL Prerequisite 3: Wetland and Water Body Conservation Required Intent To preserve water quality, natural hydrology, habitat, and biodiversity through conservation of wetlands and water bodies. Requirements Limit development effects on wetlands, water bodies, and surrounding buffer land according to the requirements below. OPTION l. Sites with No Wetlands, Water Bodies, Land within 50 Feet of Wetlands , or Land within 100 Feet of Water Bodies OR Locate the project on a site that includes no wetlands, no water bodies, no land within 50 feet of wetlands, and no land within 100 feet of water bodies. OPTION 2. Sites with Wetlands, Water Bodies, Land within 50 Feet of Wetlands, or Land within 100 Feet of Water Bodies a. Locate the project such that preprojectwetlands, water bodies, land within 50 feet of wetlands, and land within 100 feet of water bodies is not affected by new development, unless the development is minor improvements or is on previously developed land. OR b. Earn at least 1 point under GIB Credit 8, Stormwater Management, and limit any impacts beyond minor improvements to less than the percentage of buffer land listed in Table 1. Table 1. Maximum allowable area of impacts within buffer zone, by density Percentage of buffer land** Residential density (OUlacre)* Nonresidential density (FAR)* where impacts beyond minor improvements are allowed > 25 > 1.75 "20% > 18 and" 25 > 1.25 to" 1.75 "15% > 10 and" 18 > .75 to" 1.25 "10% "10 ".75 ,;5% DU= dwelling unit; FAR =floor-area ratio. * For this option, a mixed-use project may use either its residential or its nonresidential density to determine the percentage of allowable impacts, regardless of wh ich is higher. ** For this option, buffer width may vary as long as the total buffer area is equal to the area within 50 feet of wetlands and/or within 100 feet of water bodies, minus excluded features (see below). The minimum buffer width, however. is 25 feet for wetlands and 50 feet for water bodies, measured from the edge. In the minimum buffer. only minor improvements and/or improvements that resu lt in no ecological impairment of the wetland or water body, as determined by a qualified biologist, are allowed. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 12 AND FOR ALL PROJECTS Comply with all local, state, and federal regulations pertaining to wetland and water body conservation. The following features are not considered wetlands, water bodies, or buffer land that must be protected for the purposes of this prerequisite: a. Previously developed land. b. Man-made water bodies (such as industrial mining pits, concrete-lined canals, or storm water retention ponds) that lack natural edges and floors or native ecological communities in the water and along the edge. c. Man-made linear wetlands that result from the interruption of natural drainages by existing rights-of-way. d. Wetlands that were man-made incidentally and have been rated "poor" for all measured wetland functions. Wetland quality assessment must be performed by a qualified biologist using a method that is accepted by state or regional permitting agencies. Minor improvements within the buffer may be undertaken to enhance appreciation for the wetland or water body, provided such facilities are open to public access. Only the following improvements are permitted: a. Bicycle and pedestrian pathways no more than 12 feet wide, of which no more than 8 feet may be impervious. b. Activities to maintain or restore native natural communities and/or natural hydrology. c. One single-story structure not exceeding 500 square feet per 300 linear feet of buffer, on average. d. Grade changes necessary to ensure public access. e. Clearings, limited to one per 300 linear feet of buffer on average, not exceeding 500 square feet each, for tables, benches, and access for nonmotorized recreational watercraft. Off-street parking is not considered a minor improvement. f. Removal of hazardous trees; up to 75% of dead trees; trees less than 6 inches diameter at breast height; trees under 40% condition rating; and up to 20% of trees more than 6 inches diameter at breast height with a condition rating of 40% or higher. The condition rating must be based on an assessment by an arborist certified by the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) using ISA standard measures. g. Brown.field remediation activities. Direct impacts to wetlands and water bodies are prohibited, except for minimal-impact structures, such as an elevated boardwalk, that allow access to the water for educational and recreational purposes. Structures that protrude into wetlands or water bodies may be replaced, provided the replacement structure has the same or smaller footprint and a similar height. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 13 Key Definitions For the meanings of other terms used in the requirements, refer to the Glossary. previously developed altered by paving, construction, and/or land use that would typically have required regulatory permitting to have been initiated (alterations may exist now or in the past). Previously developed land includes a platted lot on which a building was constructed if the lot is no more than i acre; previous development on lots larger than i acre is defined as the development footprint and land alterations associated with the footprint. Land that is not previously developed and altered landscapes resulting from current or historical clearing or filling, agricultural or forestry use, or preserved natural area use are considered undeveloped land. The date of previous development permit issuance constitutes the date of previous development, but permit issuance in itself does not constitute previous development. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 14 SLL Prerequisite 4: Agricultural Land Conservation Required Intent To preserve irreplaceable agricultural resources by protecting prime and unique soils on farmland and forestland from development. Requi rements FOR ALL PROJECTS Locate the project on a site that is not within a state or locally designated agricultural preservation district, unless any changes made to the site conform to the requirements for development within the district (as used in this requirement, district does not equate to land-use zoning). AND OPTION 1. Sites without Affected Soils OR Locate the project development footprint such that it does not disturb prime soils, unique soils, or soils of state significance as identified in a state Natural Resources Conservation Service soil survey. OPTION 2. Infill Sites Locate the project on an infill site. OR OPTION 3. Sites Served by Transit Comply with SLL Prerequisite i, Option 3, Transit Corridor or Route with Adequate Transit Service. OR OPTION 4. Development Rights Receiving Area OR Locate the project within a designated receiving area for development rights under a publicly administered farmland protection program that provides for the transfer of development rights from lands designated for conservation to lands designated for development. OPTION 5. Sites with Impacted Soils If development footprint affects land with prime soils, unique soils, or soils of state significance, as identified in a state Natural Resources Conservation Service soil survey, mitigate the loss through the purchase of easements providing permanent protection from development on land with comparable soils in accordance with the ratios f"\ based on densities per acre of buildable land as listed in Tables 1 and 2. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 15 Table 1. Mitigation ratios for projects in metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas, pop. 250,000 or more Residential density (DU per acre Nonresidential density (FAR Mitigation ratio (acres of easement : acres of of buildable land available for of buildable land available for residential use) nonresidential use) project on prime, unique, or significant soil) > 7 ands 8.5 > 0.50 and " 0.67 2 to 1 > 8.5 and" 10 > 0.67 and" 0.75 1.5 to 1 > 10 and s 11.5 > 0.75 and" 0.87 1to1 > 11.5 ands 13 > 0.87 and s 1.0 .5 to 1 > 13 > 1.0 No mitigation Table 2. Mitigation ratios for projects in metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas, pop. less than 250,000 Residential density {DU/acre Nonresidential density (FAR Mitigation ratio (acres of easement : acres of of buildable land available for of buildable land available for residential use) nonresidential use) project on prime, unique, or significant soil) > 7 ands 8 > 0.50 and" 0.58 2 to 1 > 8 and" 9 > 0.58 and " 0.67 1 to 1 >9andsl0 > 0.67 ands 0.75 0.5 to 1 > 10 > 0.75 No mitigation DU =dwelling unit; FAR =floor-area ratio. All off-site mitigation must be located within 100 miles of the project. Up to i5% of the impacted soils area may be exempted from the density requirements if it is permanently dedicated for community gardens, and may also count toward the mitigation requirement for the remainder of the site. Portions of parking structures devoted exclusively to parking must be excluded from the numerator when calculating the floor- area ratio (FAR). The mitigation ratio for a mixed-use project is calculated as follows: 1. Determine the total square footage of all residential and nonresidential uses. 2. Calculate the percentage residential and percentage nonresidential of the total square footage. 3. Determine the density of the residential and nonresidential components as measured in dwelling units per acre and FAR, respectively. 4. Referring to Tables I and 2, find the appropriate mitigation ratios for the residential and nonresidential components. 5. If the mitigation ratios are different, multiply the mitigation ratio of the residential component by its percentage of the total square footage, and multiply the mitigation ratio of the nonresidential component by its percentage. 6. Add the two numbers produced by Step 5. The result is the mitigation ratio. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 16 Key Definitions buildable land the portion of the site where construction can occur, including land voluntarily set aside and not constructed upon. When used in density calculations, buildable land excludes public rights-of-way and land excluded from development by codified law or LEED for Neighborhood Development prerequisites. An applicant may exclude additional land not exceeding 15°/o of the buildable land base defined above, provided the following conditions are present: a. The land is protected from residential and nonresidential construction by easement, deed restriction, or other enforceable legal instrument. AND b. Either 25% or more of the boundary of each contiguous parcel proposed for exclusion borders a water body or areas outside the project boundary that are protected by codified law; or ownership of, or management authority over, the exclusion area is transferred to a public entity. infill site a site that meets any of the following four conditions: a. At least 75% of its boundary borders parcels that individually are at least 50% previously developed, and that in aggregate are at least 75"/o previously developed. b. The site, in combination with bordering parcels, forms an aggregate parcel whose boundary is 75% bounded by parcels that individually are at least 50% previously developed, and that in aggregate are at least 75% previously developed. -. c. At least 75% of the land area, exclusive of rights-of-way, within a 1/2 mile distance from the project boundary is previously developed. d. The lands within a 1/2 mile distance from the project boundary have a preproject connectivity of at least 140 intersections per square mile. A street or other right-of-way does not constitute previously developed land; it is the status of property on the other side or right-of-way of the street that matters. For conditions (a) and (b) above, any fraction of the perimeterthat borders waterfront other than a stream is excluded from the calculation. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 17 (a). Infill project site based on minimum 75% of perimeter adjacent to previously developed pa rcels (bl. Infill project site based on minimum 75% adjacent to previously developed parcels using project boundary and selected bordering parcels (c). Infill project site based on minimum 75% of land (d). Infill project site based on min imum 140 area within 1/2 mi le of project boundary being previously intersections/sq.mi. within 1/2 mile of project boundary developed LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 18 SLL Prerequisite 5: Floodplain Avoidance Required Intent To protect life and property, promote open space and habitat conservation, and enhance water quality and natural hydrological systems. Requirement OPTIO N 1. Sites without Floodplains OR Locate on a site that does not contain any land within a 100-year high-or moderate-risk floodplain as defined and mapped by the Federal Emergency Management Age ncy (FEMA) or a state or local floodplain management agency, whichever is more recent. OPTION 2. Infill or Previously Developed Sites with Floodplains OR Locate the project on an infill site or a previously developed site or in a nonconveyance area of river or coastal floodplain without storm surge potential where compensatory storage is used in accordance with a FEMA- approved mitigation plan. Comply with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) requirements for developing any portions of the site that lie within a 100-year high-or moderate-risk floodplain, as defined in Option 1. If the project includes construction of any critical facility, such as a hospital, water and sewage treatment facility, emergency center, or fire or police station, the critical facility must be designed and built so as to be protected and operable during a 500-year event, as defined by FEMA. OPTION 3. Al l Other Sites with Floodplains If any part of the site is located within a 100-year high-or moderate-risk floodplain, as defined above, develop only on portions of the site that are not in the floodplain, or that have been previously developed, or that are in a nonconveyance area of river or coastal floodplain without storm surge potential where compensatory storage is used in accordance with a FEMA-approved mitigation plan. Previously developed portions in the floodplain must be developed according to NFIP requirements. If development includes construction of any critical facility, as described above, the critical facility must be designed and built so as to be protected and operable ·d~ring a 500- year event, as defined by FEMA. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 19 Key Definitions For the meanings of other terms used in the requirements, refer to the Glossary. infill site a site that meets any of the following four conditions: a. At least 75% of its boundary borders parcels that individually are at least 50% previously developed, and that in aggregate are at least 75°/o previously developed. b. The site, in combination with bordering parcels, forms an aggregate parcel whose boundary is 75°/o bounded by parcels that individually are at least 50% previously developed, and that in aggregate are at least 75% previously developed. c. At least 75% of the land area, exclusive of rights-of-way, within a 1/2 mile distance from the project boundary is previously developed. d. The lands within a 1/2 mile distance from the project boundary have a preproject connectivity of at least 140 intersections per square mile. A street or other right-of-way does not constitute previously developed land; it is the status of property on the other side or right-of-way of the street that matters. For conditions (a) and (b) above, any fraction of the perimeter that borders waterfront other than a stream is excluded from the calculation. (a). Infill project site based on minimum 75% of perimeter adjacent to previously developed parcels • • • • Ad}aoenl lo Undeveloped P•«<l LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 20 (b). Infill project site based on minimum 75% adjacent to previously developed parcels using project boundary and selected bordering parcels (cl. Infill project site based on minimum 75% of land area within 1/2 mile of project boundary being previ ously developed (d). Infill project site based on minimum 140 intersections/sq.mi. within 112 mile of project boundary ~ "~.--~>~j ' ., -----~~~~- -\I T \ L u _J - in Mi~ Radius I LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 21 SLL Credit 1: Prefe rred Locations 1-10 points Intent To encourage development within existing cities, suburbs, and towns to reduce adverse environmental and public health effects associated with sprawl. To reduce development pressure beyond the limits of existing development. To conserve natural and financial resources required for construction and maintenance of infrastructure. Requi rements Achieve any combination of requirements in the following three options: OPTION 1. Location Type Locate the project in one of the following locations: a. A previously developed sitethat is not an adjacent site or infill site (1 point). b. An adjacent site that is also a previously developed site (2 points). c. An infill site that is not a previously developed site (3 points). d. An infill site that is also a previously developed site (S points). AND/OR .OPTIO N 2. Connect ivity Locate the project in an area that has existing connectivity within 1/2 mile of the project boundary, as listed to Table 1. Table 1. Points for connectivity within 1/2 mi le of project Intersections per square mile Points "' 200 and < 250 1 "' 250 and < 300 2 "' 300 and < 350 3 "' 350 and < 400 4 "'400 5 Intersections within the site may be counted if the intersections were not constructed or funded by the developer within the past ten years. AND/OR OPT ION 3 . Designated High-Priority Locations Achieve the following (3 points): • Earn at least 2 points under NPD Credit 4, Mixed-Income Diverse Communities, Option 2, Affordable Housing. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 22 • In addition, locate the project in one of the following high-priority redevelopment areas: EPA National Priorities List, Federal Empowerment Zone, Federal Enterprise Community, Federal Renewal Com.munity, Department of Justice Weed and Seed Strategy Community, Department of the Treasury Community Development Financial Institutions Fund Qualified Low-Income Community (a subset of the New Markets Tax Credit Program), orthe U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Qualified Census Tract (QCT) or Difficult Development Area (DDA). Key Definitions For the meanings of other terms used in the requirements, refer to the Glossary. adjacent site a site having at least 25% of its boundary bordering parcels that are each at least 7s°A:i previously developed. A street or other right-of-way does not constitute previously developed land; instead, it is the status of the property on the other side of the street or right-of-way that matters. Any fraction of the boundary that borders waterfront other than a stream is excluded from the calculation. A site is still considered adjacent if the 25% adjacent portion of its boundary is separated from previously developed parcels by undeveloped, permanently protected land averaging no more than 400 feet in width and no more than 500 feet in any one place. The undeveloped land must be permanently preserved as natural area, riparian corridor, park, greenway, agricultural land, or designated cultural landscape. Permanent pedestrian paths connecting the project through the protected parcels to the bordering site may be counted to meet the requirement of SLL Prerequisite 1, Option 2 (that the project be connected to the adjacent parcel by a through-street or nonmotorized right-of-way every 600 feet on average, provided the path or paths traverse the undeveloped land at no more than a io% grade for walking by persons of all ages and physical abilities). Adjacent project site based on minimum 25% of perimeter adjacent to previously developed parcels, including allowance for permanently protected land between project boundary and previously developed parcels LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 23 connectivity the number of publicly accessible street intersections per square mile, including intersections of streets with dedicated alleys and transit rights-of-way, and intersections of streets with nonmotorized rights-of- way (up to 20% of total intersections). If one must both enter and exit an area through the same intersection, such an intersection and any intersections beyond that point are not counted; intersections leading only to culs-de-sac are also not counted. The calculation of square mileage excludes water bodies, parks larger than i/2 acre, public facility campuses, airports, rail yards, slopes over i5%, and areas nonbuildable under codified law or the rating system. Street rights-of-way may not be excluded. infill site a site that meets any of the following four conditions: a. At least 75% of its boundary borders parcels that individually are at least 50% previously developed, and that in aggregate are at least 7'f'/o previously developed. b. The site, in combination with bordering parcels, forms an aggregate parcel whose boundary is 7'f'/o bounded by parcels that individually are at least 50% previously developed, and that in aggregate are at least 7'f'/o previously developed. c. At least 75% of the land area, exclusive of rights-of-way, within a 1/2 mile distance from the project boundary is previously developed. d. The lands within a 1/2 mile distance from the project boundary have a preproject connectivity of at least 140 intersections per square mile. A street or other right-of-way does not constitute previously developed land; it is the status of property on the other side or right-of-way of the street that matters. For conditions (a) and (b) above, any fraction of the perimeter that borders waterfront other than a stream is excluded from the calculation. (a). Infill project site based on minimum 75% of perimeter adjacent to previously developed parcels LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 24 (b). Infill project site based on minimum 75% adjacent to previously developed parcels using project boundary and selected bordering parcels (c). Infill project site based on minimum 75% of land area within 112 mile of project boundary being previously developed (d). Infill project site based on minimum 140 intersections/sq,mi. withi n 1/2 mile of project boundary -_1 t :I ----r---~~ I I I ~.,,..-----... ~I ~ / -;' / '<l1>:::---~~~#::i;~~"' / / LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 25 SLL Cred it 2: Brownfields Redevelopment 1-2 points Intent To encourage the reuse ofland by developing sites that are complicated by environmental contamination, thereby reducing pressure on undeveloped land. · Requirements OPTION 1. Brownfield Sites (1 point) OR Locate the project on a site, part or all of which is documented as contaminated (by means of an ASTM E1903- 97 Phase II Environmental Site Assessment or a local Voluntary Cleanup Program), or on a site defined as a brownfield by a local, state, or federal government agency; and remediate site contamination such that the controlling public authority approves the protective measures and/or cleanup as effective, safe, and appropriate for the future use of the site. OPTION 2. High-Priority Redevelopment Areas (2 poi nts) Achieve the requirements in Option i; AND Locate the project in one of the following high-priority redevelopment areas: EPA National Priorities List, Federal Empowerment Zone, Federal Enterprise Community, Federal Renewal Community, Department of Justice Weed and Seed Strategy Community, Department of the Treasury Community Development Financial Institutions Fund Qualified Low-Income Community (a subset of the New Markets Tax Credit Program), or the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Qualified Census Tract (QCT) or Difficult Development Area(DDA). LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 26 SLL Credit 3: Locations with Reduced Automobile Dependence 1-7 points Intent To encourage development in locations shown to have multimodal transportation choices or otherwise reduced motor vehicle use, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and other adverse environmental and public health effects associated with motor vehicle use. Requirements OPTION 1. Tran sit-Served Location Locate the project on a site with existing transit service such that at least 50% of dwelling units and nonresidential building entrances (inclusive of existing buildings) are within a 1/4-mile walk distance of bus or streetcar stops, or within a 1/2-mile walk distance of bus rapid transit stops, light or heavy rail stations, or ferry terminals, and the transit service at those stops in aggregate meets the minimums listed in Tables 1 and 2. Both weekday and weekend trip minimums must be met to earn points at a particular threshold. Projects larger than 125 acres can meet the requirements by locating on a site with existing transit service such that at least 40% of dwelling units and nonresidential building entrances (inclusive of existing buildings) are within a 1/4-mile walk distance of bus or streetcar stops, or within a 1/2-mile walk distance of bus rapid transit stops, lightor heavy rail stations, or ferry terminals, and the transit service at those stops in aggregate meets the minimums listed in Tables 1 and 2 (both weekday and weekend trip minimums must be met to earn points at a particular threshold), as long as the 40% complies with NPD Prerequisite 2 and any portion of the project beyond the 1/4-mile and/or 1/2-mile walk distances meets SLL Prerequisite 1, Option 3-compliant planned transit service. Projects greater than 500 acres can meet the requirements by locating on a site with existing transit service such that at least 30% of dwelling units and nonresidential building entrances (inclusive of existing buildings) are within a 1/4-mile walk distance ofbus or streetcar stops, or within a 1/2-mile walk distance of bus rapid transit stops, light or heavy rail stations, or ferry terminals, and the transit service at those stops in aggregate meets the minimums listed in Tables 1 and 2 (both weekday and weekend trip minimums must be met to earn points at a particular threshold), as long as the 30% complies with NPD Prerequisite 2 and any portion of the project beyond the 1/4-mile and/or 1/2-mile walk distances meets SLL Prerequisite 1, Option 3-compliant planned transit service. For all projects, weekend daily trips must include service on both Saturday and Sunday. Commuter rail must serve more than one metropolitan statistical area (MSA) and/or the area surrounding the core of an MSA. Table 1. Minimum daily transit service for projects with multiple transit types (bus, streetcar, rail, or ferry) Weekday trips Weekend trips Points 60 40 1 76 50 2 100 65 3 132 85 4 180 130 5 246 150 6 320 200 7 LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 27 OR Table 2. Minimum dai ly transit service for projects with commuter rail or ferry service only Weekday trips Weekend trips Points 24 6 1 40 8 2 60 12 3 Projects served by two or more transit routes such that no one route provides more than 60% of the prescribed levels may earn I bonus point, up to the maximum 7 points. Projects where existing transit service is temporarily rerouted outside the required distances for less than 2 years may meet the requirements if the local transit agency has committed to restoring the compliant routes with service at or above the prior level. OPTION 2. Metropolitan Planning Organization Location with Low VMT Locate the project within a region served bya metropolitan planning organization (MPO) and within a transportation analysis zone where the current annual home-based vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per capita does not exceed 90% of the average of the metropolitan region. The research must be derived from household transportation surveys conducted by the MPO within ten years of the date of submission for LEED for Neighborhood Development certification. Additional credit may be awarded for increasing levels of performance, as indicated in Table 3. Table 3. Points for low-VMT location Percentage of average regional VMT per capita Points 81-90% 1 71-80% 2 61-70% 3 51-60% 4 41-50% 5 31-40% 6 30 or less 7 VMT =vehicle miles traveled. Points earned under Options I and 2 may not be combined. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 28 SLL Credit 4: Bicycle Network and Storage 1 point Intent To promote bicycling and transportation efficiency, including reduced vehicle miles traveled (VMT). To support public health by encouraging utilitarian and recreational physical activity. Requirements BICYCLE NETWORK Design and/or locate the project to meet at least one of the three requirements below: AND a. An e."Cisting bicycle network of at least 5 continuous miles in length is within 1/4-mile bicycling distance of the project boundary. b. If the project is 100% residential, an existing bicycle network begins within 1/4-mile bicycling distance of the project boundary and connects to a school or employment center within 3 miles' bicycling distance. c. An existing bicycle network within 1/4-mile bicycling distance of the project boundary connects to at least ten diverse uses (see Appendix) within 3 miles' bicycling distance from the project boundary. BICYCLE STORAGE Provide bicycle parking and storage capacity to new buildings as follows: a. Multiunit residential. Provide at least one secure, enclosed bicycle storage space per occupant for 30% of the planned occupancy but no fewer than one per unit. Provide secure visitor bicycle racks on-site, with at least one bicycle space per ten dwelling units but no fewer than four spaces per project site. b. Retail. Provide at least one secure, enclosed bicycle storage space per new retail worker for 10% of retail worker planned occupancy. Provide visitor or customer bicycle racks on-site, with at least one bicycle space per 5,000 square feet of retail space, but no fewer than one bicycle space per business or four bicycle spaces per project site, whichever is greater. Provide at least one on-site shower with changing facility for any development with 100 or more new workers and at least one additional on-site shower with changing facility for every 150 new workers thereafter. c. Nonresidential other than retail. Provide at least one secure, enclosed bicycle storage space per new oc_cupant for 10% of planned occupancy. Provide visitor bicycle racks on-site with at least one bicycle space per 10,000 square feet of new commercial nonretail space but not fewer than four bicycle spaces per building. Provide at least one on-site shower with changin~ facility for any development with 100 or more new workers and at least one additional on-site shower with changing facility for every 150 new workers thereafter. Secure, enclosed bicycle storage areas must be locked and easily accessible to residents and/or workers. Provide informational signage on using the storage facilities. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 29 Visitors' and customers' bicycle racks must be clearly visible from a main entry, located within 100 feet of the door, served with night lighting, and protected from damage from nearby vehicles. If the building has multiple main entries, bicycle racks must be proportionally dispersed within loo feet of each. Shower and changing facility requirements may be met by providing the equivalent of free access to on-site health club shower facilities, if the health club can be accessed without going outside. Provide informational signage on using the shower facilities. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 30 SLL Credit 5: Housing and Jobs Proximity 1-3 points Intent To encourage balanced communities with a diversity of uses and employment opportunities. Requirements OPTION 1. Project with Affordable Residential Component (3 points) OR Include a residential component equaling at least 30% of the project's total building square footage (exclusive of parking structures), and locate and/or design the project such that the geographic center (or boundary if the project exceeds 500 acres) is within 1/2-mile walk distance of existing full-time-equivalent jobs whose number is equal to or greater than the number of dwelling units in the project; and satisfy the requirements necessary to earn at least one point under NPD Credit 4, Mixed-Income Diverse Communities, Option 2, Affordable Housing. ·OPTION 2. Project With Residential Component (2 points) OR Include a residential component equaling at least 30% of the project's total building square footage (exclusive of parking structures), and locate and/or design the project such that the geographic center (or boundary if the project exceeds 500 acres) is within 1/2-mile walk distance of existing full-time-equivalent jobs whose number is equal to or greater than the number of dwelling uni ts in the project. OPTION 3. Infill Project with Nonresidential Component (1 point) Include a nonresidential component equaling at least 30% of the project's total building square footage (exclusive of parking structures), and locate on an in.fill site whose geographic center (or boundary if the project exceeds 50 0 acres) is within 1/2-mile walk distance of an existing rail transit, ferry, or tram stop and within 1/2-mile walk distance of existing dwelling units whose number is equal to or greater than 50% of the number of new full-time- equivalent jobs created as part of the project. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 31 Key Definitions For the meanings of other terms used in the requirements, refer to the Glossary. infill site a site that meets any of the following four conditions: a. At least 75% of its boundary borders parcels that individually are at least 50% previously developed, and that in aggregate are at least 7~/o previously developed. b. The site, in combination with bordering parcels, forms an aggregate parcel whose boundary is 7~/o bounded by parcels that individually are at least 50% previously developed, and that in aggregate are at least 7~/o previously developed. c. At least 75% of the land area, exclusive of rights-of-way, within a 1/2 mile distance from the project boundary is previously developed. d. The lands within a 1/2 mile distance from the project boundary have a pre-project connectivity of at least 140 intersections per square mile. A street or other right-of-way does not constitute previously developed land; it is the status of property on the other side or right-of-way of the street that matters. For conditions (a) and (b) above, any fraction of the perimeter that borders waterfront other than a stream is excluded from the calculation. (a). Infill project site based on minimum 75% of perimeter adjacent to previously developed parcels LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 32 (b). Infill project site based on minimum 75% adjacent to previously developed parcels using project boundary and selected bordering parcels I JI ~A-. _ • -tBordenng Parcels I ' /.I/ta. I. ~ ! Un~~elo;:ied (c). Infill project site based on minimum 75% of land area within 1/2 mile of project boundary being previously developed (d). Infill project site based on minimum 140 intersections/sq.mi. within 1/2 mile of project bou'ndary LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 33 SLL Credit 6: Steep Slope Protection 1 point Intent To minimize erosion to protect habitat and reduce stress on natural water systems by preserving steep slopes in a natural, vegetated state. Requirements FOR ALL PROJECTS All options apply to existing natural or constructed slopes. Portions of project sites with slopes up to 20 feet in. elevation, measured from toe (a distinct break between a 40% slope and lesser slopes) to top, that are more than 30 feet in any direction from another slope greater than 15°/o are exempt from the requirements, although more restrictive local regulations may apply. OPTION 1. No Disturbance of Slopes Over 15% OR Locate on a site that has no existing slopes greater than 15%, or avoid disturbing portions of the site that have existing slopes greater than 15%. OPTION 2. Previously Developed Sites with Slopes Over 15% OR On portions of previously developed sites with existing slopes greater than 1_5°/o, restore the slope area with native plants or noninvasive adapted plants according to Table 1. Table 1. Required restoration area of slope Slope Restoration >40% 100% 26% to 40% 60% 15% to 25% 40% In addition, develop covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&R); development agreements; or other binding documents that will protect the specified steep slope areas in perpetuity. Complywith the requirements of Option 3 on any slope over 15% that has not been previously developed. I OPTION 3. Undeveloped Sites with Slopes Over 15% On sites that are not previously developed, protect existing slopes over 15% as follows: a. Do not disturb slopes greater than 40% and do not disturb portions of the project site within 50 feet horizontally of the top of the slope and 75 feet horizontally from the toe of the slope. b. Limit development to no more than 40% of slopes between 25% and 40% and to no more than 60% of slopes between 15°/o and 25%. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 34 SLL Credit 7: Site Design for Habitat or Wetland and Water Body Conservation 1 point Intent To conserve native plants, wildlife habitat, wetlands, and water bodies. Requirements OPTION 1. Sites without Significant Habitat or Wetlands and Water Bodies OR Locate the project on a site that does not have significant habitat, as defined in Option 2 of this credit, or land within 100 feet of such habitat, and fulfill the requirements of Options 1 or 2( a) under SLL Prerequisite 3, Wetland and Water Body Conservation. OPTIO N 2. Sites with Significant Habitat OR Work with both the state's Natural Heritage Program and the state fish and wildlife agency to delineate identified significant habitat on the site. Do not disturb significant habitat or portions of the site within an appropriate buffer around the habitat. The geographic extent of the habitat and buffer must be identified by a qualified biologist, a nongovernmental conservation organization, or the appropriate state or regional agency. Protect significant habitat and its identified buffers from development in perpetuity by donating or selling the land, or a conservation easement on the land, to an accredited land trust or relevant public agency (a deed covenant is not sufficient to meet this requirement). Identify and commit to ongoing management activities, along with parties responsible for management and funding available, so that habitat is maintained in preproject condition or better for a minimum of three years after the project is built out. The requirement for identifying ongoing management activities may also be met by earning SLL Credit 9, Long-Term Conservation Management of Wetlands and Water Bodies. Significant habitat for this credit includes the following: a. Habitat for species that are listed or are candidates for listing under state or federal endangered species acts, habitat for species of special concern in the state, and/or habitat for those species and/or ecological communities classified as G1, G2, G3, and/or S1 and S2 species by N atureServe. b. Locally or regionally significant habitat of any size, or patches of predominantly native vegetation at least 150 acres (even if some of the 150 acres lies outside the project boundary). c. Habitat flagged for conservation under a regional or state conservation or green infrastructure plan. OPTION 3. Sites wit h Wetlands and Water Bodies Design the project to conserve 100% of all water bodies, wetlands, land within 100 feet of water bodies, and land within 50 feet of wetlands on the site.Using a qualified biologist, conduct an assessment, or compile existing assessments, showing the extent to which those water bodies and/or wetlands perform the following functions: (1) water quality maintenance, (2) wildlife habitat protection, and (3) hydrologic function maintenance, LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 36 c. Locate development such that the percentage of the development footprint that is on existing slopes less than 15% is greater than the percentage of buildable land that has existing slopes less than 15%. d. Develop CC&R, development agreements, or other binding documents that will protect steep slopes in perpetuity. Key Definitions Forthe meanings of other terms used in the requirements, refer to the Glossary. buildable land the portion of the site where construction can occur, including land voluntarily set aside and not constructed upon. When used in density calculations, buildable land excludes public rights-of-way and land excluded from development by codified law or LEED for Neighborhood Development prerequisites. An applicant may exclude additional land not exceeding 15% of the buildable land base defined above, provided the following conditions are present: a. The land is protected from residential and nonresidential construction by easement, deed restriction, or other enforceable legal instrument. AND b. Either 25% or more of the boundary of each contiguous parcel proposed for exclusion borders a water body or areas outside the project boundary that are protected by codified law; or ownership of, or management authority over, the exclusion area is transferred to a public entity. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 35 including flood protection. Assign appropriate buffers (not less than 100 feet for water bodies and 50 feet for wetlands) based on the functions provided, contiguous soils and slopes, and contiguous land uses. Do not disturb wetlands, water bodies, and their buffers, and protect them from development in perpetuity by donating or selling the land, or a conservation easement on the land, to an accredited land trust or relevant public agency (a deed covenant is not sufficient to meet this requirement). Identify and commit to ongoing management activities, along with parties responsible for management and funding available, so that habitat is maintained in preproject condition or better for a minimum of three years after the project is built out. The requirement for identifying ongoing management activities may also be met by earning SLL Credit 9, Long-Term Conservation Management ofWetlands and Water Bodies. The project does not meet the requirements ifit has negative effects on habitatfor species identified in Option 2(a). FOR ALL PROJECTS The following features are not considered wetlands, water bodies, or buffer land that must be protected: a. Previously developed land. b. Man-made water bodies (such as industrial mining pits, concrete-lined canals, or storm water retention ponds) that lack natural edges and floors or native ecological communities in the water and along the edge c. Man-made linear wetlands that result from the interruption of natural drainages by existing rights-of-way. d. Wetlands that were created incidentally by human activity and have been rated "poor" for all measured wetland functions. Wetland quality assessment must be performed by a qualified biologist using a method that is accepted by state or regional permitting agencies. Key Definitions For the meanings of other terms used in the requirements, refer to the Glossary. previously developed altered by paving, construction, and/or land use that would typically have required regulatory permitting to have been initiated (alterations may exist now or in the past). Previously developed land includes a platted lot on which a building was constructed if the lot is no more than 1 acre; previous development on lots larger than 1 acre is defined as the development footprint and land alterations associated with the footprint. Land that is not previously developed and altered landscapes resulting from current or historical clearing or filling, agricultural or forestry use, or preserved natural area use are considered undeveloped land. The date of previous development permit issuance constitutes the date of previous development, but permit issuance in itself does not constitute previous development. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 37 SLL Credit 8: Restoration of Habitat or Wetlands and Water Bodies 1 point Intent To restore native plants, wildlife habitat, wetlands, and water bodies that have been harmed by previous human activities. Requirements Using only native plants, restore predevelopment native ecological communities, water bodies, or wetlands on the project site in an area equal to or greater than 10% of the development foo tprint. Work with a qualified biologist to ensure that restored areas will have the native species assemblages, hydrology, and other habitat characteristics that likely occurred in predevelopment conditions. Protect such areas from development in perpetuity by donating or selling the land, or a conservation easement on the land, to an accredited land trust or relevant public agency (a deed covenant is not sufficient to meet this requirement). Identify and commit to ongoing management activities, along with parties responsible for management and funding available, so that restored areas are maintained for a minimum of three years after the project is built out or the restoration is completed, whichever is later. The requirement for identifying ongoing management activities may also be met by earning SLL Credit 9, Long-Term Conservation Management ofWetlands and Water Bodies. The project does not meet the requirements if it has negative effects on habitat for species identified in Option 2(a) of SLL Credit 7, Site Design for Habitat or Wetland and Water Body Conservation. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 38 SLL Credit 9: Long-Term Conservation Management of Habitat or Wetlands and Water Bodies 1 point Intent To conserve native plants, wildlife habitat, wetlands, and water bodies. Requirements Create and commit to implementing a long-term (at least ten-year) management plan for new or existing on- site native habitats, water bodies, and/or wetlands and their buffers, and create a guaranteed funding source for management. Involve a qualified biologist or a professional from a natural resources agency or natural resources consulting firm in writing the management plan and conducting or evaluating the ongoing management. The plan must include biological objectives consistent with habitat and/or water resource conservation, and it must identify (1) procedures, including personnel to carry them out, for maintaining the conservation areas; ( 2) estimated implementation costs and funding sources; and (3) threats that the project poses for habitat and/or water resources within conservation areas (e.g., introduction of exotic species, intrusion of residents in habitat areas) and measures to substantially reduce those threats. The project does not meet the requirements if it has negative effects on habitat for species identified in Option 2( a) of SLL Credit 7, Site Design for Habitat or Wetland and Water Body Conservation. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 39 LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 40 NPD Prerequisite 1: Walkable Streets Required Intent To promote transportation efficiency, including reduced vehicle miles traveled (VMT). To promote walking by providing safe, appealing, and comfortable street environments that support public health by reducing pedestrian injuries and encouraging daily physical activity. Requirements Design and build the projectto achieve all of the following: a. For 90% of new building frontage, a principal functional entry on the front fa~ade faces a public space, such as a street, square, park, paseo, or plaza, but not a parking lot, and is connected to sidewalks or equivalent provisions for walking. The square, park, or plaza must be at least 50 feet wid~ at a point perpendicular to each entry. b. At least is",.{, of existing and new street frontage within and bordering the project has a minimum building- height-to-street-width ratio of i:3 (i.e., a minimum of 1 foot of building height for every 3 fret of street width). • Nonmotorized rights-of-way may be counted toward the i5% requirement, but 100% of such spaces must have a minimum building-height-to-street-width ratio ofl:l. • Projects with bordering street frontage must meet only their proportional share of the height-to-width ratio (i.e., only on the project side of the street). • Street frontage is measured in linear feet. • Building height is measured to eaves or the top of the roof fora flat-roof structure, and street width is measured fa~ade to fa~ade. For block frontages with multiple heights and/or widths, use average heights or widths weighted by each segment's linear share of the total block distance. • Alleys and driveways are excluded. c. Continuous sidewalks or equivalent all-weather provisions for walking are provided along both sides of 90% of streets or frontage within the project, including the project side of streets bordering the project. New sidewalks, whether adjacent to streets or not, must be at least 8 feet wide on retail or mixed-use blocks and at least 4 feet wide on all other blocks. Equivalent provisions for walking include woonerfs and all- weather-surface footpaths. Alleys, driveways, and reconstructed existing sidewalks are excluded from these calculations. d. No more' than 20% of the street frontages within the project are faced directly by garage and service bay openings. Projects in a designated historic district subject to review bya local historic preservation entityare exempt from (b ), (c), and (d) ifapproval for compliance is not granted by the review body. Projects in historic districts listed in or eligible for listing in a state register or the National Register of Historic Places that are subject to review by a state historic preservation office or the National Park Service are exempt from (b ), ( c), and ( d) if approval for compliance is not granted. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 41 NPD Prerequisite 2: Compact Development Required Intent To conserve land. To promote livability, walkability, and transportation efficiency, including reduced vehicle miles traveled (VMT). To leverage and support transit investments. To reduce public health risks by encouraging daily physical activity associated with walking and bicycling. Requirements OPTI ON 1. Projects in Trans it Corridors OR For projects with existing and/or planned transit service (i.e., service with the funding commitments specified in SLL Prerequisite 1, Smart Location) that meets or exceeds the 2-point threshold in SLL Credit 3, Locations with Reduced Automobile Dependence, Option 1, build at the following densities, based on the walk distances to the transit service specified in SLL Credit 3: a. For residential components located within the walk distances: 12 or more dwelling units per acre ofbuildable land.available for residential uses. b. For residential components falling outside the walk distances: 7 or more dwelling units per acre of buildable land available for residential uses. c. For nonresidential components located within the walk distances: 0.80 floor-area ratio (FAR) or greater of buildable land available for nonresidential uses. d. or nonresidential components falling outside the walk distances: 0 .50 FAR or greater ofbuildable land available for nonresidential uses. If the project location is served by a transit agency that has specified guidelines for minimum service densities that are greater than the densities required by this prerequisite, the project must achieve those service densities instead. OPTION 2. All Other Projects Build any residential components of the project at a density of 7 dwelling units per acre of buildable land available for residential uses. AN D Build any nonresidential components of the project at a density of 0.50 FAR or greater ofbuildable land available for nonresidential uses. FOR ALL PROJECTS Density calculations include all planned and existing buildings within the project boundary, excluding those portions of parking structures devoted exclusively to parking. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 42 The specified density must be achieved within five years of the date that the first building of any type is occupied. If one component of the project, residential or nonresidential, meets the minimum density requirement but the other component does not, include only the qualifying density. Use that component's dwelling units or nonresidential floor area in the numerator and the total buildable land area in the denominator. If the resulting density meets the minimum requirement, the prerequisite is achieved. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 43 NPD Prerequisite 3: Connected and Open Community Required Intent To promote projects that have high levels of internal connectivity and are well connected to the community at large. To encourage development within existing communities that promote transportation efficiency through multi modal transportation. To improve public health by encouraging daily physical activity. Requireme nts OPTION 1. Projects with Internal Streets Design and build the project such that its internal connectivity is at least i40 intersections per square mile. All streets and sidewalks that are counted toward the connectivity requirement must be available for general public use and not gated. Gated areas are not considered available for public use, with the exception of education and health care campuses and military bases where gates are used for security purposes. AND Design and build the project with at least one through-street and/or nonmotorized right-of-way intersecting or terminating at the project boundary at least every 800 feet, or at existing abutting street intervals and intersections, whichever is the shorter distance. Nonmotorized rights-of-way may count for no more than 20% of the total. This does not apply to portions of the boundary where connections cannot be made because of physical obstacles, such as prior platting of property, construction of existing buildings or other barriers, slopes over i5%, wetlands and water bodies, railroad and utility rights-of-way, existing limited-access motor vehicle rights-of-way, and parks and dedicated open space. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 44 Figure 1. Project site design with 140 eligible intersections per square mile on streets that are not gated J JD u'-----~~,.. ... [~ JD~ ..... ~~.IOll-'~ JD~~"""""'~~ JD w"--,N----~ri--n-ft-t'H"'l.-----n---1~~ ~c_____,-~~---~--~--,------~-~: JD D~~~rn======m~I~~~~~ ~D D I '------;~--.oll.--J,.._-ro.----'.,.,.k~-llooli~.-....-"'°--.1~-lf"Ol~"ll--;lo-~lk----.P'ir-~~"'ir-""""'~~--..11,.....~:.r--. ~D OR OPTION 2. Proj ects without Internal Streets Locate the project such that the connectivity of the existing streets within 1/4 mile of the project boundary is at least 90 intersections per square mile. All streets and sidewalks that are counted toward the connectivity requirement must be available for general public use and not gated. Gated areas are not considered available for public use, with the exception of education and health care campuses and military bases where gates are used for. security purposes. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 45 Figure 2. Project site with at least 90 eligible intersections per square mi le within 1/4 mile of project boundary , LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 46 Key Definitions For the meanings of other terms used in the requirements, refer to the Glossary. connectivity the number of publicly accessible street intersections per square mile, including intersections of streets with dedicated alleys and transit rights-of-way, and intersections of streets with nonmotorized rights-of- way (up to 20% of total intersections). If one must both enter and exit an area through the same intersection, such an intersection and any intersections beyond that point are not counted; intersections leading only to culs-de-sac are also not counted. The calculation of square mileage excludes water bodies, parks larger than 1/2 acre, public facility campuses, airports, rail yards, slopes over 15%, and areas nonbuildable under codified law or the rating system. Street rights-of-way may not be excluded. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 47 NPD Credit 1: Walkable St reets 1-12 points Intent To promote transportation efficiency, including reduced vehicle miles traveled (VMT). To promote walking by providing safe, appealing, and comfortable street environments that support public health by reducing pedestrian injuries and encouraging daily physical activity. Requirements A project may earn a maximum of 12 points according to the schedule in Table 1: Table 1. Poi nts for walkable street features Items achieved Points 2-3 1 4-5 2 6-7 3 8-9 4 10 7 11 8 12 9 13 10 14 11 15-16 12 LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 48 Fac;ades and Entries a. At least 80% of the total linear feet of street-facing building fa~ades in the project is no more than 25 feet from the property line. b. At least 50% of the total linear feet of street-facing buildingfa~ades in the project is no more than 18 feet from the property line. Figure 1. Minimal street-facing building far;:ade setbacks c. At least 50% of the total linear feet of mixed-use and nonresidential street-facing building fa~ades in the project is within 1 foot of a sidewalk or equivalent provision for walking. d. Functional entries to the building occur at an average of 75 feet or less along nonresidential or mixed-use buildings or blocks. Figure 2. Functiona l building entries at minimum average distances along blocks LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 49 e. Functional entries to the building occur at an average of 30 feet or less along nonresidential or mixed-use buildings or blocks (items d and e are cumulative). Ground-Level Use and Parking f. All ground-level retail, service, and trade uses that face a public space have clear glass on at least 60% of their fa~ades between 3 and 8 feet above grade. Figure 3. Ground-level retail and service uses with minimum amounts of clear glass far;ades :· ::irnrnrn JOOJIJrnumt : DD } At least 60% clearglass g. If a fa~ade extends along a sidewalk, no more than 40% of its length or 50 feet, whichever is less, is blank (without doors or windows). Figure 4. Limits on length of blank walls along sidewalks h. Any ground-level retail, service, or trade windows must be kept visible (unshuttered) at night; this must be stipulated in covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&R) or other binding documents. i. On-street parking is provided on a minimum of 70% of both sides of all new and existing streets, including the project side of bordering streets. The percentage of on-street parking is calculated by dividing the length of LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 50 street designated for parking by the total length of the curb along each street, including curb cuts, driveways, and intersection radii. Space within the parking lane that is occupied by comer bulb-outs (within 24 feet of an intersection), transit stops, and motorcycle or bicycle parking may be counted as designated for parking in this calculation. Woonerfs are not considered streets for this subsection. Figure 5. On-street parking requirements ]J ] Total length of curb for ll I 11 HI .. blMJ Alie ID Curb Comer Bulb-out Exclusion j. Continuous sidewalks or equivalent provisions for walking are available along both sides of all streets within the project, including the project side of streets bordering the project. New sidewalks, whether adjacent to streets or not, must be at least 10 feet wide on retail or mixed-use blocks and at least 5 feet wide on all other blocks. Equivalent provisions for walking include woonerfs and all-weather-surface footpaths at leasts feet wide. Note that these requirements specify" wider sidewalks than required by NPD Prerequisite I, Walkable Streets. k. If the project has ground-floor dwelling units, the principal floor of at least 50% of those units must have an elevated finished floor no less than 24 inches above the sidewalk grade. Below-grade basement spaces and/or accessory dwelling units are exempt from this requirement. Figure 6_ Minima l above-grade entrance requirements LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 51 1. In nonresidential or mixed-use projects, 50% or more of the total number of office buildings include ground- floor retail along 60% of the length of the street-level fa~ade; 100% of mixed-use buildings include ground- floor retail, live-work spaces, and/or ground-floor dwelling uni ts along at least 60% of the street-level fa~ade; and all businesses and/or other community services on the ground floor are accessible directly from sidewalks along a public space, such as a street, square, paseo, or plaza, but not a parking lot. m. At least 40% of all street frontage within the project has a minimum building-height-to-street-width ratio of 1:3 (i.e., a minimum of 1 foot of building height f9r every 3 feet of street width). • Nonmotorized rights-of-way may be counted toward the 40% requirement, but 100% of such spaces must have a minimum 1:1 ratio o~building height to street width. • Projects with bordering street frontage must meet only their proportional share of the height-to-width ratio (i.e., only on the project side of the street). • Street frontage is measured in linear feet. • Building height is measured to eaves or the top of the roof fora flat-roof structure, and street width is measured fa~ade to fa~ade. For block frontages with multiple heights and/or widths, use average heights or widths weighted by each segment's linear share of the total block distance. • Alleys and driveways are excluded. Design Speeds for Safe Pedestrian and Bicycle Travel n. 75% of new residential-only streets within the project are designed for a target speed of no more than 20 mph. o. 70% of new nonresidential and/or mixed-use streets within the project are designed for a target speed of no more than 25 mph. A multiway boulevard, with travel lanes separated from access lanes by medians, may apply this requirement to its outer access lanes only (through-lanes are exempt), provided pedestrian crosswalks are installed across the boulevard at intervals no greater than 800 feet. Sidewalk Intrusions p. At-grade crossings with driveways account for no more than 10% of the length of sidewalks within the project. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 52 NPD Credit 2: Compact Development 1-6 points Intent To encourage development in existing areas to conserve land and protect farmland and wildlife habitat. To promote livability, walkability, and transportation efficiency, including reduced vehicle miles traveled (VMT). To improve public health encouraging daily physical activity associated with alternative modes of transportation and compact development. Requirements Design and build the project such that residential and nonresidential components achieve the densities per acre of buildable land listed in Table 1 (excluding those portions of parking structures devoted to parking). Table 1. Points for density per acre of buildable land Residential density (DU/acre) Nonresidential density (FAR) Points > 10 ands 13 > 0.75 and s 1.0 1 > 13 ands 18 > 1.0 and s 1.25 2 > 18 ands 25 > 1.25 ands 1.75 3 > 25 ands 38 > 1.75 ands 2.25 4 > 38 ands 63 > 2.25 ands 3.0 5 > 63 > 3.0 6 DU =dwelling unit; FAR =floor-area ratio. The specified densities must be achieved within five years of the date that the first building of any type is occupied. The scoring of a mixed-use project is calculated with a weighted average, according to the following steps. 1. Determine the total square footage of all residential and nonresidential uses. 2. Calculate the percentage residential and percentage nonresidential of the total square footage. 3. Determine the density of each component as measured in dwelling units per acre and floor-area ratio, respectively. 4. Referring to Table 1, find the appropriate points for the densities of the residential and nonresidential components. 5. If the points are different, multiply the point value of the residential component by its percentage of the total square footage and multiply the point value of the nonresidential component by its percentage. 6. Add the two scores. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 53 Key Definitions For the meanings of other terms used in the requirements, refer to the Glossary. buildable land the portion of the site where construction can occur, including land voluntarily set aside and not constructed upon. When used in density calculations, buildable land excludes public rights-of-way and land excluded from development by codified law or LEED for Neighborhood Development prerequisites. An applicant may exclude additional land not exceeding is",{, of the buildable land base defined above, provided the following conditions are present: a. The land is protected from residential and nonresidential construction by easement, deed restriction, or other enforceable legal instrument. AND b. Either 25% or more of the boundary of each contiguous parcel proposed for exclusion borders a water body or areas outside the project boundary that are protected by codified law; or ownership of, or management authority over, the exclusion area is transferred to a public entity. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 54 NPD Credit 3: Mixed-Use Neighborhood Centers 1-4 points Intent To cluster diverse land uses in accessible neighborhood and regional centers to encourage daily walking, biking, and transit use, reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and automobile dependence, and support car-free living. Requirements FOR AL L PROJECTS Locate and/or design the project such that 50% of its dwelling units are within a 1/4-mile walk distance of the number of diverse uses (see Appendix) in Table 1, including at least one use from each of the four categories. For projects with no dwellings, 50% of dwelling units within 1/4 mile of the project boundary must be within a 1/4-mile walk distance of the number of diverse uses specified in Table 1, including at least one food retail store and at least one establishment from each of two other categories. Establishments may be inside or outside the project and may be existing or planned diverse uses. The specified number of diverse uses must be in place by the time of occupancy according to the percentages indicated in Table 1 (exclusive of portions of parking structures devoted to parking): Table 1. Points for dive rse uses with in 1/4-mile walk distance, by time of occupancy Diverse uses Percentage occupancy of Points total square footage 4-6 20% 1 7-10 30% 2 11-18 40% 3 "'19 50% 4 Per neighborhood center, the following restrictions apply: a. A single establishment may not be counted in two categories (e.g., a place of worship may be counted only once even if it also contains a daycare facility, and a retail store may be counted only once even if it sells products in several categories). b. Establishments in a mixed-use building may each count if they are distinctly operated enterprises with separate exterior entrances, but no more than half of the minimum number of diverse uses can be situated in a single building or under a common roof. c. Only two establishments in a single category may be counted (e.g., if five restaurants are within the required distance, only two may be counted). LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 55 FOR PROJECTS 40 ACRES OR GREATER Cluster diverse uses into neighborhood centers as follows: Table 2. Points for clustering of diverse uses Diverse uses Minimum uses per neighborhood center Points 4-6 3 1 7-10 5 2 11-18 7 3 "'19 9 4 Within each neighborhood center, the principal entries of the establishments must be within a300-foot walk distance from a single common point that represents the center of the cluster (1 or 2 points) or within a 400-foot walk distance (3 or 4 points). Also, projects with multiple centers must determine points earned based on the number of uses in the centers weighted by the percentage of total dwelling units within a 1/4-rnile walk distance from each center's common point. AND FOR PROJECTS WITH REGIONAL-SERVING RETAIL OF 150,000 OR MORE SQUARE FEET Projects with retail uses totaling 150,000 or more square feet, if they have at least one retail establishment totaling 75,000 or more square feet, must also earn a minimum ofl point under SLL Credit 3, Reduced Automobile Dependence, Option 1, Transit-Served Location (planned transit service can be counted), and for every additional 50,000 square feet of retail above 150,000 square feet, must earn 1 additional point under SLL Credit 3. If transit service is planned but not yet operational, the project must demonstrate one of the following: a. The relevant transit agency has a signed full funding grant agreement with the Federal Transit Administration that includes a revenue operations date for the start of transit service. The revenue operations date must be no later than the occupancy date of 50% of the project's total building square footage. b. For bus, streetcar, bus rapid transit, or ferry service, the transit agency must certify that it has an approved budget that includes specifically allocated funds sufficient to provide the planned service at the levels listed above and that service at these levels will commence no later than occupancy of 50% of the project's total building square footage. c. For rail service other than streetcars, the transit agency must certify that preliminary engineering for a rail line has commenced. In addition, the service must meet either of these two requirements: • A state legislature or local subdivision of the state has authorized the transit agency to expend funds to establish rail transit service that will commence no later than occupancy of 50% of the project's total building square footage. OR • A municipality has dedicated funding or reimbursement commitments from future tax revenue for the development of stations, platforms, or other rail transit infrastructure that will service the project no later than occupancy of 50% of the project's total building square footage. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 56 NPD Credit 4: Mixed-Income Diverse Communities 1-7 points Intent To promote socially equitable and engaging communities by enabling residents from a wide range of economic levels, household sizes, and age groups to live in a community. Requirements Meet the requirements of one or more options below. OPTION 1. Diversity of Housing Types Include a sufficient variety of housing sizes and types in the project such that the total variety of planned and existing housing within the project achieves a Simpson Diversity Index score greater than 0.5, using the housing categories below. Projects ofless than 125 acres may calculate the Simpson Diversity Index for the area within 1/4 mile of the project's geographic center. The Simpson Diversity Index calculates the probability that any two randomly selected dwelling units in a project will be of a different type. Score= 1-~ (n/N)2 where n =the total number of dwelling units in a single category, and N =the total number of dwelling units in all categories. Table 1. Points for housing diversity Simpson Diversity Index score Points > 0.5 to < 0.6 1 20.6to<0.7 2 "'0.7 3 Housing categories are defined according to the dwelling unit's net square footage, exclusive of any garage, as listed in Table 2. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 57 Table 2. Housing categories Type Square feet Detached residential, large > 1,250 Detached residential, small s 1,250 Duplex or townhouse, large > 1,250 Duplex or townhouse, small s 1,250 Dwell ing unit in multi unit building with no elevator, large > 1,250 Dwell ing unit in multi unit bu ilding with no elevator, medium > 750 to s 1,250 Dwelling unit in multiunit bu ilding with no elevator, small s 750 Dwelling unit in multiunit bu ilding with elevator, 4 stories or fewer, large > 1,250 Dwelling unit in multi unit building with elevator, 4 stories or fewer, > 750 to s 1,250 medium Dwelling unit in multiunit building with elevator, 4 stories or fewer, small "750 Dwelling unit in multiunit building with elevator, 5 to 8 stories, large > 1,250 Dwelling unit in multiunit building with elevator, 5 to 8 stories, medium > 750 to s 1,250 Dwelli ng unit in multi unit building with elevator, 5 to 8 stories, small s 750 Dwelling unit in multiunit bu ilding with elevator, 9 stories or more, large > 1,250 Dwelling unit in multiunit building with elevator, 9 stories or more, > 750 to s 1,250 medium Dwelling unit in multi unit building with elevator, 9 stories or more, small s 750 Live-work space, large > 1,250 Live-work space, small s 1,250 Accessory dwelling unit, large > 1,250 Accessory dwelling unit, small s 1,250 For the purposes of this credit, townhouse and live-work units may have individual ground-level entrances and/ or be within a multiunit or mixed-use building. Double counting is prohibited; each dwelling may be classified in only one category. The number of stories in a building is inclusive of the ground floor regardless of its use. AND/OR OPTION 2. Affordable Housing Include a proportion of new rental and/or for-sale dwelling units priced for households earning below the area median income (AMI). Rental units must be maintained at affordable levels for a minimum of i5years. Existing dwelling uni ts are exempt from requirement calculations. A maximum of 3 points may be earned by meeting any combination of thresholds in Table 3. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 58 Table 3. Points for affordable housing Rental dwelling units For-sale dwelling units Priced up to 60% AM I Priced up to 80% AM I Priced up to 100% AMI Priced up to 120% AM I Percentage of total Points Percentage of total Points Percentage of total Points Percentage of total Points rental units rental units for-sale units for-sale units 5 1 10 1 5 1 8 1 10 2 15 2 10 2 12 2 15 3 25 3 15 3 ---- AMI= area median income. AND/OR OPTION 3. Mixed-Income Diverse Communities A project may earn 1 additional point by earning at least 2 points in Option 1 and at least 2 points in Option 2 (at least one of which must be for providing housing at or below 100%AMI). LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 59 NPD Credit 5: Reduced Parking Footprint 1 point Intent To design parking to increase the pedestrian orientation of projects and minimize the adverse environmental effects of parking facilities. To reduce public health risks by encouraging daily physical activity associated with walking and bicycling. Requirements For new nonresidential buildings and multiunit residential buildings, either do not build new off-street parking lots, or locate all new off-street surface parking lots at the side or rear of buildings, leaving building frontages facing streets free of surface parking lots. AND Use no more than 20% of the total development footprint area for all new off-street surface parking facilities, with no individual surface parking lot larger than 2 acres. For the purposes of this credit, surface parking facilities include ground-level garages unless they are under habitable building space. Underground or multistory parking facilities can be used to provide additional capacity, and on-street parking spaces are exempt from this limitation. AND Provide bicycle parking and storage capacity to new buildings as follows: a. Multiunit residential. Provide at least one secure, enclosed bicycle storage space per occupant for 30% of the planned occupancy but no fewer than one per unit. Provide secure visitor bicycle racks on-site, with at least one bicycle space per ten dwelling units but no fewer than four spaces per project site. b. Retail. Provide at least one secure, enclosed bicycle storage space per new retail worker for 10% of retail worker planned occupancy. Provide visitor or customer bicycle racks on-site, with at least one bicycle space per 5,000 square feet of retail space, but no fewer than one bicycle space per business or four bicycle spaces per project site, whichever is greater. Provide at least one on-site shower with changingfacilityfor any development with 100 or more new workers and at least one additional on-site shower with changing facility for every 150 new workers thereafter. c. Nonresidential other than retail. Provide at least one secure, enclosed bicycle storage space per new occupant for 10% of planned occupancy. Provide visitor bicycle racks on-site with at least one bicycle space per lO,ooo square feet of new commercial nonretail space but not fewer than four bicycle spaces per building. Provide at least one on-site shower with changing facility for any development with loo or more new workers and at least one additional on-site shower with changing facility for every 150 new workers thereafter. Secure, enclosed bicycle storage areas must be locked and easily accessible to residents and/or workers. Provide informational signage on using the storage facilities. Visitors' and customers' bicycle racks must be clearly visible from a main entry, located within 100 feet of the door, served with night lighting, and protected from damage from nearby vehicles. If the building has multiple main entries, bicycle racks must be proportionally dispersed within ioo feet of each. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 60 Shower and changing facility requirements may be met by providing the equivalent of free access to on-site health club shower facilities, if the health club can be accessed without going outside. Provide informational signage on using the shower facilities. AND Provide carpool and/or shared-use vehicle parking spaces equivalent to io% of the total automobile parking for each nonresidential and mixed-use building on the site. Signage indicating such parking spots must be provided, and1:he parking spots must be within 200 feet of entrances to the buildings served. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 61 NPD Credit 6: Street Network 1-2 points Intent To promote projects that have high levels of internal connectivity and are well connected to the community at large. To encourage development within existing communities, thereby conserving land and promoting multi modal transportation. To improve public health by encouraging daily physical activity and reducing the negative effects of motor vehicle emissions. Requirements Design and/or locate the project such that a through-street and/or nonmotorized right-of-way intersects or terminates at the project boundary at least every 400 feet or at existing abutting street intervals and intersections, whichever is the shorter distance. Include a pedestrian or bicycle through-connection in at least 90% of any new culs-de-sac. This does not apply to portions of the boundary where connections cannot be made because of physical obstacles, such as prior platting of property, construction of existing buildings or other barriers, slopes over i5%, wetlands and water bodies, railroad and uti!it)r rights-of-way, existing limited-access motor vehicle rights-of-way, and parks and dedicated open space. Figure 1. Project site with right-of-way intersects on project boundary at least every 400 feet LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 62 AN D Locate and/or design the project such that its internal connectivity and/or the connectivity within a i/4-mile distance of the project boundary falls within one of the ranges listed in Table 1. Table 1. Points for connectivity Street intersections per square mile Points > 300 and s 400 1 > 400 2 All streets and sidewalks that are counted toward the connectivity requirement must be available for general public use and not gated. Gated areas are not considered available for public use, with the exception of education and health care campuses, and military bases where gates are used for security purposes. Key Definitions For the meanings of other terms used in the requirements, refer to the Glossary. connectivity the number of publicly accessible street intersections per square mile, including intersections of streets with dedicated alleys and transit rights-of-way, and intersections of streets with nonmotorized rights-of- way (up to 20% of total intersections). If one must both enter and exit an area through the same intersection, such an intersection and any intersections beyond that point are not counted; intersections leading only to culs-de-sac are also not counted. The calculation of square mileage excludes water bodies, parks larger than 1/2 acre, public facility campuses, airports, rail yards, slopes over 15%, and areas nonbuildable under codified law or the rating system. Street rights-of-way may not be excluded. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 63 NPD Credit 7: Transit Facilities 1 point Intent To encourage transit use and reduce driving by providing safe, convenient, and comfortable transit waiting areas and safe and secure bicycle storage facilities for transit users. Requirements Work with the transit agency or agencies serving the project to identify transit stop locations within and/or bordering the project boundary where transit agency-approved shelters and any other agency-required improvements, including bicycle racks, will be installed no later than construction of 50% of total project square footage. At those locations, install approved shelters and any required improvements, or provide funding to the transit agency for their installation. Shelters must be covered, be at least partially enclosed to buffer wind and rain, and have seating and illumination. Any required bicycle racks must have a two-point support system for locking the frame and wheels and be securely affixed to the ground or a building. AND Work with the transit agency or agencies serving the project to identify locations within and bordering the project boundary where the agency determines that transit stops will be warranted within two years of project completion, either because of increased ridership on existing service resulting from the project or because of planned future transit. At those locations, reserve space for transit shelters and any required improvements, including bicycle racks. In lieu of or in addition to new stops, this requirement can be satisfied with a commitment from the transit agency to provide increased service to the transit stops that will have been installed at the time of 50% build-out. AN D Work with the transit agency or agencies serving the project to provide kiosks, bulletin boards, and/or signs that display transit schedules and route information at each public transit stop within and bordering the project. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 64 NPD Credit 8: Transportation Demand Management 1-2 points Intent To reduce energy consumption, pollution from motor vehicles, and adverse public health effects by encouraging multimodal travel. Requirements FOR ALL PROJECTS Earn one point for every two options achieved below, for a maximum of two points. For the purposes of this credit, existing buildings and their occupants are exempt from the requirements. OPTION 1. TDM Program OR Create and implement a comprehensive transportation demand management (TDM) program for the project that reduces weekday peak-period motor vehicle trips by at least 20% compared with a baseline case, and fund the program for a minimum of three years following build-out of the project. The TDM program must be prepared by a qualified transportation professional. Any trip reduction effects of Options 2, 3, 4, or 5 may not be included in calculating the 20% threshold. OPTION 2. Transit Passes OR Provide transit passes valid for at least one year, subsidized to be half of regular price or cheaper, to each occupant locating within the project during the first three years of project occupancy (or longer). Publicize the availability of subsidized transit passes are available to project occupants; OPTION 3. Developer-Sponsored Transit Provide year-round, developer-sponsored private transit service (with vans, shuttles, buses) from at least one central point in the project to other major transit facilities, and/or other destinations such as a retail or employment center, with service no less frequent than 45 daily weekday trips and 30 daily weekend trips. The service must begin by the time the project total square footage is 20% occupied and must be guaranteed for at least three years beyond project build-out. Twenty percent occupancy is defined as residents living in 20% of the dwelling units and/or employees working in 20% of the total nonresidential square footage. Provide transit stop shelters and bicycle racks adequate to meet projected demand but no less than one shelter and one bicycle rack at each transit stop. Shelters must be covered, be at least partially enclosed to buffer wind and rain, and have seating and illumination. Bicycle racks must have a two-point support system for locking the frame and wheels and must be securely affixed to the ground or a building. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 65 OR OPTION 4. Vehicle Sharing OR Locate the project such that 50% of the dwelling units and nonresidential building entrances are within a 1/4 mile walk distance of at least one vehicle in a vehicle-sharing program. For each vehicle, dedicate one parking space accessible to vehicle-sharing members. Through signage and other means, publicize to project occupants the availability and benefits of the vehicle-sharing program. If the project has more than 100 dwelling units and/ or employees and has a minimum transit service of 60 daily weekday trips and 40 daily weekend trips, at least one additional vehicle and parking space for every lOO dwelling units and/or employees must be available. If the project has more than 100 dwelling units and/or employees but does not have transit service at the frequencies specified above, at least one additional vehicle and parking space for every 200 dwelling units and/or employees must be available. Where new vehicle locations are created, a vehicle sharing program must begin by the time the project total square footage is 20% occupied; commit to providing vehicles to the locations for at least two years. Twenty percent occupancy is defined as residents living in 20% of the project dwelling units and/or employees working in 20% of the total nonresidential square footage of the project. OPTION 5. Unbundling of Parking For 90% of multiunit residential units and/or nonresidential square footage, the associated parking spaces are sold or rented separately from the dwelling units and/or nonresidential square footage. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 66 NPD Credit 9: Access to Civic and Public Space 1 point Intent To improve physical and mental health and social capital by providing a variety of open spaces close to work and home to facilitate social networking, civic engagement, physical activity, and time spent outdoors. Requirements Locate and/or design the project such that a civic or passive-use space, such as a square,park,paseo, or plaza, at least 1/6 acre in area lies within a 1/4-mile walk distance of 90% of planned and existing dwelling units and nonresidential building entrances. Spaces less than 1 acre must have a proportion no narrower than 1 unit of width to 4.units of length. AND For projects larger than 7 acres, locate and/or design the project such that the median size of civic or passive-use spaces within and/or contiguous to the project is at least 1/2 acre. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 67 NPD Credit 10: Access to Recreation Facilities 1 point Intent To improve physical and mental health and social capital by providing a variety of recreational facilities close to work and home to facilitate physical activity and social networking. Requirements Locate and/or design the project so that a publicly accessible outdoor recreation facility at least 1 acre in area, or a publicly accessible indoor recreational facility of at least 25,000 square feet, lies within a i/2-mile walk distance of 90% of new and existing dwelling units and nonresidential building entrances. Outdoor recreation facilities must consist of physical improvements and may include "tot lots," swimming pools, and sports fields, such as baseball diamonds. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 68 NPD Credit 11: Visitability and Universal Design 1 point Intent To enable the widest spectrum of people, regardless of age or abil ity, to more easily participate in community life by increasing the proportion of areas usable by people of diverse abilities. Requirements OPTION 1. Projects with Dwelling Units For each new project dwelling unit of the following residential building types, design to the applicable requirements specified: Single dwelling unit buildings. Design a minimum of 20% of the dwelling units (and not less than one) in accordance with ICC/ANSI A117.1, Type C, Visitable Unit, each of which has an open-space plan for primary functions (an area for cooking, eating, and social gathering), as well as a sleeping area and a full bathroom.· Multiunit building with two or three dwelling units. Design a minimum of 20% of the dwelling units (and not less than one) in accordance with ICC/ANSI A117.1, Type C, Visitable Unit, each of which has a kitchen, dining area, living area, full bathroom, and bedroom on the accessible level. If a project has both attached and detached single dwelling unit buildings, the requirements apply to each type separately. Similarly, if a project has both 2· and 3-dwelling unit buildings, the requirements apply to each type. Multiunit buildings with four or more dwelling units. This category includes mixed-use buildings with dwelling units. Design a minimum of 20% of the dwelling units (and not less than one) to incorporate the universal design requirements stated below, or comply with Option 2. Choose at least one of the following three strategies for universal design: a. Throughout the home, include at least five of the following universal design features to facilitate universal function, access, and user ability: • Easy-to-grip lever door handles. • Easy-to-grip cabinet and drawer loop handles. • Easy-to-grip locking mechanisms on doors and windows. • Easy-to-grip single-lever faucet handles. • Easy-touch rocker or hands-free switches. • Motion-detector lighting at entrance, in hallways and stairwells, and in closets, and motion-detector light switches in garages, utility spaces, and basements. • Large, high-contrast print for controls, signals, and the house or unit numbers. • A built-in shelf, bench, or table with knee space below, located outside the entry door with weather protection overhead, such as porch or stoop with roof, awning, or other overhead covering. • A minimum 32-inch clear door opening width for all doorways. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 69 OR • Tread at the entrance, on stairs, and other areas where slipping is common, with color contrast difference between stair treads. and risers. • Interior floor surfaces (e.g., low-pile carpets, hard-surface flooring) that provide easy passage for a wheelchair or walker, with color contrast between floor surfaces and trim. No carpet is permitted in a kitchen, bathroom, or other wet areas of the dwelling unit. b. On the main floor of the home (or on another floor, if an elevator or stair lift is provided), provide a kitchen with hard-surface flooring, plumbing with single-lever controls, a 5-foot turning radius, and at least four of the following universal design features to facilitate universal function, access, and user-ability: OR • Variable-height (28-to 42-inch) or adjustable work surfaces, such as countertops, sinks, and/or cooktops. • Clear knee space under sink and cooktops (this requirement can be met by installing removable base cabinets or fold-back or self-storing doors), cooktops and ranges with front or side-mounted controls, and wall-mounted ovens at a height to accommodate a seated adult. • A toe kick area at the base oflower cabinets with a minimum height of 9 inches, and full-extension drawers and shelves in at least half (by volume) of the cabinets. • Contrasting color treatment between countertops, front edges, and floor. • Adjustable-height shelves in wall cabinets. • Glare-free task lighting to illuminate work areas without too much reflectivity. c. On the main floor of the building (or on another floor, if an elevator or stair lift is provided), inc_lude all of the following: In at least one accessible bedroom, • Size the room to accommodate a twin bed with a 5-foot turning radius around the bed. • Install a clothes closet with a 32-inch clear opening with adjustable-height closet rods and shelves. In at least one full bathroom on the same floor as the bedroom, • Provide adequate maneuvering space with a 30-by-48-inch clear floor space at each fixture. • Center the toilet 18 inches from any side wall, cabinet, or tub, and allow a 3-foot clear space in front. • Install broad blocking in walls around toilet, tub, and/or shower for future placement and relocation of grab bars • Provide knee space under the lavatory (this requirement may be met by installing removable base cabinets or fold-back or self-storing doors). • Install a long mirror whose bottom is no more than 36 inches above the finished floor and whose top is at least 72 inches high. In addition, all bathrooms must have hard-surface flooring, all plumbing fixtures must have single-lever controls, and tubs or showers must have hand-held shower heads. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 70 OR OPTION 2. Projects with Noncompliant Public Rights-of-Way or Accessible Travel Routes For projects with only nonresidential components, or residential components that are not within the scope of Option i, but have public rights-of-way or other publicly accessible travel routes within the project that are not in compliance with Americans with Disabilities Act (for private sector and local and state government facilities) or the Architectural Barriers Act (for federally funded facilities), design, construct, and/or retrofit 100% of the rights-of-way and/or travel routes in accordance with the ADA-ABA Accessibility Guidelines, as applicable. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 71 NPD Credit 12: Community Outreach and Involvement 1-2 points Intent To encourage responsiveness to community needs by involving the people who live or work in the community in project design and planning and in decisions about how it should be improved or how it should change over time. Requirements OPTION 1. Community Outreach (1 point) OR Meet with adjacent property owners, residents, business owners, and workers; local planning and community development officials; and any current residents or workers at the project site to solicit and document their input on the proposed project prior to commencing a design. AND Work directly with community associations and/or the local government to advertise an open community meeting, other than an official public hearing, to generate comments on project design from the beginning. AND Host an open community meeting, other than an official public hearing, to solicit and document public input on the proposed project at the beginning of project design. AND Modify the project's conceptual design as a direct result of community input, or if modifications are not made, explain why community input did not generate design modifications. AND Establish ongoing means for communication between the developer and the community throughout the design and construction phases and, in cases where the developer maintains any control during the postconstruction phase. OPTION 2. Charrette (2 points) OR Comply with Option 1 and conduct a design charrette or interactive workshop of at least two days and open to the public that includes, at a minimum, participation by a repr\!sentative group of nearby property owners, residents, business owners, and workers in the preparation of conceptual project plans and drawings. OPT ION 3. Local Endorsement Pursuant to Evaluation Program (2 points) Comply with Option 1 and obtain an endorsement from an ongoing local or regional nongovernmental program that systematically reviews and endorses smart growth development projects under a rating and/or jury system. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 72 NPD Credit 13: Local Food Production 1 point Intent To promote community-based food production, improve nutrition through increased access to fresh produce, support preservation of small farms producing a wide variety of crops, reduce the negative environmental effects of large-scale industrialized agriculture, and support local economic development that increases the economic value and production of farmlands and community gardens. Requirements FOR ALL PROJECTS Establish covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&R) or other forms of deed restrictions that do not prohibit the growing of produce in project areas, including greenhouses, any portion of residential front, rear, or side yards; or balconies, patios, or rooftops. Greenhouses but not gardens may be prohibited in front yards that face the street. AND OPTION 1. Neighborhood Farms and Gardens Dedicate permanent and viable growing space and/or related facilities (such as greenhouses) within the project according to the square footage areas specified in Table l (exclusive of existing dwellings). Provide solar access, fencing, watering systems, garden bed enhancements (such as raised beds), secure storage space for tools, and pedestrian access for these spaces. Ensure that the spaces are owned and managed by an entity that includes occupants of the project in its decision making, such as a community group, homeowners' association, or public body. Tabl e 1. Mi ni mum garden space, by project density Project density Growing space (DU/acre) (sf/DU) > 7 and sl4 200 > 14 and s 22 100 > 22 ands 28 80 > 28 ands 35 70 > 35 60 DU =dwelling unit; sf = square feet. Established community gardens outside the project boundary but within a 1/2 mile walk distance of the project's geographic center can satisfy this option if the garden otherwise meets all of the option requirements. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 73 OR OPTION 2. Com munity-Supported Agriculture OR Purchase shares in a community-supported agriculture (CSA) program located within i50 miles of the project site for at least 80% of dwelling units within the project (exclusive of existing dwelling units) for two years, beginning with each dwelling unit's occupancy until the 80% threshold is reached. Shares must be delivered to a point within 1/2 mile of the project's geographic center on a regular schedule not less than twice per month at least four months of the year. OPTION 3 . Proximity To Farmers' Market Locate the project's geographic center within a 1/2-mile walk distance of an existing or planned farmers' market that is open or will operate at least once weekly for at least five months annually. Farmers' market vendors may sell only items grown within 150 miles of the project site. A planned farmers' market must have firm commitments from farmers and vendors that the market will meet all the above requirements and be in full operation by the time of 50% occupancy of the project's total square footage. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 74 NPD Credit 14: Tree-Lined and Shaded Streets 1-2 points Intent To encourage walking, bicycling, and transit use and discourage excessive motoring speeds. To reduce urban heat island effects, improve air quality, increase evapotranspiration, and reduce cooling loads in buildings. Requirements OPTION 1. Tree-Lined Streets (1 point) Design and build the project to provide street trees on both sides of at least 60% of new and existing streets within the project and on the project side of bordering streets, between the vehicle travel way and walkway, at intervals averaging no more than 40 feet (excluding driveways and utility vaults). AND/OR OPTION 2. Shaded Streets (1 point) Trees or other structures provide shade over at least 40% of the length of sidewalks on streets within or contiguous to the project. Trees must provide shade within ten years oflandscape installation. Use the estimated crown diameter (the width of the shade if the sun is directly above the tree) to calculate the shaded area. AN D FOR ALL PROJECTS INVOLVING STREET TREE PLANTINGS Obtain a registered landscape architect's determination that planting details are appropriate to growing healthy trees, taking into account tree species, root medium, and width and soil volume of planter strips or wells, and that the selected tree species are not considered invasive in the project context according to USDA or the state agricultural extension service. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 75 NPD Credit 15: Neighborhood Schools 1 point Intent To promote community interaction and engagement by integrating schools into the neighborhood. To support students' health by encouraging walking and bicycling to school. Requirements Include in the project a residential component that constitutes at least 30% of the project's total building square footage, and locate or design the project such that at least 50% of the dwelling units are within a 1/2-mile walk distance of an existing or new elementary or middle school building entrance or within a 1-mile walk distance of an existing or new high school building entrance. For any new school, the school district or equivalent organization must commit in a legally binding warrant that the school will be open by the time of occupancy of 50% of the project dwelling units. Streets within and/or bordering the project boundary that lead from dwelling units to the school site must have a complete network of sidewalks on both sides and either bicycle lanes or traffic control and/or calming measures. If the school is planned as part of the project, it must be designed such that pedestrians and cyclists can easily reach building entrances without crossing bus zones, parking entrances, and student drop-off areas. AN D New school campuses must not exceed the following: • High schools, 15 acres. • Middle schools, 10 acres. • Elementary schools, 5 acres. Schools combining grade levels from more than one category may use the grade level with the higher allowable acreage. Facilities on the school site for which there is a formal joint-use agreement with another entity, such as athletic facilities, playgrounds, and multipurpose spaces in buildings, may be deducted from the total site area of the school. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 76 GIB Prerequisite 1: Certified Green Building Required Intent To encourage the design, construction, and retrofit of buildings that utilize green building practices. Requirements Design, construct, or retrofit one whole building within the project to be certified through LEED for New Construction, LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance, LEED for Homes, LEED for Schools, LEED for Retail: New Construction, or LEED for Core and Shell (with at least 75% of the floor area certified under LEED for Commercial Interiors or LEED for Retail: Commercial Interiors), or through a green building rating system requiring review by independent, impartial, third-party certifying bodies as defined by ISOfIEC i702i. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 77 GIB Prerequisite 2: Minimum Building Energy Efficiency Required Intent To encourage the design and construction of energy-efficient buildings that reduce air, water, and land pollution and adverse environmental effects from energy production and consumption. Requirements The following requirement applies to 90% of the building floor area (rounded up to the next whole building) of all nonresidential buildings, mixed-use buildings, and multiunit residential buildings four stories or more constructed as part of the project or undergoing major renovations as part of the project. New buildings must demonstrate an average 10% improvement over ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda). Buildings undergoing major renovations must demonstrate an average 5% improvement over ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007. Projects must document building energy efficiency using one or a combination of the following: a. Produce a LEED-compliant energy model following the methodology outlined in the LEED rating system appropriate to each building's scope, including demonstration by a whole building project computer simulation using the building performance rating method in Appendix G of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007. Appendix G requires that the energy analysis done for the building performance rating method include all energy costs associated with the building project. Projects in California may use Title 24-2005, Part 6, in place of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007. b. Complywith the prescriptive measures oftheASHRAEAdvanced Energy Design Guide listed below, appropriate to each building's scope. Comply with all applicable criteria as established in the guide for the climate zone in which the project is located. • ASH RAE Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings 2004 (office occupancy buildings less than 20,000 square feet). • ASH RAE Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Retail Buildings 2006 (retail occupancy buildings less than 20,000 square feet). • ASH RAE Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Warehouses and Self-Storage Buildings 2008 (warehouse or self-storage occupancy less than 50,000 square feet). • ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings (K-12 school occupancy less than 200,000 square feet). c. For buildings less than 100,000 square feet, comply with the prescriptive measures identified in the Advanced Buildings™ Core PerformanceT• Guide developed by the New Buildings Institute, as follo:vs: • Comply with Section 1, Design Process Strategies, and Section 2, Core Performance Requirements, of the Core Performance Guide. • Health care, warehouse and laboratory projects are ineligible for this path. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 78 If method (a) is used for all of the floor area evaluated in this prerequisite, the total percentage improvement is calculated as a sum of energy costs for each building compared with a baseline. If any combination of methods (a), (b ), and ( c) is used, the total percentage improvement is calculated as a weighted average based on building floor area. In determining the weighted average, buildings pursuing (a) will be credited at the percentage value determined by the energy model. Buildings pursuing (b) or ( c) will be credited at 12% better than ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 for new buildings and 8% better for existing building renovations. AND For new single-family residential buildings and new multiunit residential buildings three stories or fewer, 90% of the buildings must meet ENERGY STAR or equivalent criteria. Projects may demonstrate compliance with ENERGY ST AR criteria through the prescriptive requirements of a Builder Option Package, the Home Energy Rating System (HERS) index, or a combination of the two. Project teams wishing to use ASH RAE-approved addenda for the purposes of this credit may do so at their discretion. Addenda must be applied consistently across all LEED credits. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 79 GIB Prerequisite 3: Minimum Building Water Efficiency Required Intent To reduce effects on natural water resources and reduce burdens on community water supply and wastewater systems. Requirements For nonresidential buildings, mixed-use buildings, and multifamily residential buildings four stories or more: Indoor water usage in new buildings and buildings undergoing major renovations as part of the project must be an average 20% less than in baseline buildings. The baseline usage is based on the requirements of the Energy Policy Act ofl992 and subsequent rulings by the Department ofEnergy, the requirements of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, and the fixture performance standards in the 2006 editions of the Uniform Plumbing Code or International Plumbing Code as to fixture performance. Calculations are based on estimated occupant usage and include only the following fixtures and fixture fittings (as applicable to the project scope): water closets (toilets), urinals, lavatory faucets, showers, kitchen sink faucets, and pre rinse spray valves. The water efficiency threshold is calculated as a weighted average of water usage for the buildings constructed as part of the project based on their conditioned square footage. Projects may also follow the LEED for Multiple Buildings and On- Campus Building Application Guide alternative calculation methodology to show compliance with this prerequisite. Table 1. National efficiency baselines Commercial fixtures, fittings, or appliances Baseline water usage Commercial toilet 1.6 gpf' Except blow-out fixtures, 3.5 gpf Commercial urinal 1.0 gpf 2.2 gpm at 60 psi, private applications only (hotel-motel guest rooms, Commercial lavatory (restroom) faucet hospital patient rooms) 0.5 gpm at 60 psi2 all others except private applications 0.25 gallons per cycle for metering faucets Commercial prerinse spray valve (for food service Flow rate s 1.6 gpm (no pressure specified; no performance applications) requirement) 1 EPAct 1992 standard for toilets applies to both commercial and residential models. 2 In addition to EPAct requirements, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers standard for public lavatory faucets is 0.5 gpm at 60 psi (ASME Al 12.18.1-2005). This maximum has been incorporated into the national Uniform Plumbing Code and the Internat ional Plumbing Code. Residential Fixtures, Fittings, and Appliances Baseline water usage Residential toilet 1.6 gpf3 Residential lavatory (bathroom) fa ucet 2.2 gpm at 60 psi Residential kitchen faucet Residential showerhead 2.5 gpm at 80 psi per shower stall4 LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 80 gpf = gallons per flush; psi = pounds per square inch. Source: Adapted from information developed and summarized by the U.S. EPA Office of Water. 3 EPAct 1992 standard for toi lets applies to both commercia l and residential models. 4 Residential shower compartment (stall) in dwelling units: The total allowable flow rate from all flowing showerheads at any given time, including rain systems, waterfalls, bodysprays, bodyspas, and jets, shall be limited to the allowable showerhead flow rate as specified above (2.5-gpm) per shower compartment, where the floor area of the shower compartment is less than 2,500 sq.in. For each increment of 2,500 sq.in. of floor area thereafter or part thereof, an additional showerhead with total allowable flow rate from all flowing devices equal to or less than the allowable flow rate as specified above shall be allowed. Exception: Showers that emit recirculated non-potable water originating from within the shower compartment while operating are allowed to exceed the maximum as long as the total potable water flow does not exceed the flow rate as specified above. The following fixtures, fittings, and appliances are outside the scope of the water use reduction calculation: a. Commercial steam cookers. b. Commercial dishwashers. c. Automatic commercial ice makers. d. Commercial (family-siz~d) clothes washers. e. Residential clothes washers. f. Standard and compact residential dishwashers. AN D For new single-family residential buildings and new multiunit residential buildings three stories or fewer, 90% of buildings must use a combination of fixtures that would earn 3 points under LEED for Homes 2008 Credit 3, Indoor Water Use. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 81 GIB Prerequisite 4: Construction Activity Pollution Prevention Required Intent To reduce pollution from construction activities by controlling soil erosion, waterway sedimentation, and airborne dust generation. Requirements Create and implement an erosion and sedimentation control plan for all new construction activities associated with the project. The plan must incorporate practices such as phasing, seeding, grading, mulching, filter socks, stabilized site entrances, preservation of e.,x-istingvegetation, and other best management practices (BMPs) to control erosion and sedimentation in runoff from the entire project site during construction. The plan must list the BMPs employed and describe how they accomplish the following objectives: a. Prevent loss of soil during construction by stormwater runoff and/or wind erosion, including but not limited to stockpiling of topsoil for reuse. b. Prevent sedimentation of any affected stormwater conveyance systems or receiving streams. c. Prevent polluting the air with dust and particulate matter. The erosion and sedimentation control plan must describe how the project team will do the following: a. Preserve vegetation and mark clearing limits. b. Establish and delineate construction access. c. Control flow rates. d. Install sediment controls. e. Stabilize soils. f. Protect slopes. g. Protect drain inlets. h. Stabilize channels and outlets. i. Control pollutants. j. Control dewatering. k Maintain the BMPs. 1. Manage the erosion and sedimentation control plan. The BMPs must be selected from the Washington State Department of Ecology's Stormwater Management Manual for Western Washington, Volume II, Construction Stormwater Pollution Prevention ( 2005 edition), or .a locally approved equivalent, whichever is more stringent, and must comply with all federal, state, and local erosion and sedimentation control regulations. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 82 GIB Credit 1: Certified Green Buildings 1-5 points Intent To encourage the design, construction, and retrofit of buildings that utilize green building practices. Requirements OPTION 1. Pro jects with 10 or Fewer Habitable Buildings OR Design, construct, or retrofit one building as part of the project, beyond the prerequisite, to be certified under one of the following LEED green building rating systems: LEED for New Construction, LEED for Existing Buildings, LEED for Homes, LEED for Schools, LEED for Retail: New Construction, or LEED for Core & Shell (with at least 75% of the floor area certified under LEED (or Commercial Interiors or LEED for Retail: Commercial Interiors) or through a green building rating system requiring review by independent, impartial, third-party certifying bodies as defined by ISO/IEC i 702i. Additional points (up to 5) may be earned for each additional certified building that is part of the project. OPTION 2. Projects of All Sizes Design, construct, or retrofit a percentage of the total project building square footage, beyond the prerequisite requirement, to be certified under one of the LEED green building rating systems listed above or through agreen building rating system requiring review by independent, impartial, third-party certifying bodies as defined by ISO/IEC 17021. Table 1. Points for green bu ilding certification Percentage of square footage certified Points " 10% and < 20% 1 " 20% and < 30% 2 " 30% and < 40% 3 " 40% and < 50% 4 "50% 5 AN D FOR ALL PROJECTS Detached accessory dwelling units must be counted as separate buildings. Accessory dwellings attached to a main building are not counted separately. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 83 GIB Credit 2: Building Energy Efficiency 2 points Intent To encourage the design and construction of energy-efficient buildings that reduce air, water, and land pollution and adverse environmental effects from energy production and consumption. Requirements The following requirement applies to 90% of the building floor area (rounded up to the next whole building) of all nonresidential buildings, mixed-use buildings, and multiunitresidential buildings four stories or more constructed as part of the project or undergoing major renovations as part of the project. New buildings must demonstrate an average 18% (1 point) or 26% (2 points) improvement over ANSI/ASHRAE/ IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda). Buildings undergoing major renovations as part of the project must demonstrate an average 14% (1 point) or 22% (2 points) improvement over ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007. Projects must document building energy efficiency using one or a combination of the following: a. Produce a LEED-compliant energy model following the methodology outlined in the LEED rating system appropriate to each building's scope, including demonstration by a whole building project computer simulation using the building performance rating method in Appendix G of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007. Appendix G requires that the energy analysis done for the building performance rating method include all energy costs associated with the building project. Projects in California may use Title 24-2005, Part 6 , in place of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007. b. Comply with the prescriptive measures of the ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guide listed below, appropriate to each building's scope. Comply with all applicable criteria as established in the guide for the climate zone in which the project is located. • ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings 2004 (office occupancy buildings less than 20,000 square feet). • ASH RAE Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Retail Buildings 2006 (retail occupancy buildings less than 20,000 square feet). • ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Warehouses and Self-Storage Buildings 2008 (warehouse or self-storage occupancy less than 50,000 square feet). • ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings (K-12 school occupancy less than 200,000 square feet). c. For buildings less than 100,000 square feet, comply with the prescriptive measures identified in the Advanced BuildingsT• Core Performa·nce™ Guide developed by the New Buildings Institute, as follows: • Comply with Section l, Design Process Strategies, and Section 2, Core Performance Requirements, of the Core Performance Guide. • Health care, warehouse and laboratory projects are ineligible for this path. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 84 If method (a) is used for all of the floor area evaluated in this prerequisite, the total percentage improvement is calculated as a sum of energy costs for each building compared with a baseline. If any combination of methods (a), (b ), and ( c) is used, the total percentage improvement is calculated as a weighted average based on building floor area. In determining the weighted average, buildings pursuing (a) will be credited at the percentage value determined by the energy model. Buildings pursuing (b) or ( c) will be credited at 12% better than ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90 .1-2007 for new buildings and 8% better for existing building renovations. AND For new single-family residential buildings and new multiunit residential buildings three stories or fewer, 90% of the buildings must achieve a Home Energy Rating System (HERS) index score of at least 75. Project teams wishing to use ASHRAE-approved addenda for the purposes of this credit may do so at their discretion. Addenda must be applied consistently across all LEED credits. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 85 GIB Credit 3: Building Water Efficiency 1 point Intent To reduce effects on natural water resources and reduce burdens on community water supply and wastewater systems. Requirements For nonresidential buildings, mixed-use buildings, and multifamily residential buildings four stories or more: Indoor water usage in new buildings and buildings undergoing major renovations as part of the project must be an average 40% less than in baseline buildings. The baseline usage is based on the requirements of the Energy Policy Act of i992 and subsequent rulings by the Department ofEnergy, the requirements of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, and the fixture performance standards in the 2006 editions of the Uniform Plumbing Code or International Plumbing Code as to fixture performance. Calculations are based on estimated occupant usage and include only the following fixtures and fixture fittings (as applicable to the project scope): water closets (toilets), urinals, lavatory faucets, showers, kitchen sink faucets, and pre rinse spray valves. The water efficiency threshold is calculated as a weighted average of water usage fo r the buildings constructed as part of the project based on their conditioned square footage. Projects may also follow the LEED for Multiple Buildings and On- Campus Building Application Guide alternative calculation methodology to show compliance with this prerequisite. Table 1. National efficiency baselines Commercial fixtures, fittings, or appliances Baseline water usage Commercial toilet 1.6 gpf1 Except blow-out fixtures, 3.5 gpf Commercial urinal 1.0 gpf 2.2 gpm at 60 psi, private applications only (hotel-motel guest rooms, Commercial lavatory (restroom) faucet hospital patient rooms) 0.5 gpm at 60 psi2 all others except private applications 0.25 gallons per cycle for metering faucets Commercial prerinse spray valve (for food service Flow rate" 1.6 gpm (no pressure specified; no performance applications) requi rement) 1 EPAct 1992 standard for toilets applies to both commercial and residential models. 2 In addit ion to EPAct requirements, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers standard for public lavatory faucets is 0.5 gpm at 60 psi (ASME Al 12.18.1-2005). This maximum has been incorporated into the national Uniform Plumbing Code and the International Plumbing Code. Residential Fixtures, Fittings, and Appliances Baseline water usage Residential toilet 1.6 gpf3 Residential lavatory (bathroom) faucet 2.2 gpm at 60 psi Residential kitchen faucet Residential showerhead 2.5 gpm at 80 psi per shower stall4 LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 86 gpf =gallons per flush; psi =pounds per square inch. Source: Adapted from information developed and summarized by the U.S. EPA Office of Water. 3 EPAct 1992 standard for toilets applies to both commercial and residential models. 4 Residential shower compartment (stall) in dwelling units: The total allowable flow rate from all flowing showerheads at any given time, including rain systems. waterfalls, bodysprays, bodyspas, and jets, shall be limited to the allowable showerhead flow rate as specified above (2.5-gpm) per shower compartment, where the floor area of the shower compartment is less than 2,500 sq.in. For each increment of 2,500 sq.in. of floor area thereafter or part thereof, an additional showerhead with total allowable flow rate from all flowing devices equal to or less than the allowable flow rate as specified above shall be allowed. Exception: Showers that emit recirculated non-potable water originating from within the shower compartment while operating are allowed to exceed the maximum as long as the total potable water flow does not exceed the flow rate as specified above. The following fixtures, fittings, and appliances are outside the scope of the water use reduction calculation: a. Commercial steam cookers. b. Commercial dishwashers. c. Automatic commercial ice makers. d. Commercial (family-sized) clothes washers. e. Residential clothes washers. f. Standard and compact residential dishwashers. AND For new single-family residential buildings and new multiunit residential buildings three stories or fewer, 90% of buildings must use a combination of fixtures that would earn 5 points under LEED for Homes 2008 Credit 3, Indoor Water Use. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 87 GIB Credit 4: Water-Efficient Landscaping 1 point Intent To limit or eliminate the use of potable water and other natural surface or subsurface water resources on project sites, for landscape irrigation. Requirements Reduce water consumption for outdoor landscape irrigation by 50% from a calculated midsummer baseline case. Reductions may be attributed to any combination of the following strategies:, among others: a. Plant species, plant density, and microclimate factor. b. Irrigation efficiency. c. Use of captured rainwater. d. Use of recycled wastewater. e. Use of water treated and conveyed by a public agency specifically for non potable uses. f. Use of other nonpotable water sources, such as stormwater, air-conditioning condensate, and foundation drain water. Projects with no new or existing landscape irrigation requirements automatically meet the credit requirements. Groundwater seepage that is pumped away from the immediate vicinity of buildings slabs and foundations can be used for landscape irrigation and meet the intent of this credit. However, it must be demonstrated that doing so does not affect site storm water management systems. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 88 GIB . Credit 5: Existing Building Reuse 1 point Intent To extend the life cycle of existing building stock to conserve resources, reduce waste, and reduce adverse environmental effects of new buildings related to materials manufacturing and transport. Requirements Reuse the existing habitable building stock, achieving the greater of the following two benchmarks (based on surface area): a. 50% of one existing building structure (including structural floor and roof decking) and envelope (including exterior skin and framing but excluding wind ow assemblies and nonstructural roofing material). b. 20% of the total existing building stock (including structure and envelope, as defined above). Hazardous materials that are remediated as a part of the project scope must be excluded from the calculations. AND FOR ALL PR OJECTS Do not demolish any historic buildings, or portions thereof, or alter any cultural landscapes as part of the project. An exception is granted only if such action has been approved by an appropriate review body. For buildings listed locally, approval must be granted by the local historic preservation review board, or equivalent. For buildings listed in a state register or in the National Register of Historic Places, approval must appear in a programmatic agreement with the State Historic Preservation Office. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 89 GIB Credit .6: Historic Resource Preservation and Adaptive Use 1 point Intent To encourage the preservation and adaptive use of historic buildings and cultural landscapes that represent significant embodied energy and cultural value, in a manner that preserves historic materials and character-defining features. Requirements To achieve this credit, at least one historic building or cultural landscape must be present on the project site. Do not demolish any historic buildings, or portions thereof, or alter any cultural landscapes as part of the project. An exception is granted only if such action has been approved by an appropriate review body. For buildings or landscapes listed locally, approval must be granted by the local historic preservation review board, or equivalent. For buildings or landscapes listed in a state register or in the National Register of Historic Places, approval must appear in a programmatic agreement with the State Historic Preservation Office. If any historic building in the project site is to be rehabilitated, rehabilitate in accordance with local review or federal standards for rehabilitation, whichever is more restrictive, using one of the following approaches: a. Obtain approval, in the form of a "certificate of appropriateness," from a locally appointed historic preservation commission or architectural review board for any exterior alterations or additions. b. If federal funds are used for the project, obtain confirmation from a state historic preservation office or the National Park Service that the rehabilitation satisfies the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. c. If a building or site is listed in or determined eligible for the National Register of Historic Places but is not subject to federal or local review board review, include on the project team a preservation professional who meets the federal qualifications for historic architect and attests to conformance to the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 90 GIB Credit 7: Minimized Site Disturbance in Design and Construction 1 point Intent To preserve existing noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces. Requirements OPTION 1. Development Footprin t on Previously Developed Land Locate 100 % of the development footprint on areas that are previously developed and for which 100% of the construction impact zone is previously developed. OR OPTION 2. Undeveloped Portion of Project Left Undisturbed Depending on the density of the project, do not develop or disturb a portion of the land that has not been previously developed on the site, exclusive of any land preserved by codified law or a prerequisite of LEED for Neighborhood Development; or exempt areas designated as nonbuildable in land-use comprehensive plans and stipulate in covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&R) or other binding documents that the undisturbed area will be protected from development in perpetuity. Densities and minimum percentages are as follows (mixed- use projects must use the lowest applicable density or calculate a weighted average per the methodology in NPD Credit 2, Compact Development): Table 1. Minimum undeveloped area, by project density Residential density (DU/acre) Nonresidential density (FAR) Minimum area left undisturbed < 15 <.50 20% 15-21 .50-1.0 15% > 21 > 1.0 10% DU = dwel ling unit; FAR =floor-area ratio. For portions of the site that are not previously developed, identify construction impact zones that limit disturbance to a minimum of 40 feet beyond the building perimeter; 10 feet beyond surface walkways, patios, surface parking and utilities less than 12 inches in diameter; 15 feet beyond street curbs and main utility branch trenches; and 25 feet beyond constructed areas with permeable surfaces (such as pervious paving areas, storm water retention facilities, and playing fields) that require additional staging areas to limit compaction in the constructed zone. AN D FOR ALL PROJECTS Survey the site to identifythe following: a. Trees in good or excellent condition, as determined by an arborist certified by the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 91 b. Any heritage or champion trees of special importance to the community because of their age, size, type, historical association, or hortic;.tltural value, as defined by a government forester. c. All trees larger than 6 inches in diameter at breast height ( dbh, 4 feet 6 inches above ground). d. Any invasive tree species present on the site, and whether those trees threaten the health of other trees to be preserved on the site, as determined by an ISA-certified arborist. Preserve the fo llowing trees that are also identified as in good or excellent condition: a. All heritage or champion trees and trees whose dbh exceeds 50% of the state champion dbh for the species. b. A minimum of 75% of all noninvasive trees (including the above) larger than i8 inches dbh. c. A minimum of 25% of all noninvasive trees (including the above) larger than 12 inches dbh if deciduous, and 6 inches dbh if coniferous. Tree condition ratings must be based on assessment by an ISA-certified arborist using ISA-approved assessment measures. Develop a plan, in consultation with and approved by an ISA-certified arborist, for the health of the trees, including f~_rtilization and pruning, and for their protection during construction. The plan must include protective fencing located 1 foot for each I-inch caliper from the trunk or at the tree drip line, whichever is larger, and specify that if trenching or other disturbance is necessary within the protected zone, this work must be done by hand. If disturbance includes a permanent excavation of 3 feet or deeper, the excavation must start from a point not closer than 15 feet from the tree's drip line. If an ISA-certified arborist has determined that any trees to be preserved are threatened by invasive vegetation, develop a plan to reduce the invasive vegetation to the maximum extent possible. Stipulate in CC&R or other binding documents that the undisturbed area of the preserved trees will be protected from development in perpetuity. Key Definitions For the meanings of other terms used in the requirements, refer to the Glossary. previously developed altered by paving, construction, and/or land use that would typically have required regulatory permitting to have been initiated (alterations may exist now or in the past). Previously developed land includes a platted lot on which a building was constructed if the lot is no more than i acre; previous development on lots larger than 1 acre is defined as the development footprint and land alterations associated with the footprint. Land that is not previously developed and altered landscapes resulting from current or historical clearing or filling, agricultural or forestry use, or preserved natural area use are considered undeveloped land. The date of previous development permit issuance constitutes the date of previous development, but permit issuance in itself does not constitute previous development. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 92 GIB Credit 8: Stormwater Management 1-4 points Intent To reduce pollution and hydro logic instability from stormwater, reduce flooding, promote aquifer recharge, and improve water quality by emulating natural hydrologic conditions. Requirements Implement a comprehensive stormwater management plan for the project that retains on-site, through infiltration, evapotranspiration, and/or reuse, the rainfall volumes listed in Table l . Rainfall volume is based on the project's development footprint, any other areas that have been graded so as to be effectively impervious, and any pollution- generating pervious surfaces, such as landscaping, that will receive treatments of fertilizers or pesticides. The percentile rainfall event (Table l) is the total rainfall on a given day in the record that is greater than or equal to X percent of all rainfall events over a 20-to 40+-year period. For example, a 95th percentile event in a particular region might be 1.5 inches, which would then be the volume to retain. To determine the volume to be retained, projects may use N OAA's published national rainfall data, run an approved stormwater model, or independently gather local rain gauge data and rank rainfall events. One hundred percent of the water volume from rainfall events up to the X percentile event must not be discharged to surface waters unless the harvested and reused runoff is authorized for discharge or allowed to be discharged into sanitary treatment systems. Table 1. Points for reta ining stormwater on-site Percentile rainfall event (total volume to be retained) Points 80% 1 85% 2 90% 3 95% 4 Projects that earn at least 2 points under this credit may earn l additional point by meeting each of the following site characteristics: a. The project is located on a previously developed site (1 point). b. The project is located on a site that meets the definition of brownfield in SLL Credit 2, Brown fields Redevelopment (1 point). c. The project is designed-to be transit ready by achieving the following (1 point): • At least 2 points under NPD Credit 1, Walkable Streets. • At least 2 points under NPD Credit 2, Compact Development. • At least 2 points under NPD Credit 3, Mixed-Use Neighborhood Centers. The BMPs for the comprehensive storm water management plan must be selected from the Washington State Department of Ecology's Stormwater Management Manual for Western Washington, Volume V, Runoff Treatment ( 2005 edition), or locally approved equivalent, whichever is more stringent, and must comply with all federal, state, and LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 93 local regulations. The plan must include season-specific maintenance that ensures continuous performance of the stormwater management system. For stormwater reuse systems not on a combined storm water and sewer system, the total water reused for indoor use must not exceed 90% of the average annual rainfall. Stormwater BMPs (except cisterns) must be designed to drain down within 72 hours. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 94 GIB Credit 9: Heat Island Reduction 1 point Intent To reduce heat islands to minimize effects on the microclimate and human and wildlife habitat. Requirements OPTION 1. Nonroof Measures Use any combination of the following strategies for 50% of the nonroof site hards cape (including roads, sidewalks, courtyards, parking lots, parking structures, and driveways): a. Provide shade from open structures, such as those supporting solar photovoltaic panels, canopied walkways, and vine pergolas, all with a solar reflectance index (SRI) of at least 29. b. Use paving materials with an SRI ofat least 29. c. Install an open-grid pavement system that is at least 50% pervious. d. Provide shade from tree canopy (within ten years oflandscape installation). OR OPTION 2. High-Reflectance and Vegetated Roofs OR Use roofing materials that have an SRI equal to or greater than the values in Table 1 for a minimum of 7:;:'/o of the roof area of all new buildings within the project; or install a vegetated ("green") roof for at least 50% of the roof area of all new buildings within the project. Combinations of SRI-compliant and vegetated roofs can be used provided they collectively cover 75% of the roof area of all new buildings (use the equation in Option 3). Table 1. Minimum solar reflectance index va lue, by roof slope Roof slope SRI Low (s 2:12) 78 Steep(> 2:12) 29 OPTION 3. Mixed Nonroof and Roof Measures Use any of the strategies listed under Options 1 and 2 that in combination meet the following criterion: Area of Nonroof Measures 0.5 + Area of SR I Roof 0.75 + Area of Vegetated Roof 0.5 Total Site Hardscape Area + Total Roof Area LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 95 GIB Credit 10: Solar Orientation 1 point Intent To encourage energy efficiency by creating optimum conditions for the use of passive and active solar strategies. Requirements OPTION 1. Block Orientation (For Projects Earning at Least 2 Points Under NPD Credit 2, Compact Development) OR Locate the project on existing blocks or design and orient the project such that 75°/o or more of the blocks have one axis within plus or minus 15 degrees of geographical east-west, and the east-west lengths of those blocks are at least as long as the north-south lengths of the blocks. Earn at least 2 points under NPD Credit 2, Compact Development. Figure 1. Solar-oriented blocks with east-west lengths equal to or greater than north-south lengths, and east-west axis within 15 degrees of geographic east-west N -W~E ~.1.._~~~~~~.......::::' 5 OPTION 2. Building Orientation (Avai lable For All Projects) Design and orient 75% or more of the project's total building square footage (excluding existing buildings) such that one axis of each qualifying building is at least i.5 times longer than the other, and the longer axis is within 15 degrees of geographical east-west. The length-to-width ratio applies only to walls enclosing conditioned spaces; walls enclosing unconditioned spaces, such as garages, arcades, or porches, cannot contribute to credit LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 96 achievement. The surface area of equator-facing vertical surfaces and slopes of roofs of buildings counting toward credit achievement must not be more than 25% shaded at the time of initial occupancy, measured at noon on the winter solstice. Figure 2. Solar-oriented buildings with longer axis (at least 1.5 times length of other axis) within 15 degrees of geographic east-west N ~W~E-=-~~~~~--'-~~~~--"--=-~~~-= S LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 97 GIB Credit 11: On-Site Renewable Energy Sources 1-3 points Intent To encourage on-site renewable energy production to reduce the adverse environmental and economic effects associated with fossil fu el energy production and use. Requirements Incorporate on-site nonpolluting renewable energy generation, such as solar, wind, geothermal, small-scale or micro hydroelectric, and/or biomass, with production capacity of at least 5% of the project's annual electrical and thermal energy cost (exclusive of existing buildings), as established through an accepted building energy performance simulation tool. Points are awarded as listed in Table 1. Table 1. Points for on-site renewable energy generation Percentage of annual electrical and thermal energy cost Points 5% 1 12.5% 2 20% 3 LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 98 GIB Credit 12: District Heating and Cooling 2 points Inten t To encourage the development of energy-efficient neighborhoods by employing district heating and cooling strategies that reduce energy use and adverse energy-related environmental effects. Requirements Incorporate a district heating and/or cooling system for space conditioning and/or water heating of new buildings (at least two buildings total) such that at least 80% of the project's annual heating and/or cooling consumption is provided by the district plant. Single-family residential buildings and existing buildings of any type may be excluded from the calculation. Each system component that is addressed by ANSI/ASHRAE/lESNA Standard 90.1-2007 must have an overall efficiency performance at least 10% better than that specified by the standard's prescriptive requirements. Additionally, annual district pumping energy consumption that exceeds 2.,5°,6 of the annual thermal energy output of the heating and cooling plant (with I kWh of electricity equal to 3,413 Btus) must be offset by increases in the component's efficiency beyond the specified 10% improvement. Combined heat and power (CHP) district systems can achieve this credit by demonstrating equivalent performance. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 99 GIB Credit 13: Infrastruc ture Energy Efficiency 1 point Intent To reduce adverse environmental effects from energy used for operating public infrastructure. Requirements Design, purchase, or work with the municipality to install all new infrastructure, including but not limited to traffic lights, street lights, and water and wastewater pumps, to achieve a i5% annual energy reduction below an estimated baseline energy use for this infrastructure. The baseline is calculated with the assumed use oflowest first-cost infrastructure items. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 100 GIB Credit 14: Wastewater Management 1-2 points Intent To reduce pollution from wastewater and encourage water reuse. Requirements Design and construct the project to retain on-site at least 25% of the average annual wastewater generated by the project (exclusive of existing buildings), and reuse that wastewater to replace potable water. An additional point may be awarded for retaining and reusing 50%. Provide on-site treatment to a quality required by state and local regulations for the proposed reuse. The percentage of wastewater diverted and reused is calculated by determining the total wastewater flow using the design case after the GIB Prerequisite 3 calculations, and determining how much of that volume is reused on-site. Table 1. Points for reusing wastewater Percentage of wastewater reused Points 25% 1 50% 2 LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 101 GIB Credit 15: Recycled Content in Infrastructure 1 point Intent To use recycled and reclaimed materials to reduce the adverse environmental effects of extracting and processing virgin materials. Requirements Use materials for new infrastructure such that the sum of postconsumer recycled content, in-place reclaimed materials, and one-half of the preconsumer recycled content constitutes at least 50% of the total mass of infrastructure materials. Count materials in all of the following infrastructure items as applicable to the project: a. Roadways, parking lots, sidewalks, unit paving, and curbs. b. Water retention tanks and vaults. c. Base and sub base materials for the above. d. Storm water, sanitary sewer, steam energy distribution, and water piping. Recycled content is defined in accordance with ISO/IEC 14021, Environmental labels and declaration, Self-declared environmental claims (Type II environmental labeling). LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 102 GIB Credit 17: Light Pollution Reduction 1 point Intent To minimize light trespass from project sites, reduce sky-glow to increase night sky access, improve nighttime visibility through glare reduction, and reduce adverse effects on wildlife environments. Requirements "Shared areas" of a project are spaces and facilities dedicated to common use (publicly or privately owned). In residential areas, at least 50% of the external luminaires must have fixture-integrated lighting controls that use motion sensors to reduce light levels by at least 50% when no activity has been detected for 15 minutes. AND In all shared areas, install. automatic controls that turn off exterior lighting when sufficient daylight is available and when the lighting is not required during nighttime hours; these lights must meet the total exterior lighting power allowance requirements in Table 3. AND Document which lighting zone or zones (Table 1) describe the project, and for all shared areas, follow the requirements in Table 2. If two or more different zones border the project, use the most stringent uplight requirements, and use light trespass requirements for the adjacent zone. Roadway lighting that is part of the project must meet the requirements for the appropriate zone. For illuminance generated from a single luminaire placed at the intersection of a private vehicular driveway and public roadway accessing the site, project teams may use the centerline of the public roadway as the site boundary for a length of two times the driveway width centered at the centerline of the driveway when complying with the trespass requirements. Compliance with the light trespass requirements may alternatively be met by using only luminaires that comply with Table 4 ratings for backlight and glare. AN D Stipulate covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&R) or other binding documents to require continued adherence to the requirements. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 104 GIB Credit 16: Solid Waste Management Infrastructure 1 point Intent To reduce the volume of waste deposited in landfills. To promote the proper disposal of hazardous wastes. Requirements Meet at least four of the following five requirements and publicize their availability and benefits: a. Include as part of the project at least one recycling or reuse station, available to all project occupants, dedicated to the separation, collection, and storage of materials for recycling; or locate the project in a local government jurisdiction that provides recycling services. The recyclable materials must include, at a minimum, materials paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastics and metals. b. Include as part of the project at least one drop-off point, available to all project occupants, for potentially hazardous office or household wastes; or locate the project in a local government jurisdiction that provides collection services. Examples of potentially hazardous wastes include paints, solvents, oil, and batteries. If a plan for postcollection disposal or use does not exist, establish one; c. Include as part of the project at least one compost station or location, available to all project occupants, dedicated to the collection and composting of food and yard wastes; or locate the project in a local government jurisdiction that provides composting services. If a plan for postcollection use does not exist, establish one. d. On every mixed-use or nonresidential block or at least every 800 feet, whichever is shorter, include recycling containers adjacent to other receptacles or recycling containers integrated into the design of the receptacle. e. Recycle and/or salvage at least 50% of nonhazardous construction and demolition debris. Develop and implement a construction waste management plan that, at a minimum, identifies the materials to be diverted from disposal and specifies whether the materials will be stored on-site or commingled. Excavated soil and land-clearing debris do not contribute to this credit. Calculations can be done by weight or volume but must be consistent throughout. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 103 Table 1. Lighting zones Zone Definition LZO Undeveloped areas within national parks, state parks, forest land and rural areas and sites immediately adjacent to areas officially recognized as ecologically sensitive by the local zoning authority. LZl Developed areas within national parks, state parks, forest land and rural areas. LZ2 Areas predominantly consisting of residential zoning, neighborhood business districts, light industrial with limited nighttime use, and residential mixed-use areas. LZ3 All other areas not included in LZO, LZl, LZ2, or LZ4 (including commercial-industrial and high-density residential). LZ4 High-activity commercial districts in major metropolitan areas (as designated by local jurisdiction, such as local zoning authority). Table 2. Allowable light trespass and uplight, by lighting zone Maximum horizontal and vertical Maximum horizontal and vertical Maximum percentage of fixture Lighting zone illuminance (fc) at site boundary illuminance (fc) at specified lumens emitted above 90° or distance beyond site boundary higher from nadir (straight down) LZO 0 0 at 0 ft. 0% LZl 0.01 .01 at Oft. 0% LZ2* 0.1 0 .02 at 10 ft. 1% LZ3* 0.20 .05 at 15 ft. 2% LZ4* 0.60 .05 at 15 ft . 5% fc = footcandle. * Jn LZ2, LZ3, and LZ4, for project boundaries that abut public rights-of-way, light trespass requirements may be met relative to the curb line instead of the project boundary. Table 3. Allowable lighting power densities, by lighting zone Lighting zone LZO LZl LZ2 LZ3 LZ4 All exterior improved areas 0.04 Wist 0.04 Wist 0 .06 Wist 0.10 Wist 0.13 Wist (except those I isted below) Walkways 0.7 Wllf 0. 7 Wiit 0.7 Wiit 0 .8 Wiit 1.0 Wllf Landscaping No allowance 0.04 Wist 0 .05 Wist 0.05 Wlsf 0.05 Wist Entrance door (per linear foot 20W 20W 20W 30W 30W of doorway) Entry canopy 0.25 Wlsf 0.25 Wist 0.25 Wist 0.40 Wist 0.40 Wist Illuminated building fa<;ade No allowance No al lowance 2.5Wllf 3.75Wllf 5.0Wllf sf= square feet; If = linear feet. Note: The total exterior lighting power density allowance for all shared exterior applications is the sum of the specified allowances for individual illuminated areas. The following lighting is exempted when its controls meet the above requirements and are independent of the con trols for nonexempt lighting: a. Specialized signal, directional, and marker lighting associated with transportation. b. Advertising and directional signage. c. Lighting integral to equipment or instrumentation and installed by its manufacturer. d. Lighting for theatrical purposes, including performance, stage, film, and video. e. Lighting for athletic playing fields. f. Temporary lighting (installed for no more than 30 days and then removed for at least 30 days). g. Lighting for industrial production, material handling, transportation sites, and associated storage areas. h. Theme elements in theme or amusement parks. i. Lighting to highlight features of public monuments and registered historic buildings or landmark structures. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 105 Alternative method for meeting light trespass requirements in Ta ble 2 A luminaire may be used if it is rated as follows according to the lighting zone of the site. If the luminaire is installed in other than the intended manner, the rating must account for the actual photometric geometry. An exception applies if at least 98% of a luminaire's emitted lumens are intercepted by man-made structures within the project. In either case, luminaires equipped with adjustable mounting devices permitting alteration ofluminaire aiming in the field are not permitted. Table 4. Allowable backlight and glare, by lighting zone Lighting zone Backlight luminaire rating LZO LZl LZ2 LZ3 LZ4 > 2 mounting heights from property line BO Bl B2 B3 B4 1 to 2 mounting heights from property line and properly oriented* BO Bl B2 B3 B3 0.5 to 1 mounting height to property line and properly oriented* BO BO Bl B2 B2 < 0.5 mounting height to property line adjacent to street and BO BO Bl B2 B2 properly oriented* < 0.5 mounting height to property line and properly oriented* BO BO BO Bl B2 Glare luminaire rating GO Gl G2 G3 G4 *The lum inaire must be mounted with backlight toward the property line. Note: Backlight and glare ratings are defined based on specific lumen limits for !ESNA TM-15-07 solid angles, Addendum A. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 106 IDP Credit 1: Innovation and Exemplary Performance 1-5 points Intent To encourage exemplary performance above the requirements set by the LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating System and/or innovative performance in green building, smart growth, or new urbanist categories not specifically addressed by the LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating System. Requirements In writing, identify the intent of the proposed innovation credit, the proposed requirement for compliance, the proposed subminals to demonstrate compliance, and the design approach and strategies that might be used to meet the requirements. One point is awarded for each IDP Credit learned, up to a total of 5. No more than 3 exemplary performance credits will be awarded in the Innovation and Design Process category. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 107 I I· I I IDP Credit 2: LEED Accredited Professional 1 point Intent To support the integrated planning and design required for a LEED for Neighborhood Development project and to streamline the application and certification process. Requirements At least one principal member of the project team must be a LEED Accredited Professional. OR At least one principal member of the project design team must be a professional who is credentialed in smart growth as determined by the Natural Resources Defense Council in consultation with Smart Growth America. OR At least one principal member of the project design team must be a professional who is credentialed in new urbanism as determined by the Congress for the New Urbanism. Note: A separate LEED Accredited Professional exam track for professionals wanting to specialize in the LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating System will be available in early 2010; this IDP credit can be achieved if a principal member of the project design team is accredited as a result of passing the exam. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 108 RPC Credit 1: Regional Priority 1-4 points Intent To encourage strategies that address geographically specific environmental, social equity, and public health priorities. Requirements Earn up to four of the six Regional Priority credits. These credits have been identified by subject matter experts representing the U.S. Green Building Council (regional councils and chapters), the Congress forthe New Urbanism (chapters and membership in regions without chapters), and Smart Growth America (members of Smart Growth America's State and Local Caucus or their designees) as having additional regional importance for the project's location. A database of Regional Priority credits and their geographic applicability will be available on the USGBC website, www.usgbc.org. One point is awarded for each Regional Priority credit earned, up to a maximum of 4-Non-U.S. projects are not eligible for Regional Priority credits. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 109 Food Retail Supermarket Other food store with produce Community-Serving Retail Clothing store or department store selling clothes Convenience store Farmer's market Hardware store Pharmacy Other retail Services Bank Gym, health club, exercise studio Haircare Laundry, dry cleaner Restaurant, cafe, diner (excluding establishments with only drive-throughs) Civic and Community Fa cilities Adult or senior care (licensed) Child care (licensed) Community or recreation center Cultural arts facility (museum, performing arts) Educational facility (including K -12 school, university, adult education center, vocational school, community college) Family entertainment venue (theater, sports) Government office that serves public on-site Place of worship Medical clinic or office that treats patients Police or fire station Post office Public library Public park Social services center Adapted from Criterion Planners, INDEX neighborhood completeness indicator, 2005. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 110 Key Definitions adjacent site a site having at least 25% of its boundary bordering parcels that are each at least 75% previously developed. A street or other right-of-way does not constitute previously developed land; instead, it is the status of ·the property on the other side of the street or right-of-way that matters. Any fraction of the boundary that borders waterfront otherthan a stream is excluded from the calculation. A site is still considered adjacent if the 25% adjacent portion of its boundary is separated from previously developed parcels by undeveloped, permanently protected land averaging no more than 400 feet in width and no more than 500 feet in any one place. The undeveloped land must be permanently preserved as natural area, riparian corridor, park, greenway, agricultural land, or designated cultural landscape. Permanent pedestrian paths connecting the project through the protected · parcels to the bordering site may be counted to meet the requirement ofSLL Prerequisite 1, Option 2 (that the project be connected to the adjacent parcel by a through-street or nonmotorized right-of-way every 600 feet on average, provided the path or paths traverse the undeveloped land at no more than a 10% grade for walking by persons of all ages and physical abilities). LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 111 Adjacent project site based on minimum 25% of perimeter adjacent to previously developed parcels, including allowance for permanently protected land between project boundary and previously developed parcels PlD~I ~~ llJD 1 1 I t i~ 11 1 LJJ LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 112 []JITIJ Project------...i llR-_ RR Boundary LJU led~ RODD 0[]] buildable land the p"ortion of the site where construction can occur, including land voluntarily set aside and not constructed upon. When used in density calculations, buildable land excludes public rights-of-way and land excluded from development by codified law or LEED for Neighborhood Development prerequisites. An applicant may exclude additional land not exceeding 15°.-6 of the buildable land base defined above, provided the following conditions are present: a. The land is protected from residential and nonresidential construction-by easement, deed restriction, or other enforceable legal instrument. AND b. Either 25% or more of the boundary of each contiguous parcel proposed for exclusion borders a water body or areas outside the project boundary that are protected by codified law; or ownership of, or management authority over, the exclusion area is transferred to a public entity. connectivity the number of publicly accessible street intersections per square mile, including intersections of streets with dedicated alleys and transit rights-of-way, and intersections of streets with nonmotorized rights-of- way (up to 20% of total intersections). If one must both enter and exit an area through the same intersection, such an intersection and any intersections beyond that point are not counted; intersections leading only to culs-de-sac are also not counted. The calculation of square mileage excludes water bodies, parks larger than 1/2 acre, public facility campuses, airports, rail yards, slopes over 15%, and areas nonbuildable under codified law or the rating system. Street rights-of-way may not be excluded. infill site a site that meets any of the following four conditions: a. At least 75% of its boundary borders parcels that individually are at least 50% previously developed, and that in aggregate are at least 75°.'6 previously developed. b. The site, in combination with bordering parcels, forms an aggregate parcel whose boundary is 75°.'6 bounded by parcels that individually are at least 50% previously developed, and that in aggregate are at least 75% previously developed. c. At least 75% of the land area, exclusive of rights-of-way, within a 1/2 mile distance from the project boundary is previously developed. _ d. The lands within a 1/2 mile distance from the project boundary have a preproject connectivity of at least 140 intersections per square mile. A street or other right-of-way does not constitute previously developed land; it is the status of property on the other side or right-of-way of the street that matters. For conditions (a) and (b) above, any fraction of the perimeter that borders waterfront other than a stream is excluded from the calculation. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 113 (a). Infill project site based on minimum 75% of perimeter adjacent to previously developed parce ls /~~::·/ .. · .· "." . :.,. ·. : .. ·:-- .--: / .. : . ·. . . .. . .· . . . ' .·:· .·: · .. . ... _ ........ · . ..... ... ··unaeve1c»pe·ci _:-: ., . ·.·. '· ..... . . . . . . . . . ·.· . : . '""''------Exclude as LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 114 Waterfront Project Bou Tary 111111111111111111111 Adjacent to Previously Developed Parcel • • • • Adjacent to Undeveloped Parcel {b). Infill project site based on minimum 75% adjacent to previously developed parcels usi ng project boundary and selected bordering parcels 111 I lli I I 11 rr==iJ I ' I I I I Project--_,., Bound a~ Previously Developed Parcels -• • -Project Boundary ~ • • • • • • Aggregate Parcel Boundary LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 115 (c). Infill project site based on minimum 75% of land area within 1/2 mile of project boundary being previously developed \ILL! \jf :r \ LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 116 .......... I , r • " _J_ i ~\] -11 (d). Infill project site based on minimum 140 intersections/sq.mi. within 1/2 mi le of project boundary • L I I L \ / ··.,I I I _:_ -~/ ~ ...... -..:::'7,, ·~· 7 / / I I j l LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 117 previously developed altered by paving, construction, and/or land use that would typically have required regulatory permitting to have been initiated (alterations may exist now or in the past). Previously developed land includes a platted lot on which a building was constructed if the lot is no more than 1 acre; previous development on lots larger than 1 acre is defined as the developmrnt footprint and land alterations associated with the footprint. Land that is not previously developed and altered landscapes resulting from current or historical clearing or filling, agricultural or forestry use, or preserved natural area use are considered undeveloped land. The date of previous development permit issuance constitutes the date of previous development, but permit issuance in itself does not constitute previous development. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 118 accessory dwelling unit a subordinate dwelling unit that is attached to a principal building or contained in a separate structure on the same property as the principal unit. ~dapted (or introduced) plant a species that reliably grows well in a given habitat with minimal attention from humans in the form of winter protection, pest protection, water irrigation, or fertilization once its root systems are established in the soil. Adapted plants are low maintenance but not invasive. alley a publicly accessible right-of-way, generally located midblock, that can accommodate slow-speed motor vehicles, as well as bicycles and pedestrians. An alley provides access to the side or rear of abutting properties for loading, parking, and other service functions, minimizing the need for these functions to be located along streets. It may be publicly dedicated or privately owned and deeded in perpetuity for general public use. applicant the entity that prepares the LEED-ND project submission and is responsible for project implementation. An applicant may be the developer or another cooperating entity. area median income the median income of a county as determined by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. bicycle network a continuous network consisting of any combination of physically designated in-street bicycle lanes at least 5 feet wide, off-street bicycle paths or trails at least 8 feet wide for a two-way path and at least 5 feet wide for a one-way path, and/or streets designed for a target speed of 25 miles per hour or slower. block land bounded by the project boundary, transportation or utility rights-of-way that may be publicly dedicated or privately owned and deeded in perpetuity for general public use, waterfront, and/or comparable land division features. brownfield real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or possible presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminate. build-out the time at which all habitable buildings on the project are complete and ready for occupancy. bus rapid transit an enhanced bus system that operates on exclusive bus lanes or other transit rights-of-way; it is designed to combine the flexibility of buses with the efficiency of rail. community-supported agriculture (CSA) a farm operation for which a community of individuals pledges support so that the farmland becomes, either legally or informally, the community's farm. The growers and consumers provide mutual support, sharing the risks and benefits of food production. Consumers receive portions of the farm's harvest throughout the growing season. construction impact zone the project's development footprint plus the areas around the improvement where construction crews, equipment, and/or materials are staged and moved during construction. covenants, conditions, and restrictions limitations that may be placed on a property and its use and are made a condition of holding title or lease. cul-de-sac a street segment that terminates without intersecting another street segment. cultural landscape an officially designated geographic area that includes both cultural and natural resources associated with a historic event, activity, or person or that exhibits other significant cultural or aesthetic values. density the amount of building structures constructed on the project site, measured for residential buildings as dwelling units per acre of buildable land available for residential uses, and for non-residential buildings as the floor-area ratio ofbuildable land area available for nonresidential uses. In both cases, structured parking is excluded. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 119 developer a public and/or private entitythat controls a majority of the project's buildable land and is committed to making a majority of the investments required for the project implementation described in the LEED-ND submission. development footprint the total land area of a project site covered by buildings, streets, parking areas, and other typically impermeable surfaces constructed as part of the project. dwelling unit living quarters intended for long-term occupancy that provide facilities for cooking, sleeping, and sanitation. This does not include hotel rooms. employment center a nonresidential area of at least 5 acres with a job density of at least 50 employees per net acre. existing present on the date of submission of LEED-ND certification documents; similarly, an element or condition that exists is present on the date that LEED-ND certification documents are submitted. floor-area ratio (FAR) the density of nonresidential land use, exclusive of parking, measured as the total nonresidential building floor area divided by the total buildable land area available for nonresidential structures. For example, on a site with 10,000 square feet ofbuildable land area, an FAR of LO would be 10,000 square feet of building floor area. On the same site, an FAR of i.5 would be 15,000 square feet ofbuil t floor area; an FAR of 2.0 would be 20,000 built square feet and an FAR of 0 .5 would be 5,000 built square feet. functional entry a building opening designed to be used by pedestrians and open during regular business hours. This does not include any door exclusively designated as an emergency exit, or a garage door not designed as a pedestrian entrance. graywateruntreated wastewater that has not come into contact with toilet waste. Graywater includes used water from bathtubs, showers, bathroom washbasins, and water from clothes washers and laundry tubs. It does not include wastewater from kitchen sinks or dishwashers, unless a graywater definition established by the authority having jurisdiction in the area has precedence. habitable building a structure intended for living, working, or other types of occupancy. Habitable structures do not include stand-alone garages and utility structures such as pump stations. heat island thermal gradient differences between developed and undeveloped areas. historic building a building or structure listed or determined to be eligible as a historic structure or building or structure or as a contributing building or structure in a designated historic district, due to its historic, architectural, engineering, archeological, or cultural significance. The building or structure must be designated as historic by a local historic preservation review board or similar body, be listed in a state register of historic places, be listed in the National Register of Historic Places, or have been determined eligible for listing in the National Register. historic district a group of buildings, structures, objects, and sites, of varying sizes, that have been designated as historically and architecturally significant and categorized as either contributing or noncontributing. Home Energy Rating System (HERS) index a scoring system established by the Residential Energy Services Network (RES NET) in which a home built to the specifications of the HERS Reference Home (based on the 2006 International Energy Conservation Code) scores 100, and a net zero energy home scores o. The lower a home's HERS Index, the more energy efficient it is. invasive plant either an indigenous or nonindigenous species or strain that is characteristically adaptable, aggressive, has a high reproductive capacity, and tends to overrun the ecosystems it inhabits. metropolitan (metro) and micro po Ii tan (micro) statistical area a geographic entity defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget for use by federal statistical agencies in collecting, tabulating, and publishing federal statistics. A metro area contains a core urban area with a population of 50,000 or more, and a micro area contains an urban core with a population between 10,000 and 50,000. Each metro or micro area consists of one or more counties LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 120 and includes the counties containing the core urban area, as well as any adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration (as measured by commuting to work) with the urban core. "Core-based statistical area" (CBSA) encompasses both metro and micro areas. multiunit residential consisting of four or more residential units sharing a common entry. native (or indigenous) plant a plant species that did or would have occurred on the site or within the subject county prior to the widespread land alterations that accompanied European settlement. Cultivars of native plants may be considered native plants. park a publicly accessible area that is permanently maintained in a seminatural condition for human recreation and relaxation; it has soil, grass, water, flora, and/or recreation improvements. paseo a publicly accessible pedestrian path, at least 4 feet wide and no more than 12 feet wide, that provides shortcuts between buildings and through the block, connecting street frontages to rear parking areas, midblock courtyards, alleys, or other streets. A paseo may be roofed for up to 50% of its length and may be privately owned or publicly dedicated. planned diverse use a shop, service, or facility outside the project boundary that has received a building permit and is under construction at the time of the first certificate of occupancy is issued for any building in the LEED-ND project. planned occupancy the highest estimate of building occupants based on planned use( s) and industry standards for square foot requirements per employee. The minimum planned occupancy for multiunit residential buildings is I person for a studio unit, LS persons for a one-bedroom unit, and i.25 persons per bedroom for a two-bedroom or larger unit. plaza a publicly accessible gathering space that is integrated into the street network and allows vehicular, bicycle, and/or pedestrian travel. A plaza is generally paved, is spatially defined by building fronts paralleling at least two- thirds of its perimeter, and may be privately owned or publicly dedicated. postconsumer generated by households or commercial, industrial, or institutional facilities in their role as end- users of a product, which can no longer be used for its intended purpose. potable water water that meets or exceeds EPA's drinking water quality standards and is approved for human consumption by the state or local authorities having jurisdiction; it may be supplied from wells or municipal water systems. pre consumer diverted from the waste stream during the manufacturing process. It does not include the reutilization of materials such as rework, regrind or scrap generated in a process and capable of being reclaimed within the same process that generated it. predevelopment before any development occurred on the site. Predevelopment conditions describe the natural conditions of the site prior to any human alteration, such as development of roads or buildings. previously developed site a site that,preproject, consisted of at least 75% previously dl?Veloped land. preproject before the LEED-ND project was initiated, but not necessarily before any development or disturbance took place. Preproject conditions describe the state of the project site on the date the d1?Veloper acquired rights to a majority of its buildable land through purchase or option to purchase. prime soil earth with chemical, hydrographic, and topological properties that make it especially suited to the production of crops, as defined by the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service. project the land, water, and construction that constitutes the project application. A project applicant does not have to own or control all land or water within a project boundary, but all the area within the project boundary must comply with prerequisites and attempted credits. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 121 project boundary the platted property line of the project defining land and water within it. Projects located on publicly owned campuses that do not have internal property lines must delineate a sphere-of-influence line to be used instead. Project site is equivalent to the land and water inside the project boundary. The project must not contain noncontiguous parcels, but parcels can be separated by public rights-of-way. Projects may also have enclaves of nonproject properties that are not subject to the rating system, but such enclaves cannot exceed 2% of the total project area and cannot be described as certified. school a kindergarten, elementary, or secondary institution for the academic instruction of children. single-family residential any residential unit other than multiunit residential, including single, duplex, triplex, row house, townhouse and semi attached residential building types. street a dedicated right-of-way that can accommodate one or more modes of travel, excluding alleys and paseos. A street is suitable for primary entrances and provides access to the front and/or sides of buildings and lots. A street may be privately owned as long as it is deeded in perpetuity for general public use. A street must be an addressable thoroughfare (for mail purposes) under the standards of the applicable regulating authority. square (also green) a publicly accessible open area for gatherings that is wholly or partially bounded by segments of the street network. A square can be landscaped or landscaped and paved, is spatially defined by building fronts paralleling at least 45% ofits perimeter, and may be privately owned or publicly dedicated. unique soil earth with chemical, hydrographic, and topological properties that make it especially suited to specific crops, as defined by the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service. walk distance the distance that a pedestrian must travel between origins and destinations without obstruction, in a safe and comfortable environment on a continuous network of sidewalks, all-weather-surface footpaths, crosswalks, woonerfs, or equivalent pedestrian facilities. water body the surface water of a stream (first-order and higher, including intermittent streams), arroyo, river, canal, lake, estuary, bay, or ocean, excluding irrigation ditches water and wastewater infrastructure publicly owned water and wastewater infrastructure; this excludes septic and mound wastewater treatment systems. wetland an area that is inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas, but exclude irrigation ditches unless delineated as part of an adjacent wetland. woonerf a street, also known as a home zone, shared zone, or living street, where pedestrians have priority over vehicles and the posted speed limit is no greater than 10 miles per hour. Physical elements within the roadway, such as shared surfaces, plantings, street furniture, parking, and play areas, slow traffic and invite pedestrians to use the entire right-of-way. vehicle miles traveled (VMT) the number of miles driven by motorists in a specified time period, such as a day or a year, in absolute or per capita terms. LEED 2009 FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT 122